Tribal

  

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Tribal

Definition: Tribal

Tribal

Adjective

1. Relating to or characteristic of a tribe; "tribal customs".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "tribal" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1550. (references)

 

Specialty Definition: Israelites

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This article concerns the twelve tribes of Israel as described in the Bible, and modern historical debates about the origins of the Israelites. Please read this entry in conjunction with the entry on the History of ancient Israel and Judah, Children of Israel, and the Bible and history.

Israelites in Biblical times

According to the Bible, the Israelites were the descendants of the children of Jacob, later known as Israel. His twelve male children were Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Dan, Gad, Napthali, Asher, Joseph, and Benjamin. Twelve tribes of Israel are listed in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible, Old Testament).

The myth of the ten lost tribes

A simplistic understanding of Israelite history has led to the myth of the ten lost tribes. The ten lost tribes are those from the northern Kingdom of Israel, who were deported by the Assyrians in the 8th century BC. In the popular view, they all disappeared from history, leaving only the tribes of Benjamin and Judah as the forerunners of modern Jewry.

Some people hold that some of these ten tribes still maintained some semblance of their Israelite identity, and are waiting to be rediscovered. Various unorthodox views exist which continue the history of the lost tribes of Israel beyond this period, placing them variously in England or America. These viewpoints include those of the LDS church and the British Israelism of others, and Herbert W. Armstrong's teachings mentioning that that being the ancestors of American, England and Northwest Europeans they would have the dubious experience of the prophecies pertaining to Israel in the major prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel. Herbert W. Armstrong received his understanding of "British Israelism" from those who were not anti-Semitic. Armstrong believed that the Northwestern European Nations were descended from the tribes of Israel that migrated west from the areas they were exiled to in Asia.

However, Jews today are not descendants from only the tribes of Judah and Benjamin alone, but in fact are descendants of Israelites from all the other tribes of Israel (see below), as well as the converts to Judaism who joined them.

Most people believe that the southern Kingdom was only populated by the tribe of Judah and Benjamin, but this is not exactly so. Prior to King Saul, Israel was divided by its tribes with certain leaders from various tribes becoming judges of the tribe or surrounding tribes to fight the enemies of Israel. This is reflected in the book of Judges. Saul was selected as king, but after he acted rashly, the Bible says that God rejected his kingship and sought one who would replace him. David was then selected to be king, and his descendants were to rule over the House of Israel. For two generations, Israel had been united first under David for 33 years and remained so under Solomon for 40 more years.

Eventually, Israel suffered a civil war in 922 BC which split it into two parts. Jeroboam, Solomon's assistant, rejected the leadership of Solomon's son Rehoboam who wanted to tax the people heavily and this led to the revolt of the northern tribes and to the establishment of the (northern) Kingdom of Israel. It consisted of nine landed tribes: Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, Dan, Manasseh, Ephraim, Reuben and Gad, and some of Levi (which had no land allocation). This makes ten tribes, which later became known as "the lost ten tribes". However, Manasseh and Ephraim technically count as just one full tribe, so there were really eight full landed tribes, and part of one tribe without land. Samaria was its capital.

Judah, the southern Kingdom, had Jerusalem as its capital and was led by King Rehoboam. It was populated by the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and Simeon (and also some of Levi). Simeon and Judah later merged together, and Simeon lost its separate identity.

In 722 BC the Assyrians, under Shalmaneser, and then under Sargon II, conquered Israel (the northern Kingdom), destroyed its capital Samaria, and sent the Israelites into exile and captivity. Much of the nine landed tribes of the northern kingdom become "lost." However, what is less commonly known is that many people from the conquered northern kingdom fled south to safety in Judea, the Southern Kingdom, which maintained its independence.

Thus, Judah then was populated with Israelites from Judah, Benjamin, Shimeon, some of Levi, and many from all of the other tribes as well. Today's Jews are descended from the inhabitants of this kingdom.

Jews as Israelites

Whatever the historical origin of the Israelite tribes, they had a distinct identity as recently as 722 BC, when the Assyrians conquered the northern Kingdom of Israel and sent its populace into exile. Many Israelites from the northern kingdom fled to the Southern Kingdom of Judah. At this point in time Judah's population melded into a conglomerate of people from all the Israelite tribes. In 586 BC the nation of Judah was conquered by Babylon. About 50 years later, in 537 BC the Persians (who conquered Babylon 2 years before) allowed Jews to move back to Jerusalem. By the end of this era, members of the tribes seem to have abandoned their individual identities.

Today's Jews are mostly descended from the Israelites of Judah, and thus are often identified as Israelites. Note that over time people joined the Jews, and married with the descendants of the Israelites. The number of converts is not trivial, but not so large as to swamp out the origin. It is thus fair to say that Jews today are descendants of those Israelites who lived in the Southern Kingdom of Judah, along with many converts who joined them.

One should take note of the historical debate over the accuracy of the Bible's account of the origin of the Israelites, discussed more fully in the entry on the History of ancient Israel and Judah.

