Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Valuation |
ValuationNoun1. An appraisal of the value of something. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "valuation" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1598. (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Economics | The act of ascertaining the worth of a thing. The estimated worth of a thing. (references) |
Finance | An estimated value or worth of something. (references) |
Mining | A. The act or process of valuing, or of estimating the value or worth; appraisal. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Valuation is the process of calculating the value of an asset (liability). The value is the price of the asset (liability) times the quantity held. Valuations are required in many contexts including finance, property management and the antiques industry.Generally speaking in advanced economies the valuation rests on some estimate of current price, or estimated fair price now, rather than book value i.e. book price (the latter being the acquisition cost of the asset or liability, or the depreciated book value, rather than it's value now).
In the financial industry, valuations are required for all financial assets (liabilities), for various reasons including tax, regulatory and accounting (including reporting to owners and stakeholders). The valuations are as of specified dates e.g. the end of the accounting quarter or year. They may alternatively be mark-to-market (estimates of the current value of assets {liabilities} as of this minute or this day) for the purposes of managing portfolios and associated financial risk (e.g within large financial firms including investment banks and stockbrokers).
Some assets (liabilities) are much easier to value than others. Publicly traded shares and bonds e.g. have prices that are quoted frequently and sometimes minute to minute. Other assets are hard to value e.g. private firms that have no frequently quoted price and financial instruments that have prices that are partly dependent on theoretical constructs of one kind or another. For example, options are generally valued using the Black and Scholes model, whilst the liabilities of life assurance firms are valued using the theory of present value.
It is possible and conventional for financial professionals to make their own estimates of the valuations of assets (liabilities) that they are interested in, and their calculations are of various kinds including analyses of companies that focus on price-to-book, price-to-earnings, price-to-cashflow and present value calculations, and analyses of bonds that focuses on credit ratings (e.g. assessments of default risk), risk premia and levels of real interest rates. All of these approaches may be thought of as creating estimates of value that compete for credibility with the prevailing share or bond prices (where applicable) and may or may not result in buying or selling by market participants.
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In logic and model theory, a valuation is a map from the set of variables of a first-order language to the universe of some interpretation of that language.
Informally, it is an assignment of particular values to the variables in a mathematical statement or equation. So for example the statement "x=y" is satisfied by (i.e. true for) valuations in which "x" is mapped to the same value as "y", and not satisfied by (i.e. false for) all other valuations. This may seem trivial in such a simple case, but is part of the process of formalising logical arguments using mathematical symbols.
In algebra (or algebraic geometry), valuations are, in some sense, the generalization to commutative algebra of the geometrical concept of contact between two algebraic or analytic varieties.
Given a field K and a commutative ordered group (G,+,>), a valuation is a map
Example 1. Let K be the quotient field of a principal ideal domain R. Let f be any irreducible element of R(so that the ideal (f) is prime). Any element g of R belongs to some power (f)k of the ideal (f) (If g=0, it belongs to (f)k for any k, while if g is coprime with f, take then k=0). Any nonzero element s of K can then be written as
When R is Z (the integers) and p is a prime number, this called the p-adic valuation on the rational numbers.
Example 2. Let (R, μ) be a local integral ring with maximal ideal μ. Any f in R belongs to some power k of μ. Define, for any f in R
For example takes as R the ring of formal power series over a field. To be more specific, let R be C[[x,y]] the ring of formal power series in two variables over the complex numbers and μ = (x,y) its maximal ideal. The μ-adic valuation in this case is given by the difference of the orders of the power series in the numerator and the denominator:
Related Material
Valuation (mathematics)
Model Theory
Algebra and Algebraic Geometry
(where ∞ is a symbol with the property that ∞ ≥ g for any g ∈ G)
satisfying the following conditions:
Usually (and we are going to do it in the sequel), ν is required to be surjective, especially because many arguments are done using preimages of elements of G.
Examples
where p and q inR are coprime with f, and k is an integer. Defining ν(s)=k (and ν(0)=∞) gives a valuation from K to Z (the additive group of integer numbers).
and extend it to the quotient field K of R as follows:
(this is easily proved to be well-defined). Also, ν(0)=∞ as usual. This is the μ-adic valuation on K.
