Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: The French |
The FrenchNoun1. The people of France. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The French Republic, or France, is a country located in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra, and Spain. It is a founding member of the European Union.
République Française
France has no national coat of arms; see Marianne (In Detail)
National motto: Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité
(French, Liberty, Equality, Brotherhood)Official language French Capital Paris Largest City Paris President Jacques Chirac Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin Area
- Total
- % waterRanked 47th
547,030 km² ¹
0.26%Population
- Total (2003)
- DensityRanked 20th
60,180,529 ¹
110/km²Currency Euro², French euro coins Time zone UTC +1 (CET) National anthem La Marseillaise Internet TLD .FR¹ Calling Code 33¹ (1) Data for European (metropolitan) France
(2) Prior to 1999: French franc
History
Main article: History of FranceThough the French monarchy is often dated to the 5th century, France's continuous existence as a separate entity begins with the 9th-century division of Charlemagne's Frankish empire into an eastern and a western part. The eastern part can be regarded the beginnings of what is now Germany, the western part that of France.
Charlemagne's descendants ruled France until 987, when Hugh Capet, Duke of France and Count of Paris, was crowned King of France. His descendants, starting with the Capetian dynasty, ruled France until 1792, when the French Revolution established a Republic, in a period of increasingly radical change that began in 1789.
Although ultimately a victor in World Wars I and II, France suffered extensive losses in its empire, wealth, manpower, and rank as a dominant nation-state. Since 1958, it has constructed a presidential democracy (known as the Fifth Republic) that has not succumbed to the instabilities experienced in earlier more parliamentary regimes.
In recent decades, France's reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of the Euro in January 1999.
Today, France is at the forefront of European states seeking to exploit the momentum of monetary union to advance the creation of a more unified and capable European political, defense and security apparatus.
It is also one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council.
Politics
Main article: Politics of FranceThe constitution of the Fifth Republic was approved by public referendum on September 28 1958. It greatly strengthened the authority of the executive in relation to Parliament. Under the constitution, the president is elected directly for a 5-year (originally 7-year) term. Presidential arbitration assures regular functioning of the public powers and the continuity of the state. The president names the prime minister, presides over the cabinet, commands the armed forces, and concludes treaties.
The National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) is the principal legislative body. Its deputies are directly elected to 5-year terms, and all seats are voted on in each election. Senators are chosen by an electoral college for 9-year terms, and one-third of the Senate is renewed every 3 years. The Senate's legislative powers are limited; the National Assembly has the last word in the event of a disagreement between the two houses. The government has a strong influence in shaping the agenda of Parliament.
See also:
- Constitution of France
- President of France
- List of Prime Ministers of France
- List of Foreign Ministers of France
Regions & Departments
Main articles: Département, List of regions in FranceFrance has 26 regions (French: région), which are further subdivided into 100 départements. The departments are numbered (mainly alphabetically) and this number is used in e.g. postal codes and vehicle number plates.
- Alsace
- 67 Bas-Rhin
- 68 Haut-Rhin
- Aquitaine
- 24 Dordogne
- 33 Gironde
- 40 Landes
- 47 Lot-et-Garonne
- 64 Pyrénées-Atlantiques
- Auvergne
- 03 Allier
- 15 Cantal
- 43 Haute-Loire
- 63 Puy-de-Dôme
- Basse-Normandie
- 14 Calvados
- 50 Manche
- 61 Orne
- Bourgogne (Burgundy)
- 21 Côte-d'Or
- 58 Nièvre
- 71 Saône-et-Loire
- 89 Yonne
- Bretagne (Brittany)
- 22 Côtes-d'Armor
- 29 Finistère
- 35 Ille-et-Vilaine
- 56 Morbihan
- Centre
- 18 Cher
- 28 Eure-et-Loir
- 36 Indre
- 37 Indre-et-Loire
- 41 Loir-et-Cher
- 45 Loiret
- Champagne-Ardenne
- 08 Ardennes
- 10 Aube
- 51 Marne
- 52 Haute-Marne
- Corse (Corsica)
- 2A Corse-du-Sud
- 2B Haute-Corse
- Franche-Comté
- 25 Doubs
- 39 Jura
- 70 Haute-Saône
- 90 Territoire-de-Belfort
- Haute-Normandie
- 27 Eure
- 76 Seine-Maritime
- Ile-de-France
- 75 Paris
- 77 Seine-et-Marne
- 78 Yvelines
- 91 Essonne
- 92 Hauts-de-Seine
- 93 Seine-Saint-Denis
- 94 Val-de-Marne
- 95 Val-d'Oise
- Languedoc-Roussillon
- 11 Aude
- 30 Gard
- 34 Hérault
- 48 Lozère
- 66 Pyrénées-Orientales
- Limousin
- 19 Corrèze
- 23 Creuse
- 87 Haute-Vienne
- Lorraine
- 54 Meurthe-et-Moselle
- 55 Meuse
- 57 Moselle
- 88 Vosges
- Midi-Pyrénées
- 09 Ariège
- 12 Aveyron
