State

  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

State

Definition: State

State

Adjective

1. Supported and operated by the government of a state; "a state university".

2. In the service of the community or nation; "state security".

Noun

1. The group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state; "the state has lowered its income tax".

2. The territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation; "his state is in the deep south".

3. A politically organized body of people under a single government; "the state has elected a new president"; "African nations"; "students who had come to the nation's capitol"; "the country's largest manufacturer"; "an industrialized land".

4. The way something is with respect to its main attributes; "the current state of knowledge"; "his state of health"; "in a weak financial state".

5. The federal department that sets and maintains foreign policies; "the Department of State was created in 1789".

6. The territory occupied by a nation; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries".

7. (informal) a state of depression or agitation; "he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him".

8. (chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container); "the solid state of water is called ice".

Verb

1. Express an idea, etc. in words; "He said that he wanted to marry her"; "tell me what is bothering you"; "state your opinion".

2. Put before; "I submit to you that the accused is guilty".

3. Indicate through a symbol, formula, etc.; "Can you express this distance in kilometers?".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "state" was first used: 12th century. (references)

 

Specialty Definition: State

DomainDefinition

Computing

State n. 1. Condition, situation. "What's the state of your latest hack?" "It's winning away." "The system tried to read and write the disk simultaneously and got into a totally wedged state." The standard question "What's your state?" means "What are you doing?" or "What are you about to do?" Typical answers are "about to gronk out", or "hungry". Another standard question is "What's the state of the world?", meaning "What's new?" or "What's going on?". The more terse and humorous way of asking these questions would be "State-p?". Another way of phrasing the first question under sense 1 would be "state-p latest hack?". 2. Information being maintained in non-permanent memory (electronic or human). Source: Jargon File.

Census

The primary governmental division of the United States. The Census Bureau treats the District of Columbia as the equivalent of a state for data presentation purposes. It also treats a number of entities that are not legal divisions of the United States (Puerto Rico and the Island Areas) as equivalent to a state for data presentation purposes. See Island Areas. (references)
 A primary governmental division of the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau treats the District of Columbia as the equivalent of a state for data presentation purposes. It also treats a number of entities that are not legal divisions of the United States as the equivalent of states for data presentation purposes: Puerto Rico and the Island Areas. (references)

Electrical Engineering

The assigned range of voltage, current, etc. , corresponding to one of the distinct recognisable conditions of a digital signal. Source: European Union. (references)

Math

An initial state or condition of a finite state machine or Turing machine. Informally, how the memory is initially set. (references)

Slang in 1811

STATE. To lie in state; to be in bed with three harlots. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: California

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Alternate meanings in California (disambiguation)

California is a state located in the western United States, bordering the Pacific Ocean. The most populous and third largest state in the Union, California is both physically and demographically diverse. The state's official nickname is "The Golden State" (referring to the California gold rush) and its U.S. Postal abbreviation is CA.

Southern California is highly populous, while the larger northern California is less densely populated. The vast majority of the population lives within 50 miles (80 km) of the Pacific Ocean.

State of California
(In Detail) (Full size)
State nickname: The Golden State

Other U.S. States
Capital Sacramento
Largest City Los Angeles
Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger
Area
 - Total
 - Land
 - Water
 - % water 		Ranked 3rd
410,000 km²
404,298 km²
20,047 km²
4.72% 
               

Population 

 - Total (2000) 

 - Density                  		Ranked 1st

 33,871,648  

 83/km²


Admittance into Union

 - Order

 - Date                   		

31st
September 9, 1850


Time zone  
Pacific: UTC-8/-7




Latitude

Longitude                  

 32°30'N to 42°N

 114°8'W to 124°24'W




Width

Length

Elevation

 -Highest

 -Mean

 -Lowest

402.5 km

 1,240 km

 

4,418 meters

884 meters

86 meters below sea level



ISO 3166-2:US-CA




History

Main article: History of California.

California was the name given to the northwestern part of the Spanish Empire in North America. Following the Mexican-American War of 1847, the region was divided between Mexico and the United States.  The Mexican portion, Baja (lower) California was later divided into the states of Baja California and Baja California Sur.  The American portion, Alta (upper) California became the U.S. state of California in 1850.


Law and government

Main article: California government and politics

The Governor of California serves a four-year term and may be reelected only once. The state legislature consists of a 40 member Senate and 80 member Assembly. Senators serve four year terms and Assemblymembers two.  The terms of the Senators are staggered so that half the membership is elected every two years. The Senators representing the odd-numbered districts are elected in years evenly divisible by four, i.e., presidential election years. The Senators from the even-numbered districts are elected in the intervening even-numbered years, in the gubernatorial election cycle.  For the 2003-2004 session, there are 48 Democrats and 32 Republicans in the Assembly.  In the Senate, there are 25 Democrats and 15 Republicans.

The state's capital is Sacramento.  In California's early history, the capital was located in San Jose (1849-1851), Vallejo (1852-1853), Benicia (1853-1854), and San Francisco (1862).  The capital moved to Sacramento temporarily in 1852 when construction on a State House could not be completed in time in Vallejo.  The capital moved to Sacramento for good on February 25, 1854, except for a four-month temporary move in 1862 to San Francisco due to severe flooding in Sacramento.

At the national level, California is represented by two senators and 53 representatives. It has 55 electoral votes in the U.S. Electoral College. California has the most Congressmen and Presidential Electors of any state.

See also: List of California Governors, List of California counties, List of California ballot propositions


Geography

Main article: Geography of California

California borders the Pacific Ocean, Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and the Mexican State of Baja California. The state has striking natural features, including a huge fertile central valley, high mountains, and hot dry deserts.  With an area of 410,000 km² it is the third largest state in the U.S. Most major cities cling to the cool, pleasant seacoast along the Pacific, notably San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego. The capital, however, is Sacramento in the Central Valley.
California has many types of geography. Down the center of the state lies the Central Valley, a huge, fertile valley bounded by the coastal mountain ranges in the west, the Sierra Nevada to the east, the Cascade Range in the north and the Tehachapi Mountains in the south. Mountain-fed rivers naturally irrigate the Central Valley. With dredging, several of these rivers have become sufficiently large and deep that several inland cities, notably Stockton, California, are seaports.

In the center and east of the state are the Sierra Nevada, containing the highest peak in the continental U.S., Mt. Whitney, at 4,418 meters (14,495 ft). Also in the Sierra is the world famous Yosemite National Park and a deep freshwater lake, Lake Tahoe. To the east of the Sierra is the Owens Valley and Mono Lake, an essential seabird habitat.

In the south lie the Transverse Ranges and a large salt lake, the Salton Sea. The south-central desert is called the Mojave. Just to the north east of the Mojave, lies Death Valley, which contains the lowest, hottest point in North America. 

California is famous for its earthquakes due partly to the presence of the San Andreas Fault. While more powerful earthquakes in the United States have occurred in Alaska and along the Mississippi River, California earthquakes are notable due to their frequency and location in highly populated areas. Popular legend has it that, eventually, an earthquake known as "The Big One" will result in the splitting of coastal California from the continent, either to sink into the ocean or form a new landmass. The fact that this scenario is completely implausible from a geologic standpoint does not lessen its acceptance in public conventional wisdom.


Climate

The southern part of the state has a desert climate, with temperature extremes and 10 inches/year of rain. The coastal regions have a Mediterranean climate, with wet winters and dry summers. There is a temperate climate with 15-40 inches/year rainfall in the north. The Central Valley has a continental climate, with chilly winters and very hot summers. The high mountains, including the Sierra Nevada, have a mountain climate with snow in winter and moderate heat in summer.

Biotopes: desert, savanna with scattered oaks, second-growth taiga (coniferous forest), especially in the north and at high altitudes.  Mountain-tops contain tundra, fellfields (stoney ground with patches of meadow), and krumwald (dwarf forests).




 

Modified Dept. of Commerce map with county divisions
For a larger version of this map click here 
Note: Modified map released under the GNU FDL. 


Economy

California is responsible for 14% of American gross domestic product, which at nearly $1.4 trillion is greater than that of every country in the world save for the United States, Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom.

The predominant industry, more than twice as large as the next largest, is agriculture, (including fruit, vegetables, dairy, and wine).  This is followed by aerospace; entertainment, primarily television by dollar volume, although many movies are still made in California; and light manufacturing including computer hardware and software, and the mining of borax. 

Per capita income varies widely by geographic region and profession. The Central Valley has the most extreme contrasts of income, with migrant farm workers making less than minimum wage, contrasted with farmers who frequently manage multimillion-dollar farms.  Most farm managers are highly educated, most with at least master's degrees.  While cities include some of the wealthiest per-capita areas in the U.S., notably Irvine in Orange County, the non-agricultural central counties have some of the highest poverty rates in the U.S.  The high-technology sectors in Orange County and Silicon Valley, in Santa Clara County are currently in a recession because of the dot.com bust, but medical systems, video games and animation are taking up the slack.

A particular problem with California's economy is that it does not attract manufacturing.  The 7.25% sales tax (total statewide base sales/use tax) makes it uneconomic to locate major factories in the state, because that tax must be paid on capital equipment.  California also has unusually high unemployment and worker's compensation (for on-the-job injury) taxes.  Major manufacturers, especially aerospace, are also leaving the state or shifting production.  For this reason, no major new factories have been built in California for many years, and the state suffers a severe lack of good-paying manufacturing jobs.  This means that the middle class in California consists almost entirely of small businesspeople and construction and transportation workers, with a small leavening of knowledge workers -- a nearly pure service economy.  Manufacturing costs are made even higher by high land and housing prices, which cause workers to need very high pay.

In 2001 the Small Business Survival Committee ranked California among the worst states in the U.S. in which to run a small business.  It was in 44th place.




 CALIFORNIA UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
1967-2002


19675.00%19866.70%


19684.50%19875.80%


19694.40%19885.30%


19707.30%19895.10%


19718.80%19905.80%


19727.60%19917.70%


19737.00%19929.30%


19747.30%19939.40%


19759.90%19948.60%


19769.20%19957.80%


19778.20%19967.20%


19787.10%19976.30%


19796.20%19985.90%


19806.80%19995.20%


19817.40%20004.90%


19829.90%20015.40%


19839.70%20026.70%


19847.80%


19857.20%


Source: CA Employment Development Department




Demographics

With a population of 33,871,648 as of 2000, California is the most populous state in the U.S., and contributes 12% to the total U.S. population.  

