Supersymmetry

  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Supersymmetry

Definition: Supersymmetry

Supersymmetry

Noun

1. A theory that tries to link the four fundamental forces; "according to supersymmetry each force emerged separately during the big bang".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 


Commercial Usage: Supersymmetry

DomainTitle

Books

  • Symmetries in Quantum Mechanics: From Angular Momentum to Supersymmetry (Graduate Student Series in Physics) (reference)

  • Grand Unification With and Without Supersymmetry and Cosmological Implications (reference)

  • Supersymmetry and Trace Formulae: Chaos and Disorder (NATO Asi Series. Series B, Physics, V. 370) (reference)

  • Supersymmetry and Quantum Field Theory: Proceedings of the D. Volkov Memorial Seminar: Held in Kharkov, Ukraine, 5-7 January 1997 (Lecture Notes In) (reference)

  • Ideas and Methods of Supersymmetry and Supergravity: Or a Walk Through Superspace (reference)

    (more book examples)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Supersymmetry

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Supersymmetry is a theory of particle physics that extends the Standard Model. It was researched with some vigor in the 1980s, but has since fallen from favour due to the increased acceptance of the superstring-based theories.

The Standard Model

Under the Standard Model all fundamental particles can be broken down into two groups, fermions that make up matter, and bosons that exchange the forces acting on matter. Due to the physics of the theory, almost all of the behaviour of the universe can be explained based on this handful of particles.

Fermions themselves further break down into three generations, that is, each fermion comes in a variety of three subtypes of increasing mass. For instance one of the most commonly known fermions is the electron, which also has two other less-well-known subtypes, the muon and tau. Fermions also come in two versions for each generation, with differing electric charge. A graph of all the fermions in the Standard Model is quite small. It contains the three generations of quarks and leptons, each broken down into two partners with differing charge.

On the other hand the bosons come in groupings that are nowhere near as "neat", including four distinct types, with subgroups containing anywhere from one to sixteen members. In addition there appears to be no generational structure, the photon only comes in one type for instance, and although it has partners in the W and Z particles, they don't really match up with anything in the fermion side.

The discrepancy between the "clean" fermion side and "messy" boson side has long been one of the most bothersome points of the Standard Model.

Supersymmetry

Supersymmetry suggests that every fundamental fermion has a "superpartner" which is a boson, and similarly every fundamental boson has a superpartner which is a fermion. That is, there is a complete symmetry across the entire model, with three generations of bosons for instance.

It turns out that none of the particles in the Standard Model can be superpartners of each other, so if supersymmetry is correct there must be at least as many extra particles to discover as there are in the Standard Model. The simplest possibility consistent with the Standard Model is the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM).

A possibility in some supersymmetric models is the existence of very heavy stable particles called neutralinos or photinos which would interact very weakly with normal matter. These would be possible candidates for dark matter.

Supersymmetry could be discovered at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN which is due to open in 2007.

See also Supergroup (physics), Superalgebra, Superspace, Quantum group

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Supersymmetry."

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Supersymmetry

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

supersymmetry

14
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Anagrams: Supersymmetry

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "e-e-m-m-p-r-r-s-s-t-u-y-y"

-4 letters: presumers, strummers, supremest.

-5 letters: permutes, perusers, pressure, presters, presumer, presumes, resumers, spurreys, stemmers, stemmery, strummer, stumpers, sumpters, superset, supremer, symmetry, tressure, trumpery.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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Alternative Orthography: Supersymmetry


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

53 75 70 65 72 73 79 6D 6D 65 74 72 79

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

...    ..-    .--.    .    .-.    ...    -.--.    --    --    .    -    .-.    -.--.

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01010011 01110101 01110000 01100101 01110010 01110011 01111001 01101101 01101101 01100101 01110100 01110010 01111001

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#83 &#117 &#112 &#101 &#114 &#115 &#121 &#109 &#109 &#101 &#116 &#114 &#121

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0053 0075 0070 0065 0072 0073 0079 006D 006D 0065 0074 0072 0079

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

53878271848591797971868491

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Usage: Commercial
3. Expressions: Internet
4. Anagrams 		5. Orthography
6. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.