Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Vegetation |
VegetationNoun1. All the plant life in a particular region. 2. Inactivity that is passive and monotonous. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "vegetation" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1550. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Science | Plant life; growing plants. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In biology, a plant usually refers to a living organism in Kingdom Plantae. In daily use, it may not be the case.
Difficulties in definition
The term plant is far more difficult to define than might be obvious. Although botanists describe a Kingdom Plantae, the boundaries defining members of Plantae are more exclusive than common definitions of "plant". We are tempted to regard plant as meaning a multicellular, eukaryotic organism that generally does not have sensory organss or voluntary motion and has, when complete, a root, stem, and leavess. However, botanically only vascular plants have "a root, stem, and leaves". But to be fair, the vascular plants are the plants we tend to encounter every day.Another, much broader (more inclusive) definition for plant is that it refers to anything that is photoautotrophic — that is, produces its own food from raw inorganic materials and sunlight. This is not an unreasonable definition, and one that focuses on the role plants typically play in an ecosystem. However, there are photoautotrophs among the Prokaryotes, specifically photoautotrophic bacteria and cyanophytes. The latter are sometimes called (for good reasons) blue-green algae. Then there arises the problem that most people, including botanists, would call a mushroom a plant, although a mushroom is the fruiting body of a fungus (Kingdom Fungi), and not photoautotophic at all, but saprophytic. And there are more than a few species of flowering plants, fungi, and bacteria that are parasitic.
We cannot offer a firm answer. The list of characteristics that separate the Plantae from the other biological kingdoms provides at least a technical definition, but not one likely to ever be popularly employed. That is, the term "plant" will always mean more than the organisms classified in the Plant Kingdom. For example, if "green" algae are clearly plants being members of the Plantae, then most folks are not likely to exclude the majority of seaweeds that are also algae (Kingdom Protista), but not green algae. The problem this lack of precision or agreement in the definition of "plant" presents is one of understanding statements, often encountered in Wikipedia articles, of the sort: ...xylem is one of the two transport tissues of plants. In general it cannot be assumed this means all plants, algae through flowering plants. It very probably does not include fungi or bacteria. Indeed, it is usually safest to assume the discussion is about vascular plants (essentially the ferns, conifers, flowering plants, and a few others) unless stated differently (e.g., ...in vascular and non-vascular plants this is such and such).
The system of classification (see Scientific classification) employed by biologists to catalogue the earth's living organisms is one to which thousands of scientists daily devote a tremendous number of man-hours. The system devised attempts to be a "natural" one, defining the evolutionary relationships between all the different species (including those known only from fossils). Plants are a part of that categorization effort and whether defining "plant" narrowly or broadly, we must include some reference to the classification system in any scholarly effort to gain or give information about them.
- For plants as defined in the Kingdom Plantae see below.
- For algae in general go here or see Seaweed.
- For mushrooms go here or see Fungi.
- For nonvascular plants in general go here.
- For vascular plants in general go here.
- For coniferous plants see Pinophyta or gymnosperms.
- For flowering plants see angiosperms.
