Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Unemployment |
UnemploymentNoun1. The state of being unemployed or not having a job: "unemployment is a serious social evil"; "the rate of unemployment is an indicator of the health of an economy". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "unemployment" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1776. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Labor | Measured against the total labour force, the number of persons who are registered as being without work, seeking work and currently available for work(European Community Labour Force Survey). Source: European Union. (references) |
Statistics | One of eight functions of social protection distinguished in the ESSPROS. Income maintenance and support in cash or kind in connection with unemployment. Source: European Union. (references) |
| Any week in which you perform no services and receive no wages or perform less than full-time work if wages payable for that week are less than your weekly benefit amount. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| The inability to obtain work although work is actively sought. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Synonym: UnemploymentSynonym: Joblessness. (additional references) |
| Antonym: employment (n). (additional references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | We wouldn't last on unemployment checks, a 1000 a week doesn't strech very far these days. (The Jetsons; writing credit: Aarne Tarkas) Scott, things aren't as happy as they used to be down here at the unemployment office. (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge) ? That's an unemployment solution right there, folks! (Denis Leary: No Cure for Cancer; writing credit: Denis Leary) Now listen this is your last week of unemployment insurance, either you kill somebody next week or we're going to have to change your status. (History of the World: Part I; writing credit: Mel Brooks) | |
Lyrics | Arrested on charges of unemployment, (Brown Eyed Handsome Man; performing artist: Chuck Berry) | |
Clever | You work for a defense contractor if you are on a first name basis at your local unemployment office. (references; author: unknown) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Solution to unemployment problem. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Soldier moving from armistice through long unemployment to radicalism. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Col. Arthur Woods, right, Director of the President's unemployment commission, conferring at his offices in Washington today with Dr. Lillian M. Gilbreth, left, prominent Montclair, N.J. consulting engineer, who will be in charge of women's activities in. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Home and family of oil field roustabout. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. During periods of unemployment the woman takes in washing and ironing. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Homes of oil field workers. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. During periods of unemployment laundry work is done. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Herbert Hoover and Secretary of Labor James J. Davis, half-length portrait, standing, facing right, at labor conference on unemployment. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Uncle George wants you to forget failing banks, education, drugs, aids, poor health care, unemployment, crime, racism, corruption, and have a good war. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Higher unemployment, higher taxation, higher prices : what a way to run a country!. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | United Irishman : unemployment, the North, housing. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | 30 hours work for 40 hours pay! Smash racist unemployment! Bust the wage freeze! U.S. out of S.E. Asia now! : May Day. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Ronald Reagan | Unemployment insurance is a pre-paid vacation for freeloaders. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Question of preventing or providing against unemployment. (reference) |
United Nations | 1948 | Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Social consequences of mild, moderate, and severe TBI are many and serious, including increased risk of suicide, divorce, chronic unemployment, economic strain, and substance abuse. (references) | |
Business | GDP grew 1.4 percent, while the official urban unemployment rate remained around nine percent. (references) | |
Even moderate growth of 2.5 percent a year or more, is unlikely to significantly reduce unemployment. (references) | ||
This has resulted in heavy job losses and greatly increased Germany's unemployment compensation costs. (references) | ||
Children | Vanuatu | Due to high rates of unemployment, there were few jobs available for persons with disabilities. (references) |