- 31 Haute-Garonne
- 32 Gers
- 46 Lot
- 65 Hautes-Pyrénées
- 81 Tarn
- 82 Tarn-et-Garonne
- Nord-Pas-de-Calais
- 59 Nord
- 62 Pas-de-Calais
- Pays-de-la-Loire
- 44 Loire-Atlantique
- 49 Maine-et-Loire
- 53 Mayenne
- 72 Sarthe
- 85 Vendée
- Picardie
- 02 Aisne
- 60 Oise
- 80 Somme
- Poitou-Charentes
- 16 Charente
- 17 Charente-Maritime
- 79 Deux-Sèvres
- 86 Vienne
- Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
- 04 Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
- 05 Hautes-Alpes
- 06 Alpes-Maritimes
- 13 Bouches-du-Rhône
- 83 Var
- 84 Vaucluse
- Rhône-Alpes
- 01 Ain
- 07 Ardèche
- 26 Drôme
- 38 Isère
- 42 Loire
- 69 Rhône
- 73 Savoie
- 74 Haute-Savoie
- Départements d'outre mer (DOM)
(Overseas departments), each of them being a département and a region at the same time:
- 971 Guadeloupe
- 972 Martinique
- 973 French Guiana
- 974 La Réunion
- Collectivités territoriales (Territorial Collectivities):
- 975 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
- 976 Mayotte
- Pays et Territoires d'outre-mer (PTOM) (Overseas Countries and Territories):
- 986 Wallis and Futuna
- 987 French Polynesia
- 988 New Caledonia (pays d'outre mer from 1998)
- French Southern and Antarctic Territories (including France's Antarctic claim)
The departments are further subdivided into 342 arrondissements.
The overseas departments are former colonies outside France that now enjoy a status similar to European or metropolitan France. They are considered to be a part of France (and the EU) rather than dependent territories, and each of them is a region at the same time.
The overseas territories and countries form part of the French Republic, but do not form part of the Republic's European territory or the EU fiscal area. They continue to use the French Pacific Franc as their currency, which was unaffected by the French franc's replacement by the Euro in 2002.
The territorial collectivities have an intermediate status between overseas department and overseas territory.
France also maintains control over a number of other small islands in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, including Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, Tromelin Island. See Islands controlled by France in the Indian and Pacific oceans.
Geography
Main article: Geography of FranceFrance possesses a large variety of landscapes, ranging from coastal plains in the north and west, where France borders the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, to the mountain ranges in the south (the Pyrenees) and the southeast (the Alps), of which the latter contains the highest point of Europe, the Mont Blanc at 4810 m.
In between are found other elevated regions such as the Massif Central or the Vosges mountains and extensive river basins such as those of the Loire River, the Rhone River, the Garonne and Seine.
- National parks (France)
Economy
Main article: Economy of FranceFrance's economy combines extensive private enterprise with substantial, but declining, government intervention. Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and subsidies have combined to make France the leading agricultural producer in Western Europe.
The government retains considerable influence over key segments of infrastructure sectors, with majority ownership of railway, electricity, aircraft, and telecommunication firms. It has been gradually relaxing its control over these sectors since the early 1990s. The government is slowly selling off holdings in France Telecom, in Air France, and in the insurance, banking, and defense industries.
France joined 11 other EU members to launch the euro on January 1 1999, with euro coins and banknotes completely replacing the French franc in early 2002.
See also: List of French companies
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of FranceThe official language is French, with several local languages (Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Dutch (Flemish), German (Alsatian), Occitan), but the French government and school system discouraged the use of any of them until recently. The regional languages are now taught at some schools, though French remains the only official language in use by the government, local or national.
Religion
Following from the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, France guarantees freedom of religion as a constitutional right. A 1905 law instituted the separation of Church and State and prohibited the government from recognizing, salarying or subsidizing any religion. In the preceding situation, established 1801-1808 of the Concordat, the State used to support the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church, the Calvinist Church and the Jewish religion and provided for public religious educations in those religions (for historical reasons, this situation is still current in Alsace-Moselle).
The French government does not keep statistics as to religion.
The 1995 CIA World Factbook lists the religion of France as: Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North African workers) 1%, unaffiliated 6%.
