Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Regression |
RegressionNoun1. An abnormal state in which development has stopped prematurely. 2. (psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which you flee from reality by assuming a more infantile state. 3. The relation between selected values of x and observed values of y (from which the most probable value of y can be predicted for any value of x). 4. Returning to a former state. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "regression" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1781. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Regression 1. |
Aerospace | The statistical counterpart or analog of the functional expression, in ordinary mathematics, on one variable in terms of others. Thus, regression curve, regression coefficient. (references) |
Biology & Biotechnology | A statistical representation of a relationship in which one data set, the predictand, depends upon/can be calculated upon one(in the case of simple regression)or more(in the case of multiple regression)data sets, the predictor data. Once a regression relationship is established, the equation is used to obtain estimates, which are the " calculated predictand values" using the predictors. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A reversion to some earlier stage of succession consequent on the introduction of an adverse factor, commonly soil degradation. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Medicine | Return to a former or earlier state. Source: European Union. (references) |
Statistics | The relationship between specified values of one or more variables, termed the independent variable(s), and the expectation of a random variable(the dependent variable)whose distribution depends on the particular values taken on by the independent variable(s). Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Linear regression is a method of data analysis intended to be used with a set of paired observations on two variables on the same set of statistical units. Conventionally, we refer to one of the variables as independent (usually labeled ) and the other as dependent (labeled ).The notion of an independent variable often (but not always) implies the ability to choose the levels of the independent variable and that the dependent variable will respond naturally as in the stimulus-response model. The independent variable x may be a scalar or a vector. In the former case we may write one of the simplest linear-regression models as follows:
where is a random "error".
Historically, in applications to measurements in astronomy, the "error" was actually a random measurement error, but in many applications, ε is merely the amount by which the individual -value differs from the average -value among individuals having the same -value. The average value of the random "error" is zero. Often in linear regression problems statisticians rely on the Gauss-Markov assumptions:
(See also Gauss-Markov theorem. That result says that under the assumptions above, least-squares estimators are in a certain sense optimal.)
- The random errors have expected value 0.
- The random errors are uncorrelated (this is weaker than an assumption of probabilistic independence).
- The random errors are "homoscedastic", i.e., they all have the same variance.
Sometimes stronger assumptions are relied on:
If is a vector we can take the product to be a "dot-product".
- The random errors have expected value 0.
- They are independent.
- They are normally distributed.
- They all have the same variance.
It is often erroneously thought that the reason the technique is called "linear regression" is that the graph of is a line. But in fact, if the model is
(in which case we have put the vector in the role formerly played by and the vector in the role formerly played by ), then the problem is still one of linear regression, even though the graph is not a straight line. The rationale for this terminology will be explained below.
A statistician will usually estimate the unobservable values of the parameters α and β by the method of least squares, which consists of finding the values of and that minimize the sum of squares of the residuals
Those values are the "least-squares estimates." The residuals may be regarded as estimates of the errors.
Notice that, whereas the errors are independent, the residuals cannot be independent because the use of least-squares estimates implies that the sum of the residuals must be 0, and the dot-product of the vector of residuals with the vector of -values must be 0, i.e., we must have
and
These two linear constraints imply that the vector of residuals must lie within a certain -dimensional subspace of ; hence we say that there are " degrees of freedom for error". If one assumes the errors are normally distributed and independent, then it can be shown to follow that 1) the sum of squares of residuals
is distributed as
i.e., the sum of squares divided by the error-variance , has a chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom, and 2) the sum of squares of residuals is actually probabilistically independent of the estimates , of the parameters and .
These facts make it possible to use Student's t-distribution with degrees of freedom (so named in honor of the pseudonymous "Student") to find confidence intervals for and .
Denote by capital Y the column vector whose ith entry is yi, and by capital X the n x 2 matrix whose second column contains the xi as its ith entry, and whose first column contains n 1s. Let ε be the column vector containing the errors εi. Let δ and d be respectively the 2x1 column vector containing α and β and the 2x1 column vector containing the estimates a and b. Then the model can be written as
where ε is normally distributed with expected value 0 (i.e., a column vector of 0s) and variance σ2 In, where In is the n x n identity matrix. The matrix Xd (where (remember) d is the vector of estimates) is then the orthogonal projection of Y onto the column space of X.
Then it can be shown that
(where X' is the transpose of X) and the sum of squares of residuals is
The fact that the matrix X(X'X)-1X' is a symmetric idempotent matrix is incessantly relied on both in computations and in proofs of theorems. The linearity of d as a function of the vector Y, expressed above by saying d = (X' X)-1 X' Y, is the reason why this is called "linear" regression. Nonlinear regression uses nonlinear methods of estimation.