According to the that census, California lacks a majority ethnic group. Hispanics are the largest group, followed by whites, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans.  Reflecting in part the high birth rate of the Spanish-speaking Catholic population, Hispanics are predicted to become a majority around 2040.


Important Cities and Towns




  • Anaheim

  • Berkeley

  • Eureka

  • Fresno

  • Long Beach

  • Los Angeles

  • Monterey

  • Oakland



  • Palo Alto

  • Redding

  • Sacramento

  • San Diego

  • San Francisco

  • San Jose

  • Santa Ana



Education

Main article: List of colleges and universities in California

California's educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires 40% of state revenues to be spent on education.

The preeminent state university is the 10-campus University of California, which employs more Nobel Prize winners than any other institution in the world.  It has several campuses, notably in Berkeley, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Diego. It is intended to accept students from the upper 20% of college-bound students, and provide most graduate studies and research. The University of California also administers federal laboratories for the Federal Department of Energy: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Los Alamos National Laboratory.

The California State University system provides education for teachers, the trades, agriculture and industry.  It is intended to accept most college-bound high-school students, while carrying out some research, especially in applied sciences.  Lower-division course credits are frequently transferable to the University of California.

The community college system educates students in the trades, providing certificates, and associate-arts degrees.  It also provides lower division general-education courses transferable to the State University and the University of California.

Preeminent private institutions include Stanford University, the University of Southern California (USC), and the California Institute of Technology (Cal Tech) (which administers the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA).

California has hundreds of private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions.  This leads to many unique entertainment and educational opportunities for residents.  For example, Southern California, with one of the highest densities of post-secondary institutions in the world, has a very large base of classically trained vocalists that compete in large choir festivals.  Near Los Angeles, there are numerous art and film institutes, including the prestigious Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Art Institute.

Secondary education consists of high schools that teach elective courses in trades, languages and liberal arts with tracks for gifted, college-bound and industrial arts students.  They accept students from roughly age 14 to 18, with mandatory education ceasing at age 16.  In many districts, junior high schools teach electives with a strong skills-based curriculum, for ages from 11 to 13. Elementary schools teach pure skills, history and social studies, with optional half-day kindergartens beginning at age 5.  Mandatory full-time instruction begins at age 6.

The primary schools are of varying effectiveness. The quality of the local schools depends strongly on the local tax base, and the size of the local administration.  In some regions, administrative costs divert a significant amount of educational monies from instructional purposes. In poor regions, literacy rates may fall below 70%.






Golden State


State Animal:California grizzly bear


State Bird:California Quail


State Colors:blue and gold


State Capital:Sacramento


State Dance:West Coast Swing Dancing


State Fish:Golden trout


State Marine Fish:Garibaldi


State Flower:California Poppy


State Fossil:Sabertooth cat


State Insect:California dogface butterfly


State Motto:"Eureka!"


State Song:"I love you, California"


State Tree:California redwood


State Mineral:Gold


State Rock:Serpentine


State Soil:San Joaquin Soil


Miscellaneous Information


Major Highways




  • Interstate 5

  • Interstate 8

  • Interstate 10



  • Interstate 15

  • Interstate 40

  • Interstate 80

  • United States Highway 101



External links


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Delaware
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)



Delaware









(In Detail)
(Full size)




State nickname: First State




Other U.S. States


Capital                      Dover


Largest City                     
Wilmington


Area
 - Total 
 - Land 
 - Water 
 - % water

Ranked 49th 

6,452 km²

5,068 km²

1,387 km²

21.5%

               

Population 

 - Total (2000) 

 - Density                  		Ranked 45th

 783,600  

 155/km²


Admittance into Union

 - Order

 - Date                   		

1st
December 7, 1787


Time zone  
Eastern: UTC-5/-4




Latitude

Longitude                  

 38°27'N to 39°50'N

 75°2'W to 75°47'W




Width

Length

Elevation

 -Highest

 -Mean

 -Lowest

48 km

161 km

 

137 meters

18 meters

0 meters



ISO 3166-2:US-DE



Delaware is a state of the United States. It is known as the "First State" because it was the first of the 13 colonies to ratify the United States Constitution. Ratification occurred on December 7, 1787.

USS Delaware was named in honor of this state.


History

Europeans first settled in a  Dutch trading post at "Zwaanendael" (or "Swaanendael," present-day Lewes (pronounced "Lewis") in 1631. The area became "New Sweden" with a colony established by  Swedes (led by Peter Minuit) around Fort Christina (now  Wilmington) in 1638.  

The name "Delaware" comes from the title of Sir Thomas West, Lord de la Warr, erstwhile governor of the colony of Virginia.  The deed to the property that is now Delaware was granted to William Penn in 1682, by James, Duke of York (later, James II of England), and was part of the colony of Pennsylvania.  In 1704 the "three lower counties" gained a separate legislature, and in 1710 a separate executive council.  

Part of the Mason-Dixon line, surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon between 1763 and 1767 to establish the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, now forms the boundary between Delaware and Maryland, and some 80 of their original limestone markers remain.  

Delaware was one of the thirteen colonies which revolted against British rule in the American Revolution.  After the Revolution began in 1776, the three counties became "Delaware State," and in 1792 that entity adopted its first constitution, declaring itself to be the "State of Delaware."

The oldest black church in the country was chartered in Delaware by former-slave Peter Spencer in 1813 as the "Union Church of Africans," which is now the A.U.M.P. Church.  The Big August Quarterly Spencer began in 1814 is still celebrated, the oldest such cultural festival in the country. 

During the American Civil War, Delaware was a slave state that remained in the Union (Delaware voters voted not to secede on January 3, 1861). Eight months after the end of the Civil War, however, Delaware voted on February 18, 1865 to reject the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution and so voted unsuccessfully to continue slavery beyond the Civil War. Delaware ratified the amendment on February 12, 1901--40 years after Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation.


Law and Government

Delaware's fourth and current constitution was adopted in 1897 and provides for executive, judicial and legislative bodies. The legislative body consists of a House of Representatives with 41 members and a Senate with 21 members. The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Delaware and the judicial branch provides for a hierarchy of courts with the state Supreme Court being the highest.

The present governor of Delaware is Ruth Ann Minner (Democrat). Delaware's U.S. Senators are Joseph R. Biden (Democrat) and Thomas Carper (Democrat).  Delaware's single US Representative is former Governor, Michael N. Castle (Republican).
See: List of Delaware Governors

Geography
 

 
 

 
 


Delaware is bounded to the north by Pennsylvania, to the east by the Delaware River and the Atlantic Ocean and to the west and south by Maryland. The largest city is Wilmington, and the capital is Dover. The U.S. Air Force base outside Dover is one of the largest in the U.S.  In addition to its other responsibilities, Dover AFB serves as the entry point and morgue for American military persons (and some U.S. government civilians) who die overseas. 

There are no broadcast-television stations in Delaware, but there are cable-television stations and radio stations, and some of the out-of-state broadcast-television stations maintain small facilities in Delaware that can "upload" signals to the stations' main facilities.  The northern part of the state is served primarily by stations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the southern part by stations in Maryland.


Economy

The state product output for 1999 was $34 billion, placing it 42nd among the states. The Per Capita Personal Income of 2000 was $31,255.

Delaware's agricultural output consists of poultry, nursery stock, soybeans, dairy products and corn. Its industrial outputs include chemical products, processed foods, paper products, rubber and plastic products, scientific instruments, and publishing.

Delaware is well-known as the state of incorporation for many large U.S. businesses.  Delaware bankruptcy courts are very experienced with handling large, complex cases in a fair and equitable manner.  This makes Delaware attractive to businesses seeking stability and predictability.


Demographics


Area: 1,954 sq. miles

Population: 783,600 (2000)

Capital: Dover

Counties: 3 (see: Delaware counties)

Bird: Blue Hen Chicken

Flower: Peach Blossom

Tree: American Holly

Nicknames: First State, Diamond State, Blue Wonder


Education


Colleges and Universities




  • Delaware Law School of Widener University

  • Delaware State University

  • Delaware Technical and Community College

  • Goldey-Beacom College



  • University of Delaware

  • Wesley College

  • Wilmington College



Professional Sport Teams

Delaware is the home of the Wilmington Blue Rocks minor league baseball team.



Miscellaneous Information


Other Delaware Name Places


The Delaware River is a major river in the eastern United States, rising in New York State, forming the boundary between New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and emptying into Delaware Bay, which separates New Jersey from the state of Delaware.


Delaware Native Americans

Delaware is also the name of a Native American group (called in their own name Lenni Lenape)
that was very influential in the dawning days of the United States.


See Also

Delaware corporation


External links


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Equation of state
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In physics, equations of state attempt to describe the relationship between temperature, pressure, and volume for a given substance or mixture of substances. The ideal gas law, shown below, is one of the simplest equations of state. Although reasonably accurate for gases at low pressures and high temperatures, it becomes increasingly inaccurate at higher pressures and lower temperatures.  

Despite its shortcomings, the ideal gas law is used extensively in many fields of science and engineering.  Due to its simple form, straightforward solutions to a number of problems involving the equation of state can be obtained if the system of interrest can be assumed to behave as an ideal gas.  The solutions become much more complicated and difficult to use for the cases where more accurate (and complicated) equations of state must be used.

Using statistical mechanics, the ideal gas law can be derived by assuming that a gas is composed of a large number of small molecules, with no attractive or repulsive forces. In reality gas molecules do interact with attractive and repulsive forces. In fact it is these forces that result in the formation of liquids.

A major weakness of the ideal gas law is its failure to predict the formation of liquid. Most other equations of state do predict the formation of a liquid phase. Usually these equations are cubic in volume and when solved will have either one or three real roots. When there is one real root, there is no liquid phase and the solution corresponds to the volume of the gas phase. When three real roots exist, one solution corresponds to the gas phase and one to the liquid phase. The intermediate root is an artefact and has no real meaning.