However, in a 2003 poll 41% said that the existence of God was "excluded" or "unlikely". 33% declared that "atheist" described them rather or very well, and 51% for "Christian". When interrogated about their religion, 62% answered Roman Catholic, 6% Muslim, 2% Protestant, 1% Jewish, 2% "other religions" (except for Orthodox or Buddhist, which were negligible), 26% "no religion" and 1% declined to answer. The discrepancy between the number of "atheists" and the number of "without religion" may be attributed to people who nominally belong to a religion, perhaps out of social pressure or custom, but do not actually believe in it.
See also: Islam in France
Holidays Date English Name Local Name Remarks January 1 New Year's Day Jour de l'An
- Easter Pâques Sunday, date varies - Easter Monday Lundi de Pâques Monday, date varies May 1 Labour Day Fête du Travail May 8 Victory Day 1945 Victoire 1945 End of WWII - Ascension Day Ascension Thursday, date varies - Pentecost Pentecôte Seventh Sunday after Easter July 14 Bastille Day Fête Nationale National Day August 15 Assumption Assomption November 1 All Saints Day Toussaint November 11 Veterans Day Armistice 1918 End of WWI December 25 Christmas Day Noël
Miscellaneous topics
Description of the flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the drapeau tricolore (Tricolor Flag); the design and colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Côte d'Ivoire, and Luxembourg; the official flag for all French dependent areasThe foundation of France may be dated to 486 (unified by Clovis I).
The national holiday is the Fête Nationale (National Day), celebrating the Taking of the Bastille, July 14 (1789), often referred to as Bastille Day in English.
The capital and most populous city, Paris, is home to the Eiffel Tower, a tower of girdered steel constructed in 1889.
The Palace of Versailles is the number one tourist destination in France followed by the great châteaux of the Loire Valley.
Principal cities include:
Other towns of interest include:
- Aix-en-Provence, Ajaccio, Albi, Amiens, Angers, Angouleme, Bastia, Belfort, Besançon, Bordeaux, Brest, Caen, Calais, Cannes, Carcassonne, Charleville-Mézières, Clermont-Ferrand, Colmar, Dijon, Dunkerque, Evreux, Grenoble, La Rochelle, Le Havre, Le Mans, Lille, Limoges, Lyon, Marseille, Metz, Montpellier, Mulhouse, Nancy, Nantes, Nice, Nîmes, Orléans, Paris, Perpignan, Poitiers, Quimper, Reims, Rennes, Roubaix, Rouen, Saint-Étienne, Saint-Nazaire, Strasbourg, Tarbes, Toulon, Toulouse, Tourcoing, Tours and Valence.
- Abbeville, Albertville, Aurillac, Brive, Cahors, Chamonix, Chatellerault, Chinon, Deauville, Dieppe, Digne-les-Bains, Dole, Domremy, Dreux, La Baule, Mende, Mont-de-Marsan, Montauban, Pau, Perigueux, Rodez, Saint-Gaudens, Saint-Tropez, Saumur, Sete, Soissons and Vichy.
See also
- Communications in France
- Transportation in France
- Military of France
- List of universities in France
- Foreign relations of France
- Tourism in France
- History of French Imperialism
- Marianne
International rankings
- Human Development Index, 2003: 17th (out of 175)
- world-wide press freedom index Rank 11 out of 139 countries
External links
- Official site of the Office of the French President - The Elysée Palace
- Official site of the Office of the French Prime Minister - Main governmental site
- Assemblée Nationale - The French National Assembly
- Sénat - The French Senate
- Official site of the French civil service - Contains many links to various administrations and institutions
- Tourism in France
- French aviation pioneers: first flight, first powered flight, first powered heavier-than-air flight
European Union:
Austria | Belgium | Denmark | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Ireland
Italy | Luxembourg | Netherlands | Portugal | Spain | Sweden | United KingdomCountries acceding to membership on May 1, 2004:
Cyprus | Czech Republic | Estonia | Hungary | Latvia | Lithuania | Malta | Poland | Slovakia | Slovenia
Countries of the world | Europe | Council of Europe simple:France zh-cn:%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD zh-tw:法國
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "France."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The French established colonies across the New World in the 17th century. They were developed to export sugar and furs among other products.
North America
Explorers and settlers from France settled in what is now Canada, the Mississippi Valley and along the Gulf coast in what is now Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana founding the cities of Quebec, Montreal, Detroit, Michigan, St. Louis, Missouri, Mobile, Alabama, Biloxi, Mississippi, and New Orleans, Louisiana.The first French attempt at colonization was in 1598 on Sable Island, southeast of present Nova Scotia. This colony went unsupplied and the 12 survivors returned to France in 1605. The next and first successful colony was Acadia founded in 1603 with its town of Port Royal, now Annapolis.