Philippines | Welfare officials believe that the number is increasing as a result of widespread unemployment in rural areas. (references) | |
Kyrgyz Republic | In addition persons with disabilities often had difficulty finding employment because of negative societal attitudes and high unemployment among the general population. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Bahrain | A series of unauthorized demonstrations concerning the unemployment situation occurred in August and September. (references) |
Panama | In August between 400 and 500 protesters marched through Colon for 2 days to protest unemployment in the city, which has reached 50 percent. (references) | |
Yugoslavia | A report by the U.S. Committee for Refugees describes collective centers for refugees as varying widely in quality and population density, ranging from "decent" to "dismal, drafty, and crowded." It is impossible to estimate unemployment figures among IDP's. (references) | |
Economic History | Luxembourg | Unemployment (1999 est.): 2.8%. (references) |
Costa Rica | Open unemployment stands at 6 percent. (references) | |
Sri Lanka | Youth unemployment remains a critical problem. (references) | |
Human Rights | Israel and the occupied territories | The external and internal closures contributed to increased unemployment and poverty in the occupied territories. (references) |
Israel and the occupied territories | The closures, combined with the destruction of large swathes of Palestinian-owned agricultural land and of economic infrastructure by the IDF and settlers, contributed to an adjusted unemployment rate of approximately 38 percent throughout the year. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Argentina | Indigenous persons have higher rates of illiteracy, chronic disease, and unemployment. (references) |
Minorities | Slovenia | Roma suffer disproportionately from poverty and unemployment. (references) |
Slovak Republic | Among Roma living in settlements in the east, the unemployment rate is nearly 100 percent. (references) | |
Uruguay | A government study conducted in 1996-97 found that the unemployment rate for blacks was 1.5 times the rate for whites. (references) | |
Political Economy | ALGERIA | The most pressing problem is unemployment. (references) |
BELGIUM | For 2002, unemployment is expected to go up again. (references) | |
Zimbabwe | The formal sector unemployment rate exceeds 65 percent. (references) | |
Political Rights | Saudi Arabia | Feedback is filtered through private personal channels and has affected various policy issues, including the Middle East peace process, unemployment of young Saudi men, and the construction of new infrastructure. (references) |
Bahrain | The Majlis ended its 9th session in May and began its 10th session on October 2. During the year, the Majlis debated several contentious social and economic issues, including municipal council elections, unemployment, health regulations, and early retirement for female civil servants, and drafted proposals on these and other topics for government consideration. (references) | |
Trade | South Africa | Due to this lack of competitiveness coupled with the high unemployment rate in South Africa, the government has vigorously explored WTO-permissible supply-side measures designed to facilitate worker retraining and technological innovation. (references) |
Travel | Saudi Arabia | This rule is widely ignored, although the increasing unemployment rate may force stronger enforcement. (references) |
Belgium | Because of Belgium's persistent unemployment rate (10 percent) resident visas are difficult to obtain for non-EU citizens. (references) | |
Cote D'ivoire | Taxes come in the form of payroll, unemployment, income, and pension contributions (always 1.2 percent of personal income). (references) | |
Women | Colombia | Female rural workers are affected most by wage discrimination and unemployment. (references) |
Colombia | The study also noted that women were affected disproportionately by unemployment. (references) | |
Bulgaria | Official figures show the rate of unemployment for women to be higher than that for men. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Andorra | A dismissed worker receives unemployment and health benefits for only 25 days. (references) |
Solomon Islands | Given low wages and high unemployment, there is little incentive to employ child labor. (references) | |
Azerbaijan | With high adult unemployment, there have been few, if any, complaints of abuses of child labor laws. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Al Hunt | Mr. Chairman, we're going to have to take a break now, but we will be back in just a minute to talk to Bill Thomas about Social Security and unemployment compensation, and possible tax reform. |