Examples of Equations of State

In the following equations the variables are defined as follows, any consistent set of units can be used although SI units are preferred:


P = Pressure

V = Molar volume, the volume of 1 mole of gas or liquid

T = Temperature (K)


Ideal Gas Law




R = Ideal Gas Constant (8.31451 J/mol·K)


Van der Waals equation




Where a, b and R are constants that depend on the specific material. They can be calculated from the critical properties as:








Proposed in 1873, the van der Waals equation of state was one of the first to perform markedly better than the ideal gas law. In this landmark equation a is called the attraction parameter and b the repulsion parameter or the effective molecular volume. While the equation is definitely superior to the ideal gas law and does predict the formation of a liquid phase, the agreement with experimental data is limited for conditions where the liquid forms. While the van der Waals equation is commonly referenced in text-books and papers for historical reasons, it is now obsolete. Other modern equations of only slightly greater complexity are much more accurate.


The Virial Equation










Although usually not the most convenient equation of state, the Virial Equation is important because it can be derived directly from statistical mechanics. If appropriate assumptions are made about the mathematical form of intermolecular forces, theoretical expressions can be developed for each of the coefficients. In this case B corresponds to interactions between pairs of molecules, C to triplets, and so on.



Redlich-Kwong Equation of State








R = Ideal Gas constant (8.31451 J/mol·K)


Introduced in 1949 the Redlich-Kwong equation of state was a considerable improvement over other equations of the time. It is still of interest primarily due to its relatively simple form. While superior to the van der Waals equation of state, it performs poorly with respect to the liquid phase and thus cannot be used for accurately calculating vapor-liquid equilibria. Although, it can be used in conjunction with separate liquid-phase correlations for this purpose.

The Redlich-Kwong equation is adequate for calculation of gas phase properties when the ratio of the pressure to the critical pressure is less than about one-half of the ratio of the temperature to the critical temperature.


The Soave Equation




R = Ideal Gas constant (8.31451 J/mol·K)









Where ω is the acentric factor for the species.

for hydrogen:




In 1972 Soave replaced the a/√(T) term of the Redlich-Kwong equation with a function α(T,ω) involving the temperature and the acentric factor. The α function was devised to fit the vapor pressure data of hydrocarbons and the equation does fairly well for these materials.


The Peng-Robinson Equation of State




R = Ideal Gas constant (8.31451 J/mol·K)









Where ω is the acentric factor for the species.

The Peng-Robinson Equation was developed in 1976 in order to satisfy the following goals:

  1.  The parameters should be expressible in terms of the critical properties and the acentric factor.

  2.  The model should provide reasonable accuracy near the critical point, particularly for calculations of the Compressibility factor and liquid density.

  3.  The mixing rules should not employ more than a single binary interaction parameter, which should be independent of temperature pressure and composition.

  4.  The equation should be applicable to all calculations of all fluid properties in natural gas processes.
    

For the most part the Peng-Robinson Equation exhibits performance similar to the Soave equation, although it is generally superior in predicting the liquid densities of many materials, especially nonpolar ones.


The BWRS Equation of State




ρ = the molar density


Values of the various parameters for 15 substances can be found in: 

K.E. Starling, Fluid Properties for Light Petroleum Systems. Gulf Publishing Company (1973).


History


Boyle's law (1662)

Boyle's Law was perhaps the first expression of an equation of state.  In 1662 Robert Boyle, an Irishman, performed a series of experiments employing a J-shaped glass tube, which was sealed on one end. Mercury was added to the tube, trapping a fixed quantity of air in the short, sealed end of the tube.  Then the volume of gas was carefully measured as additional mercury was added to the tube.  The pressure of the gas could be determined by the difference between the mercury level in the short end of the tube and that in the long, open end.  Through these experiments, Boyle noted that the gas volume varied inversely with the pressure. In mathematical form, this can be stated as:


PV = constant


The above relationship has also been attributed to Edme Mariotte and is sometimes referred to as Mariotte's law.  However, Mariotte's work was not published until 1676.


Charles' law (1787)

In 1787 the French physist Jacques Charles found that oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and air expand to the same extent over the same 80 degree interval.  Later, in 1802, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac published results of similar experiments, indicating a linear relationship between volume and temperature:


V1/T1 = V2/T2


Dalton's law of partial pressures (1801)


The Ideal gas law (1834)

In 1834 Émile Clapeyron combined Boyle's Law and Charles' law into the first statement of the ideal gas law.  Initially the law was formulated as PV=R(T+267) (with temperature expressed in degrees celsius). However, later work revealed that the number should actually be 273.2, giving:


PV=R(T+273.2)


van der Waals Equation of State (1873)


Amagat's law (1880)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Equation of state."
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List of states and territories of India
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

India is subdivided into 28 states and 7 union territories.

States:

Union Territories:

See also: List of capitals of subnational entities


External links

Maps: [1],
[1]
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of states and territories of India."
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Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

We have a separable Hilbert space H. The states are the projective rays of H. An operator is a linear map from a dense subspace of H to H. If this operator is continuous, then this map can be uniquely extended to a bounded linear map from H to H. By tradition, observables are identified with operators, although this is rather questionable, especially in the presence of symmetries leading to superselection sectors. This is why some people prefer the density state formulation.

See also Schrödinger picture, Heisenberg picture, Born principle, relative state interpretation.

In this framework, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle becomes a theorem about noncommuting operators. Furthermore, both continuous and discrete observables may be accommodated; in the former case, the Hilbert space is a space of square-integrable wavefunctions.

In the Everett many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics,
postulate (3) is demoted to a phenomenological principle; see
quantum decoherence.


C* formulation

In this formulation, we have a C* algebra, the associative algebra of operators. Positive elements of its dual algebra is are called states and they describe the quantum states. This is related to the density matrix. Given a state, we can construct a unitary representation of it using the Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction. Two unitarily inequivalent representations are said to belong to different superselection sectors. Relative phases between superselection sectors are not observable.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics."
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Nation state
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The term nation state, while often used interchangeably with the term state, refers more properly to a state in which a single nation is dominant. Over the last few centuries (and particular over the last half-century, except in Africa), this form of state has become more common, so that now most states claim to be nation states. However, this has not always been so; and even today there are some states where it is questionable whether they contain a single dominant nation. This is made more difficult by the question of what is a nation. There are many states, such as Belgium and Switzerland, with multiple linguistic, religious or ethnic groups within them, without any one being clearly dominant. However, often (and especially in the case of Switzerland and the United States of America) a national identity has been constructed despite these differences. A better example of a non-nation state would be the United Kingdom, which consists of the four nations England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. While people do talk of a 'British nation', it is questionable whether such an entity really exists. And although England was overwhelmingly dominant within the United Kingdom in the past, that can no longer be so clearly stated as the case.

A somewhat similar example might be contemporary Spain, where Basques, Catalans, and Galicians claim to be nations distinct from the historically dominant Castile (the Spanish Constitution of 1978 hints at this by mentioning "regions and nationalities" within Spain). Historically France was more successful at subsuming within a Gallic nation-state such culturally disparate elements as Brittany, Aquitaine, Languedoc and Burgundy.

Some 20th-century attempts at artificially-created nation-states failed, notably Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

Examples of non-nation states are empires, city-states, thalassocracies, and sovereign corporations (as in the Hudson's Bay Company or the British East India Company).


Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Nation state."
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New York
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

New York












(In Detail)
(Full size)





State nickname: Empire State





Other U.S. States


Capital                      
Albany


Largest City                     
New York City


Area
 - Total 
 - Land 
 - Water 
 - % water

Ranked 27th 

141,205 km2

122,409 km2 
 
18,795 km2 

13.3%
               

Population 

 - Total (2000) 

 - Density                  		
Ranked 3rd

 18,976,457

 134/km2 


Admittance into Union

 - Order

 - Date                   

11th

July 26, 1788


Time zone  
Eastern: UTC-5/-4




Latitude

Longitude                  

40°29'40"N to 45°0'42"N

71°47'25"W to 79°45'54"W




Width

Length

Elevation
 
-Highest
 
-Mean
 
-Lowest

455 km 

530 km 
 

1,629 meters

305 meters

0 meters



ISO 3166-2:US-NY



Alternate meaning: New York City

New York is a state in the northeastern United States and its U.S. postal abbreviation is NY.

History

See: History of New York

The Dutch were the first settlers in New York, establishing Fort Orange near Albany in 1624 and New Amsterdam on the island of Manhattan a year later. After the English took over in the 1660s, the colony was renamed New York, after the Duke of York.

In 1683, the government was reorganized into a pattern still followed, and the state was divided into twelve counties, each of which was subdivided into towns. Ten of those counties still exist (see below), but two (Cornwall and Dukes) were in territory purchased by the Duke of York from the Earl of Sterling, and are no longer within the territory of the State of New York, having been transferred by treaty to Massachusetts, Dukes in 1686 and Cornwall in 1692. (Cornwall County became a large portion of the State of Maine when that state was detached from Massachusetts in 1819; Dukes County is still a county in Massachusetts.) While the number of counties has been increased to 62, the pattern still remains that a town in New York State is a subdivision of a county, rather than an incorporated municipality as in most (but not all) other States.

New York was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution.


Law and Government

See: List of New York Governors

As in all fifty states, the head of the executive branch of government is a Governor.  The legislative branch is called the Legislature, and consists of a Senate and an Assembly. For many years, the two houses of the state legislature have been controlled by different political parties, making legislation and particularly budgeting difficult. Unlike most States, the New York electoral law permits electoral fusion, and New York ballots tend to have, in consequence, a larger number of parties on them, some being permanent minor parties that seek to influence the major parties and others being ephemeral parties formed to give major-party candidates an additional line on the ballot.


Geography

See: List of New York counties


It borders Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Canada (Quebec and Ontario), Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the Atlantic Ocean. The state includes everything from skyscrapers in Manhattan to rivers, mountains, and lakes in upstate New York. Niagara Falls is one of the chief attractions. Three major islands form an important part of the state: Long Island, Manhattan Island, and  Staten Island.  The Hudson River flows through the eastern portion of the state.


Economy

New York is the leading center of banking, finance and communication in the United States. Its 1999 total gross state product was $755 billion, second only to California in the nation. Its 2000 Per Capita Personal Income was $34,547, placing it 4th in the nation. New York's agricultural outputs are dairy products, cattle and other livestock, vegetables, nursery stock, and apples. Its industrial outputs are printing and publishing, scientific instruments, electric equipment, machinery, chemical products, and tourism.