The French were very interested in the fur trade and purchased fur from and formed alliances with Native American tribes such as the Huron and Ottawa. They actively engaged in warfare with the traditional enemies of the Hurons and Ottawas, the Iroquois.
France once held vast possessions in North America including the Mississippi and St. Lawrence river valleys. The colony of Louisiana was founded in 1699. However, as a result of the French and Indian War, all French territory on the North American continent was divided between the British and the Spanish. The sole exception was the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon off the Canadian coast, retained as a fishing outpost. The French were able to briefly regain some of the Spanish possessions in North America during the Napoleonic Era. However, because France did not have the navy to resupply its North American holdings and because France did not want its possessions to fall into the hands of the British, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States, a sale referred to as the Louisiana Purchase. The only remaining French possession in North America is Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
Caribbean Islands
Haiti, called Saint Dominique by the French, was first settled in 1625 with French rights confirmed by the Spanish in the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697. It became independent of France in 1804.
Martinique first settled by the French in July 1635 by Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, a noble from Normandy. It remains a French overseas department.
Guadeloupe including the islands of St. Barthélemy, St. Martin, Les Saintes, La Désirade, Marie-Galante and Guadeloupe was settled by the French about 1635 after an unsuccessful Spanish attempt at colonization. It remains a French overseas department. Guadeloupe and Martinique were captured by the British during the French and Indian War from 1759 to 1763. The French regained the islands at the end of the war in exchange for giving Great Britain rights to their Canadian lands.
Saint Lucia was founded by the French in 1650. It changed hands between the British and French 14 times before 1814, after which it remained in British hands.
Grenada was founded in 1650 and remained a French colony until 1762 when it was captured by the British during the Seven Years War. It was recaptured by the French in 1779 during the American Revolutionary War but returned in 1783 in Treaty of Paris.
Tobago was a French colony before being captured by the British in 1762.
South America
French Guiana was first settled by the French in 1604. It remains an overseas department of France.
See also:
- European colonization of the Americas,
- French and Indian Wars
- French colonial empire
- New France
Reference
- The French Founders of North America and Their Heritage, Sabra Holbrook, Atheneum, New York, 1976, hardback, ISBN 0-689-30490-0
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "French colonization of the Americas."
Synonyms: The FrenchSynonyms: French (n), French people (n). (additional references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | The French are glad to die for love (Moulin Rouge!; writing credit: Baz Luhrmann; Craig Pearce) He did, but the French government refused him an export permit (Moonraker; writing credit: Christopher Wood) I wanted to open the dump valves on oil tankers and smother all the French beaches I'd never see. I wanted to breathe smoke (Fight Club; writing credit: Jim Uhls) So, I say, when we die there should be two planets- one for the French and one for the Chinese (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge) They're worse than the French. (Buffy the Vampire Slayer; writing credit: Doreen Spicer) | |
Lyrics | Don't know much about the french I took (Wonderful World; performing artist: Herman's Hermits) It ain't the French Riviera ((It's Just) The Way That You Love Me; performing artist: Paula Abdul) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The French Love (1972) In the French Style (1962) The French Chef (1962) Secrets of the French Police (1932) The French Doll (1923) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Figure 13. Bouquet de la Grye sounder, invented by the French hydrographic engineer Anatole Bouquet de la Grye in 1869. The main point about this device was a new type of weight release mechanism, based on the action of spring released at the moment that the weight contacted the bottom. This method was used extensively on cable survey ships. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Figure 53. Berget sounding machine, designed by Professor Alphonse Berget of the Oceanographic Institute of Paris. Prince Albert I of Monaco presented this type of machine to the French Academy of Sciences in 1911. The machine was designed for use in depths from 0 to 2500 meters. This machine was unique for its compact size and strength. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
 | Figure 28. Pasquion sounder invented by the Frenchman August Pasquion. This device was never featured in a publication; however, it was patented on June 26, 1906, by the National Office of Industrial Property. Its first ocean tests took place in 1905 and it was used by the French cable survey ships for at least the next fifteen years. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Figure 63. Marti's continuous recording sounder built by the French engineer Pierre Marti. In 1919, Marti began designing and describing sounding machines based on acoustic methods. This recording device allowed measuring time of sound emanation and time of reception, thus giving travel time which can be used to determine depth. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
