Physicist

  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Physicist

Definition: Physicist

Physicist

Noun

1. A scientist trained in physics.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "physicist" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1826. (references)

 

Specialty Definition: Physicist

DomainDefinition

Occupations

Conducts research into phases of physical phenomena, develops theories and laws on basis of observation and experiments, and devises methods to apply laws and theories of physics to industry, medicine, and other fields: Performs experiments with masers, lasers, cyclotrons, betatrons, telescopes, mass spectrometers, electron microscopes, and other equipment to observe structure and properties of matter, transformation and propagation of energy, relationships between matter and energy, and other physical phenomena. Describes and expresses observations and conclusions in mathematical terms. Devises procedures for physical testing of materials. Conducts instrumental analyses to determine physical properties of materials. May specialize in one or more branches of physics and be designated Physicist, Acoustics (profess. & kin.); Physicist, Astrophysics (profess. & kin.); Physicist, Atomic, Electronic And Molecular (profess. & kin.); Physicist, Cryogenics (profess. & kin.); Physicist, Electricity And Magnetism (profess. & kin.); Physicist, Fluids (profess. & kin.). May be designated: Physicist, Light And Optics (profess. & kin.); Physicist, Nuclear (profess. & kin.); Physicist, Plasma (profess. & kin.); Physicist, Solid Earth (profess. & kin.); Physicist, Solid State (profess. & kin.); Physicist, Thermodynamics (profess. & kin.). (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: List of physicists

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Many famous physicists of the 20th and 21st century are found on the list of recipients of the Nobel Prize in physics.

Famous early physicists:

Famous physicists of the 18th century:

Famous physicists of the 19th century:

Famous physicists of the 20th century:

External link

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Physicist

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A physicist is a scientist trained in physics. Physicists are employed by universities as professors, lecturers, researchers, and by laboratories in industry. Employment as a professional physicist generally requires a doctoral degree. However, many people who have trained as physicsts use their skills in other parts of the economy, in particular in computing and finance.

See also:

Note: Physicians are medical doctors and should not be confused with physicists, despite the common root of the word.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Physicist."

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Physics

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Physics (from Greek from φυσικός (phusikos): natural, from φύσις (fysis): Nature) is the science of Nature in the broadest sense. Physicists study the behaviour and interactions of matter and radiation. Theories of physics are generally expressed as mathematical relations. Well-established theories are often referred to as physical laws or laws of physics; however, like all scientific theories, they are ultimately provisional.

Physics is very closely related to the other natural sciences, particularly chemistry, the science of molecules and the chemical compounds that they form in bulk. Chemistry draws on many fields of physics, particularly quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and electromagnetism. However, chemical phenomena are sufficiently varied and complex that chemistry is usually regarded as a separate discipline.

Below is an overview of the major subfields and concepts in physics, followed by a brief outline of the history of physics and its subfields. A more comprehensive list of physics topics is also available.

Overview of physics

Theories

Main article: Theories of Physics

Central theories

Classical mechanics -- Thermodynamics -- Statistical mechanics -- Electromagnetism -- Special relativity -- General relativity -- Quantum mechanics -- Quantum field theory -- Standard Model -- Fluid mechanics

Proposed theories

Theory of everything -- Grand unification theory -- M-theory -- Loop quantum gravity -- Emergence

Fringe theories

Cold fusion -- Dynamic theory of gravity -- Luminiferous aether -- Orgone energy -- Reciprocal System of Theory -- Steady state theory

Concepts

Matter -- Antimatter -- Elementary particle -- Boson -- Fermion

Symmetry -- Motion -- Conservation law -- Mass -- Energy -- Momentum -- Angular momentum -- Spin

Time -- Space -- Dimension -- Spacetime -- Length -- Velocity -- Force -- Torque

Wave -- Wavefunction -- Quantum entanglement -- Harmonic oscillator -- Magnetism -- Electricity -- Electromagnetic radiation -- Temperature -- Entropy -- Physical information