Agriculture

New York State is an agricultural leader, ranking within the top five states for a number of products including dairy, apples, cherries, cabbage, potatoes, onions, maple syrup and many other products. The state has about a quarter of its land in farms and produced 3.4 billion dollars in agricultural products in 2001. The south shore of Lake Ontario provides the right mix of soils and microclimate for many apple, cherry, plum, pear and peach orchards. Apples are also grown in the Hudson Valley and near Lake Champlain. The south shore of Lake Erie and the southern Finger Lakes hillsides have many vinyards. The Finger Lakes area is famous for award-winning farm wineries.

New York was heavily glaciated in the Ice Age leaving much of the state with deep, fertile, though somewhat rocky soils. Row crops, including hay, corn (also known as maize), wheat, oats, barley, and soybeans. Particularly in the western part of the state, sweet corn, peas, carrots, squash, cucumbers and other vegetables are grown. The Hudson and Mohawk valleys are known for pumpkins and blueberries. The glaciers also left numerous swampy areas, which have been drained for the rich humus soils called muckland which is mostly used for onions, potatoes, celery and other vegetables. Dairy farms are present throughout much of the state. Cheese is a major product, often produced by Amish or Mennonite farm cheeseries. New York is rich in nectar producing plants and is a major honey producing state. The honeybees are also used for pollination of fruits and vegetables. Most commercial beekeepers are migratory, taking their hives to southern states for the winter. Most cities have Farmers' markets which are well supplied by local truck farmers.

Demographics

As of 2000, New York is the third largest state in population after California and Texas, with a population of 18,976,457.



Important Cities and Towns

Albany is the state capital, and New York City is by far the largest city.

Its major cities and towns are:




  • New York City

  • Buffalo

  • Rochester

  • Yonkers

  • Syracuse

  • Albany



  • New Rochelle

  • Mount Vernon

  • Schenectady

  • Utica

  • Binghamton



Education


Colleges and Universities




  • Adelphi University

  • Albany College of Pharmacy

  • Alfred University

  • Audrey Cohen College

  • Bank Street College of Education

  • Bard College

  • Barnard College

  • Boricua College

  • Canisius College

  • Cazenovia College

  • City University of New York System

    • Baruch College

    • Brooklyn College

    • City College

    • College of Staten Island

    • Graduate School and University Center of the City University of New York

    • Hunter College

    • John Jay College

    • Lehman College

    • Medgar Evers College

    • Queens College

    • York College

  • Clarkson University

  • Colgate University

  • College of Aeronautics

  • College of Mount St. Vincent

  • College of New Rochelle

  • College of Saint Rose

  • Columbia University

  • Concordia College, Bronxville

  • The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art

  • Cornell University

  • Daemen College

  • Dominican College

  • Dowling College

  • D´Youville College

  • Elmira College

  • Excelsior College

  • Five Towns College

  • Fordham University

  • Hamilton College

  • Hartwick College

  • Hilbert College

  • Hobart and William Smith Colleges

  • Hofstra University

  • Houghton College

  • Iona College

  • Ithaca College

  • The Jewish Theological Seminary of America

  • The Juilliard School

  • Keuka College

  • Le Moyne College

  • Laboratory Institute of Merchandising

  • Long Island University

    • Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

    • Long Island University Brentwood Campus

    • Long Island University Brooklyn Campus

    • Long Island University C.W. Post Campus

    • Long Island University Rockland Graduate Campus

    • Southampton College

    • Long Island University Westchester Campus

  • Manhattan College

  • Manhattan School of Music

  • Manhattanville College

  • Marist College

  • Marymount College

  • Marymount Manhattan College

  • Medaille College

  • Mercy College

  • Molloy College

  • Monroe College

  • Mount Saint Mary College

  • Nazareth College



  • New School University

  • New York College of Podiatric Medicine

  • New York Institute of Technology

  • New York Medical College

  • New York University

  • Niagara University

  • Pace University

  • Parsons School of Design

  • Paul Smith's College

  • Polytechnic University of New York

  • Pratt Institute

  • Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

  • Roberts Wesleyan College

  • Rochester Institute of Technology

  • The Rockefeller University

  • The Sage Colleges

  • Sarah Lawrence College

  • St. Bonaventure University

  • Saint Francis College

  • St. John Fisher College

  • St. John's University 

  • St. Joseph's College

  • St. Lawrence University

  • St. Thomas Aquinas College

  • Sarah Lawrence College

  • School of Visual Arts

  • Siena College

  • Skidmore College

  • State University of New York System

    • Alfred State College

    • State University of New York Albany

    • State University of New York Binghamton

    • State University of New York Buffalo

    • State University of New York Stony Brook

    • State University of New York Brockport

    • State University of New York Buffalo (Buffalo State College) 

    • State University of New York Cortland

    • State University of New York Fredonia

    • State University of New York Geneseo

    • State University of New York New Paltz

    • State University of New York Old Westbury

    • State University of New York Oneonta

    • State University of New York Oswego

    • State University of New York Plattsburgh

    • State University of New York Potsdam

    • State University of New York Purchase

    • State University of New York Cobleskill

    • State University of New York Morrisville

    • State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry

    • State University of New York Farmingdale

    • State University of New York Empire State College

    • Fashion Institute of Technology

    • State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn

    • State University of New York Health Science Center at Syracuse

    • State University of New York Institute of Technology

    • Maritime College State University of New York 

  • Syracuse University

  • Teachers College, Columbia University

  • Touro College

    • Touro University International

  • Unification Theological Seminary

  • Union College

  • Union Theological Seminary

  • United States Merchant Marine Academy

  • United States Military Academy (West Point)

  • University of Rochester

  • Utica College of Syracuse University

  • Vassar College

  • Wagner College

  • Webb Institute

  • Wells College

  • Yeshiva University



Professional Sports Teams




  • National Football League

    • Buffalo Bills

    • The following teams play in East Rutherford, New Jersey, but are usually considered New York teams

      • New York Jets

      • New York Giants

  • New York Knicks, National Basketball Association

  • New York Liberty, Women's National Basketball Association

  • New York Power, Women's United Soccer Association

  • National Hockey League

    • Buffalo Sabres

    • New York Rangers

    • New York Islanders

  • Major League Baseball

    • New York Mets

    • New York Yankees

  • Major League Lacrosse

    • Long Island Lizards

    • Rochester Rattlers



  • Minor League Baseball teams

    • Brooklyn Cyclones

    • Staten Island Yankees

    • Binghamton Mets

    • Buffalo Bisons

    • Jamestown Jammers

    • Batavia Muckdogs

    • Rochester Red Wings

    • Auburn Doubledays

    • Syracuse SkyChiefs

    • Oneonta Tigers

    • Tri-Valley ValleyCats

    • Hudson Valley Renegades

  • Major League Soccer

    • MetroStars (Based in East Rutherford, New Jersey)



Miscellanea

USS New York was named in honor of this state.


External Links


Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "New York."
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Phase (matter)
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i.e. density, crystal structure, index of refraction, and so forth.) The most familiar examples of phases are solids, liquids, and gases. Less familiar phases include plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates, and the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials.

Phases are sometimes called states of matter, but this term can lead to confusion with thermodynamic states. For example, two gases maintained at different pressures are in different thermodynamic states, but the same "state of matter".

Definitions

Although phases are conceptually simple, they are hard to define precisely. A good definition of a phase of a system is a region in the parameter space of the system's thermodynamic variables in which the free energy is analytic. Equivalently, two states of a system are in the same phase if they can be transformed into each other without abrupt changes in any of their thermodynamic properties.

All the thermodynamic properties of a system -- the entropy, heat capacity, magnetization, compressibility, and so forth -- may be expressed in terms of the free energy and its derivatives. For example, the entropy is simply the first derivative of the free energy with temperature. As long as the free energy remains analytic, all the thermodynamic properties will be well-behaved.

When a system goes from one phase to another, there will generally be a stage where the free energy is non-analytic. This is known as a phase transition. Familiar examples of phase transitions are melting (solid to liquid), freezing (liquid to solid), boiling (liquid to gas), and condensation (gas to liquid). Due to this non-analyticity, the free energies on either side of the transition are two different functions, so one or more thermodynamic properties will behave very differently after the transition. The property most commonly examined in this context is the heat capacity. During a transition, the heat capacity may become infinite, jump abruptly to a different value, or exhibit a "kink" or discontinuity in its derivative.





Possible graphs of heat capacity (C) against temperature (T) at a phase transition.


In practice, each type of phase is distinguished by a handful of relevant thermodynamic properties. For example, the distinguishing feature of a solid is its rigidity; unlike a liquid or a gas, a solid does not easily change its shape. Liquids are distinct from gases because they have much lower compressibility: a gas placed in a large container expands to fill the container, whereas a liquid forms a puddle in the bottom of the container. Not all the properties of solids, liquids, and gases are distinct; for example, it is not useful to compare their magnetic properties. On the other hand, the ferromagnetic phase of a magnetic material is distinguished from the paramagnetic phase by the presence of bulk magnetization without an applied magnetic field.


Emergence and universality

Phases are emergent phenomena produced by the self-organization of a macroscopic number of particles. Typical samples of matter, for example, contain around 1023 particles (Avogadro's number). In systems that are too small -- even, say, a thousand atoms -- the distinction between phases disappears, since the appearance of non-analyticity in the free energy requires a huge, formally infinite, number of particles to be present.

One might ask why real systems exhibit phases, since they are not actually infinite. The reason is that real systems contain thermodynamic fluctuations. When a system is far from a phase transition, these fluctuations are unimportant, but as it approaches a phase transition, the fluctuations begin to grow in size (i.e. spatial extent). At the ideal transition point, their size would be infinite, but before that can happen the fluctuations will have become as large as the system itself. In this regime, "finite-size" effects come into play, and we are unable to accurately predict the behavior of the system. Thus, phases in a real system are only well-defined away from phase transitions, and how far away it needs to be is dependent on the size of the system.

There is a corollary to the emergent nature of phase phenomena, known as the principle of universality. The properties of phases are largely independent of the underlying microscopic physics, so that the same types of phases arise in a wide variety of systems. This is a familiar fact of life. We know, for example, that the property that defines a solid -- resistance to deformation -- is exhibited by materials as diverse as iron, ice, and Silly Putty. The only differences are matters of scale. Iron may resist deformation more strongly than Silly Putty, but both maintain their shape if the applied forces are not too strong.