Classification of the Plantae Kingdom
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Divisions Simple nonvascular plants
Green algae
Complex nonvascular plants
Bryophyta - mosses
Hepatophyta - liverworts
Anthocerophyta - hornworts
Vascular plants
Seedless
Psilophyta - whisk ferns
Lycophyta - club mosses
Sphenophyta - horsetails
Ophioglossophyta
Pterophyta - ferns
Seeded (Spermatophyta)
Pinophyta - conifers
Cycadophyta - cycads
Ginkgophyta - ginkgo
Gnetophyta - Gnetae
Magnoliophyta - flowering plantsAll organisms of the Kingdom Plantae find their origins among a group called the green algae, which are paraphyletic to the remaining forms, and are variously included here or among the Protista. Green algae have chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, bound by double membranes, and come in a variety of forms: flagellate, colonial, filamentous, and even primitively multicellular. Many are primarily haploid, but others exhibit alternation of generations between haploid and diploid forms, called the gametophyte and sporophyte
Some time during the Palaeozoic plants began to appear on land. In these new forms, the gametophyte and sporophyte become very different in shape and function, the sporophyte remaining small and dependent on its parent for its whole brief life. Groups at this level of organization, collectively called bryophytes, include:
All of these forms are small and confined to moist environments, relying on water to disperse spores. In the Silurian, new embryophytes appeared with adaptations enabling them to overcome these constraints, which underwent a massive adaptive radiation in the Devonian period, taking over the land. These groups typically have a cuticle resistant to desiccation, and vascular tissue, which transports water throughout the organism, and are called vascular plants as a result. In many of these the sporophyte acts as a separate individual, with the gametophyte remaining very small. Groups at this level of organization include:
- Division Bryophyta (mosses)
- Division Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)
- Division Hepaticophyta (liverworts)
The vascular plants also include as a subgroup the spermatophytes, or seed plants, which diversified towards the end of the Palaeozoic. In these forms it is the gametophyte that is completely reduced, and the young sporophyte begins life inside an enclosure called a seed, which develops on its parent. Spermatophytes include:
- Division Lycophyta (club mosses)
- Division Sphenophyta (horsetails)
- Division Psilophyta (whisk ferns)
- Division Ophioglossophyta (adders-tongues and grape-ferns)
- Division Pterophyta (ferns)
These divisions are grouped into gymnosperms (naked seeds; first four), and the flowering plants or angiosperms. The latter are the last major group of plants to have appeared, arising during the Jurassic and quickly becoming predominant in most biomes.
- Division Cycadophyta (Cycads)
- Division Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo)
- Division Pinophyta (Conifers, Coniferophyta)
- Division Gnetophyta (Gnetae)
- Division Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants, Anthophyta)
Plantae Categories
In addition to the scientific classification of plants, or our more populist approach based upon that system, we may want to classify plants in a variety of other ways, some of which are considered here.
Plants may be organized according to their seasonal growth pattern. Of course simple plants like algae have individually short life spans and the following terms do not apply, but algae populations are commonly seasonal.
Vascular plants are either herbaceous (nonwoody) or woody. Woody plants may be trees with one or several trunks and branching occurring well above ground, or shrubs with no significant trunk, and branching occurring near ground surface.
- Annual: live and reproduce within one growing season.
- Biennial: live for two growing seasons; usually reproduce in second year.
- Perennial: live for many growing seasons; continue to reproduce once mature.
Plants may also be organized according to how they are used. Food plants include fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices.
See also
simple:Plant
- biota
- botany
- flowers
- fruits
- herbs
- List of fruits
- Fruit trees
- List of flowers
- List of vegetables
- trees
- vegetables
- Other uses of the word plant: a factory, plant (person)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Plant."
