Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definitions: Martial |
MartialAdjective1. (of persons) befitting a warrior; "a military bearing". 2. Suggesting war or military life. 3. Or or relating to the armed forces; "martial law". Noun1. Roman poet noted for epigrams (first century BC). Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "martial" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
Etymology: Martial \Mar"tial\, adjective. [French expression, from the Latin expression martialis of or belonging to Mars, the god of war. Compare to March the month.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Literature | Martial Pertaining to Mars, the Roman god of war. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Synonyms: MartialSynonyms: martial(a) (adj), soldierlike (adj), soldierly (adj), warlike (adj), warriorlike (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Compulsion | Force; brute force, main force, physical force; the sword, ultima ratio; club law, lynch law, mob law, arguementum baculinum, le droit du plus fort, martial law. |
Illegality | Mob law, lynch law, club law, Lydford law, martial law, drumhead law; coup d'etat; le droit du plus fort; argumentum |
Severity | Arbitrary power; absolutism, despotism; dictatorship, autocracy, tyranny, domineering, oppression; assumption, usurpation; inquisition, reign of terror, martial law; iron heel, iron rule, iron hand, iron sway; tight grasp; brute force, brute strength; coercion; strong hand, tight hand. |
Tribunal | Court martial; drumhead court martial; durbar, divan; Areopagus; Irota. |
Warfare | Unpacific, unpeaceful; belligerent, combative, armigerous, bellicose, martial, warlike; military, militant; soldier-like, soldierly. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Martial |
| English words defined with "martial": aikido ♦ Bellical, black belt, Bruce Lee ♦ Continuous impost, court-martial ♦ emergency, Ethiops martial ♦ Imbellic, Immartial ♦ Kung Fu ♦ lee, Lee Yuen Kam, Lituus ♦ martial art, martial law, martial music, martially, Martialness, Military law ♦ pibroch ♦ tae kwon do, To fight at barriers. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "martial": Gama ♦ Ice-brook ♦ Ladas ♦ prosecutor before court martial ♦ recruit ♦ Zoilos. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "martial": soldiership. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Martial" is also a word in the following language with English translations in parentheses. French (martial, warlike). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | This court martial is adjourned. (A Few Good Men; writing credit: Aaron Sorkin) When I learned martial arts from Sensei, he taught me that we learn to fight in order to avoid fighting. (Digimon: Digital Monsters; writing credit: Dayna Barron) With martial valor, if one becomes like a revengeful ghost and shows great determination, though his head is cut off, he should not die. (Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai; writing credit: Jim Jarmusch) Ugly?! I'll have you know they call me The Rose of Martial Arts around here! (Rurouni Kenshin; writing credit: Johan Unenge; Mns Gahrton) ! The master of all martial arts? (Versus; writing credit: Ryuhei Kitamura; Yudai Yamaguchi) | |
Lyrics | Hypodermics on the shores, China's under martial law (We Didn't Start The Fire; performing artist: Billy Joel) | |
Clever | My poems are naughty, but my life is pure. (references; author: Martial) Our days pass by, and are scored against us. (references; author: Martial) Neither fear your death's day nor long for it. (references; author: Martial) What's a wretched man? A man whom no man pleases. (references; author: Martial) You'll get no laurel crown for outrunning a burro. (references; author: Martial) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Court Martial (1964) The Court Martial of Major Keller (1961) Twin Heads Selling Martial Arts (1948) Invincible Martial Arts (1938) Saved from Court Martial (1912) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books | |||
Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Base Hospital No. 9. Chateauroux, France : Session of special court martial.Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Taigichuan (Tai Chi), a kind of slow-motion martial art, is regarded as a healthy exercise ... / WHO p.Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by D. Henrioud.. |
 | Le chirurgien de village David Teniers, pinx. A.P. Martial, del. et sculp.Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Martial law.Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Two frieze designs depicting Victory, land and naval battles, and martial symbols.Credit: Library of Congress. |  | The court martial of Major General Fitz-John Porter.Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Martial law on Colorado border stops migratory laborers.Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Chairman Mao telling group of editors and writers from Chin Sui Daily News--"relaxation and tension is the way of martial arts".Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Marcus Valerius Martial | Glory paid to our ashes comes too late. |
| Fortune gives too much to many, enough to none. | |
Martial | My poems are naughty, but my life is pure. |
| Our days pass by, and are scored against us. | |
| Neither fear your death's day nor long for it. | |