Phase diagrams

The different phases of a system may be represented using a phase diagram. The axes of the diagrams are the relevant thermodynamic variables. For simple mechanical systems, we generally use the pressure and temperature. The following figure shows a phase diagram for a typical material exhibiting solid, liquid and gaseous phases.





A typical phase diagram.


The markings on the phase diagram show the points where the free energy is non-analytic. The open spaces, where the free energy is analytic, correspond to the phases. The phases are separated by lines of non-analyticity, where phase transitions occur, which are called phase boundaries.

In the above diagram, the phase boundary between liquid and gas does not continue indefinitely. Instead, it terminates at a point on the phase diagram called the critical point. This reflects the fact that, at extremely high temperatures and pressures, the liquid and gaseous phases become indistinguishable. In water, the critical point occurs at around 647 K (374 °C or 705 °F) and 22.064 MPa.

The existence of the liquid-gas critical point reveals a slight ambiguity in our above definitions. When going from the liquid to the gaseous phase, one usually crosses the phase boundary, but it is possible to choose a path that never crosses the boundary by going to the right of the critical point. Thus, phases can sometimes blend continuously into each other. We should note, however, that this does not always happen. For example, it is impossible for the solid-liquid phase boundary to end in a critical point in the same way as the liquid-gas boundary, because the solid and liquid phases have different symmetry.

An interesting thing to note is that the solid-liquid phase boundary in the phase diagram of most substances, such as the one shown above, has a positive slope. This is due to the solid phase having a higher density than the liquid, so that increasing the pressure increases the melting temperature. However, in the phase diagram for water the solid-liquid phase boundary has a negative slope. This reflects the fact that ice has a lower density than water, which is an unusual property for a material.


Polymorphism

Many substances can exist in a variety of solid phases each corresponding to a unique crystal structure. These varying crystal phases of the same substance are called polymorphs. Diamond and graphite are examples of polymorphs of carbon. Graphite is composed of layers of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms, in which each carbon atom is strongly bound to three neighboring atoms in the same layer and is weakly bound to atoms in the neighboring layers. By contrast in diamond each carbon atom is strongly bound to four neighboring carbon atoms in a cubic array. The unique crystal structures of graphite and diamond are responsible for the vastly different properties of these two materials.

Each polymorph of a given substance is usually only stable over a specific range of conditions. For example, diamond is only stable at extremely high pressures. Graphite is the stable form of carbon at normal atmospheric pressures. Although diamond is not stable at atmospheric pressures and should transform to graphite, we know that diamonds exist at these pressures. This is because at normal temperatures the transformation from diamond to graphite is extremely slow. If we were to heat the diamond, the rate of transformation would increase and the diamond would become graphite. However, at normal temperatures the diamond can persist for a very long time. Non-equilibrium phases like diamond that exist for long periods of time are said to be metastable.

Another important example of metastable polymorphs occurs during the processing of steel. Steels are often subjected to a variety of thermal treatments designed to produce various combinations of stable and metastable iron phases. In this way the steel properties, such as hardness and strength can be adjusted by controlling the relative amounts and crystal sizes of the various phases that form.


Phase separation

Different parts of a system may exist in different phases, in which case the phases are usually separated by boundary surfaces.

Gibbs' phase rule describes the number of phases that can be present at equilibrium for a given system at various conditions. The phase rule indicates that for a single component system at most three phases (usually gas, liquid and solid) can co-exist in equilibrium. The three phases can all co-exist only at a single specific temperature and pressure, characteristic of the material, called the triple point. The conditions where two phases become indistinguishable is called a critical point. The phase rule also indicates that two phases can only co-exist at equilibrium for specific combinations of temperature and pressure. For example for a liquid-gas system if the vapor pressure is lower than that corresponding to the temperature, the system will not be at equilibrium, rather the liquid will tend to evaporate until the vapor pressure reaches the appropriate level or all of the liquid is consumed. Likewise, if the vapor pressure is too great for the given temperature condensation will occur.

For the case of multi-component systems the phase rule indicates that additional phases are possible. A common example of this occurs in mixtures of mutually insoluble substances such as water and oil. If a few drops of oil are poured into pure water, there will be a small amount of intermixing, but there will be two distinct phases: one primarily oil and the other primarily water. The exact composition of the phases will be a function of the temperature and pressure but not a function of the amount of oil. It may be possible to change the temperature such that one of the phases disappears: for example, if the mixture is heated, it is possible that at some temperature, all of the oil is dissolved in the water. Above this temperature there is only one phase, and the composition of the phase does depend on how much oil was put in.

Phase separation can also exist in two dimensions. The boundaries between phases, the surfaces of materials, and the grain boundaries between different crystallographic orientations of a single material can also show distinct phases. For example, surface reconstructions on metal and semiconductor surfaces are two dimensional phases.


See also


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Rio de Janeiro (state)
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Rio de Janeiro is one of the states of Brazil, on the southeastern coast. Its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro, which was the colony's capital from 1764 (the first being Salvador da Bahia), and the nation's capital from 1822 to 1960.

Governor: Rosângela Matheus

Flag: 

Other cities include:

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State
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This article discusses states as sovereign political entities. For other meanings, see State (disambiguation).


In international law and international relations, a state is a political entity possessing sovereignty, i.e. not being subject to any higher political authority. 

The definition of "state" in the meaning of a political subdivisions of some countries, is related as it emphasizes the intention of a confederation where these state governments are seen as possessing some powers independently of the federal government. Often these states existed before their creation of a federal régime.

In casual language, the idea of a "state" and a "country" are usually regarded as synonymous, although some speakers, notably in the United States, make efforts to use "country" or "nation" for the sovereign entities. Others would primarily understand "the State" as a synonym for "the Government", or be careful to distinguish between a territorial "country" and a "nation" of people.

The legal criteria for statehood are generally accepted to be those set out in Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention.  "The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states." (The Montevideo is a regional American convention; but the principles contained in this article have been generally recognized as an accurate statement of customary international law.) However, some have questioned whether these criteria are sufficient.

A major issue is the difference between the constitutive and declarative theories of recognition of states. According to the constitutive theory, a state exists only insofar as it is recognized by other states. The declarative theory, by contrast, holds that the existence of a state is independent of its recognition by other states. Which theory is correct is a controversial issue in international law.  An example in practice was the collapse of central government in Somalia in the early 1990s: the Montevideo convention would imply that the state of Somalia no longer existed, and the  subsequently declared republic of Somaliland (comprising part of the so-called "former" Somalia) may meet the criteria for statehood.  However the self-declared republic has not achieved recognition by other states.

A further controversy, within political philosophy, centers on the question of when the state came into being, and what its basic characteristics are.  The sociologist Norbert Elias famously defined the state as an institution that has a monopoly on legitimate violence in a particular geographic area.  One of the most basic characteristics of a state is regulation of property rights, investment, trade and the commodity markets (in food, fuel, etc.) typically using its own currency.  Although states increasingly cede these powers to trade bloc entities, e.g. North American Free Trade Agreement, European Union, it is always controversial to do so, and opens the question of whether these blocs are in fact simply larger states.  The study of political economy which evolved into the modern study of economics studies these specific questions in more detail.

A problem is that states are often to some extent dependent of dominant and more powerful states, and/or by their free will subject to higher political authorities, as for instance the United Nations, the European Union, the World Trade Organization or other international organizations.
However, although states often are in practice subject in this way, they are much stronger in relation to international organizations or other states than lower (substate) political subdivisions normally are in relation to states. But the trend at the moment is for the power of superstate levels of governance to increase, and there is no sign of this increase abating. Many (especially those who favour constitutional theories of international law) therefore reject as outdated the idea of sovereignty, and view the state as just the chief political subdivision of the planet.


See also:
 

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State (computer science)
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In computer science, state is a concept in automata theory which occasionally extends into some forms of systems programming such as lexers and parsers.

Whether the automaton in question is a finite state machine, a pushdown automaton or a full-fledged Turing machine, a state is a particular set of instructions which will be executed in response to the machine's input. The state can be thought of as analogous to a practical computer's main memory. the behavior of the system is a function of (a) the definition of the automaton, (b) the input, and (c) the current state.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "State (computer science)."
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State (disambiguation)
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The term state may refer to:




Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "State (disambiguation)."
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State (national)
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

One meaning of state is a subnational entity of some countries:

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State court
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Under the laws of the United States, most disputes are properly taken to the courts of the state in which the dispute arose. Disputes are heard and evidence presented in a district court, usually located in a courthouse in the county seat.

If one of the litigants is unsatisfied with the decision of the lower court, the matter may be appealed (except that an acquittal in a criminal trial may not be appealed. The highest appellate court is usually called the state supreme court. There is usually an intermediate appellate court, often called the state court of appeals. (In New York, however, the Court of Appeals is the highest state court, and the State Supreme Court, Civil Court, and Criminal Court collectively are the lowest courts.)

There is usually a county court which hears criminal arraignments and tries petty matters. Cities often have city courts which hear traffic offenses and violations of city ordinances.

The relationship between state courts and federal courts is quite complicated. Although the federal Constitution and federal laws override state laws, it is not the case that state courts are subordinate to federal courts, rather they are more accurately two sets of parallel courts. With regard to an interpretation
of a state law, all Federal courts must defer to the interpretation of the state courts.  A case can be moved from a state court to a Federal court only under two conditions.  The first is if the case involves federal law or the U.S. Constitution. The second is if the case is between persons of different states.  In the latter case, a litigant can bring a matter either to state court or federal court, and deciding on the jurisdiction is part of litigation strategy.

The United States Supreme Court sometimes accepts appeals of cases from state courts, if the justices believe that the case involves a federal question. Appeals to the federal courts from state courts are frequent in the case of death penalty cases in which a federal court is asked to review whether a defendant has been given due process of law.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "State court."
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State pattern
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A behavioral software design pattern, state pattern is used for computer programming to control the state in the program.

See also: Strategy pattern, Dynamic classification, Run and return successor, Duality between state and class
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "State pattern."
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State terrorism
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
State terrorism is terrorism considered as carried out or sponsored by a government. Like terrorism generally, state terrorism involves deliberate attacks on civilians, for the purpose of attaining a political or religious goal. Some advocates, such as anti-communists, consider that Stalin's purges also constitute state terrorism; there is much disagreement, however, on what to call this: genocide, crime against humanity, mass murder are also possible descriptions.