Non-Jewish descendants of the Israelites

Most descendants of the Israelite tribes are not Jewish; over the last two millennia the Jewish kingdom of Israel was destroyed, and hundreds of thousands of its citizens were taken away into slavery or killed. The survivors assimilated into their surrounding cultures, and became lost to the Jewish people.

Anti-semitic pseudo-Israelite religions and cults

Ironically, there are many anti-semitic groups which claim to be only "true" Israelites. These include the Black Israelites of New York City and the neo-Nazi inspired Christian Identity movement.

There are a small number of other religious groups that do not claim to be Jews, but nonetheless claim the mantle of being "spiritual Israelites" as they have faith in the God of Israel. Some of these groups are openly hostile to Judaism, as they see themselves as the "true" Jews; while others are friendly to Judaism.

The general pattern among most of these groups is that they believe the Jewish people who exist today are at best only a small percent of the actual descendants of the Israelites, and at worst are demonic imposters who mislead the world about the word of God. Each of these groups independently sees themselves as the true descendants of Jacob, and claim the mantle of being an Israelite for themselves alone. None of these groups recognizes the validity of the other groups.

See also: History of ancient Israel and Judah, Bible, The Bible and history

External links

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Native American

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Native Americans (American Indians, Amerindians, or Red Indians) are indigenous peoples, who lived in the Americas prior to the European colonization; some of these ethnic groups still exist. The name "Indians" was bestowed by Christopher Columbus, who mistakenly believed that the places he found them were among the islands to the southeast of Asia known to Europeans as the Indies. (See further discussion below).

Canadians now generally use the term First Nations to refer to Native Americans. In Alaska, because of legal use in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANSCA) and because of the presence of the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut peoples, the term Alaskan Native predominates. (See further discussion below.)

Native Americans officially make up the majority of the population in Bolivia, Peru and Guatemala and are significant in most other former Spanish colonies, with the exception of Costa Rica, Cuba, Argentina, Dominican Republic and Uruguay.

History

The Native Americans are widely believed to have come to the Americas via the prehistoric Bering Land Bridge. However, this is not the only theory. Some archaeologists believe that the migration consisted of seafaring tribes that moved along the coast, avoiding mountainous inland terrain and highly variable terrestrial ecosystems. Other researchers have postulated an original settlement by skilled navigators from Oceania, though these American Aborigine people are believed to be nearly extinct. Yet another theory claims an early crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by people originating in Europe. Many native peoples do not believe the migration theory at all. The creation stories of many tribes place the people in North America from the beginning of time. Mormon tradition holds that some Native Americans are descendants of the lost tribes of Israel.

Based on anthropological evidence, at least three distinct migrations from Siberia occurred. The first wave of migration came into a land populated by the large mammals of the late Pleistocene epoch, including mammoths, horses, giant sloths, and wooly rhinoceroses. The Clovis culture provides one example of such immigrants. Later the Folsom culture developed, based on the hunting of bison.

The second immigration wave comprised the Athabascan people, including the ancestors of the Apachess and Navajos; the third wave consisted of the Inuits, the Yupiks, and the Aleuts, who may have come by sea over the Bering Strait. The Athabascan peoples generally lived in Alaska and western Canada but some Athabascans migrated south as far as California and the American Southwest, and became the ancestors of tribes now there.

The descendants of the third wave are so ethnically distinct from the remainder of the indigenous inhabitants of the Americas that they are not usually included in the terms "American Indian" or "First Nations".

In recent years, anthropological evidence of migration has been supplemented by studies based on molecular genetics. The provisional results from this field suggest that four distinct migrations from Asia occurred; and, most surprisingly, provide evidence of smaller-scale, contemporaneous human migration from Europe. This suggests that the migrant population, living in Europe at the time of the most recent ice age, adopted a life-style resembling that lived by Inuits and Yupiks in recent centuries.

In the Mississippi valley of the United States, in Mexico and Central America, and in the Andes of South America Native American civilizations arose with farming cultures and city-states.

See archeology of the Americas.

The Arrival of Europeans

The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the Native Americans. In the 15th to 19th centuries, their populations were decimated, by the privations of displacement, by disease, and in many cases by warfare with European groups and enslavement by them. The first Native American group encountered by Columbus, the 250,000 Arawaks of Haiti, were violently enslaved. Only 500 survived by the year 1550, and the group was totally extinct before 1650. Over the next 400 years, the experiences of other Native Americans with Europeans would not always amount to genocide, but they would typically be disastrous for the Native Americans.

In the 15th century Spaniardss and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped their owners and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. Ironically, the horse had originally evolved in the Americas, but the last American horses died out at the end of the last ice age. The re-introduction of the horse, however, had a profound impact on Native American cultures in the Great Plains of North America. This new mode of travel made it possible for some tribes to greatly expand their territories, exchange goods with neighboring tribes and to more easily capture game.