The matrix In - X (X' X)-1 X' that appears above is a symmetric idempotent matrix of rank n - 2. Here is an example of the use of that fact in the theory of linear regression. The finite-dimensional spectral theorem of linear algebra says that any real symmetric matrix M can be diagonalized by an orthogonal matrix G, i.e., the matrix G'MG is a diagonal matrix. If the matrix M is also idempotent, then the diagonal entries in G'MG must be idempotent numbers. Only two real numbers are idempotent: 0 and 1. So In-X(X'X)-1X', after diagonalization, has n-2 0s and two 1s on the diagonal. That is most of the work in showing that the sum of squares of residuals has a chi-square distribution with n-2 degrees of freedom.
- Note: A useful alternative to linear regression is robust regression in which mean absolute error is minimized instead of mean squared error as in linear regression. Robust regression is computationally much more intensive than linear regression and is somewhat more difficult to implement as well.
Summarizing the data
We sum the observations, the squares of the Y's and X's and the products of X*Y to obtain the following quantities.
and similarly.
and SYY similarly.
Estimating beta
We use the summary statistics above to calculate b, the estimate of beta.
Estimating alpha
We use the estimate of beta and the other statistics to estimate alpha by:
Displaying the residuals
The first method of displaying the residuals use the histogram or cumulative distribution to depict the similarity (or lack thereof) to a normal distribution. Non-normality suggests that the model may not be a good summary description of the data.
We plot the residuals, against the independent variable, X. There should be no discernible trend or pattern if the model is satisfactory for this data. Some of the possible problems are:
- Residuals increase (or decrease) as the independent variable increases -- indicates mistakes in the calculations -- find the mistakes and correct them.
- Residuals first rise and then fall (or first fall and then rise) -- indicates that the appropriate model is (at least) quadratic. See polynomial regression.
- One residual is much larger than the others and opposite in sign -- suggests that there is one unusual observation which is distorting the fit --
- Verify its value before publishing or
- Eliminate it, document your decision to do so, and recalculate the statistics.
Ancillary statistics
The sum of squared deviations can be partitioned as in ANOVA to indicate what part of the dispersion of the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable.The correlation coefficient, r, can be calculated by
This statistic is a measure of how well a straight line describes the data. Values near zero suggest that the model is ineffective. r2 is frequently interpreted as the fraction of the variability explained by the independent variable, X.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Linear regression."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Generally, regression is a move backwards. Specifically:
- A term for the exploring, with the assistance of a therapist, of (possibly unpleasant) past memories as part of the treatment for mental illnesses. See psychotherapy, hypnotherapy.
- A re-introduction of a defect into a later revision of a product. See engineering, regression testing.
- The phenomenon by which the sea retreats, or regresses, as a consequence of lowering sea level. See geology.
- In statistics:
- The phenomenon that, when two related variables are measured, the expected value of the second is closer to the mean than the measured value of the first. See regression toward the mean.
- A method where the mean of one or more random variables is predicted conditioned on other (measured) random variables. See linear regression, logistic regression and supervised learning.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Regression."