Phase transitions -- Critical phenomena -- Spontaneous symmetry breaking -- Superconductivity -- Superfluidity -- Quantum phase transitions

Fundamental forces

Gravitational -- Electromagnetic -- Weak -- Strong

Particles

Main article: Particless

Atom -- Proton -- Neutron -- Electron -- Quark -- Photon -- Gluon -- W boson -- Z boson -- Graviton -- Neutrino -- Particle radiation--Phonon--Roton

Subfields of physics

Astrophysics -- Atomic, Molecular, and Optical physics -- Computational physics -- Condensed matter physics -- Cosmology -- Cryogenics -- Fluid dynamics -- Polymer physics -- Optics -- Materials physics -- Nuclear physics -- Plasma physics -- Particle physics (or High Energy Physics) -- Vehicle dynamics

Methods

Scientific method -- Physical quantity -- Measurement -- Measuring instruments -- Dimensional analysis -- Statistics

Tables

List of physical laws -- Physical constants -- SI base units -- SI derived units -- SI prefixes -- Unit conversions

History

History of Physics -- Famous Physicists -- Nobel Prize in physics

Related Fields

Astronomy and Astrophysics -- Biophysics -- Electronics -- Engineering -- Geophysics -- Materials science -- Mathematical physics -- Medical physics -- Physical Chemistry

A brief history of physics

Note: The following is a cursory overview of the development of physics. For a more detailed history, please refer to the main article on this subject, History of physics.

Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the behavior of matter: why unsupported objects drop to the ground, why different materials have different properties, and so forth. Also a mystery was the character of the universe, such as the form of the Earth and the behavior of celestial objects such as the Sun and the Moon. Several theories were proposed, most of them were wrong. These theories were largely couched in philosophical terms, and never verified by systematic experimental testing. There were exceptions and there are anachronisms: for example, the Greek thinker Archimedes derived many correct quantitative descriptions of mechanics and hydrostatics.

During the late 16th century, Galileo pioneered the use of experiment to validate physical theories, which is the key idea in the scientific method. Galileo formulated and successfully tested several results in dynamics, in particular the Law of Inertia. In 1687, Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, from which arise classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. Both theories agreed well with experiment. Classical mechanics would be exhaustively extended by Lagrange, Hamilton, and others, who produced new formulations, principles, and results. The Law of Gravitation initiated the field of astrophysics, which describes astronomical phenomena using physical theories.

From the 18th century onwards, thermodynamics was developed by Boyle, Young, and many others. In 1733, Bernoulli used statistical arguments with classical mechanics to derive thermodynamic results, initiating the field of statistical mechanics. In 1798, Thompson demonstrated the conversion of mechanical work into heat, and in 1847 Joule stated the law of conservation of energy, in the form of heat as well as mechanical energy.

The behavior of electricity and magnetism was studied by Faraday, Ohm, and others. In 1855, Maxwell unified the two phenomena into a single theory of electromagnetism, described by Maxwell's equations. A prediction of this theory was that light is an electromagnetic wave.

In 1895, Roentgen discovered X-rays, which turned out to be high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel, and further studied by Pierre Curie and Marie Curie and others. This initiated the field of nuclear physics.

In 1897, Thomson discovered the electron, the elementary particle which carries electrical current in circuits. In 1904, he proposed the first model of the atom, known as the plum pudding model. (The existence of the atom had been proposed in 1808 by Dalton.)

In 1905, Einstein formulated the theory of special relativity, unifying space and time into a single entity, spacetime. Relativity prescribes a different transformation between reference frames than classical mechanics; this necessitated the development of relativistic mechanics as a replacement for classical mechanics. In the regime of low (relative) velocities, the two theories agree. In 1915, Einstein extended special relativity to explain gravity with the general theory of relativity, which replaces Newton's law of gravitation. In the regime of low masses and energies, the two theories agree.