Europeans also brought diseases against which the Native Americans had no immunity. Sometimes they did this intentionally, but often it was unintentional. Ailments such as chicken pox and measles, though common and rarely fatal among Europeans, often proved fatal to Native Americans. More deadly diseases such as smallpox were especially deadly to Native American populations. It is difficult to estimate the percentage of the total Native American population killed by these diseases, since waves of disease oftentimes preceded White scouts and often destroyed entire villages. Some historians have argued that more than 80% of some Indian populations may have died due to European-derived diseases. [See Jeffrey Amherst]

The first reported case of white men scalping Native Americans took place in New Hampshire colony on February 20, 1725, though it is thought that Indians learned scalping from Americans who, at times, collected them for bounties.

Four Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy sided with the British and the Tories of the American Revolutionary War. The colonists were especially outraged at the Wyoming Massacre and the Cherry Valley Massacre, which occurred in 1788. In 1799 Congress sent Major General John Sullivan on what has become known as the Sullivan Expedition to neutralize the Iroquois threat to the American side. The two allied nations were rewarded, at least temporarily by keeping title to their lands after the Revolution. The title was later purchased very cheaply by Massachussets and sold off in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase and the Holland Purchase, after which by treaty, it became a part of New York State. The tribes were moved to reservations or sent westward. Part of the Cayuga Nation was granted a reservation in British Canada See also History of New York.

In the 19th century the United States forced Native Americans onto marginal lands in areas farther and farther west as white settlement of the young nation expanded in that direction. Numerous Indian Wars broke out between US forces and many different tribes. Authorities drafted countless treaties during this period and then later nullified them for various reasons. Well-known battles include the untypical Native American victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, and the massacre of Native Americans at Wounded Knee in 1890. On January 31, 1876 the United States government ordered all Native Americans to move into reservations or reserves. This spelled the end of the Prairie Culture that developed around the use of the horse for hunting, travel and trading.

American policy toward Native Americans has been an evolving process. In the late nineteenth century reformers in efforts to civilize Indians adapted the practice of educating native children in boarding schoolss. The experience in the boarding schools which existed from 1875 to 1928 was difficult for Indian children who were forbidden to speak their native languages and in numerous other ways forced to adopt white cultural practices.

Military defeat, cultural pressure, confinement on reservations, forced cultural assimilation, the outlawing of native languages and culture, forced sterilizations, termination policies of the 50's and 60's, and (especially) slavery have had deleterious effects on Native Americans' mental and ultimately physical health. Contemporary problems include poverty, alcoholism, heart disease, and diabetes: see New World Syndrome.

Classification

Ethnographers commonly classify the native peoples of the United States into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits. The following list groups peoples by their region of origin, followed by the current location. See the individual article on each tribe for a history of their movements. The regions are:

Indians of Central and South America are generally classified by language, environment, and cultural similarities. The preferred term in Latin America is "Indigenous peoples."

Languages

For a general discussion, see Language families and languages See also: Native American mythology

External Resources

Further Reading
See European colonization of the Americas, Indian Territory, The Indian Trade, Indian Massacres, and Indian Removal.

What name best identifies this group of people?

The term "Native American" originated with anthropologists who preferred it to the former appelations of "Indian" or "American Indian", which they considered inaccurate, as these terms bear no relationship to the actual origins of Aboriginal Americans (or American Aborigines), and were born of the misapprehension on the part of Christopher Columbus, arriving at islands off the east coast of the North American continent, that he had reached the East Indies. The words "Indian" and "American Indian" continue in widespread use in North America, even amongst Native Americans themselves, many of whom do not feel offended by the terms.[1] But the appropriateness of this usage has become controversial since the late 20th century; many feel that the term "Indian" is undesirable as it is symbolic of the domination of these peoples by the European colonists. Others, in turn, resent criticism of their traditional way of speaking. "Red Indian" is a common British term, useful in differentiating this group from a distinct group of people referred to as East Indians. In the French language, the term Amérindien has been coined.

One minority view has advocated the name "Asiatic Americans" as a more accurate term because of the popular theory that such peoples migrated to the Americas from Asia across an ice bridge covering the Bering Straits some 20,000 years ago. Competent fossil evidence supports the case for such a migration. However, this term is considered offensive by many American Indians because most native religions state that American Indians have been in the Western Hemisphere since the dawn of time. Furthermore, the strong tradition among archaeologists and anthropologists, is to indicate the geographic origins of a people as relating to the region where researchers first encountered them or their remains.

One difficulty with the term "Native American" as a substitute for "American Indian" lies in the fact that there exist several groups of people indisputably indigenous to the Americas, but who fall outside the classification of "American Indians", for example the Innu people of the Labrador/Quebec peninsula and the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut peoples of the far north of the continent. Another argument is that any person born in America is native to it.

Another difficulty is that many Native American groups migrated (or were displaced) to their current locations after the start of European colonization, and therefore it can be argued that they have no more "native" ties to their current locations than do the Europeans. However, as they were moving within America, they remained native to the America.