| What's a wretched man? A man whom no man pleases. | |
| You'll get no laurel crown for outrunning a burro. | |
| Stop abusing my verses, or publish some of your own. | |
| Conceal a flaw, and the world will imagine the worst. | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | And to let us see, that even absolute power, where it is necessary, is not arbitrary by being absolute, but is still limited by that reason, and confined to those ends, which required it in some cases to be absolute, we need look no farther than the common practice of martial discipline: for the preservation of the army, and in it of the whole common-wealth, requires an absolute obedience to the command of every superior officer, and it is justly death to disobey or dispute the most dangerous or unreasonable of them; but yet we see, that neither the serjeant, that could command a soldier to march up to the mouth of a cannon, or stand in a breach, where he is almost sure to perish, can command that soldier to give him one penny of his money; nor the general, that can condemn him to death for deserting his post, or for not obeying the most desperate orders, can yet, with all his absolute power of life and death, dispose of one farthing of that soldier's estate, or seize one jot of his goods; whom yet he can command any thing, and hang for the least disobedience; because such a blind obedience is necessary to that end, for which the commander has his power, viz. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | On gala days the town fires its great guns, which echo like popguns to these woods, and some waifs of martial music occasionally penetrate thus far. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | The success of the early Qing period was based on the combination of Manchu martial prowess and traditional Chinese bureaucratic skills. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Nigeria | During the year, 25 injured soldiers were sentenced to life imprisonment for "mutiny" and "disobedience" by a court martial after publicly protesting their treatment by military officials. (references) |
Economic History | Bangladesh | Ershad continued his stated commitment to lift martial law. (references) |
Poland | In a series of slow, uneven steps, the Polish regime rescinded martial law. (references) | |
Human Rights | Chile | After an appeal process, their sentence was reduced by a court martial. (references) |
India | Criminal charges and a court martial still are pending against Singh, but neither process has yet begun. (references) | |
Turkey | However, the Court may not consider "decrees with the force of law" issued under a state of emergency, martial law, or in time of war. (references) | |
Political Economy | Kuwait | The Amir may declare martial law in an emergency, but only with the approval of the Assembly. (references) |
Pakistan | The leadership of the western part of Pakistan was handed over to Z. A. Bhutto, who became President and first civilian chief martial law administrator. (references) | |
Syria | The powerful role of the security services in government, which extends beyond strictly security matters, stems in part from the state of emergency that has been in place almost continuously since 1963. The Government justifies martial law because of the state of war with Israel and past threats from terrorist groups. (references) | |
Political Rights | Fiji | The treason trial for George Speight was scheduled for February 2002. Since the coup, treason charges have been dismissed against 12 persons; 8 enlisted men were deemed by the court martial to have been following orders. (references) |
Worker Rights | Taiwan | According to the National Federation of Independent Trade Unionists, over 400 trade unionists and supporters have been fired since the labor movement began to expand after the 1987 lifting of martial law. (references) |
Belarus | The Constitution prohibits forced labor except in cases when the work or service to be performed is fixed by a court's decision or in accordance with the law on states of emergency or martial law; however, there were some reports of forced labor. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | RECRUIT, n. A person distinguishable from a civilian by his uniform and from a soldier by his gait. Fresh from the farm or factory or street, His marching, in pursuit or in retreat, Were an impressive martial spectacle Except for two impediments -- his feet. Thompson Johnson |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Nor to declare martial law to prevent our people from voting for the kind of govenment they want. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Martial" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 93.47% of the time. "Martial" is used about 504 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 93.47% | 472 | 12,553 |
| Noun (proper) | 6.53% | 33 | 60,273 |
| Total | 100.00% | 504 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "martial": court martial ♦ courts martial ♦ declare martial law ♦ drum court martial ♦ Ethiops martial ♦ martial art ♦ Martial Arts ♦ martial bearing ♦ martial court ♦ Martial flowers ♦ martial law ♦ martial music ♦ proclamation of martial law ♦ prosecutor before court martial ♦ summary martial court ♦ try before court martial. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "martial": martial-arts, Martial-law. | |