Dennis Miller | For me, the Third World is any country where the soccer game is called on account of locusts, where even the people working in the unemployment office are on welfare. |
Mark Shields | Congressman Watts, as you know, the Republicans have lost seats in the last three elections. The nation is in a recession. The surplus is shrinking by the hour. Deficits are returning. Unemployment is up. |
Rush Limbaugh | Jimmy Carter would have brained someone with his hammer to have the economic growth and unemployment rates we have today. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | There always will be, however, some frictional unemployment. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | Inflation and unemployment are unacceptably high. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Unemployment is far too high. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | But unemployment is too high, some industries are in trouble and growth is not what it should be. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | Reemployment, not unemployment, must become the centerpiece of our economic renewal. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Unemployment" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.83% of the time. "Unemployment" is used about 5,871 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.83% | 5,861 | 1,656 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.14% | 8 | 124,375 |
| Unclassified Items | 0.02% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Noun (common) | 0.02% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 5,871 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "unemployment": chronic unemployment ♦ concealed unemployment ♦ disguised unemployment ♦ emergency unemployment compensation ♦ frictional unemployment ♦ hidden unemployment ♦ mass unemployment ♦ prevention of unemployment ♦ rate of unemployment ♦ technological unemployment ♦ temporary unemployment ♦ unemployment benefit ♦ unemployment benefits ♦ unemployment compensation ♦ unemployment compensation for former military personnel ♦ unemployment due to technological progress ♦ unemployment figures ♦ unemployment fund ♦ unemployment insurance ♦ unemployment insurance fund ♦ unemployment line ♦ unemployment rate ♦ widespread unemployment. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "unemployment": unemployment-benefit, unemployment-income, unemployment-inflation, unemployment-related. | |
Ending with "unemployment": anti-unemployment, inflation-unemployment, post-unemployment. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "unemployment"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Afrikaans | werkloosheid, arbeidsloosheid. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | papunësi (idleness, inaction, inactivity). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | العطالة (inertia), البطالة. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | безработица (lay off). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 失業 , 失业 (jobless). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | nezamìstnanost (idleness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | arbejdsløshed. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | werkloosheid, werkeloosheid. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | senlaboreco. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Farsi | عدم اشتغال , بیکاری (Sloth, Vacation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | työttömyys. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | chômage. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Frisian | wurkleazens. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Arbeitslosigkeit (inoccupation, joblessness, redundance, redundancy), Erwerbslosigkeit. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | ανεργία (idleness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | אבטל". (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | munkanélküliség (inoccupation, lay off, layoff). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | pengangguran (joblessness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | disoccupazione (idleness, joblessness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 失職 , 失業 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | しつぎょう, しっしょく. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 실직. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | neufailleydys, mee-staartaght. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Papiamen | desempleo. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | employmentunay desemprego. (various references) şomaj (unemployed). (various references) безработица (joblessness). (various references) nezaposlenost (inoccupation). (various references) desempleo (redundance, redundancy, unemployed). (various references) arbetslöshet (idleness). (various references) işsizlik (vacancy). (various references) iюsizlik. (various references) безробіття. (various references) sự thất nghiệp, nạn thấp nghiệp khối lượng công việc chưa l m. (various references) anghyflogaeth. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "unemployment": unemployments. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "unemployment": antiunemployment. (additional references) | |