Generally, peoples wish that others use the name they give themselves.

See also List of Native Americans, First Nations of Canada, Native American fighting styles

External Links:

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Native American."

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Tribe

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe consists of a social formation existing before the development of, or outside of, states. Many people use the term to refer to any non-Western or indigenous society. Some social scientists use the term to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of kinship, especially corporate descent groups (see clan and lineage). In some countries, such as the United States of America and India, tribes are polities that have been granted legal recognition and limited autonomy by the state.

Considerable debate takes place over how best to characterize tribes. Some of this debate stems from perceived differences between pre-state tribes and contemporary tribes; some of this debate reflects more general controversy over cultural evolution and colonialism. In the popular imagination, tribes reflect a way of life that predates, and is more " natural", than that in modern states. Tribes also privilege primordial social ties, are clearly bounded, homogeneous, parochial, and stable. Thus, many believed that tribes organize links between families (including clans and lineages), and provide them with a social and ideological basis for solidarity that is in some way more limited than that of an "ethnic group" or of a "nation". Anthropological and ethnohistorical research has challenged all of these notions.

In his 1972 study, The Notion of the Tribe, Morton Fried provided numerous examples of tribes the members of which spoke different languages and practised different rituals, or that shared languages and rituals with members of other tribes. Similarly, he provided examples of tribes where people followed different political leaders, or followed the same leaders as members of other tribes. He concluded that tribes in general are characterized by fluid boundaries and heterogeneity, are not parochial, and are dynamic.

Archeologists continue to explore the development of pre-state tribes. Current research suggests that tribal structures constituted one type of adaptation to situations providing plentiful yet unpredictable resources. Such structures proved flexible enough to co-ordinate production and distribution of food in times of scarcity, without limiting or constraining people during times of surplus.

Fried, however, proposed that most contemporary tribes do not have their origin in pre-state tribes, but rather in pre-state bands. Such "secondary" tribes, he suggested, actually came about as modern products of state expansion. Bands comprise small, mobile, and fluid social formations with weak leadership, that do not generate surpluses, pay no taxes and support no standing army. Fried argued that secondary tribes develop in one of two ways. First, states could set them up as means to extend administrative and economic influence in their hinterland, where direct political control costs too much. States would encourage (or require) people on their frontiers to form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses and taxes, and would have a leadership responsive to the needs of neighboring states (the so-called "scheduled" tribes of the United States or of British India provide good examples of this). Second, bands could form "secondary" tribes as a means to defend themselves against state expansion. Members of bands would form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses that could support a standing army that could fight against states, and they would have a leadership that could co-ordinate economic production and military activities.

See also cultural evolution

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Tribe."

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Crosswords: Tribal

English words defined with "tribal": detribalisation, detribalization, distinctive, distinguishing ♦ Gentilism, Gond ♦ Histophyly ♦ identifying ♦ Kolam ♦ Morphophyly ♦ Organophyly ♦ Physiophyly, primitive ♦ Somalia ♦ totem pole, tribalism, Tribular. (references)
Specialty definitions using "tribal": '90 Plus Five ♦ Address List Map Review, AIANA, American Indian area, American Indian Area, Alaska Native Area, Hawaiian Home Land, American Indian off-reservation trust land, American Indian reservation, American Indian Reservation - federal, American Indian Tribal Subdivision, American Indian trust land, American Indian/Alaska Native area, ANCSA ♦ BIA, Block Definition Project, block group, boundary change, Boundary Validation Program ♦ census designated place, Census Map Preview, Community Address Updating System, Core Program Cooperative Agreement, Count Question Resolution, Customer Liaison Office ♦ Delegated State ♦ Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations, Food package ♦ Health Services, Indigenous, Historic Areas of Oklahoma ♦ initial mail response rate ♦ joint use area ♦ Local Update of Census Addresses ♦ Master Address File ♦ National Drought Policy Commission, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, National Rural Development Partnership, New Construction program ♦ Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area ♦ PALS, Participant Statistical Areas Program, Public Law 103-430 ♦ Recycling Economic Development Advocates ♦ severalty, Site report, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, State Designated American Indian Statistical Area, State rural development councils, statistical entity, Summary File 1, Summary File 3 ♦ TDSA, TJSA, tribal block group, tribal census tract, Tribal Designated Statistical Area, tribal jurisdiction statistical area, tribal subdivision ♦ voting district. (references)
Non-English Usage: "Tribal" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

French (tribal), Portuguese (tribal), Romanian (tribal), Spanish (tribal).