Synonym: VegetationSynonym: flora (n). (additional references) |
| Antonym: fauna (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Insensibility | Neutrality; quietism, vegetation. |
Vegetability| | Noun: vegetable life; vegetation, vegetability; vegetality. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
| ||
Music |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Overhead view of Hurricane Andrew on 25 August 1992 at 20:20 UT.The cloud data are from GOES-7 (Geostationary OperationalEnvironmental Satellite), while the vegetation is derived from AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers). Credit: NASA. |  | Once a vast carpet of healthy vegetation, the Amazon rain forest is changing rapidly. This image of Bolivia shows dramatic deforestation in the Amazon Basin. Loggers have cut long paths into the forest, while ranchers have cleared large blocks for their herds. Fanning out from these clear-cut areas are settlements built in radial arrangements of fields and farms. Healthy vegetation appears bright red in this image. Credit: NASA. |
 | Center pivot irrigation systems created these circular patterns in crop land near Garden City, Kansas. The red circles indicate irrigated crops of healthy vegetation. The light-colored circles represent harvested crops.. Credit: NASA. |  | Unidentified vegetation. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | Oil globules mixed with heavy pollen from surrounding vegetation following the April 7th Swanson Creek oil spill. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Vegetation making inroads into basalt field. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
 | Zostera marina, eelgrass, about to be transplanted. These plants were harvested from Damerion Marsh by the mouth of the Great Wicomico River. Submerged aquatic vegetation is a critical habitat that stabilizes sediments, oxygenates water and provides habitat. Historically the Chesapeake Bay had over 600,000 acres of SAV, now there is approximately 69,000 acres. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | A local middle school student videotapes the soil testing procedures at the future dam removal site as part of a documentary the school is producing. Later, students from the same middle school will act as volunteers to plant vegetation along the stream bed after the dam is removed. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
 | North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve. An American Oystercatcher strikes a pose in dune vegetation along the Outer Banks. Credit: National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR). |  | Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve. Heavy vegetation characterizes much of this reserve. Credit: National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR). |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Vegetation 2" by Myname Mylastname Commentary: "Yeap." | "Pontal Beach" by Gustavo Ribeiro De Mello Commentary: "This is a vegetation in the Pontal Beach in Florianopolis, Brazil. I can't really remember how it's called." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | A large tree, covered with these excrescences which are the warts of vegetation, was a few steps from the from the heap of stones |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Ticks search for host animals from the tips of grasses, shrubs, and leaf litter and transfer to animals or persons that brush against vegetation. (references) | |
Travel in the country, especially on dry, windy days or while crops are being harvested, should be avoided as should walks through tall vegetation. (references) | ||
Whenever possible, persons should avoid entering areas that are likely to be infested with ticks, particularly in spring and summer when nymphal ticks feed. Ticks favor a moist, shaded environment, especially that provided by leaf litter and low-lying vegetation in wooded, brushy or overgrown grassy habitat. (references) | ||
Economic History | Cape Verde | Natural vegetation is sparse in the uplands and coast, but interior valleys support denser growth. (references) |
Senegal | Climate: Tropical/Sahelian--desert or grasslands in the north, heavier vegetation in the south and southeast. (references) | |
Benin | Grass dries up, the vegetation turns reddish brown, and a veil of fine dust hangs over the country, causing the skies to be overcast. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | EMBALM, v.i. To cheat vegetation by locking up the gases upon which it feeds. By embalming their dead and thereby deranging the natural balance between animal and vegetable life, the Egyptians made their once fertile and populous country barren and incapable of supporting more than a meagre crew. The modern metallic burial casket is a step in the same direction, and many a dead man who ought now to be ornamenting his neighbor's lawn as a tree, or enriching his table as a bunch of radishes, is doomed to a long inutility. We shall get him after awhile if we are spared, but in the meantime the violet and rose are languishing for a nibble at his glutoeus maximus. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Jack Hanna | Oh, yeah. Patagonian cavy. Yeah. But they're an animal not many people see. They kind of hang around swamps and things like that to be near the water and also near vegetation. But they also live in the desert. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Vegetation" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Vegetation" is used about 1,025 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 1,025 | 7,240 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "vegetation": decaying vegetation ♦ exuberant vegetation ♦ littoral vegetation ♦ mesophytic vegetation ♦ vegetation of salts ♦ vegetation of the brazilian interior. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "vegetation": vegetation-climate, vegetation-eaters, vegetation-hung, vegetation-rituals. | |