Example 3. (Geometrical notion of contact). For simplicity, let K be the field of rational functions in two variables over the complex nubers, K=C(x,y) and R the ring of polynomials R=C[x,y], and consider the power series
whose zeros can be parametrized as
Define, for any P(x,y) ∈ R,
(the order in t after substituting x and y for their series in (f=0)),
and for P/Q ∈ K*, put ν(P/Q) = ν(P) - ν(Q). As the power series defining f is non-polynomial, it is easy to prove that this ν is a valuation, and ν(P) is the intersection number between the curves (P=0) and (f=0). Specifically,
All the examples are of Dedekind valuations, which are those for which G is the additive group of the integers (Z,+).
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Valuation."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| VALSE | English | Valuation for Sustainable Environments | Environment |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: ValuationSynonyms: evaluation (n), rating (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Judgment | Estimation, valuation, appreciation, judication; dijudication, adjudication; arbitrament, arbitrement, arbitration; assessment, ponderation; valorization. |
Measurement | Noun: measurement, admeasurement, mensuration, survey, valuation, appraisement, assessment, assize; estimate, estimation; dead reckoning, reckoning; (numeration); gauging; Verb: horse power. |
Value | Valuation, appraisal, assessment, appraisement. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Plato | Oligarchy: A government resting on a valuation of property, in which the rich have power and the poor man is deprived of it. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | The price or the amount of compensation in respect of the exercise of the right referred to in the preceding paragraph (b) will be fixed in accordance with the methods of sale or valuation adopted by the laws of the country in which the property has been retained or liquidated. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | In practice, Chinese customs valuation remains non-transparent and arbitrary. (references) | |
This publication ("Report") does not constitute legal, valuation, tax, or financial consulting advice. (references) | ||
Imports are generally not subject to non-tariff trade barriers, however, there are occasional cases of arbitrary customs valuation and bureaucratic obstacles that can cause some delays. (references) | ||
Economic History | Honduras | As of February 14, 2000, Honduras is complying with the new WTO Customs Valuation Regime. (references) |
Jordan | Out of every 10 customs valuation disputes, nine cases are held up by disagreement over the invoice price. (references) | |
Ukraine | Short term portfolio capital flight is no longer a danger, and the valuation levels of the national currency are adequate. (references) | |
Political Economy | PAKISTAN | The government does not maintain a pre-shipment inspection valuation system. (references) |
PAKISTAN | Currently, about 85 percent of imports are assessed under the WTO-accepted customs valuation system. (references) | |
PANAMA | As a WTO member, Panama has ensured that its customs valuation system now conforms to international standards. (references) | |
Trade | Slovak Rep | The rules appear to provide a uniform and neutral system of valuation. (references) |
Cote D'ivoire | An inspection certificate is then used as the basis for customs valuation. (references) | |
Uruguay | Valuation criteria are those followed by the World Trade Organization (WTO). (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Valuation" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.91% of the time. "Valuation" is used about 1,107 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.91% | 1,106 | 6,844 |
| Noun (common) | 0.09% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,107 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes names derived from the word "valuation". | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Meaning |
| Shaaraim | N/A | Biblical | Valuation |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
| |||
Expressions using "valuation": direct payment valuation message ♦ make a correct valuation of smth. ♦ Practice Valuation and Purchase ♦ triennial valuation ♦ valuation account ♦ Valuation for Sustainable Environments ♦ valuation reserve ♦ valuation survey. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "valuation": valuation-the. | |
Ending with "valuation": over-valuation. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
valuation | 532 |
company valuation | 438 |
business valuation | 415 |
home valuation | 184 |
property valuation | 71 |
car valuation | 66 |
real estate valuation | 48 |
stock valuation | 47 |
free home valuation | 42 |
used car valuation | 41 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "valuation"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | vlerësim (account, appraisal, appraisement, appreciation, assessment, consideration, estimate, estimation, evaluation, improvement, judgement, judgment, quotation, rating, reckoning, recognition), përcaktim i vlerës. (various references) | |