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Modern Usage: Tribal

DomainUsage

Screenplays

And for letting us white people kill all the Indians and steal their tribal lands (The Ice Storm; writing credit: Rick Moody; James Schamus)

Does it have tribal significance or did some nursery's fingerpainting class assault you with the blue pastels (Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn; writing credit: Verónica Suárez)

Movie/TV Titles

The Tribal Law (1912)

Millennium: Tribal Wisdom and the Modern World (1992)

Tribal Festival (1990)

Flashing on the Sixties: A Tribal Document (1990)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Tribal

DomainTitle

Books

  • Patterns That Connect: Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art (reference)

  • The Tribal Tattoo Pack: Learn the Ancient Art of Tribal Body Decoration (reference)

  • Tribal Vol.II (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Periodicals

  • Tribal And Aboriginal Art (reference)

  • Association Of Contract Tribal Schools Newsletter (reference)

  • Native American : Precolumbian And Tribal Art (reference)

  • Tots Tatoken Nez Perce Tribal Newspaper (reference)

    (more periodical examples)

  

Theater & Movies

  • Native Americans: Tribal People of the Northwest (reference)

  • Tribal Legacies Boxed Set (reference)

    (more DVD examples; more video examples)

  

Music

  

High Tech

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Tribal

Photos:
Tribal

More pictures...

Illustrations:
Tribal

More pictures...

Computer Images:
Tribal

More pictures...

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Photo Album: Tribal

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

Salmon fishing with large loop nets by Native Americans. Tribal tradition determines the spot each tribal member fishes from. F&W 12,934. Credit: Fisheries.

Tribal fishermen on the Duwamish River. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center.

Herb Webb (left), NRCS Resource Conservationist, Flathead Indian Reservation Tribal Complex, Pablo, MT, and Joel Clairmont, tribal member, local extension agent, grain, hay, and cattle producer, discuss the quality of alfalfa he is about to bale. Clairmon. Credit: Bob Nichols.

Herb Webb, NRCS Resource Conservationist, Flathead Indian Reservation Tribal Complex, Pablo, MT, checks a field of canola on a client’s farm. Canola has emerged as a viable alternative oil crop, not only for its products, but also for the potential to div. Credit: Bob Nichols.

Deb Prevost, GIS specialist, discussing conservation measures with tribal chairman, Washoe County, NV. Credit: Ron Nichols.

Developing a wetland area into an outdoor classroom on the Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation, Washoe County, NV; Deb Prevost, NRCS GIS specialist with tribal representative. Credit: Ron Nichols.

Herb Webb, NRCS, Resource Conservationist, Flathead Indian Reservation Tribal Complex, Pablo, Montana checks of field of canola on a clients farm. Canola has emerged as a viable alternative oil crop, not only for its products, but also for the potential to diversify cropping systems. The principle use for canola is vegetable oil. Credit: USDA.

Nixon meets with tribal chief / Wide World Photos. Credit: Library of Congress.

Group of Kyrgyz men posing with a local Russian Governor, his wife, and their child in front of a tribal council tent. Credit: Library of Congress.

Louis Firetail (Sioux, Crow Creek), wearing tribal clothing, in American history class, Hampton Institute, Hampton, Virginia. Credit: Library of Congress.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Tribal
 

"Marwari's women" by Maurizio
Commentary: "Tribal womens from indian village."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Tribal

SubjectTopicQuote

Business

The choice of a new emirate ruler falls to the ruling family in consultation with other prominent tribal figures. (references)

Children

Yemen

Education for females is not encouraged in some tribal areas, where girls often are kept at home to help their mothers with childcare, housework, and farm work. (references)

Civil Liberties

Pakistan

In June Ullah began to report on local tribal clashes without official approval. (references)

India

On February 2, eight tribal villagers were killed when police fired on a group of persons protesting against the Koel-Karo dam project. (references)

Discrimination

Mauritania

In practice the Government often favored individuals on the basis of ethnic and tribal affiliation, social status, and political ties. (references)

Papua New Guinea

In the past, clan and tribal warfare was ritualized and fought with traditional weapons; the availability of firearms has made such conflicts deadlier. (references)

Economic History

Qatar

In Qatar, family and tribal ties are strong. (references)

Human Rights

Pakistan

Private jails exist in tribal and feudal areas. (references)

Yemen

Tribal members at times threaten and harass members of the judiciary. (references)

Pakistan

They may conduct hearings according to Islamic law and tribal custom. (references)

Indigenous People

India

There is some local autonomy for tribal people in the northeast. (references)

India

In Meghalaya tribal chiefs still wield influence in certain villages. (references)

Bangladesh

This led to the displacement of many tribal groups, such as the Chakmas and Marmas. (references)

Minorities

India

Both missionaries were attempting to convert local tribal people. (references)

Ethiopia

There has been a long history of tension between the Nuer and Anuak tribal groups. (references)

Oman

Some public institutions reportedly favor hiring members of one or another regional, tribal, or religious group. (references)

Political Economy

Suriname

Societal discrimination against women, minorities, and tribal peoples persists. (references)

Sudan

In rural areas outside effective SPLM control, tribal chiefs apply customary laws. (references)

Western Sahara

In August 1998, MINURSO completed identification of voters in all uncontested tribal groupings. (references)

Political Rights

Bangladesh

Seats are not specifically reserved for other minority groups, such as tribal people. (references)