The assassination of dissidents in exile (such as the 1940 murder of Leon Trotsky in Mexico by agents of Josef Stalin) might also be considered an example of state terrorism.

Various advocates have accused 

of state terrorism.

In the case of US support of state terrorism, Michael Moore's documentary film Bowling for Columbine provides the following list:

1. 1953: U.S. overthrows Prime Minister Mossadegh of Iran. U.S. installs the
Shah as dictator.

2. 1954: U.S. overthrows democratically elected President Arbenz of
Guatemala. 20,000 civilians are killed.

3. 1963: U.S. backs assassination of South Vietnamese President Diem.

4. 1963-1975: U.S. military kills 4 million people in Southeast Asia.

5. September 11, 1973: U.S. stages a military coup in Chile. Democratically
elected president Salvador Allende is assassinated. Dictator General [[Augusto
Pinochet]] is installed. 5,000 Chileans are murdered.

6. 1977: U.S. backs military rulers of El Salvador. 7,000 Salvadorans and four
American nuns are killed.

7. 1980s: U.S. trains Osama bin Laden and fellow Muslim terrorists to kill
Soviet soldiers. CIA gives them $3 billion.

8. 1981: Reagan administration trains and funds Contras to fight communist
government. 30,000 Nicaraguans die.

9. 1982: U.S. provides billions in aid to Saddam Hussein for weapons to kill
Iranians.

10. 1983: The White House secretly gives Iran weapons to kill Iraqis.

11. 1989: CIA agent Manuel Noriega (also serving as president of Panama)
disobeys orders from Washington. U.S. invades Panama and removes
Noriega.

12. 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait with weapons from U.S.

13. 1991: U.S. enters Iraq. Bush reinstates dictator of Kuwait.

14. 1998: U.S. bombs “weapons factory” in Sudan. The factory turns out to be
making aspirin.

15. 1991-making of the film: U.S. planes bomb Iraq on a weekly basis. The
United Nations estimates that 500,000 Iraqi children die from bombing and
sanctions.

16. 2000-2001: U.S. gives Taliban-ruled Afghanistan $245 million in aid.

In the case of Chile, under the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, not only they develop a extended policy of State terrorism against civilians, but also in the international arena against perceived enemies, including the assassinations of Orlando Letelier in Washington DC by a car bomb, Gen. Carlos Prats in Argentina in similar circumstances, and the attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton in Italy.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "State terrorism."
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States of Austria
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The States of Austria, or Bundesländer, are the federal states of Austria.



The nine Bundesländer with ISO 3166-2 code are:



States of Austria

EnglishGermanISO State capitalArea¹Population²Gov web


BurgenlandBurgenlandAT-1BEisenstadt3'965277'569bgld.gv.at

CarinthiaKärntenAT-2KKlagenfurt9'536559'404 ktn.gv.at

Lower AustriaNiederösterreichAT-3NSt. Pölten19'1781'545'804noel.gv.at

Upper AustriaOberösterreichAT-4OLinz11'9821'376'797ooe.gv.at

SalzburgSalzburgAT-5SSalzburg7'154515'327sbg.gv.at

StyriaSteiermarkAT-6StGraz16'3921'183'303stmk.gv.at

TyrolTirolAT-7TInnsbruck12'648673'504tirol.gv.at

VorarlbergVorarlbergAT-8VBregenz2'601372'791vorarlberg.at

ViennaWienAT-9Wn/a (city-state)414,651'550'123wien.gv.at


¹in km² ²on 2001-05-15

See also: Bundesland, List of subnational entities, List of capitals of subnational entities


External link

Map



Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "States of Austria."
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States of Brazil
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
There are 27 States of Brazil, or Estados in Portuguese, which are the federal states of Brazil, plus the Federal District which holds the capital city, Brasília.

The twenty-six states are:

plus one extra federated unity,

See also: Brazil, List of subnational entities, List of capitals of subnational entities


External link

Map
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "States of Brazil."
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States of Germany
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Germany is a federation of 16 states called Länder (singular Land) or Bundesländer (singular Bundesland).



The 16 Länder are: 


  1. Baden-Württemberg 

  2. Bavaria (Bayern) 

  3. Berlin (city-state)

  4. Brandenburg 

  5. Bremen (city-state)

  6. Hamburg (city-state) 

  7. Hesse (Hessen) 

  8. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

  9. Lower Saxony  (Niedersachsen) 

  10. North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen) 

  11. Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz) 

  12. Saarland 

  13. Saxony (Sachsen) 

  14. Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt) 

  15. Schleswig-Holstein 

  16. Thuringia (Thüringen) 
    

Functions
 

The Basic Law stipulates that the structure of Land government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government based on the rule of law" (Article 28[1]). Thirteen of the Länder are governed by a cabinet led by a minister president together with a unicameral legislative body, the Landtag (pl., Landtage). The relationship between the legislative and executive branches mirrors that in the federal system: the legislatures are popularly elected, typically for four years, and the minister president is chosen by a majority vote among Landtag members. The minister president appoints a cabinet to run Land  agencies and carry out the executive duties of the Land  government. Until 1999, Bavaria was the only Land with a bicameral legislature; the Landtag being popularly elected, with the second chamber, the Senate, consists of representatives of the major social and economic groups in Bavaria.
In 1998, voters approved a proposal to abolish the Senate, with effect from December 1999. In the city Länder of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg, the executive branch consists of a popularly elected Senate. The senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers in the larger Länder. The senate chooses a senate president in Bremen and a mayor in Berlin and Hamburg to serve as chief executive. Land cabinets consist of about ten ministers; the most important is the minister of the interior, who directs the internal administration of the Land  and commands the police.

Politics at the Land level often carry implications for federal politics. Opposition victories in Landtag elections--which take place throughout the federal government's four-year term--can weaken the federal government coalition. This was the case for the fall from the chancellorship of Konrad Adenauer in 1963 and that of Willy Brandt in 1974. The Land elections are also viewed as a barometer of support for the policies of the federal government. If the parties of the governing coalition lose support in successive Land elections, those results may foreshadow difficulties for the federal government. The outcome of Land elections also directly affects the composition of the Bundesrat. In the early 1990s, the opposition SPD commanded a two-thirds majority in that legislative chamber, which made it particularly difficult for the CDU/CSU-FDP government to achieve the constitutional changes it sought. Today (2003) the situation is reversed, the SPD government being severely hindered by a large CDU majority in the Bundesrat. At the same time, the powers of the Lands in their own territories have been much diminished in the last decades with the ever-increasing amount of federal legislation. Due to these twin problems, a commision has been formed to examine the possibility of instituting a clearer separation of federal and Land powers.




Further subdivisions

The city-states of Berlin and Hamburg are not subdivided. The state Bremen consists of two district-cities, Bremen and Bremerhaven. In the other Länder there are the following subdivisions:


Gemeinden are ruled by elected councils and an executive, the mayor, who is chosen by either the council or the people, depending on the Bundesland. Gemeinden  have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or Land government. Such programs typically might relate to youth, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees Gemeinden "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law." Under this broad statement of competence, local governments can justify a wide range of activities. For instance, many municipalities develop the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial parks. Local authorities foster cultural activities by supporting local artists and building arts centers. Local government also provides basic public utilities, such as gas and electricity, as well as public transportation. Most of these functions are currently (2003) under threat since the communities are notoriously badly financed.
See also:

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States of Mexico
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Mexico is divided into 31 states (estados) and 1 Federal District (Distrito Federal), which contains the capital, Mexico City.

States and their capital cities:

External link

Map
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "States of Mexico."
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U.S. state
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A U.S. State is any one of the fifty states which is a member of the federation known as the United States of America.  Sovereignty is divided between the individual states and the federal government.  Under the United States Constitution, the federal government can legislate only on matters explicitly delegated to it by the Constitution, with the remaining governmental powers belonging to the states.


Map




List of states

The states, with their US postal abbreviations and capitals, are:



  •  AL Alabama - Montgomery

  •  AK Alaska - Juneau

  •  AZ Arizona - Phoenix

  •  AR Arkansas - Little Rock

  •  CA California - Sacramento

  •  CO Colorado - Denver

  •  CT Connecticut - Hartford

  •  DE Delaware - Dover

  •  FL Florida - Tallahassee

  •  GA Georgia - Atlanta

  •  HI Hawaii - Honolulu

  •  ID Idaho - Boise

  •  IL Illinois - Springfield

  •  IN Indiana - Indianapolis

  •  IA Iowa - Des Moines

  •  KS Kansas - Topeka

  •  KY Kentucky - Frankfort

  •  LA Louisiana - Baton Rouge

  •  ME Maine - Augusta

  •  MD Maryland - Annapolis

  •  MA Massachusetts - Boston

  •  MI Michigan - Lansing

  •  MN Minnesota - Saint Paul

  •  MS Mississippi - Jackson

  •  MO Missouri - Jefferson City



  •  MT Montana - Helena

  •  NC North Carolina - Raleigh

  •  ND North Dakota - Bismarck

  •  NE Nebraska - Lincoln

  •  NV Nevada - Carson City

  •  NH New Hampshire - Concord

  •  NJ New Jersey - Trenton

  •  NM New Mexico - Santa Fe

  •  NY New York - Albany

  •  OH Ohio - Columbus

  •  OK Oklahoma - Oklahoma City

  •  OR Oregon - Salem

  •  PA Pennsylvania - Harrisburg

  •  RI Rhode Island - Providence

  •  SC South Carolina - Columbia

  •  SD South Dakota - Pierre

  •  TN Tennessee - Nashville

  •  TX Texas - Austin

  •  UT Utah - Salt Lake City

  •  VT Vermont - Montpelier

  •  VA Virginia - Richmond

  •  WA Washington - Olympia

  •  WV West Virginia - Charleston

  •  WI Wisconsin - Madison

  •  WY Wyoming - Cheyenne


In addition to the states, several other areas belong to the United States:

For a complete list of dependent areas and other territory under current or former control of the US, see United States Dependent areas.

Unlike states the authority to rule those areas comes not from the people of those areas but from the Federal government, however in most cases Congress has granted a large amount of self-rule.