Arabic | تقييم (appraisal), تقدير (appreciation, assessment, estimate, estimation, evaluation, rating, recognition, regard, respect), تخمين (appraisal, assessment, estimate, estimation, guess, guess-work, presumption, prognosis, rating, speculation), القيمة المقدرة. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | установена цена, оценка (appraisal, appraisement, assessment, esteem, estimates, evaluation, pronouncement, rating), оценителен (estimative, estimatory), преценка (adjudgment, appraisal, assessment, calculation, criticism, estimate, estimation, judgement, opinion, pronouncement, sapience, sight, verdict). (various references) | |
Czech | ohodnocení (assessment, evaluation, rating), odhad (appraisal, appraisement, approximation, assessment, calculation, estimate, estimation, guess, rating, taxation), ocenìní (appraisal, appreciation, estimate, estimation, rating), cena (award, charge, cost, costs, figure, merit, premium, price, prize, purse, quotation, rate, tariff, value, worth, worthiness). (various references) | |
Danish | vurdering (analysis, appraisal, appraisement, assessment, estimate, evaluation, examination, filtering, rating), vaerdiansaettelse (appraisal, estimate, evaluation), taksation (appraisement). (various references) | |
Dutch | waardering (accretion, appraisal, appraisement, appreciation, estimate, evaluation), evaluatie (Administration and general matters, appraisal, assessment, budgetary and financial relations, clearance of EAGGF accounts, estimate, evaluation, rating), boekentaxatie (appraisement). (various references) | |
Farsi | تقویم (Appraisal, Assessment, Calendar, Estimate), ارزیابی (Appraisal, Assess, Assessment, Estimate, Evaluation), ارزشگذاری , بها (Cost, Price, Value, Worth). (various references) | |
Finnish | arviointi (apportionment, appraisal, assessment, estimate, estimating, estimation, evaluation). (various references) | |
French | estimation, appréciation, évaluation. (various references) | |
German | Bewertung (Administration and general matters, appraisal, assessment, benchmark, benchmark test, budgetary and financial relations, clearance of EAGGF accounts, estimate, estimation, evaluation, judgment, marking, rating, weighing, weighting), Wertung (assessment, evaluation, grading, judging, rating, score, scoring, weeding), Schätzung (appraisal, appraisement, estimate, estimation, evaluation, forecasting, guess, prediction, pricing, prognosis, prognostication, rating). (various references) | |
Greek | εκτίμηση (analysis, appraisal, appraisement, appreciation, assessment, esteem, ester, estimate, estimation, evaluation, examination, expert opinion, expertise, judging, planning estimate, pre-estimation, projection, rating, respect). (various references) | |
Hebrew | מכס" (allocation, amount, lag, norm, quantity, quota, stint, worth), שומ" (appraisal, assessment, estimation, evaluation, rating). (various references) | |
Hungarian | becslés (appraisal, appraisement, estimate, estimation, evaluation, guess, guessing, guesswork, guess-work, rating, rough estimate), értékelés (appraisal, appreciation, assessment, estimate, estimation, evaluating, evaluation, interpretation, rate, rating). (various references) | |
Indonesian | nilaian. (various references) | |
Italian | valutazione (Administration and general matters, analysis, appraisal, appraisement, appreciation, assessment, budgetary and financial relations, clearance of EAGGF accounts, comments, consideration, estimate, estimation, evaluation, examination, fishery survey, judgement, judgment, marking, rating, valuejudgment, verdict), stima (appraisal, appraisement, appreciation, cherishes, credit, esteem, esteems, estimate, estimates, estimation, evaluation, fishery survey, forecasting, Gage, gauge, honor, honour, opinion, prediction, prognosis, prognostication, rating, regard, respect). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 評価 (assessment, estimation, evaluation), 価額 (amount), 値積もり (estimation). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ねづもり (estimation), ひょうか (assessment, estimation, evaluation, ices), かがく (amount, chemistry, hereditary learning, lower jaw, poetry, science, versification). (various references) | |
Korean | 평가 (Appraisal, Appreciating, Assessment, evaluation, Valuing). (various references) | |
Manx | prioseilys (estimate), leagh (consideration, cost, fee, payment, price, recompense, renumeration, reward, worth), feeuid (rate, worth, worthiness). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | aluationvay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | estimativa (appraisal, appreciation, approximation, balance, estimate, estimation, evaluation, evanesce, rating), avaliação (account, Administration and general matters, appraisal, appraisement, appreciation, assessment, budgetary and financial relations, clearance of EAGGF accounts, estimate, evaluation, prick, putting, rate, rating, reckoning). (various references) | |
Romanian | expertizã (examination, experts report, survey), evaluare (appraisal, appraisement, appreciation, assessment, computation, estimate, estimation, evaluation, extent, rate, rating, value), estimaţie (appreciation, estimate, estimation). (various references) | |
Russian | оценка (appraisal, appraisement, appreciation, apraisal, apraisement, apreciation, assessment, estimate, estimation, evaluation, pricing of, rating, regard, weightings). (various references) | |