 | Figure 45. Milne-Edwards mounting developed by Professor Alphonse Milne-Edwards for use with reversing thermometers on the TALISMAN scientific expedition of the French National Marine Administration in the North Atlantic in 1883. Two innovations were associated with this instrument. A slightly modified version of this mounting made by Paul Duimage was used on the HIRONDELLE. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Figure 54. Pellet burette - this instrument was produced by the French chemist Henri Pellet. It uses the same principle as that of the Richter or Schmidt burette. It has an automatic zero level, in which the reactive reservoir is pressurized by a rubber bulb. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
 | Figure 69. Magnetic device for separating and classifying minerals. This early device that used an electro-magnet to separate minerals of different magnetic properties was conceived of by the French mineralogist Ferdinand Foque in 1879. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Figure 2. A model of the vessel and equipment used by the French physiologist Paul Regnard for studies of light penetration in the water and its effects on chemical and biological phenomena. In 1889 and 1890, he performed several studies aboard a tartane, a small local fishing and trading vessel. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
 | Figure 24. Quantity of arsenic in marine plants as noted by the French pharmacist and chemist Henri Marcelet as the result of studies at the Oceanographic Museum in 1912. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Figure 40. Aneroid barometer register for recording the pressure readings of an aneroid barometer. The aneroid barometer was invented by the French instrument -maker Lucien Vide in 1843. This register was constructed by the firm of Richard Brothers and described by Hippolyte Sebert in 1882 and appeared in the a notice put out by the firm in 1886. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Fisher Ames | The leaders of the French Revolution excited the poor against the rich; this made the rich poor, but it never made the poor rich. |
Francis Bacon | The French are wiser than they seem, and the Spaniards seem wiser than they are. |
Friedrich Engels | Just as Marx used to say about the French "Marxists" of the late `seventies: "All I know is that I am not a Marxist." |
James Wolfe | The General [Wolfe]...repeated nearly the whole of Gray's Elegy...adding, as he concluded, that he would prefer being the author of that poem to the glory of beating the French tomorrow. |
Jean Jacques Rousseau | The English are predisposed to pride, the French to vanity. |
Napoleon Bonaparte | The French complain of everything, and always. |
| Every private in the French army carries a Field Marshall wand in his knapsack. | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | They wrote their philosophical nonsense beneath the French original. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | This substitution shall not entail any payment on the part of the French State. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Tangled Tale | Carroll, Lewis | Here we simply double the French marks, and add as before |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | A small portion of the northern door, broken by the French, hangs dangling from the wall |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | It was too late to go upstairs to the French class |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | One of the more distinctive signs indicating the presence of an AVM is an auditory phenomenon called bruit, coined from the French word meaning noise. (references) | |
Business | All E-VAPs are seeking to establish a presence in the French market. (references) | |
French standards are established by the French Standards Agency (AFNOR). (references) | ||
American imports represent a solid 44 percent of the French home healthcare market. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Morocco | The Government banned the May 17 issue of the French weekly Le Courier International, which included an article regarding the Berber issue in Morocco. (references) |
Tunisia | The demonstration was designed to express national outrage at the brief occupation of the Paris office of the Tunisian National Tourist Bureau by the French NGO RSF. The Paris protest, led by RSF secretary general Robert Menard, called on the Tunisian Government to release activist Sihem Bensedrine. (references) | |
France | The law also reinforces existing provisions of the Penal Code by adding language covering the exploitation of the "psychological or physical subjection" or "fraudulent abuse of a state of ignorance or weakness." Leaders of the four major religions, such as the president of the French Protestant Federation and the president of the Conference of Bishops in France, raised concerns about the legislation. (references) | |
Economic History | Syria | Agrege from the French Faculties of Law. (references) |
Togo | The Togolese judiciary is modeled on the French system. (references) | |
Switzerland | In 1798, armies of the French Revolution conquered Switzerland. (references) | |
Human Rights | Djibouti | The judiciary, based on the French Napoleonic code, is composed of a lower court, appeals courts, and a Supreme Court. (references) |
Morocco | Judges considering criminal cases or cases in nonfamily areas of civil law generally are trained in the French legal tradition. (references) | |
Morocco | The authorities detained Adib after he spoke out against military corruption and harassment to a journalist from the French newspaper Le Monde. (references) | |
Minorities | Canada | In November 2000, the Quebec government established an Estates General Commission of Inquiry (the Lacrosse Commission) on the status of the French language in Quebec. (references) |