Panama

Locally, tribal chiefs govern each reserve; they meet in a general congress at regular intervals. (references)

Pakistan

The percentage of tribal persons in government and politics does not correspond to their percentage of the population. (references)

Travel

Kenya

The sparsely populated northern half of Kenya is an area where there are recurrent, localized incidents of violent cattle rustling, counter-raids, ethnic conflict, tribal or clan rivalry, and armed banditry. (references)

Women

Kuwait

It is more common among tribal elements of the population. (references)

India

Under many tribal land systems, notably in Bihar, tribal women do not have the right to own land. (references)

Worker Rights

India

Many tribal women are forced into sexual exploitation. (references)

India

Many indigenous tribal women are forced into sexual exploitation. (references)

India

The Department of Social Welfare suggested that more efficient implementation of ongoing development programs for tribal people in the district offered the best remedy for the child labor problem. (references)

Lexicography

Devil's Dictionary

SEVERALTY, n. Separateness, as, lands in severalty, i.e., lands held individually, not in joint ownership. Certain tribes of Indians are believed now to be sufficiently civilized to have in severalty the lands that they have hitherto held as tribal organizations, and could not sell to the Whites for waxen beads and potato whiskey. Lo! the poor Indian whose unsuited mind Saw death before, hell and the grave behind; Whom thrifty settler ne'er besought to stay -- His small belongings their appointed prey; Whom Dispossession, with alluring wile, Persuaded elsewhere every little while! His fire unquenched and his undying worm By "land in severalty" (charming term!) Are cooled and killed, respectively, at last, And he to his new holding anchored fast!

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Tribal

"Tribal" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 96.36% of the time. "Tribal" is used about 412 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words		Rank in English
Adjective (general or positive)96.36%39714,057
Noun (singular)2.18%9117,287
Noun (proper)1.46%6143,867
                    Total100.00%412N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Usage in Company Names: Tribal

CountryName
USA

Mohegan Tribal Gaming Authority

 (more examples...)

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expressions: Tribal

Expressions using "tribal": tribal chief ♦ Tribal Flood Network ♦ tribal society ♦ tribal spirit ♦ tribal state. Additional references.

Hyphenated Usage

Beginning with "tribal": tribal-acid-funk, tribal-based, tribal-influenced, tribal-love-rock, tribal-rights.

Ending with "tribal": inter-tribal, non-tribal.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Tribal

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day		ExpressionFrequency
per Day

tribal tattoo

10,963

tribal celtic tattoo

133

tribal

2,850

back tattoo tribal

117

tribal tattoo design

1,331

armband tattoo tribal

110

tribal design

794

arm band tattoo tribal

95

tribal art

657

flash tribal

91

tribal tattoo picture

656

butterfly tribal

89

tribal art tattoo

528

tribal band

82

tribal tattoo gallery

392

flash free tattoo tribal

81

dragon tattoo tribal

314

cross tattoo tribal

79

tribal sun tattoo

311

tribal jewelry

76

tribal tattoo pic

304

tribal gear

75

tribal dragon

281

tribal graphic

74

butterfly tattoo tribal

219

tatouage tribal

68

tribal flame

196

tribal sign

66

tribal symbol

191

design free tattoo tribal

63

tribal band tattoo

162

heart tattoo tribal

62

sun tribal

161

scorpion tattoo tribal

61

back lower tattoo tribal

148

arm tattoo tribal

57

tribal mask

146

tribal picture

56

tribal tattoo flash

139

african tribal mask

56
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: Tribal

Language Translations for "tribal"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Albanian

  

fisnor (clannish). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏قبلي (before me, intertribal), ‏عشائري (clannish). (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

родов (ancestral, generic, lineal, septal), племенен (septal). (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

部族. (various references)

   

Czech

  

rodový (clannish, generic), kmenový. (various references)

   

Danish

  

stammefællesskab (tribal community). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

stam-. (various references)

   

Esperanto

  

triba. (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

قبیله ای , تباری , سبطی , طایفه ای , ایلیاتی (Nomad, Tribesman), ایلی . (various references)

   

Finnish

  

heimosota (tribal war), heimonpäällikkö (chieftain, tribal chief). (various references)

   

French

  

tribal. (various references)

   

German

  

Stammes..., stammes-, Stammes (tribally). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

φυλετικόσ (clannish, racial), φυλήσ. (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

שבטי. (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

törzsi. (various references)

   

Italian

  

comunità tribale (tribal community), coesione tribale (tribal cohesion). (various references)

   

Korean 

  

부족 (Deficiencies, Deficiency, lack, scarcity, shortage, tribe). (various references)

   

Manx

  

eggyssagh. (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

ibaltray.(various references)

   

Portuguese

  

tribal. (various references)

   

Romanian

  

tribal, gentilic, de trib (clannish), care trãieşte în triburi. (various references)

   

Russian 

  

родовой (ancestral, clannish, generic, parturient, patrimonial), племенной. (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

plemenski. (various references)