| |
"Unemployment" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: umemployment, unemployument. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "unemployment" (pronounced u'numploy"munt) |
| 9 | -u m p l oy" m u n t | reemployment, underemployment. |
| 8 | -m p l oy" m u n t | employment. |
| 7 | -p l oy" m u n t | deployment, redeployment. |
| 5 | -oy" m u n t | enjoyment. |
| 4 | -m u n t | abandonment, abatement, accompaniment, accomplishment, accouterment, achievement, acknowledgement, acknowledgment, adamant, adjournment, adjustment, adornment, advancement, advertisement, advisement, aggrandizement, agreement, ailment, alignment, allotment, amazement, amendment, amusement, announcement, annulment, antigovernment, apartment, appeasement, appointment, apportionment, argument, armament, arraignment, arrangement, assessment, assignment, assortment, astonishment, atonement, attachment, attainment, banishment, basement, battlement, bemusement, bereavement, betterment, bewilderment, blandishment, bombardment, claimant, Clement, commandment, commencement, commitment, compartment, complement, comportment, concealment, condiment, confinement, consignment, containment, contentment, copayment, curtailment, debarment, debasement, deferment, department, deportment, derailment, detachment, determent, detriment, development, diminishment, disagreement, disappointment, disarmament, disbarment, disbursement, discernment, discouragement, disenchantment, disenfranchisement, disengagement, disestablishment, disgruntlement, disillusionment, disinvestment, dismantlement, dismemberment, displacement, divestment, dormant, easement, element, embankment, embarrassment, embayment, embellishment, embezzlement, embodiment, emplacement, empowerment, enactment, encampment, enchantment, encirclement, encouragement, encroachment, endangerment, endearment, endorsement, endowment, enforcement, engagement, enhancement, enlargement, enlightenment, enlistment, enrichment, enrollment, enslavement, entanglement, entertainment, enticement, entitlement, entombment, entrapment, entrenchment, environment, equipment, escapement, escarpment, establishment, estrangement, excitement, excrement, experiment, extinguishment, figment, filament, formant, fragment, fulfillment, garment, garnishment, government, harassment, impairment, impeachment, impediment, implement, impoundment, impoverishment, impressment, imprisonment, improvement, incitement, inclement, increment, indictment, inducement, informant, infotainment, infringement, installment, instrument, integument, internment, intersegment, investment, involvement, judgement, judgment, ligament, maltreatment, management, measurement, micromanagement, misgovernment, misjudgment, mismanagement, misstatement, mistreatment, moment, monument, movement, nongovernment, nonmanagement, nonpayment, nourishment, ointment, ornament, orpiment, outplacement, overpayment, overstatement, parchment, parliament, pavement, payment, pigment, placement, postponement, postretirement, predicament, prejudgment, prepayment, presentment, procurement, pronouncement, punishment, puzzlement, readjustment, realignment, reappointment, reapportionment, rearmament, rearrangement, reassessment, reassignment, recruitment, redevelopment, reenactment, refinement, refreshment, refurbishment, regiment, reimbursement, reinforcement, reinstatement, reinvestment, repayment, replacement, replenishment, requirement, resentment, resettlement, restatement, retirement, retrenchment, rudiment, sacrament, sediment, segment, sentiment, settlement, shipment, statement, supplement, temperament, tenement, testament, tournament, treatment, underdevelopment, undergarment, underpayment, understatement, vehement, wonderment. |
| 3 | -u n t | aberrant, abhorrent, abortifacient, absent, absorbent, abstinent, abundant, accelerant, accident, accountant, adherent, adjacent, adjutant, adolescent, afferent, affiant, affluent, agent, ambient, ambivalent, ancient, antecedent, antidepressant, antioxidant, apparent, applicant, ardent, argent, arrant, arrogant, ascendant, aspirant, assailant, assistant, astringent, attendant, belligerent, beneficent, benevolent, blatant, brilliant, buoyant, celebrant, clairvoyant, client, coefficient, cogent, cognizant, coherent, coincident, combatant, competent, complacent, complainant, complaisant, compliant, component, concomitant, concurrent, confident, confluent, consequent, consistent, consonant, constant, constituent, consultant, contaminant, contestant, continent, contingent, convalescent, convenient, convent, convergent, conversant, coolant, corespondent, cormorant, correspondent, Courant, covenant, Crescent, crosscurrent, current, decadent, decedent, decent, declarant, decongestant, defendant, defiant, deficient, defoliant, delinquent, deodorant, dependent, depressant, descendant, descendent, despondent, detergent, determinant, deterrent, deviant, different, diligent, discordant, disinfectant, disobedient, dispersant, dissident, dissonant, distant, divalent, divergent, docent, dominant, ebullient, efferent, effervescent, efficient, effluent, elegant, elephant, eloquent, emergent, emigrant, eminent, entrant, equivalent, errant, esculent, evanescent, evident, excellent, exigent, existent, exorbitant, expectant, expectorant, expedient, exponent, extant, extravagant, exuberant, exultant, Fabricant, fervent, flagrant, flamboyant, flatulent, flippant, fluent, fluorescent, fragrant, fraudulent, frequent, gallant, giant, grandiloquent, grandparent, hesitant, hydrant, ignorant, immanent, immigrant, imminent, impatient, impertinent, important, impotent, imprudent, inadvertent, incandescent, incessant, incident, incipient, incoherent, incompetent, inconsistent, incontinent, inconvenient, incumbent, indecent, independent, indifferent, indigent, indignant, indolent, indulgent, inefficient, infant, infrequent, ingredient, inhabitant, inhalant, inherent, innocent, inpatient, insignificant, insistent, insolent, insolvent, instant, insufficient, insurgent, intelligent, intercurrent, interdependent, intermittent, intolerant, intransigent, invariant, iridescent, irrelevant, irreverent, irritant, itinerant, jubilant, latent, leant, lenient, lieutenant, litigant, lubricant, lucent, luminescent, luxuriant, magnificent, malevolent, malignant, merchant, migrant, militant, miscreant, monovalent, mordant, mutant, nascent, negligent, noncombatant, nonexistent, nonresident, nonviolent, nutrient, obedient, observant, obsolescent, occupant, odorant, omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient, operant, opponent, opulent, outpatient, overconfident, oxidant, pageant, parent, participant, patent, patient, peasant, penchant, pendant, penitent, pennant, percipient, permanent, persistent, pertinent, petulant, pheasant, piquant, pleasant, pliant, poignant, pollutant, potent, preadolescent, precedent, predominant, preeminent, pregnant, prescient, present, prevalent, proficient, prominent, propellant, proponent, protestant, provident, prudent, prurient, pungent, pursuant, quadrant, quiescent, quotient, radiant, rampant, reagent, recalcitrant, recent, recipient, recombinant, recurrent, redundant, refrigerant, Regent, registrant, relevant, reliant, reluctant, reminiscent, remnant, repellent, repentant, repugnant, resident, resilient, resistant, resonant, resplendent, respondent, resultant, resurgent, retardant, reticent, reverent, rodent, ruminant, salient, seafront, sealant, semipermanent, Sequent, sergeant, serpent, servant, significant, silent, solvent, somnolent, stagnant, stimulant, strident, stringent, student, subcontinent, subsequent, subservient, succulent, sufficient, supergiant, superintendent, supplicant, suppressant, surfactant, talent, tangent, tenant, tetravalent, tolerant, torrent, transcendent, transient, translucent, transparent, trenchant, trident, triumphant, truant, truculent, tumescent, turbulent, tyrant, undercurrent, unimportant, unpleasant, unrepentant, urgent, vacant, vagrant, valiant, variant, verdant, vibrant, vigilant, violent, virulent, warrant. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-e-l-m-m-n-n-o-p-t-u-y" | |
-2 letters: employment. | |
-3 letters: emolument. | |
-4 letters: lomentum, momently, moneymen, monument, nonempty, polytene, unmeetly, unmolten. | |
-5 letters: eelpout, employe, memento, metonym, neoteny, neotype, nonuple, omentum, opulent, outyelp, plummet, polyene, pummelo, toluene, umpteen. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-e-l-m-m-n-n-o-p-t-u-y" | |
+1 letter: unemployments. | |
+3 letters: underemployment. | |
+4 letters: antiunemployment, underemployments. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)55 6E 65 6D 70 6C 6F 79 6D 65 6E 74 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)..- -. . -- .--. .-.. --- -.--. -- . -. - |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010101 01101110 01100101 01101101 01110000 01101100 01101111 01111001 01101101 01100101 01101110 01110100 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)U n e m p l o y m e n t |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0055 006E 0065 006D 0070 006C 006F 0079 006D 0065 006E 0074 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)558071798278819179718086 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Quotations: Spoken 12. Quotations: Speeches | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Expressions 15. Expressions: Internet 16. Translations: Modern | 17. Derivations 18. Rhymes 19. Anagrams 20. Orthography | 21. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