Scottish | cosgaradh (valuation of the sheep and cattle which a crofter is entitled to). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | vrednost (merit, validity, value, worth), procenjivanje (appraisement, rating). (various references) | |
Spanish | valuación (rating), valoración (appraisal, appraisement, appreciation, assessment, estimate, evaluation, judging, pricing, rating, titration), tasación (appraisal, appraisement, assessment, charge, charging, estimate, evaluation, rating), tasa (assessment, charge), precio (carfare, charge, cost, damage, esteem, fee, penalty, price, rate), evaluación (Administration and general matters, appraisal, assessment, breakdown, budgetary and financial relations, clearance of EAGGF accounts, estimate, evaluation, make-up, rating, review), apreciación (appraisal, appraisement, appreciation, assessment, estimate, judging). (various references) | |
Swedish | värdering (appraisal, appreciation, assessment, estimate, estimation, evaluation, rating). (various references) | |
Turkish | değerlendirme (appraisal, appraisement, appreciation, assessment, estimate, estimation, evaluation, rating, reclamation, valorization), değerleme, değer biçme (appraisal, appraisement), değer (amount, costliness, currency, dearness, merit, preciousness, price, rate, value, worth, worthiness, worthwhile, worthy, worthy of). (various references) | |
Ukranian | оцінка (account, appraisal, appraisement, estimate, estimation, opinion, rating, summing up). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sự định giá (appraisal, appraisement), sự đánh giá giá giá trị. (various references) | |
Welsh | prisiad. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | aestimatio, aestimatione, aestimationem, aestimationemque, aestimationis, aestimatus, indictio. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "valuation": valuational, valuationally, valuations. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "valuation": devaluation, evaluation, misevaluation, overevaluation, overvaluation, postdevaluation, predevaluation, reevaluation, revaluation, transvaluation, undervaluation. (additional references) | |
Words containing "valuation": devaluations, evaluations, misevaluations, overevaluations, overvaluations, predevaluations, reevaluations, revaluations, transvaluations, undervaluations. (additional references) | |
| |
"Valuation" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: avaluation, saluation, valication. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "valuation" (pronounced valyuwā"shun) |
| 7 | -l y uw ā" sh u n | devaluation, evaluation, overvaluation, reevaluation, revaluation, undervaluation. |
| 6 | -y uw ā" sh u n | continuation, discontinuation, insinuation. |
| 5 | -uw ā" sh u n | fluctuation, graduation, infatuation, menstruation, punctuation, situation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | abbreviation, abdication, aberration, abomination, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, accreditation, accumulation, accusation, acidification, activation, adaptation, adjudication, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, advocation, affectation, affiliation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, anticipation, antidiscrimination, appellation, application, appreciation, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, aspiration, assassination, assimilation, association, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, bifurcation, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, coagulation, codification, cogeneration, cogitation, cohabitation, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communication, communization, compensation, compilation, complication, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conciliation, condemnation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, connotation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, consultation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, conversation, convocation, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, creation, cremation, criminalization, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, decertification, declaration, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denomination, denuclearization, denunciation, depopulation, deportation, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devastation, deviation, dictation, differentiation, dilatation, dilation, discoloration, discrimination, disembarkation, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disputation, disqualification, dissemination, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, distillation, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, electrification, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaporation, evocation, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, exfoliation, exhalation, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expatriation, expectation, experimentation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploitation, exploration, expropriation, extermination, extrapolation, fabrication, facilitation, falsification, fascination, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluoridation, foliation, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fragmentation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentrification, germination, gestation, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hibernation, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, identification, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, impregnation, improvisation, imputation, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, industrialization, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhabitation, inhalation, initiation, innovation, inoculation, insemination, inspiration, installation, instigation, institutionalization, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, integration, intensification, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, justification, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, limitation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, lubrication, machination, magnetization, magnification, malformation, manifestation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, meditation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, nucleation, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, participation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, permutation, perpetuation, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politicization, pollination, pontification, popularization, population, precipitation, predestination, prefabrication, premeditation, preoccupation, preparation, presentation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, profanation, prognostication, proliferation, pronunciation, propagation, proration, prostration, protestation, provocation, publication, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconciliation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recreation, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, reexamination, reflation, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinterpretation, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remuneration, renationalization, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, replication, representation, repudiation, reputation, reregulation, reservation, resignation, respiration, restoration, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, reunification, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanitation, saponification, saturation, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, segmentation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, socialization, solicitation, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subordination, subsidization, substantiation, suburbanization, suffocation, summation, superstation, syndication, tabulation, taxation, telecommunication, temptation, termination, titillation, toleration, transformation, transillumination, translation, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | abduction, abolition, abortion, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, faction, fashion, fiction, fission, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-i-l-n-o-t-u-v" | |
-1 letter: lavation. | |
-2 letters: alation, outlain, valiant, valonia, volutin. | |
-3 letters: atonal, avaunt, latino, talion, valuta, volant. | |
-4 letters: alant, aloin, anvil, avail, avant, avian, avion, lanai, lauan, liana, lovat, natal, naval, nival, notal, talon, tolan, tonal, unlit, until, vault, vaunt, vinal, viola, vital, voila, volta, volti. | |
-5 letters: alan, alit, alto, anal, anil, anoa, anta, anti, aunt, auto, into, iota, lain, lati, lava, lino, lint, lion, litu, loan, loin, lota, loti, lout, luna, lunt, nail, naoi, noil, nota, nova, oval, tail, tain, tala, tali, toil, tola, tolu, tuna, ulan, ulna, ulva, unai, unit, unto, vail, vain, vatu, vial, vina, vino, viol, vita, volt. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-i-l-n-o-t-u-v" | |
+1 letter: evaluation, valuations. | |
+2 letters: autoclaving, devaluation, evaluations, revaluation, vacuolation, valuational. | |
+3 letters: devaluations, reevaluation, revaluations, vacuolations. | |
+4 letters: misevaluation, nonevaluative, overvaluation, reevaluations, valuationally, visualization, vulcanisation, vulcanization, vulgarization. | |
+5 letters: anticonvulsant, misevaluations, overevaluation, overvaluations, predevaluation, transvaluation, undervaluation, visualizations, vulcanisations, vulcanizations, vulgarizations. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)56 61 6C 75 61 74 69 6F 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)...- .- .-.. ..- .- - .. --- -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010110 01100001 01101100 01110101 01100001 01110100 01101001 01101111 01101110 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)V a l u a t i o n |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0056 0061 006C 0075 0061 0074 0069 006F 006E |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)566778876786758180 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Quotations: Familiar 6. Quotations: Historic 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Names: Derived from 10. Expressions 11. Expressions: Internet 12. Translations: Modern | 13. Translations: Ancient 14. Abbreviations 15. Acronyms 16. Derivations | 17. Rhymes 18. Anagrams 19. Orthography 20. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