   

Spanish

  

tribal. (various references)

   

Swedish

  

stam- (clannish), släkt-. (various references)

   

Turkish

  

kabileye ait (clannish), kabile (clan, clannish, tribe). (various references)

   

Ukrainian

  

племінний. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Tribal

Derivations

Words beginning with "tribal": tribalism, tribalisms, tribally. (additional references)

Words ending with "tribal": intertribal. (additional references)

Words containing "tribal": detribalization, detribalizations, detribalize, detribalized, detribalizes, detribalizing. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Tribal" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Aribal, cribal, Erribol, frimbal, ftrival, teribl, Thibault, tiba, tirba, Toribio, Trabaldo, trabalho, trba, treyal, triall, triba, tribad, triballat, tribasl, tribel, tribil, tribo, Tribolo, tribu, trifal, Trilab, Tripball, trival, trocal, Tsiba, turbal. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Tribal"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "tribal" (pronounced trī"bul)
6t r ī" b u lintertribal.
4-ī" b u lbible, libel.
3-b u lincurable, indefatigable, indefensible, indefinable, indelible, indescribable, indestructible, indispensable, indisputable, indistinguishable, indivisible, indomitable, inedible, ineffable, ineligible, inequitable, inescapable, inevitable, inexcusable, inexhaustible, inexorable, inexplicable, infallible, infeasible, inflammable, inflatable, acceptable, accessible, able, abominable, accountable, achievable, actionable, adaptable, addressable, adjustable, admirable, admissible, adoptable, adorable, advisable, affable, affordable, agreeable, allowable, amble, amenable, amendable, amiable, amicable, analyzable, answerable, appealable, applicable, appreciable, approachable, approvable, arable, arguable, assemble, attainable, attributable, audible, available, avoidable, babble, Babel, bankable, bauble, bearable, believable, billable, biodegradable, bramble, breakable, bubble, buildable, Bumble, burnable, cable, callable, cannibal, capable, changeable, chargeable, charitable, classifiable, cobble, coble, collapsible, collectible, Combinable, comfortable, commendable, communicable, comparable, compatible, compensable, comprehensible, conceivable, confirmable, considerable, constable, consumable, contemptible, contestable, controllable, convertible, copyrightable, corbel, countable, credible, creditable, crucible, crumble, culpable, curable, cymbal, dabble, debatable, deductible, defensible, definable, degradable, delectable, deliverable, demonstrable, dependable, deplorable, deployable, depreciable, describable, desirable, despicable, detachable, detectable, determinable, developable, Dibble, digestible, disable, disagreeable, disassemble, discernible, discountable, discoverable, dishonorable, dispensable, disposable, disreputable, dissemble, distinguishable, divisible, doable, double, Drabble, dribble, drinkable, drivable, durable, eatable, edible, electable, eligible, Embraceable, employable, enable, enfeeble, enforceable, enjoyable, ennoble, ensemble, enviable, equable, equitable, erasable, erodible, estimable, exchangeable, excitable, excludable, excusable, execrable, exercisable, expandable, expendable, explainable, exportable, extendable, extendible, fable, fallible, fashionable, fathomable, favorable, feasible, feeble, fissionable, fixable, flammable, flexible, foible, forcible, foreseeable, forfeitable, forgettable, forgivable, formidable, fumble, fungible, fusible, gable, gamble, Garble, global, gobble, Gribble, grumble, gullible, habitable, hardscrabble, harvestable, herbal, heritable, hobble, hon, honorable, horrible, hospitable, humble, identifiable, ignoble, illegible, imaginable, imitable, immeasurable, immiscible, immobile, immovable, immutable, impassable, impeachable, impeccable, impenetrable, imperceptible, impermissible, implacable, implantable, implausible, imponderable, impossible, impracticable, impregnable, impressionable, improbable, inaccessible, inadmissible, inadvisable, inalienable, inapplicable, inaudible, incalculable, incapable, incomparable, incompatible, incomprehensible, incompressible, inconceivable, incontrovertible, incorrigible, incredible, soluble, solvable, spendable, squabble, Stabile, stable, stubble, stumble, submersible, suggestible, suitable, supportable, survivable, susceptible, sustainable, syllable, symbol, table, talkable, tangible, taxable, teachable, tenable, terrible, inflexible, inheritable, inhospitable, inimitable, injectable, innumerable, inoperable, insatiable, inscrutable, inseparable, insoluble, insufferable, insupportable, insurmountable, intangible, intelligible, interchangeable, interminable, interruptible, intolerable, intractable, invaluable, investable, invincible, inviolable, invisible, invulnerable, irascible, irreconcilable, irrefutable, irremediable, irreparable, irreplaceable, irrepressible, irresistible, irresponsible, irreversible, irrevocable, irritable, issuable, jumble, justifiable, kibble, knowledgeable, label, lamentable, laudable, laughable, leasable, legible, liable, likable, likeable, livable, lovable, malleable, manageable, mandible, maneuverable, marble, marketable, measurable, memorable, microwavable, miscible, miserable, mislabel, mobile, moldable, movable, mumble, navigable, negligible, negotiable, nibble, nimble, noble, noncallable, nonconvertible, nondeductible, nondurable, nonrefundable, nonrenewable, nontaxable, nontransferable, nonverbal, notable, noticeable, objectionable, observable, obtainable, operable, ostensible, palatable, palpable, parable, passable, patentable, payable, peaceable, pebble, perceptible, perishable, permeable, permissible, personable, persuadable, pitiable, plausible, pleasurable, pliable, portable, possible, potable, practicable, preamble, predictable, preferable, presentable, preventable, printable, probable, profitable, programmable, prosecutable, provable, psychobabble, punishable, questionable, quibble, quotable, rabble, ramble, reachable, readable, realizable, reasonable, reassemble, rebel, receivable, rechargeable, recognizable, recordable, recoverable, recyclable, redeemable, redouble, redoubtable, reducible, refundable, regrettable, relabel, reliable, remarkable, removable, renewable, rentable, repairable, repayable, repeatable, replaceable, reportable, reprehensible, reputable, resealable, resemble, resettable, respectable, responsible, retractable, returnable, reusable, reversible, revocable, ridable, Roble, rouble, roundtable, rubble, Ruble, rumble, sable, salable, saleable, salvageable, Scrabble, scramble, scribble, seasonable, sensible, serviceable, shamble, Sibyl, sizable, sizeable, sociable, thimble, timetable, tolerable, traceable, tractable, tradable, tradeable, trainable, transferable, transferrable, transmittable, transportable, treatable, treble, tremble, trouble, tubal, tumble, tunable, turntable, typeable, umbel, unable, unacceptable, unaccountable, unaffordable, unalienable, unalterable, unanswerable, unassailable, unattainable, unavailable, unavoidable, unbearable, unbeatable, unbelievable, unbuildable, uncollectible, uncomfortable, unconscionable, uncontrollable, undeniable, understandable, undesirable, undetectable, unelectable, unemployable, unenforceable, unenviable, unexplainable, unfashionable, unfathomable, unfavorable, unfeasible, unflappable, unforeseeable, unforgettable, unforgivable, ungovernable, unimaginable, unimpeachable, uninhabitable, uninsurable, unintelligible, unjustifiable, unknowable, unlivable, unmanageable, unmentionable, unmistakable, unobtainable, unpalatable, unpredictable, unprintable, unprofitable, unquestionable, unreachable, unreadable, unreasonable, unrecognizable, unreliable, unremarkable, unsalable, unscramble, unserviceable, unshakable, unsinkable, unsolvable, unspeakable, unstable, unstoppable, unsuitable, unsupportable, unsustainable, untenable, unthinkable, untouchable, untraceable, unusable, unverifiable, unwinnable, unworkable, usable, valuable, variable, vegetable, venerable, verbal, verifiable, veritable, viable, visible, voluble, vulnerable, wamble, washable, wearable, winnable, wobble, workable.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Tribal