Political Economy | Armenia | Legal system: The constitution is based largely on the French strong presidential model. (references) |
FRANCE | Foreign investment, both inward and outward, also plays a very important role in the French economy, helping generate employment and growth. (references) | |
Political Rights | Monaco | He names the Minister of State (in effect, the Prime Minister) from a list of names proposed by the French Government. (references) |
France | The citizens of the "collective territory" of Mayotte and the territories of French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, and New Caledonia determine their legal and political relationships to France by means of referendums, and they elect deputies and senators to the French Parliament, along with the overseas departments. (references) | |
Trade | Senegal | Senegal's standards are derived from the French. (references) |
Travel | Senegal | Business practices, accounting methods and legal procedures derive from the French system. (references) |
France | It should be noted that other EU suppliers are accustomed to dealing in the French language. (references) | |
France | Product literature, correspondence and negotiations in the French language provide a distinct advantage over competitors who use only English. (references) | |
Worker Rights | France | In August the police broke up a ring which resulted in an investigation into visa issuance at the French Embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria. (references) |
Monaco | The legal minimum wage for full-time work is the French minimum wage plus 5 percent, which is approximately $6.30 (45.91 French francs) per hour. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | DRAMATIST, n. One who adapts plays from the French. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Rush Limbaugh | I don't see how we can tie our nation's well-being and its future security to the United Nations or the French or anyone else. |
Tony Blair | Well, I think it's very strong. In fact, I think it's remarkably strong, and you can see that from the pledge by Germany today, for example, of troops, by the fact that the French president was there with President Bush in solidarity today in Washington. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
John Adams | 1797-1801 | A few days before his arrival at Paris the French minister of foreign relations informed the American minister then resident at Paris of the formalities to be observed by himself in taking leave, and by his successor preparatory to his reception. |
James Monroe | 1817-1825 | As this claim rests on the same principle with others which have been admitted by the French Government, it is not perceived on what just ground it can be rejected. |
John Quincy Adams | 1825-1829 | Before the wars of the French Revolution such treaties had been consummated with the United Netherlands, Sweden, and Prussia. |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | The agent authorized to receive the money was instructed to inform the French minister of his readiness to do so. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Expressions using "the French": algerian who fought for the french rule ♦ what is the french for?. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "the French"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Danish | Traktat mellem Kongeriget Belgien,Kongeriget Danmark,Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland,Den Hellenske Republik,Kongeriget Spanien,Den Franske Republik,Irland,Den Italienske Republik,Storhertugdømmet Luxembourg,Kongeriget Nederlandene,Den Portugisiske Republik, (concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, Corfu, Ireland, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Member States of the European Union)and the Kingdom of Norway, thhe Italian Republic, Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium), tilpasse artikel 4,stk.2,i konventionen af 27.9.1968 tilpasses kun den franske og luxembourgske opfattelse til lovgivningen i Belgien,i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland,i Italien og i Nederlandene (German, Italian and Netherlands laws the French and Luxembourg concepts, to bring into line second paragraph of Article 4 of the Convention of 27.9.1968 merely brings into line with the Belgian), konventionen af 27.oktober 1956 mellem storhertugdoemmet Luxembourg,Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland og Den franske Republik om kanaliseringen af Mosel (Convention of 27 October 1956 between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the canalization of the Moselle), Frankrig (France), det franske fællesskab (the French-speaking community), der er fastlagt en taerskelvaerdi, som er sammenlignelig med det franske index for stoevindholdet (so as to be comparable to the French coniotic index), Den franske Republik (France, French Republic, The French Republic). (various references) | |