In 1911, Rutherford deduced from scattering experiments the existence of a compact atomic nucleus, with positively charged constituents dubbed protons. Neutrons, the neutral nuclear constituents, were discovered in 1932 by Chadwick.

Beginning in 1900, Planck, Einstein, Bohr, and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results by introducing discrete energy levels. In 1925, Heisenberg and 1926, Schrödinger and Dirac formulated quantum mechanics, which explained the preceding quantum theories. In quantum mechanics, the outcomes of physical measurements are inherently probabilistic; the theory describes the calculation of these probabilities. It successfully describes the behavior of matter at small distance scales.

Quantum mechanics also provided the theoretical tools for condensed matter physics, which studies the physical behavior of solids and liquids, including phenomena such as crystal structures, semiconductivity, and superconductivity. The pioneers of condensed matter physics include Bloch, who created a quantum mechanical description of the behavior of electrons in crystal structures in 1928.

During World War II, research was conducted by each side into nuclear physics, for the purpose of creating a nuclear bomb. The German effort, led by Heisenberg, did not succeed, but the Allied Manhattan Project reached its goal. In America, a team led by Fermi achieved the first man-made nuclear chain reaction in 1942, and in 1945 the world's first nuclear explosive was detonated at Trinity site, near Alamogordo, New Mexico.

Quantum field theory was formulated in order to extend quantum mechanics to be consistent with special relativity. It achieved its modern form in the late 1940s with work by Feynman, Schwinger, Tomonaga, and Dyson. They formulated the theory of quantum electrodynamics, which describes the electromagnetic interaction.

Quantum field theory provided the framework for modern particle physics, which studies fundamental forces and elementary particles. In 1954, Yang and Mills developed a class of gauge theories, which provided the framework for the Standard Model. The Standard Model, which was completed in the 1970s, successfully describes almost all elementary particles observed to date.

Future directions

As of 2003, research is progressing on a large number of fields of physics.

In condensed matter physics, the biggest unsolved theoretical problem is the explanation for high-temperature superconductivity. Strong efforts, largely experimental, are being put into making workable spintronics and quantum computers.

In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost amongst this are indications that neutrinos have non-zero mass. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing solar neutrino problem in solar physics. The physics of massive neutrinos is currently an area of active theoretical and experimental research. In the next several years, particle accelerators will begin probing energy scales in the TeV range, in which experimentalists are hoping to find evidence for the higgs boson and supersymmetric particles.

Theoretical attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory of quantum gravity, a program ongoing for over half a century, has yet to bear fruit. The current leading candidates are M-theory and loop quantum gravity.

Many astronomical phenomena have yet to be explained, including the existence of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and the anomalous rotation rates of galaxies. Theories that have been proposed to resolve these problems include doubly-special relativity, modified Newtonian dynamics, and the existence of dark matter. In addition, the cosmological predictions of the last several decades have been contradicted by recent evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.

See unsolved problems in physics for a fuller treatment of this subject.

Suggested reading and external links

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Physics."

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Synonyms within Context: Physicist

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

MATERIALITY

Physics; somatology, somatics; natural philosophy, experimental philosophy; physicism; physical science, philosophie positive, materialism; materialist; physicist; somatism, somatist.

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: Physicist

English words defined with "physicist": nuclear physicist. (references)
Specialty definitions using "physicist": Alfven waves, Artsimovich, LevBernstein Mode, Birkeland, Kristian Olaf, Bohm diffusionFraunhofer GesellschaftHuygens principle, Huygens, ChristiaanJoule cycleLandau, Lev D., Lenard effectMersenneOstwald colour systemradiation physicist, RADIATION-THERAPY TECHNOLOGIST, radiological physicist, Raman Scattering, Rayleigh wave, Riecke's principleTeller, Edward, Thomson, William 1824-1907Van Allen, James A.. (references)
Etymologies containing "physicist": Oersted. (references)

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Commercial Usage: Physicist

DomainTitle

Books

  • Creativity and Intuition: A Physicist Looks at East and West. (reference)

  • Galileo: Astronomer and Physicist (Great Minds of Science) (reference)

  • The Privilege of Being a Physicist (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Periodicals

  

Music

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Physicist

Illustrations:
Physicist

More pictures...