Ending with "martial": court-martial, Courts-martial, dance-cum-martial, Drumhead court-martial, General court-martial, special court-martial. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "martial"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | ushtarak (effective, military, serviceman, soldier, soldierlike, soldierly), luftarak (bellicose, combative, militant, military, warlike). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | حربي (military, warlike), عسكري (man of arms, military, private, serviceman, soldier), شجاع (brave, courageous, dauntless, doughty, fearless, gallant, game, gritty, hardy, hero, manful, mettlesome, plucky, red blooded, spirited, stalwart, stout, tiger, undaunted, valiant, valorous). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | смел (adventurous, ambitious, audacious, bold, brave, courageous, daring, dashing, gallant, game, gamy, gritty, gutsy, high-hearted, high-spirited, manful, manly, mettled, mettlesome, plucky, provocative, slashing, spirited, spunky, stalwart, stout, stouthearted, thoroughbred, valiant, venturesome), храбър (brave, gallant, heroic, intrepid, lion-hearted, soldierlike, soldierly, spirited, stout, stouthearted, valiant, valorous), войнствен (bellicose, combative, militant, warlike), военен (gi, military, munition, service, soldier, war). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 武 (military), 军事 (military), 偈 (Buddhist hymn, forceful). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | vojenský (military, soldierlike). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | oorlogszuchtig (warlike), krijgshaftig (warlike), krýgshaftig (warlike). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | militema (warlike). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Farsi | نظامی (Military, Soldier, Trooper), لشکری , جنگی (Military, Warlike), جنگجو (Bellicose, Belligerent, Comatant, Pugnacious, Warrior). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | sotaoikeus (court martial, military court). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | martial, guerrier, brave (brave man). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | kriegerisch (bellicose, belligerent, martially, warlike, warlikely). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | στρατιωτικόσ (g.i., military, soldier like, soldierly), νυφίτσα (ferret, mink, pine marten, Vison, weasel). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | צבאי (combatant, military, warlike). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | katonás (soldierlike), harcias (bellicose, combative, manful, militant, military, pugnacious, soldierlike, to be game, warlike), hadi (military, warlike, wartime), harci (operational). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | beladiri (martial arts, self-defense). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | marziale (warlike), di marte (martian). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 武" (military arts, the martial arts, Wushu), '厳 (martial law), '厳令 (martial law), 截拳" (Jeet Kune Do), 武勇伝 (martial story), 武張る (to be martial, to be soldierly), 武 小説 (chivalric knight novels, martial arts fiction, swashbuckling stories, wuxia xiaoshuo), 武徳 (martial arts), 中国拳法 (Chinese martial art), 武事 (martial arts, military affairs), 軍事裁判 (court martial), 武" (Bushido, martial arts, military arts), 武芸 (martial arts), 武芸者 (master of martial arts), 捕り手 (bujutsu, martial art, official in charge of imprisoning offenders, policeman), "" (martial arts school situated in a town), " (dojo, hall used for martial arts training, mandala), 軍律 (articles of war, martial law, military disciple, military law), 軍法 (martial law, military law, strategy, tactics), 武技 (martial arts). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | ぶ'いしゃ (master of martial arts), とりて (a good practitioner of judo or sumo, an acceptor, bujutsu, martial art, official in charge of imprisoning offenders, policeman, receiver, recipient, taker), かい'" (change of era, enlightenment, martial law, opening ones eyes to the truth, spiritual awakening), かい'"れい (martial law), せっけ"どう (Jeet Kune Do), どうじょう (compassion, court nobles, ditto, dojo, feel for, hall used for martial arts training, ibid., mandala, on the roof, pity, riding together, riding with, same as above, sympathize, sympathy), ぶとく (martial arts), ぶじ (coarse speech or writing, humble reference to one's own words, martial arts, military affairs, peace, quietness, safety), ちゅう"くけ"ぽう (Chinese martial art), ぶ'い (martial arts), ぐ"ぽう (martial law, military law, mountain range, strategy, tactics), ぶゆうで" (martial story), ぶどう (Bushido, grapes, martial arts, military arts), ぶばる (to be martial, to be soldierly), ぶきょうしょうせつ (chivalric knight novels, martial arts fiction, swashbuckling stories, wuxia xiaoshuo), ぶぎ (martial arts), まちどうじょう (martial arts school situated in a town), ぐ"じさいば" (court martial), ぐ"りつ (articles of war, martial law, military disciple, military law), ぶじゅつ (military arts, the martial arts, Wushu). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | caggoil (aggressive, warlike). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | artialmay marta (marten), marcial (military attache, trigger-happy, warlike), guerreiro (brave, fighter, trigger-happy, warrior), belicoso (bellicose, pugnacious, warlike), bélico (military, trigger-happy, war, warlike). (various references) marţial (martially), rãzboinic (fighter, fighting, militant, war, warlike, warrior), de rãzboi (warlike). (various references) военный (man of arms, military, warlike, wartime). (various references) colgail, ceileach. (various references) vojni (military, service), ratnički (soldierlike, soldierly), borilački. (various references) chinyamudzura (martial eagle). (various references) marcial. (various references) krigisk (bellicose, warlike). (various references) savaşçı (at, bellicose, belligerent, combatant, fighter, fighting, trigger-happy, warlike, warrior), savaşa ait, cesur (adventuresome, adventurous, audacious, bold, brave, bulldog, chivalrous, courageous, daring, dashing, Dauntless, Doughty, enterprising, fearless, foolhardy, gallant, game, gamy, great-hearted, gritty, gutsy, Hardy, heroic, intrepid, plucky, redoubtable, resolute, spartan, spirited, spunky, stout, stouthearted, undaunted, valiant, valorous, venturesome, Venturous), askeri (military, soldierly, warlike). (various references) harby яagdaя (martial law). (various references) військовий (military, organizational, service, soldierlike), войовничий (agonistic, amazonian, battailous, bellicose, combative, fighting, militant, militaristic, warlike). (various references) võ dũng, thượng võ. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | armiger, armigeri, armigerum, bellator, bellatorem, bellatores, bellatoribus, bellatorius, bellatorum, bellatrix, bellax, bellicosus, bellicus, Martialis, militaris -e. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "martial": martially. (additional references) | |
| |
"Martial" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Amathila, artial, hartal, imartial, Maetia, mairital, Marchak, Marchal, Marchall, Marcial, Mardall, Mardeuil, margial, marial, mariial, marila, maritial, Maritzas, maritzl, Marliac, marlierli, martain, martal, marteau, Martela, Martelet, Martials, Martiem, martii, Martika, martill, martinl, martius, Martyal, Matala, matria, matrial, Mattiya, merital, mortail, mortial, motial, multiball, murial, Murtala, Muttiah, narial, Navratil. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "martial" (pronounced mÄ"rshul) |
| 6 | m Ä" r sh u l | Marshal, Marshall. |
| 5 | -Ä" r sh u l | impartial, partial. |
| 3 | -sh u l | antisocial, artificial, beneficial, biracial, bushel, commercial, confidential, controversial, crucial, essential, experiential, facial, financial, glacial, inertial, infomercial, initial, interprovincial, interracial, judicial, jurisprudential, multiracial, noncommercial, noncontroversial, nonfinancial, nonracial, nonresidential, official, palatial, Paschal, potential, prejudicial, prenuptial, provincial, quintessential, racial, sacrificial, social, spatial, special, superficial, uncontroversial, unofficial. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: marital. | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-i-l-m-r-t" | |
-1 letter: amrita, atrial, lariat, latria, mitral, ramtil, tamari. | |
-2 letters: alarm, altar, artal, atria, laari, lamia, malar, maria, ratal, riata, talar, tamal, tiara, trail, trial. | |
-3 letters: airt, alar, alit, alma, amia, amir, aria, aril, atma, lair, lama, lari, lati, liar, lima, lira, maar, mail, mair, malt, marl, mart, milt, raia, rail, rami, rial, tail, tala. | |
-5 letters: aa. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-i-l-m-r-t" | |
+1 letter: alarmist, material, primatal. | |
+2 letters: admiralty, alarmists, amorality, diametral, impartial, laminator, magistral, maladroit, maritally, martially, materials, militaria, primatals, primatial, tamarillo, tularemia. | |
+3 letters: alimentary, ameliorate, immaterial, intramural, lacrimator, laminators, martingale, materially, matricidal, naturalism, nonmarital, parliament, premarital, spermatial, tamarillos, tularemias, ultramafic. | |
+4 letters: abnormality, admiralties, alkalimeter, alkalimetry, ameliorated, ameliorates, ameliorator, amobarbital, amoralities, amortizable, antimalaria, antirealism, antitumoral, assimilator, biomaterial, calumniator, diametrical, familiarity, filamentary, firmamental, grammatical, impartially, impractical, intradermal, lacrimation, lacrimators, madrigalist, magisterial, magistrally, maladroitly, malapropist, malpractice, maltreating, mandatorily, manipulator, marginality, martingales, materialise, materialism, materialist, materiality, materialize, maternalism, matriarchal, matriculant, matriculate, matrilineal, matrimonial, mayoralties, migrational, multiracial, naturalisms, nonmaterial, parliaments, pastoralism, paternalism, patrimonial, planetarium, postmarital, pragmatical, prothalamia, rationalism, reclamation, seminatural, transmittal, ultramarine. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4D 61 72 74 69 61 6C |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)-- .- .-. - .. .- .-.. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001101 01100001 01110010 01110100 01101001 01100001 01101100 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)M a r t i a l |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004D 0061 0072 0074 0069 0061 006C |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)47678486756778 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Speeches | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Expressions 15. Expressions: Internet 16. Translations: Modern | 17. Translations: Ancient 18. Derivations 19. Rhymes 20. Anagrams | 21. Orthography 22. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