Dutch | Verdrag van 27 oktober 1956 tussen het Groothertogdom Luxemburg,de Bondsrepubliek Duitsland en Frankrijk inzake de kanalisatie van de Moezel (Convention of 27 October 1956 between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the canalization of the Moselle), Verdrag tussen het Koninkrijk België,het Koninkrijk Denemarken,de Bondsrepubliek Duitsland,de Helleense Republiek,het Koninkrijk Spanje,de Franse Republiek,Ierland,de Italiaanse Republiek,het Groothertogdom Luxemburg,het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden,de Por (concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, Corfu, Ireland, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Member States of the European Union)and the Kingdom of Norway, thhe Italian Republic, Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium), sneeuwmaand (fourth month of the French Republican Calendar), Overeenkomst van 19 juni 1990 ter uitvoering van het op 15 juni 1985 te Schengen gesloten Akkoord betreffende de geleidelijke afschaffing van de controles aan de gemeenschappelijke grenzen (Agreement implementing the Schengen Agreement between the governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders), Frankrijk (France), een drempelwaarde is zodanig vastgesteld,dat deze vergelijkbaar is met de Franse koniotische index (so as to be comparable to the French coniotic index), de Franse Republiek (France, The French Republic), de Franse Gemeenschap (the French-speaking community), aanpassen 4,tweede alinea,van het Executieverdrag heeft geen andere strekking dan dat de Franse en Luxemburgse opvattingen aan de Belgische,de Duitse,de Italiaanse en de Nederlandse wetgevingen worden aangepast (German, Italian and Netherlands laws the French and Luxembourg concepts, to bring into line second paragraph of Article 4 of the Convention of 27.9.1968 merely brings into line with the Belgian). (various references) | |
Finnish | ranskalaiset. (various references) | |
French | Traité entre le Royaume de Belgique,le Royaume de Danemark,la République fédérale d'Allemagne,la République hellénique,le Royaume d'Espagne,la République française,l'Irlande,la République italienne,le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg,le Royaume des Pay (concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Member States of the European Union)and the Kingdom of Norway, thhe Italian Republic, Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium), Nivôse (fourth month of the French Republican Calendar), La République française (The French Republic), la Communauté française (the French-speaking community), harki (algerian who fought for the french rule), France (The French Republic), Corfou (concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Member States of the European Union)and the Kingdom of Norway, thhe Italian Republic, Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium), Convention du 27 octobre 1956 entre le Grand-duché du Luxembourg,la République fédérale d'Allemagne et la République française au sujet de la canalisation de la Moselle (Convention of 27 October 1956 between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the canalization of the Moselle), Convention d'application du 19 juin 1990 de l'Accord de Schengen du 14 juin 1985 relatif la suppression graduelle des contr?ôles aux frontières communes (Agreement implementing the Schengen Agreement between the governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders), aligner 4,alinéa 2,de la Convention de Bruxelles ne fait qu'aligner sur les législations belge,allemande,italienne et néerlandaise les conceptions française et luxembourgeoise (Italian and Netherlands laws the French and Luxembourg concepts, to bring into line second paragraph of Article 4 of the Convention of 27.9.1968 merely brings into line with the Belgian). (various references) | |
German | vierter Monat im französischen Revolutionskalender (fourth month of the French Republican Calendar), Vertrag zwischen dem Königreich Belgien,dem Königreich Dänemark,der Bundesrepublik Deutschland,der Griechischen Republik,dem Königreich Spanien,der Französischen Republik,Irland,der Italienischen Republik,dem Grossherzogtum Luxemburg,dem Königreich (concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, Corfu, Ireland, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Member States of the European Union)and the Kingdom of Norway, thhe Italian Republic, Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium), Frankreich (France), die Franzoesische Republik (France, The French Republic), die Flanzösische Gemeinschaft (the French-speaking community), der Schwellenindex wurde auf 5 festgesetzt,um ihn mit dem franzoesischen koniotischen Index vergleichbar zu machen (a threshold index has been fixed, so as to be comparable to the French coniotic index), Übereinkommen vom 27.Oktober 1956 zwischen dem Großherzogtum Luxemburg,der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Französischen Republik über die Schiffbarmachung der Mosel (Convention of 27 October 1956 between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the canalization of the Moselle), Übereinkommen vom 19.Juni 1990 zur Durchführung des Übereinkommens vonSchengen vom 14.Juni 1985 betreffend dem schrittweisen Abbau der Kontrollen an den gemeinsamen Grenzen (Agreement implementing the Schengen Agreement between the governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders), anpassen Artikel 4 Absatz 2 des Brüsseler Übereinkommens werden lediglich die französischen und die luxemburgischen Vorstellungen dem belgischen,sowie dem deutschen,dem italienischen und dem niederländischen Recht angepaßt (German, Italian and Netherlands laws the French and Luxembourg concepts, to bring into line second paragraph of Article 4 of the Convention of 27.9.1968 merely brings into line with the Belgian). (various references) | |
Greek | καθορίστηκε ενας οριακός δείκτης κατά τρόπο ώστε να είναι συγκρίσιμος με τον "αλλικό δείκτη κονιώσεως (a threshold index has been fixed, so as to be comparable to the French coniotic index), ευθυγραμμίζω (align, collimate), Σύμβαση της 27ης Οκτωβρίου 1956 μεταξύ Μεγάλου "ουκάτου του Λουξεμβούργου,Ομοσπονδιακής "ημοκρατίας της "ερμανίας και "αλλικής "ημοκρατίας (Convention of 27 October 1956 between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the canalization of the Moselle), Συνθήκη μεταξύ του 'ασιλείου του 'ελγίου,του 'ασιλείου της "ανίας,της Ομοσπονδιακής "ημοκρατίας της "ερμανίας,της Ελληνικής "ημοκρατίας, (concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Member States of the European Union)and the Kingdom of Norway, thhe Italian Republic, Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium). (various references) | |