Ending with "vegetation": re-vegetation, soil-vegetation. | |
Containing "vegetation": rotting-vegetation-flies. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "vegetation"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | jetë e kotë, bimësi (Flora). (various references) | |
Arabic | منطقة نباتية, نمو النبات, نبات (cutting, flora, huckleberry, plant), النابتة نامية غير سوية في عضو ما, الحياة النباتية. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | растене (growing), растеж (growth, increase, upgrowth), растителност (green, greenery), флора, зеленина (greenery, greens, herbage, verdancy, verdure, viridity), порастване (growing), покълване (germination), поникване (eruption, germination). (various references) | |
Chinese | 植被, 植物 (botanical, plant). (various references) | |
Czech | vegetace, rostlinstvo (herbage), rostlinný život. (various references) | |
Danish | vegetation (plant cover), plante vaekst (plant cover). (various references) | |
Dutch | vegetatie (plant cover), plant (plan, plant), gewas (plant), begroeiing (plant cover). (various references) | |
Esperanto | vegetaĵo, vegetaĵaro. (various references) | |
Farsi | نمویاهی , نشوونمای نباتی , زندگی گیاهی . (various references) | |
Finnish | kasvillisuus (plant cover). (various references) | |
French | végétation. (various references) | |
German | Vegetation (growth). (various references) | |
Greek | βλάστηση (gemmation, germination, growth). (various references) | |
Hebrew | צמחיה. (various references) | |
Hungarian | vegetálás, növényzet (greenery). (various references) | |
Italian | vegetazione (plant cover). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 草木 (plants), 植物 (plant), 植物 (plant), 植生 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | くさき (plants), そうもく (plants), しょくぶつ (plant), しょくせい (managerial post, office organization). (various references) | |
Korean | 식물 (Botanical). (various references) | |
Manx | glasseraght (grassiness, herbage, verdure). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | egetationvay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | vegetação (verdure). (various references) | |
Romanian | viaţã vegetativã, vegetare, vegetaţie (growth). (various references) | |
Russian | растительность (green, ground cover). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | vegetacija. (various references) | |
Spanish | vegetación (Flora, growth, herbage). (various references) | |
Swedish | vegetation (growth), växtlighet (growth, vesture). (various references) | |
Turkish | ur (excrescence, fibroid, growth, neoplasm, tuberosity, tumor, tumour, Wen), tümör (fibroid, fibroma, neoplasm, tumor, tumour), ot gibi yaşama, bitkiler, bitki örtüsü (aborigines, endemic). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | рослинність (green, greenery, herb, vegetables), зростання (access, accession, accretion, concrescence, development, expansion, growing, increase, upgrowth, upturn), животіння. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | cây cối (naked), cây cỏ (affinity, vegetal, wort). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | vegetatio. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "vegetation": vegetational, vegetations. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "vegetation": revegetation. (additional references) | |
Words containing "vegetation": revegetations. (additional references) | |
| |
"Vegetation" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: vegatation, vegetaion, vegitation, vrgetation. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "vegetation" (pronounced ve'jutā"shun) |
| 7 | -j u t ā" sh u n | agitation, cogitation. |
| 6 | -u t ā" sh u n | facilitation, accreditation, amputation, annotation, cetacean, cohabitation, computation, connotation, decapitation, dilatation, equitation, gravitation, habitation, hesitation, imitation, imputation, incapacitation, inhabitation, interpretation, invitation, irritation, levitation, limitation, meditation, misinterpretation, palpitation, precipitation, premeditation, recitation, rehabilitation, reinterpretation, reputation, resuscitation, sanitation, solicitation, visitation. |
| 5 | -t ā" sh u n | fermentation, adaptation, affectation, argumentation, augmentation, citation, confrontation, consultation, crustacean, deforestation, deportation, devastation, dictation, disorientation, disputation, dissertation, documentation, excitation, exhortation, expectation, experimentation, exploitation, flirtation, flotation, fragmentation, gestation, implantation, implementation, importation, incantation, incrustation, indentation, infestation, instrumentation, lactation, manifestation, misrepresentation, molestation, mutation, notation, orientation, ornamentation, ostentation, permutation, pigmentation, plantation, presentation, protestation, quotation, recantation, reforestation, refutation, regimentation, representation, rotation, sedimentation, segmentation, station, superstation, temptation, transplantation, transportation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | falsification, fascination, federation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, abbreviation, abdication, aberration, abomination, accumulation, accusation, acidification, activation, adjudication, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, advocation, affiliation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amplification, animation, annexation, annihilation, anticipation, antidiscrimination, appellation, application, appreciation, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, articulation, aspiration, assassination, assimilation, association, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, bifurcation, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, characterization, civilization, clarification, classification, coagulation, codification, cogeneration, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