History

Upon the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain, there were 13 states.  States can be admitted to the Union by Congress.

The Constitution is silent on the issue of the secession of a state from the United States. The Civil War was fought to prevent states from leaving the Union.  Some people claim that it is still not established whether any state can secede legally.


Various facts about the states


Grouping of the states in regions


 


States may be grouped in regions. This is not official, definitions vary, see the separate articles. They are: 


See also Geography of the United States.


See also


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United States
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The United States of America (U.S.A.), also referred to as the United States (U.S.),  America, or the States, is a federal republic in North America and the Pacific Ocean. Founded along the Atlantic coast, it spread westward to the Pacific Ocean. It shares land borders with Canada in the north and Mexico in the south, shares a marine border with Russia in the west, and has a collection of districts, territories, and possessions around the globe.  The country has 50 states, which have a level of local autonomy.

The United States traces its national origin to the declaration by 13 British colonies in 1776 that they were free and independent states. Since the mid-20th century it has eclipsed every other nation in terms of economic, political, military, and cultural influence.





United States of America









(In Detail)
Great Seal




National mottos

(1776 - ): E Pluribus Unum

(Latin: "Out of many, one")

(1956 - ): In God We Trust






Official language            None at federal level,
some states specify
English de facto


Capital              Washington, DC


Largest City              New York City


PresidentGeorge W. Bush


Area
 - Total 
 - % water 		Ranked 3rd 
9,372,610 km² 
 2.198% 
               

Population 
 - Total (2000) 
 - Density 		Ranked 3rd
281,421,906  
31/km²


Independence
 - Declared
 - Recognized  		Revolutionary War 
July 4, 1776 
September 3, 1783 



GDP (base PPP) 

 - Total (2002) 


 - GDP/head 		Ranked 1st

10,40 trillions $ 

 37,600 $ 


Currency                     US dollar ($)


Time zone                    UTC -5 to UTC -10


National anthem              The Star-Spangled Banner


Internet TLD.US .EDU .GOV .MIL


Calling Code1






History

Main article: History of the United States 

Following the European colonization of the Americas, the United States became the world's first modern democracy after its break with Great Britain, with a Declaration of Independence in 1776. The original political structure was a confederation in 1777, ratified in 1781 as the Articles of Confederation. After long debate, this was supplanted by the Constitution of a more centralized federal government in 1789. During the 19th century, many new states were added to the original thirteen as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. Two of the major traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the American Civil War (1861-65) and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Buoyed by victories in World War I and World War II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the U.S. remains the world's most powerful nation-state.


See also: Military History of the United States, Timeline of United States history


Politics

Main article: Politics of the United States

The United States of America consists of 50 states with limited autonomy in which federal law takes precedence over state law. In general, matters that lie entirely within state borders are the exclusive concern of state governments. These include internal communications; regulations relating to property, industry, business, and public utilities; the state criminal code; and working conditions within the state. Many state laws are quite similar from state to state. Finally, there are many areas of overlap between state and federal jurisdictions. 

In recent years, the federal government has assumed broader responsibility in such matters as health, education, welfare, transportation, and housing and urban development. The constitutions of the various states differ in some details but generally follow a pattern similar to that of the federal Constitution, including a statement of the rights of the people and a plan for organizing the government. On such matters as the operation of businesses, banks, public utilities, and charitable institutions, state constitutions are often more detailed and explicit than the federal constitution.

The federal government itself consists of three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. The head of the executive branch is the President of the United States. The legislative branch consists of the United States Congress, while the Supreme Court of the United States is the head of the judicial branch. The President is elected to a four year term by the U.S. Electoral College.  The various electors are in turn chosen primarily by the popular votes in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.  Members of Congress are elected at varying dates, as are state Governors and state legislatures. 

The federal and state government is dominated by two political parties, the Republicans and the Democrats. The dominant political culture in the United States is, as a whole, somewhat to the right of the dominant political culture in European democracies. Given their complex support bases it is difficult to specifically categorise the two major parties' appeal. Within the US political culture, the Republican Party is described as center-right and the Democratic Party is described as center-left. Minor party and independent candidates are very occasionally elected, usually to local or state office, but the United States political system has historically supported catch all parties rather than coalition governments. The ideology and policies of the sitting President of the United States commonly play a large role in determining the direction of his political party, as well as the platform of the opposition. 

The two parties exist on both the state and federal level, although the parties' organization, platform, and ideologies are not necessarily uniform across all levels of government. 

Both major parties draw some support from all the diverse socio-economic classes which compose the mature multi-ethnic capitalist society which makes up the United States.  Business interests provide the major funding and support to the Republican Party while labor unions and minority ethnic groups provide major support to the Democrats. Access to funds is vital in the political system due to the financial costs of mounting political campaigns. Thus, through lobbying, corporations, unions, and other organized  groups that provide funds and political support to parties and politicians can play a large role in determining the political agendas and government decision-making.


Political divisions

Main article: United States territory


States

Main article: States of the United States 

At the Declaration of Independence, the United States consisted of 13 states. In the following years, this number has grown steadily due to expansion to the west, conquest and purchase of lands by the American government, and division of existing states to the current number of 50 :








  •  Alabama

  •  Alaska

  •  Arizona

  •  Arkansas

  •  California

  •  Colorado

  •  Connecticut

  •  Delaware

  •  Florida

  •  Georgia

  •  Hawaii

  •  Idaho

  •  Illinois

  •  Indiana

  •  Iowa

  •  Kansas

  •  Kentucky



  •  Louisiana

  •  Maine

  •  Maryland

  •  Massachusetts

  •  Michigan

  •  Minnesota

  •  Mississippi

  •  Missouri

  •  Montana

  •  Nebraska

  •  Nevada

  •  New Hampshire

  •  New Jersey

  •  New Mexico

  •  New York

  •  North Carolina

  •  North Dakota



  •  Ohio

  •  Oklahoma

  •  Oregon

  •  Pennsylvania

  •  Rhode Island

  •  South Carolina

  •  South Dakota

  •  Tennessee

  •  Texas

  •  Utah

  •  Vermont

  •  Virginia

  •  Washington

  •  West Virginia

  •  Wisconsin

  •  Wyoming




The contiguous part of the US (i.e. without Hawaii and Alaska) is called continental United States.

The states are divided into smaller administrative regions, called counties in most states--exceptions being Alaska (boroughs) and Louisiana (parishes). Counties can include a number of cities and towns, or sometimes just a part of a city. See County (United States).


Federal district

The District of Columbia is a separate federal district not part of any state and is under the direct authority of Congress. It is there that the nation's capital city—the seat of the federal government—resides.


Dependent areas

Several islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea are dependent territories of the United States:




  •  American Samoa

  •  Baker Island (uninhabited)

  •  Guam

  •  Howland Island (uninhabited)

  •  Jarvis Island (uninhabited)



  •  Johnston Atoll (uninhabited)

  •  Kingman Reef (uninhabited)

  •  Midway Islands

  •  Navassa Island (uninhabited)

  •  Northern Mariana Islands



  •  Palmyra Atoll (uninhabited)

  •  Puerto Rico 

  •  U.S. Virgin Islands

  •  Wake Island (uninhabited)


Puerto Rico and the Northern Marianas are commonwealths of the United States.

US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease.

The US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica but has reserved the right to do so.

From July 18, 1947 until October 1, 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with all four political units.


Occupying Power

The United States is currently an occupying power of the following countries:

Geography

Main article: Geography of the United States 



As the world's third largest nation (land area), the United States landscape varies greatly: temperate forestland on the East coast, mangrove forests in Florida, the Great Plains in the centre of the country, the Mississippi-Missouri river system, the Rocky Mountains west of the plains, deserts and temperate coastal zones west of the Rocky Mountains and temperate rainforests in the Pacific Northwest. The arctic regions of Alaska and the volcanic islands of Hawaii only increase the geographic and climactic diversity. 

The climate varies along with the landscape, from sub-tropic in Florida to tundra in Alaska. Large parts of the country have a continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Some parts of the United States, particularly parts of California, have a Mediterranean climate.


Economy

Main article: Economy of the United States 

The economy of the United States is organized on the capitalist model and is marked by steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, a large trade deficit, and rapid advances in technology. The American economy can be regarded as the most important in the world. Several countries have coupled their currency with the dollar, or even use it as a currency, and the American stock markets are globally seen as an indicator of world economy.

The country has rich mineral resources, with extensive gold, oil, coal and uranium deposits. Agriculture brings the country among the top producers of, among others, maize, wheat, sugar and tobacco. American industry produces cars, airplanes and electronics. The biggest sector is however service industries; about three-quarters of Americans are employed in that sector.

The largest trading partner of the USA is its northern neighbor, Canada. Other major partners are Mexico, the European Union and the industrialized nations in the Far East, such as Japan and South Korea. Trade with China is also significant.

See also: List of American companies


Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the United States

Most of the 280 million people currently living in the United States descend from European immigrants that have arrived since the establishment of the first colonies. Major components of the European segment of the United States population are descended from immigrants from Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland and Italy with many immigrants also from Scandinavian countries and the Slavic and other populations of eastern and southern Europe and French Canada; few immigrants came directly from France.  Likewise, while there were few immigrants directly from Spain, Hispanics from Mexico and South and Central America are considered the largest minority group in the country, comprising 13.4% of the population (38.6 million people) in 2002.  This has brought increasing use of the Spanish language in the United States (see Languages in the United States). About 12% (2000 census) of the people are African Americans  who largely descend from the African slaves that were brought to America. A third significant minority is the Asian American population (3.6%), who are most concentrated on the West Coast. The native population of Native Americans, such as American Indians and Inuit make up less than 1% of the population.

The level of Christian religious devotion in the US is showing a gradual decline, from 86.2% calling themselves Christian in 1990 to 76.5% doing so in 2001 (ARIS 2001). The religious affiliations in 2001 were Protestant 52%, Catholic 24.5%, none 13.2%, Jewish 1.3% and 0.5-0.3% for Muslim, Buddhist, Agnostic, Atheist, Hindu and Unitarian Universalist. There is a significant difference between those who declare themselves to be of a religion and those who are members of a church of that religion. Census Bureau figures (PDF file) show that church membership in 2001 was 53% Christian, 2.3% Jewish and 0.1% Muslim, others lower.