Computer Images:
Physicist

More pictures...

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Photo Album: Physicist

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

NACA Physicist Studying Alpha Rays. Credit: NASA.

Herbert Grove Dorsey - chief physicist of the Coast and Geodetic Survey With Dorsey Fathometer - Dorsey came to work with C&GS in 1926. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.

In 1680, physicist Giovanni Borelli attempts to recycle his own breathing air. Credit: National Undersea Research Program (NURP).

Figure 46. Regnault pycnometers, instruments first mentioned by the physicist Henri-Victor Regnault, a professor at the College of France, in 1843. These instruments were used to measure the density of liquids which he was studying to obtain their specific heat. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.

Figure 48. Knudsen pycnometer, described by the Danish physicist and hydrographer Martin Knudsen in 1902. This instrument was designed to make precise laboratory measurements of the density of sea water. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.

Figure 28. Model of a machine for generating electricity based on differences of temperature between the sea surface and great depth. This "thermal machine" was devised by the physicist Georges Claude and the engineer Paul Boucherot in 1926. It was an application of Carnot's theorem and was a forerunner of the modern ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) project. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.

Philip Bosco as physicist Niels Bohr in "Copenhagen" and Claudia Shear as Mae West in "Dirty Blonde" / Hirschfeld 5. Credit: Library of Congress.

  

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Physicist

SubjectTopicQuote

Human Rights

Russia

In February the FSB arrested Valentin Danilov, a Krasnoyarsk physicist, accused him of selling sensitive information to China, and charged him with espionage and fraud. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Physicist

"Physicist" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.26% of the time. "Physicist" is used about 269 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (singular)99.26%26718,030
Noun (proper)0.74%2245,945
                    Total100.00%269N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expressions: Physicist

Expressions using "physicist": atomic physicist nuclear physicist radiation physicist radiological physicist. Additional references.

Hyphenated Usage

Beginning with "physicist": physicist-poet.

Ending with "physicist": bio-physicist, non-physicist.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Physicist

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

1930 nobel physicist

126

medical physicist job

5

physicist

120

medical physicist salary

4

filipino physicist

98

american association in medicine physicist

4

famous physicist

33

physicist job

4

german otto physicist

26

biography filipino physicist

4

enrico physicist

24

famous filipino physicist

4

eponymous number physicist

24

eponymous physicist

3

medical physicist

21

ask physicist

3

mach physicist

21

female physicist

3

industrial physicist

10

locums medical physicist radiation

3

manhattan physicist project

10

contribution physicist their

3

otto physicist

10

basic physicist

3

nobel physicist

9

physicist theoretical

3

alchemy light physicist shock

7

contribution filipino physicist their

3

foreign physicist

6

physicist radiation

3

filipina physicist

6

1930 nobel physicist prize

3

nuclear physicist

6

biography physicist

3

german physicist

6

great physicist

3

philippine physicist

5

life medical physicist

3

1944 nobel physicist prize

5

association canadian physicist

3
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: Physicist

Language Translations for "physicist"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Albanian

  

fizikan. (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏فيزيائي (physical), ‏عالم الطبيعيات. (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

физик (man of science, scientist). (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

物理学家. (various references)

   

Czech

  

přírodovìdec (naturalist, scientist), fyzik. (various references)

   

Danish

  

fysiker. (various references)

   

Dutch

  

natuurkundige. (various references)

   

Esperanto

  

fizikisto. (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

فیزیک دان . (various references)

   

Finnish

  

fyysikko. (various references)

   

French

  

physicien (natural philosopher). (various references)

   

German

  

Physiker (physicists, physics student). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

φυσικόσ καθηγητήσ, φυσικόσ (natural, normal, physical, scenic, unstudied), φυσικός (physical). (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