communication, communization, compensation, compilation, complication, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conciliation, condemnation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, continuation, conversation, convocation, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, creation, cremation, criminalization, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, deceleration, decentralization, decertification, declaration, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, deflation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denomination, denuclearization, denunciation, depopulation, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, deviation, differentiation, dilation, discoloration, discontinuation, discrimination, disembarkation, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, dispensation, disqualification, dissemination, dissipation, dissociation, distillation, diversification, divination, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, electrification, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equalization, equivocation, eradication, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, evocation, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, exclamation, excommunication, exfoliation, exhalation, exhilaration, exhumation, exoneration, expatriation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploration, expropriation, extermination, extrapolation, fabrication, fixation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentrification, germination, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gyration, hallucination, harmonization, hibernation, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, identification, illumination, illustration, imagination, immigration, immunization, impersonation, implication, impregnation, improvisation, inactivation, inauguration, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incubation, indemnification, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, industrialization, infatuation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhalation, initiation, innovation, inoculation, insemination, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, institutionalization, insubordination, insulation, integration, intensification, internationalization, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, isolation, jubilation, justification, laceration, legalization, legislation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, lubrication, machination, magnetization, magnification, malformation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, monopolization, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonproliferation, normalization, notification, nucleation, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, origination, oscillation, ossification, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, participation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, perpetuation, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, polarization, politicization, pollination, pontification, popularization, population, predestination, prefabrication, preoccupation, preparation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, profanation, prognostication, proliferation, pronunciation, propagation, proration, prostration, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reauthorization, recalculation, recapitalization, recertification, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconciliation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recreation, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reformation, refrigeration, regeneration, registration, regulation, rehydration, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remuneration, renationalization, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, replication, repudiation, reregulation, reservation, resignation, respiration, restoration, retaliation, retardation, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, saponification, saturation, securitization, sedation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subordination, subsidization, substantiation, suburbanization, suffocation, summation, syndication, tabulation, taxation, telecommunication, termination, titillation, toleration, transformation, transillumination, translation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visualization, vocation, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | faction, fashion, fiction, fission, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, abduction, abolition, abortion, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-e-g-i-n-o-t-t-v" | |
-1 letter: negotiate. | |
-2 letters: agentive, negative, vegetant, vignette. | |
-3 letters: gavotte, naivete, navette, tentage, vatting, ventage, vetoing, vetting, vintage. | |
-4 letters: avenge, eating, geneva, gitano, goatee, gotten, ingate, native, negate, notate, teeing, teniae, tentie, toeing, togate, toting, vittae, voting. | |
-5 letters: agene, agent, agone, atone, avion, eaten, enate, entia, envoi, event, evite, ganev, gavot, genet, genie, genoa, giant, given, gonia. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-e-g-i-n-o-t-t-v" | |
+1 letter: vegetations. | |
+2 letters: overtreating, revegetation, vegetational. | |
+3 letters: interrogative, photonegative, revegetations. | |
+4 letters: antigovernment, interrogatives, overestimating, seronegativity, tergiversation. | |
+5 letters: electronegative, governmentalist, interrogatively, reinvestigation, tergiversations. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Images: Digital Art 8. Quotations: Fiction | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Quotations: Spoken 11. Usage Frequency 12. Expressions | 13. Expressions: Internet 14. Translations: Modern 15. Translations: Ancient 16. Derivations | 17. Rhymes 18. Anagrams 19. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