Synonyms: RegressionSynonyms: arrested development (n), fixation (n), infantile fixation (n), regress (n), regression toward the mean (n), retrogression (n), retroversion (n), reversion (n), simple regression (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Regression | Noun: regress, regression; retrocession, retrogression, retrograduation, retroaction; reculade; retreat, withdrawal, retirement, remigration; recession; (motion from); recess; crab-like motion. |
Reversion | Turning point, turn of the tide; status quo ante bellum; calm before a storm. alternation; (periodicity); inversion; recoil; retreat, regression, retrogression; restoration; relapse, recidivism; atavism; vicinism; |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | Regression (1999) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Theater & Movies | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Superficial spreading melanoma arising from a dysplastic nevus. The 4-by-8-mm, pink-tan lesion with irregular borders at the upper left (arrow) is a dysplastic nevus. Arising from it is an invasive malignant melanoma, with its characteristic blue-black color, notched border, and distorted surface. The gray area at the lower left represents tumor regression. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | Dites non a Pompidou, non a sa politique de regression sociale et de demission nationale : union populaire pour le non. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | The onset of this period of regression is sometimes sudden. (references) | |
Determine the significance of histological regression in melanoma. (references) | ||
Vascular malformations typically grow slowly and steadily throughout life with no regression cycle. (references) | ||
Economic History | Eq. Guinea | However, unless more stringent measures are implemented to rationalize forest use, collect export duties and stay the regression in forestry revenues, Equatorial Guinea's profitable trade in tropical wood exports (about 7 percent of GDP in 1998) could be jeopardized. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Regression" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.53% of the time. "Regression" is used about 637 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.53% | 634 | 10,258 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.31% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Noun (common) | 0.16% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 637 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "regression": analytic regression ♦ cluster analysis and regression program ♦ Corpus Luteum Regression ♦ curvilinear regression ♦ Edge of regression ♦ goal regression ♦ infinite regression ♦ lag regression ♦ linear regression ♦ monotone regression ♦ multiple regression ♦ nodal regression ♦ nonlinear regression ♦ personal computer/cluster analysis and regression program ♦ piecewise regression ♦ rectilinear regression ♦ Regression (Psychology) ♦ regression analysis ♦ regression coefficient ♦ regression curve ♦ regression equation ♦ regression index ♦ regression line ♦ regression of y on x ♦ regression point ♦ regression testing ♦ Regression therapy ♦ regression toward the mean ♦ ridge regression ♦ segmented regression ♦ simple regression ♦ skew regression ♦ stepwise multiple regression ♦ stepwise regression ♦ Transpersonal regression therapy ♦ true regression. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "regression": age-regression. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "regression"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | regres (regress, throwback), prapavajtje. (various references) | |
Arabic | نكوص (recession, regress), تراجع (back away, back down, back up, backwards, blemish, degradation, draw back, drawback, fall back, fall behind, give back, give ground, give the right of way, kick, lose ground, move back, palinode, recede, recess, recession, recoil, regress, renege, retire, retract, retraction, retreat, retreating, retrogression, sell out, stand, take back, turn back, unsay, withdraw), تردي, الحركة التراجعية (retrogression), الرجعة (return), إنحسار (recession). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | упадък (decadence, decadency, declination, decline, degeneracy, degeneration, degradation, depravation, descent, labefaction, regress, retrogression), регресия, морален упадък, движение назад. (various references) | |
Chinese | 海退. (various references) | |
Czech | regrese, zpìtný pohyb (retrogression), návrat (recurrence, regress, return), krok zpìt (backward step). (various references) | |
Danish | regression (reliction, retrogression). (various references) | |
Dutch | regressie (reliction, retrogression). (various references) | |
Farsi | سیرقهقراءی , عود (Lute, Recurrence, Relapse, Reversion), بسرفت , برگشت (Back, Backstroke, Lapse, Refluence, Regress, Relapse, Repercussion, Retrogress, Return, Reversal, Revert, Veer). (various references) | |
Finnish | regressio (reliction, retrogression). (various references) | |
French | régression (recession, regress). (various references) | |
German | Regression (reliction, retrogression), Rückschritt (regress, retrograde step, retrogressive step, step backwards). (various references) | |
Greek | μείωση (abatement, decrease, decrement, depletion, derogation, deterioration, detraction, diminution, discount, mitigation, reduction, shrinkage, slackening, understatement), παλινδρόμηση (retrogression), οπισθοδρόμηση (recoil, setback). (various references) | |
Hebrew | פ'ור (arrear, backwardness, delay, lag, lagging, retardation, tardiness), סי'" (recession, recoil, retreat, setback, withdrawal). (various references) | |
Hungarian | regresszió (regressive), hátrálás (recess, recession, recoiling, regress, shrink). (various references) | |
Indonesian | kemunduran (decadence, declension, decline, degeneration, retrogradation, slowdown). (various references) | |
Italian | regressione (decline, going down). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 退行 (retrogression), 海退 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | たい"う (antagonism, archduke, body cavity, corresponding, counter-, distinguished or meritorious service, empress dowager, expulsion, face, father of the Imperial adviser, fundamental principles, general features, great talent, leaving school, light pink, opposite, opposition, outline, pertaining to school, queen mother, retrogression, Toyotomi Hideyoshi), かいたい (absconding with money, becoming pregnant, conception, dismantling, laziness, negligence, pregnancy). (various references) | |
Korean | 역행 (Backing, Retrogradation). (various references) | |
Manx | goll er ash (ascend, ascend genealogy, draw back, go back, regress, retrospective, return, reversal, reversion, revert), cooyllaghey (regress, sternway, withdrawal). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | egressionray.(various references) | |
Portuguese | regressão (degression). (various references) | |
Romanian | regresiune, regres (regress). (various references) | |
Russian | регрессия (retrogression). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | regresija, nazadak (decay, decline). (various references) | |
Spanish | regresión (setback), retroceso (backlash, backward motion, decline, going down, recession, recoil, regress, retrogression). (various references) | |