פיסיקאי. (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

fizikus. (various references)

   

Italian

  

fisico (bodily, body, corporeal, natural, physical). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

物理学者 . (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

ぶつりがくしゃ. (various references)

   

Korean 

  

물리학자. (various references)

   

Manx

  

fishigagh (physical). (various references)

   

Papiamen

  

físiko (physical). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

ysicistphay.(various references)

   

Portuguese

  

físico (bodily, physical, physique). (various references)

   

Romanian

  

fizician. (various references)

   

Russian 

  

физик (natural philosopher). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

fizičar. (various references)

   

Spanish

  

físico (material, physical, physique). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

fysiker. (various references)

   

Turkish

  

fizikçi, fízíkçí. (various references)

   

Ukrainian

  

фізик (naturalist). (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

nh vật lý học nh duy vật. (various references)

   

Welsh

  

ffisegwr, anianydd (naturalist, philosopher). (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Physicist

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Latin500 BCE-Modern

naturalem, naturali, naturalibus, naturalis, physicus. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Physicist

Derivations

Words beginning with "physicist": physicists. (additional references)

Words ending with "physicist": astrophysicist, biophysicist, geophysicist, psychophysicist. (additional references)

Words containing "physicist": astrophysicists, biophysicists, geophysicists, psychophysicists. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Physicist" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: phisicist, phistiki, physacist, physalis, physicis, physicst, physisist, psysicist, Pyxidis. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Physicist"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "physicist" (pronounced fi"zusi'st)
8f i" z u s i' s tastrophysicist.
5-u s i' s tpublicist.
4-s i' s tbassist, nicest, sexist.
3-i' s tabsurdist, backlist, baptist, blacklist, careerist, centrist, chartist, checklist, cheesiest, chemist, clearest, climatologist, collectivist, conformist, constructionist, consumerist, corporatist, costliest, counterterrorist, cubist, cutest, czarist, defeatist, dramatist, dualist, egotist, essayist, evangelist, expansionist, experimentalist, fatalist, flavorist, flutist, futurist, gradualist, harpist, horticulturist, humanist, jurist, lyrist, minimalist, monarchist, monetarist, moralist, nativist, nudist, optimist, optometrist, parodist, percussionist, perfectionist, pharmacologist, pinkest, podiatrist, practiced, pragmatist, purist, realist, recidivist, reformist, religionist, revisionist, revivalist, royalist, satanist, saxophonist, sensationalist, soloist, statist, stylist, suffragist, terrorist, trombonist, typist, vaguest.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Physicist

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "c-h-i-i-p-s-s-t-y"

-2 letters: physics.

-3 letters: physic, physis, pitchy, psychs, schist, scyphi, stichs.

-4 letters: chips, chits, cissy, cists, cysts, hissy, hists, itchy, pitch, piths, pithy, psych, ships, shist, spics, spicy, spits, stich, syphs, tipis, tipsy, typic.

-5 letters: chip, chis, chit, cist, city, cyst, hips, hiss, hist, hits, hyps, ichs, itch, phis, pics, pish, piss, pith, pits, pity, psis.

 Words containing the letters "c-h-i-i-p-s-s-t-y"
 

+1 letter: physicists.

 

+2 letters: physicalist, syphilitics.

 

+3 letters: biophysicist, dysphemistic, geophysicist, physicalists, psychiatries, psychiatrist.

 

+4 letters: biophysicists, geophysicists, physicalistic, physicalities, psychiatrists, sophistically.

 

+5 letters: antipsychotics, astrophysicist, hyperviscosity, metaphysicians, psycholinguist.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Crosswords
3. Usage: Commercial
4. Images: Slideshow
5. Images: Photo Album
6. Quotations: Non-fiction
7. Usage Frequency
8. Expressions
9. Expressions: Internet
10. Translations: Modern
11. Translations: Ancient
12. Derivations
13. Rhymes
14. Anagrams
15. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.