Italian | Trattato tra il Regno del Belgio,il Regno di Danimarca,la Repubblica federale di Germania,la Repubblica ellenica,il Regno di Spagna,la Repubblica francese,l'Irlanda,la Repubblica italiana,il Granducato del Lussemburgo,il Regno dei Paesi Bassi,la Repubblic (concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, Corfu, Ireland, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Member States of the European Union)and the Kingdom of Norway, thhe Italian Republic, Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium), Repubblica Francese (France, French Republic, The French Republic), nevoso (snow covered, snowcapped, snowily, snowy), Francia (France), Corfù (concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, Corfu, Ireland, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Member States of the European Union)and the Kingdom of Norway, thhe Italian Republic, Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium), Convenzione del 27 ottobre 1956 stipulata tra il Granducato del Lussemburgo,la Repubblica federale di Germania e la Repubblica francese relativamente alla canalizzazione della Mosella (Convention of 27 October 1956 between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the canalization of the Moselle), Comunit francese (the French-speaking community), adeguare 4,comma 2,della convenzione del 27 settembre 1968 non fa che adeguare alle legislazioni del Belgio,della Repubblica federale di Germania,dell'Italia e dei Paesi Bassi le concezioni francese e lussemburghese (German, Italian and Netherlands laws the French and Luxembourg concepts, to bring into line second paragraph of Article 4 of the Convention of 27.9.1968 merely brings into line with the Belgian), è stato fissato un indice di limite al fine di renderlo comparabile all'indice coniotico francese (a threshold index has been fixed, so as to be comparable to the French coniotic index). (various references) | |
Manx | Yn Rangish (the French language). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ethay enchfray.(various references) | |
Portuguese | Tratado entre o Reino da Bélgica,o Reino da Dinamarca,a República Federal da Alemanha,a República Helénica,o Reino de Espanha,a República Francesa,a Irlanda,a República Italiana,o Grão-Ducado do Luxemburgo,o Reino dos Países Baixos,a República Po (concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Member States of the European Union)and the Kingdom of Norway, thhe Italian Republic, Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium), nivoso (fourth month of the French Republican Calendar), Corfu (concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, Corfu, Ireland, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Member States of the European Union)and the Kingdom of Norway, thhe Italian Republic, Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium), Convenção de 27 de Outubro de 1956 entre o Grão-Ducado do Luxemburgo,a República Federal da Alemanha e a República Francesa,sobre a navegabilidade do Mosela (Convention of 27 October 1956 between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the canalization of the Moselle), alinhar (aline, line, line up, range), a Comunidade francofona (the French-speaking community). (various references) | |
Romanian | cum se spune în francezã? (what is the french for?). (various references) | |
Spanish | Tratado entre el Reino de Bélgica, el Reino de Dinamarca, la República Federal de Alemania, la República Helénica, el Reino de España, la República Francesa, Irlanda, la República Italiana, el Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo, el Reino de los Países Bajo (concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, Corfu, Ireland, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Member States of the European Union)and the Kingdom of Norway, thhe Italian Republic, Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium), la Comunidad francesa (the French-speaking community), Corfú (concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Norway, Corfu, Ireland, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Member States of the European Union)and the Kingdom of Norway, thhe Italian Republic, Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium), Convenio de 27 de octubre de 1956 entre el Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo, la República Federal de Alemania y la República Francesa sobre la canalización del Mosela (Convention of 27 October 1956 between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the canalization of the Moselle), adaptar (accommodate, accomodate, adapt, adjust, affiliate, apply, arrange, attune, fit, fix, mount, place, put up, scale, suit, tune). (various references) | |
Swedish | fransmännen. (various references) | |
Turkish | fransızlar. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-e-e-f-h-h-n-r-t" | |
-2 letters: fetcher. | |
-3 letters: center, centre, etcher, fencer, french, hefter, nether, recent, refect, tenrec, thence, trench. | |
-4 letters: cheer, chert, cheth, enter, erect, ether, fence, fetch, hence, rente, retch, tench, terce, terne, there, three, treen. | |
-5 letters: cent, cere, cete, chef, eche, erne, etch, feet, fere, fern, fete, free, fret, heft, hent, here, hern, heth, reef, reft, rent. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-e-e-f-h-h-n-r-t" | |
+1 letter: henceforth. | |
+2 letters: thenceforth. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Quotations: Familiar 8. Quotations: Historic | 9. Quotations: Fiction 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Quotations: Spoken 12. Quotations: Speeches | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Anagrams | 17. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