Swedish | regression (reliction, retrogression), återgång (involution, recession, regress, return). (various references) | |
Turkish | gerileme (comedown, decadence, declension, decline, downgrade, recession, recessional, regress, retreat, retrocession, retrogadation, retrogression, setback, throwback, withdrawal), geri çekilme (departure, disengagement, flight, pullback, recession, recoil, regress, retirement, retreat, witdrawing), dönüş (comeback, facing, gyration, regress, return, return journey, Rev, rotation, spin, swing, turn, turning, way back). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | регрес (devolution, regress, retrogression, retroversion, setback), повернення до вихідної точки. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sự thoái lui (regress), sự thoái bộ (come-down, regress), sự đi giật lùi. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "regression": regressions. (additional references) | |
| |
"Regression" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: degression, regerssion, regresion, regressionary, regresson, regressor, rogersiana. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "regression" (pronounced rugre"shun) |
| 8 | r u g r e" sh u n | progression. |
| 7 | -u g r e" sh u n | aggression, nonaggression. |
| 6 | -g r e" sh u n | digression, transgression. |
| 5 | -r e" sh u n | compression, decompression, depression, discretion, expression, freshen, impression, indiscretion, misimpression, oppression, repression, suppression. |
| 4 | -e" sh u n | accession, concession, confession, hessian, intercession, obsession, possession, precession, procession, profession, recession, repossession, secession, session, succession. |
| 3 | -sh u n | facilitation, faction, falsification, fascination, fashion, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, fiction, figuration, filtration, fission, abrogation, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, abbreviation, abdication, abduction, aberration, abolition, abomination, abortion, accreditation, accretion, accumulation, accusation, acidification, acquisition, action, activation, adaptation, addiction, addition, adjudication, administration, admiration, admission, admonition, adoption, adoration, adulation, advection, advocation, affectation, affection, affiliation, affirmation, affliction, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, alliteration, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, alternation, amalgamation, ambition, amelioration, ammunition, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, antiabortion, anticipation, anticorruption, antidiscrimination, apparition, appellation, application, apportion, appreciation, apprehension, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, ascension, ashen, aspiration, assassination, assertion, assimilation, association, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, beautician, benediction, bifurcation, brutalization, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, caption, carburetion, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, caution, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, circulation, circumspection, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, clinician, coagulation, coalition, codification, coercion, cogeneration, cogitation, cognition, cohabitation, collaboration, collection, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, commission, commotion, communication, communization, compassion, compensation, competition, compilation, completion, complexion, complication, composition, comprehension, compulsion, compunction, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conception, conceptualization, conciliation, concoction, concussion, condemnation, condensation, condescension, condition, conduction, confabulation, confection, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, conjunction, connection, conniption, connotation, conscription, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, constitution, constriction, construction, consultation, consummation, consumption, contamination, contemplation, contention, continuation, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conversation, conviction, convocation, convolution, convulsion, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correction, correlation, corroboration, corruption, counterrevolution, creation, cremation, criminalization, crucifixion, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, cushion, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, deception, decertification, decimation, declaration, decommission, decomposition, deconstruction, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, deduction, defamation, defection, definition, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deletion, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demolition, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, demotion, denationalization, denomination, dentition, denuclearization, denunciation, depiction, depletion, depopulation, deportation, deposition, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, dereliction, derivation, desalination, desalinization, description, desecration, desegregation, desertion, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, deviation, devolution, devotion, dictation, diction, dietitian, differentiation, diffraction, dilatation, dilation, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, discoloration, disconnection, discontinuation, discrimination, discussion, disembarkation, disinclination, disinfection, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disposition, disputation, disqualification, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissemination, dissension, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, dissolution, distillation, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, dysfunction, echolocation, edification, edition, education, egyptian, ejaculation, ejection, elaboration, elation, election, electrician, electrification, electrocution, elevation, elimination, elocution, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emission, emotion, emulation, emulsion, encryption, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, erection, erudition, eruption, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, eviction, evocation, evolution, exacerbation, exaction, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, exception, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exfoliation, exhalation, exhibition, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expansion, expatriation, expectation, expedition, experimentation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploitation, exploration, exposition, expropriation, expulsion, extension, extermination, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, extrapolation, fabrication, fixation, flexion, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formalization, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fraction, fragmentation, friction, fruition, frustration, fumigation, function, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentian, gentrification, geriatrician, germination, gestation, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gumption, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hibernation, homogenization, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, hypertension, hypotension, identification, ignition, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impassion, imperfection, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, imposition, impregnation, improvisation, imputation, inaction, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inception, incineration, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, induction, industrialization, infarction, infatuation, infection, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, inflection, infliction, information, infraction, inhabitation, inhalation, inhibition, initiation, injection, injunction, innovation, inoculation, inquisition, inscription, insemination, insertion, insinuation, inspection, inspiration, installation, instigation, institution, institutionalization, instruction, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, insurrection, integration, intensification, interaction, interception, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, interruption, intersection, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, introduction, introspection, intuition, inundation, invalidation, invention, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, junction, jurisdiction, justification, juxtaposition, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, lilliputian, limitation, liposuction, liquefaction, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, locomotion, logician, lotion, lubrication, machination, magician, magnetization, magnification, malformation, malfunction, malnutrition, manifestation, manipulation, mansion, marginalization, martian, masturbation, mathematician, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, meditation, menstruation, mention, midsection, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misapprehension, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, misconception, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misperception, misrepresentation, mission, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, mortician, motion, motivation, multiplication, mummification, munition, musician, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonfiction, nonprescription, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, notion, nucleation, nullification, nutrition, obfuscation, objection, obligation, observation, obstetrician, obstruction, occupation, ocean, omission, operation, opposition, optician, optimization, option, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overconsumption, overexpansion, overpopulation, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, overregulation, oversimplification, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, participation, partition, passion, pasteurization, patrician, pediatrician, penetration, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, perforation, permission, permutation, perpetuation, persecution, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, petition, physician, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politician, politicization, pollination, pollution, pontification, popularization, population, portion, position, potion, precaution, precipitation, preconception, precondition, predestination, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, prefabrication, preignition, premeditation, premonition, preoccupation, preparation, prescription, presentation, preservation, pressurization, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, production, profanation, prognostication, prohibition, projection, proliferation, promotion, pronunciation, propagation, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proration, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, prostration, protection, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, ration, rationalization, reaction, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reassertion, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, reception, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recognition, recollection, recommendation, reconciliation, recondition, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, reconstruction, recreation, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reflection, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reimposition, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinspection, reintegration, reinterpretation, reintroduction, reinvention, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejection, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remission, remuneration, renationalization, rendition, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, repercussion, repetition, replication, reposition, representation, reproduction, repudiation, reputation, requisition, reregulation, reservation, resignation, resolution, respiration, restitution, restoration, restriction, resumption, resurrection, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanction, sanitation, saponification, satisfaction, saturation, secretion, section, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, sedition, seduction, segmentation, segregation, selection, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, solution, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, statistician, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, submission, subordination, subscription, subsection, subsidization, substantiation, substation, substitution, subtraction, suburbanization, suction, suffocation, summation, superstation, superstition, supposition, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, syndication, tabulation, tactician, taxation, technician, telecommunication, temptation, tension, termination, theoretician, titian, titillation, toleration, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transformation, transillumination, transition, translation, transmission, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, tuition, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, venetian, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, volition, vulgarization, westernization, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-e-g-i-n-o-r-r-s-s" | |
-1 letter: egression, engrosser, erigerons, resigners. | |
-2 letters: erigeron, eringoes, genoises, goriness, greisens, ignorers, resigner, roseries. | |
-3 letters: engross, eosines, eringos, genesis, genoise, gorsier, greisen, grisons, grosser, ignorer, ignores, ingress, ironers, onerier, orrises, regions, regress, rerisen, rerises, resigns, ringers, rinsers, seeings, seiners, seniors, senores, sereins, serines, serries, signees, signers, signore, signors, singers, sirrees, snorers, soignee, soirees, sonsier. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-e-g-i-n-o-r-r-s-s" | |
+1 letter: regressions. | |
+2 letters: overdressing, reprocessing. | |
+3 letters: crossbreeding, introgressive, overasserting, overstressing, preprocessing, retrogressing, retrogression, unprogressive. | |
+4 letters: gregariousness, neurosurgeries, nonprogressive, overimpressing, overprocessing, resegregations, retrogressions, rigorousnesses. | |
+5 letters: antiprogressive, ferromagnetisms, gastroenteritis, nonprogressives, overcompressing, progressiveness, reregistrations, supererogations, tergiversations. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Expressions 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Derivations | 13. Rhymes 14. Anagrams 15. Bibliography |
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