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "a-b-i-l-r-t"

-1 letter: brail, libra, trail, trial.

-2 letters: abri, airt, alit, aril, bail, bait, birl, blat, brat, brit, lair, lari, lati, liar, lira, rail, rial, tail, tali, tirl.

-3 letters: ail, air, ait, alb, alt, arb, art, bal, bar, bat, bit, bra, lab, lar, lat, lib, lit, rat, ria, rib, tab, tar, til.

-4 letters: ab, ai, al, ar.

 Words containing the letters "a-b-i-l-r-t"
 

+1 letter: librate, orbital, timbral, triable.

 

+2 letters: arbalist, arbitral, barbital, blastier, brantail, laborite, liberate, librated, librates, orbitals, partible, strobila, titrable, tribally, tribunal, trilobal, turbinal, writable.

 

+3 letters: antilabor, arability, arbalists, bacterial, barbitals, baritonal, beastlier, bilateral, bleariest, braillist, brantails, brattling, brawliest, breathily, brilliant, broadtail, brutalise, brutality, brutalize, cabriolet, calibrate, filtrable, herbalist, heritable, irritable, irritably, laborites, labyrinth, liberated, liberates, liberator, librating, libration, libratory, litterbag, lubricant, lubricate, marbliest, printable, salubrity, strobilae, tailboard, trainable, tribalism, tribulate, tribunals, trilobate, turbinals, verbalist, veritable, veritably, vibrantly, vibratile.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Crosswords
3. Usage: Modern
4. Usage: Commercial 		5. Images: Slideshow
6. Images: Photo Album
7. Images: Digital Art
8. Quotations: Non-fiction 		9. Usage Frequency
10. Names: Company Usage
11. Expressions
12. Expressions: Internet 		13. Translations: Modern
14. Derivations
15. Rhymes
16. Anagrams 		17. Bibliography


  

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