The social structure of the United States, a capitalist country, is highly stratified, with a large proportion of the wealth of the country controlled by a small fraction of the population which exerts disproportionate cultural and political influence.  However, in terms of relative wealth, most Americans enjoy a standard of personal economic wealth that is far greater than that known in the majority of the world. For example, 51% of all households have access to a computer and 41% had access to the Internet in 2000. Furthermore, 67.9% of US households owned their dwellings in 2002.


Culture

Main article: Culture of the United States 

American culture has a large influence on the rest of the world, especially the Western world. American music is heard all over the world, and American movies and television shows can be seen almost anywhere. This is in stark contrast to the early days of the American republic, when the country was generally seen as an agricultural backwater with little to offer the culturally advanced world centers of Asia and Europe. Nearing the end of its third century, nearly every major American city offers classical and popular music; historical, scientific and art research centers and museums; dance performances, musicals and plays; outdoor art projects and internationally significant architecture. This development is a result of both contributions by private philanthropists and government funding.

The United States is also a great center of higher education, boasting more than 1,500 universities, colleges, and other institutions of higher learning, the top tier of which include schools considered to be among the most prestigious and advanced in the world. Among these are the eight Ivy League Universities, elite private universities, numerous private colleges, which provide primarily undergraduate education, and an extensive system of public universities and colleges.



Holidays


Date
Name
Remarks




January 1
New Year's Day
celebrates beginning of year, marks traditional end of "holiday season"




January, third Monday
Martin Luther King, Jr Day
honors King, Civil Rights leader




February, third Monday
Presidents' Day
honors former American Presidents, especially Washington and Lincoln




May, last Monday
Memorial Day
honors service men and women who died in service, marks
traditional beginning of summer




July 4
Independence Day
celebrates Declaration of Independence, usually called "The Fourth of July"




September, first Monday
Labor Day
celebrate achievements of workers, marks traditional end of
summer




October, second Monday
Columbus Day
honors Christopher Columbus, traditional discover of the Americas




November 11
Veteran's Day
traditional observation of a moment of silence at 11 AM remembering those who fought for peace




November, fourth Thursday
Thanksgiving
give thanks for autumn harvest, marks traditional beginning of "holiday season"




December 25
Christmas
celebrates the nativity of Jesus Christ, also celebrated as secular winter holiday





Related Topics

Main article: List of United States of America-related topics


External links


United States government


Other




Countries of the world  |  North America



















simple:United States Of America



zh-cn:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD
zh-tw:美國
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "United States."
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United States Department of State
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)



Dept. of State



Larger version


Established:July 27, 1789


Renamed:September 15, 1789


Secretary:Colin Powell


Deputy Secretary:Richard L. Armitage


Budget:$11.0 billion (2003)


Employees:7,656 Civil Service
 20,588 Foreign Service
 (2003)



The United States Department of State, or State Department for short, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government.  It is administered by the United States Secretary of State.


History

The United States Constitution, drafted in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 and ratified by the states the following year, gave the President responsibility for the conduct of the nation's foreign relations. It soon became clear, however, that an executive branch was necessary to support President Washington in the conduct of the affairs of the new Federal Government.

The House and Senate approved legislation to establish a Department of Foreign Affairs on July 21, 1789, and President Washington signed it into law on July 27, making the Department of Foreign Affairs the first Federal agency to be created under the new Constitution. This legislation remains the basic law of the Department of State. In September 1789, additional legislation changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and assigned to it a variety of domestic duties.

These responsibilities grew to include management of the United States Mint, keeper of the Great Seal of the United States, and the taking of the census. President George Washington signed the new legislation on September 15. Most of these domestic duties of the Department of State were eventually turned over to various new Federal departments and agencies that were established during the 19th century.

On September 29, 1789, President Washington appointed Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, then Minister to France, to be the first United States Secretary of State.


Duties and Responsibilities

The Executive Branch and the Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U.S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U.S. foreign affairs agency, and its head, the Secretary of State, is the President's principal foreign policy adviser, though other officials or individuals may have more influence on his foreign policy decisions. The Department advances U.S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the President's foreign policy. The Department also supports the foreign affairs activities of other U.S. Government entities including the United States Department of Commerce and the U.S. Agency for International Development. It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visit or immigrate to the U.S.

All foreign affairs activities -- U.S. representation abroad, foreign assistance programs, countering international crime, foreign military training programs, the services the Department provides, and more -- are paid for by the foreign affairs budget, which represents little more than 1% of the total federal budget, or about 12 cents a day for each American citizen. As stated by the Department of State, its purpose includes:


As the lead foreign affairs agency, the Department of State has the primary role in:


The services the Department provides include:


The Department of State conducts all of these activities with a small workforce comprised of Civil Service and Foreign Service employees. In fact, the Department employs fewer people than do many local governments -- for example, in Memphis, Tennessee or Baltimore, Maryland. Overseas, Foreign Service officers represent America; analyze and report on political, economic, and social trends in the host country; and respond to the needs of American citizens abroad. The U.S. maintains diplomatic relations with about 180 countries and also maintains relations with many international organizations, adding up to a total of more than 250 posts around the world. In the United States, about 5,000  professional, technical, and administrative Civil Service employees work alongside Foreign Service officers serving a stateside tour, compiling and analyzing reports from overseas, providing logistical support to posts, consulting with and keeping the Congress informed about foreign policy initiatives and policies, communicating with the American public, formulating and overseeing the budget, issuing passports and travel warnings, and more.


Operating Units


External Links


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United States Secretary of State
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. 

George Washington signed a congressional bill into law on July 27, 1789 (1 Stat. 28), creating an executive Department of Foreign Affairs headed by a Secretary of Foreign Affairs, whose position had existed since 1781 under the Articles of Confederation. Congress then passed another law giving certain additional domestic responsibilities to the new Department and changing its name to the Department of State and the name of head of the department to the Secretary of State, and Washington approved this act on September 15, 1789. The new domestic duties assigned to the newly renamed department were receipt, publication, distribution, and preservation of laws of the United States, custody of the Great Seal of the United States, authentication of copies and preparation of commissions of executive branch appointments, and finally custody of the books, papers, and records of the Continental Congress including the Constitution itself and the Declaration of Independence. Most domestic functions have been transferred to other agencies. Those that remain in the Department are: storage and use of the Great Seal, performance of protocol functions for the White House, drafting of certain Presidential proclamations, and replies to public inquiries.

In addition, the Secretary performs such duties as the President is required, in accordance with the United States Constitution, relating to correspondence, commission, or instructions to U.S. ministers or consuls abroad, and to conduct negotiations with foreign representatives. The Secretary has also served as principal adviser to the President in the determination and execution of U.S. foreign policy and in recent decades has become responsible for overall direction, coordination, and supervision of interdepartmental activities of the U.S. Government overseas, except for certain military activities.

As the highest ranking Cabinet member, the Secretary of State is fourth in line to succeed the Presidency, after the Vice President, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and President pro tempore of the Senate.  (See the entire United States Presidential line of succession).



Secretaries of State

Name
Term of Office
President(s) served under


Thomas Jefferson
March 22, 1790 - December 31, 1793
George Washington


Edmund Randolph
January 2, 1794 - August 20, 1795
George Washington


Timothy Pickering
December 10, 1795 - May 12, 1800
George Washington, John Adams


John Marshall
June 6, 1800 - February 4, 1801
John Adams


James Madison
May 2, 1801 - March 3, 1809
Thomas Jefferson


Robert Smith
March 6, 1809 - April 1, 1811
James Madison


James Monroe
April 6, 1811 - September 30, 1814

February 28, 1815 - March 3, 1817		
James Madison


John Quincy Adams
September 22, 1817 - March 3, 1825
James Monroe


Henry Clay
March 7, 1825 - March 3, 1829
John Quincy Adams


Martin Van Buren
March 28, 1829 - March 23, 1831
Andrew Jackson


Edward Livingston
May 24, 1831 - May 29, 1833
Andrew Jackson


Louis McLane
May 29, 1833 - June 30, 1834
Andrew Jackson


John Forsyth
July 1, 1834 - March 3, 1841
Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren


Daniel Webster
March 6, 1841 - May 8, 1843
William Henry Harrison, John Tyler


Abel P. Upshur
July 24, 1843 - February 28, 1844
John Tyler


John C. Calhoun
April 1, 1844 - March 10, 1845
John Tyler, James K. Polk


James Buchanan
March 10, 1845 - March 7, 1849
James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor


John Clayton
March 8, 1849 - July 22, 1850
Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore


Daniel Webster
July 23, 1850 - October 24, 1852
Millard Fillmore


Edward Everett
November 6, 1852 - March 3, 1853
Millard Fillmore


William L. Marcy
March 8, 1853 - March 6, 1857
Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan


Lewis Cass
March 6, 1857 - December 14, 1860
James Buchanan


Jeremiah S. Black
December 17, 1860 - March 5, 1861
James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln


William H. Seward
March 6, 1861 - March 4, 1869
Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson


Elihu P. Washburne
March 5, 1869 - March 16, 1869
Ulysses S. Grant


Hamilton Fish
March 17, 1869 - March 12, 1877
Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes


William M. Evarts
March 12, 1877 - March 7, 1881
Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield


James G. Blaine
March 7, 1881 - December 19, 1881
James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur


Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
December 19, 1881 - March 6, 1885
Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland


Thomas F. Bayard
March 7, 1885 - March 6, 1889
Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison


James G. Blaine
March 7, 1889 - June 4, 1892
Benjamin Harrison


John W. Foster
June 29, 1892 - February 23, 1893
Benjamin Harrison


Walter Q. Gresham
March 7, 1893 - May 28, 1895
Grover Cleveland


Richard Olney
June 10, 1895 - March 5, 1897
Grover Cleveland, William McKinley


John Sherman
March 6, 1897 - April 27, 1898
William McKinley


William R. Day
April 28, 1898 - September 16, 1898
William McKinley


John Hay
September 30, 1898 - July 1, 1905
William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt


Elihu Root
July 19, 1905 - January 27, 1909 
Theodore Roosevelt


Robert Bacon
January 27, 1909 - March 5, 1909
Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft


Philander C. Knox
March 6, 1909 - March 5, 1913
William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson


William Jennings Bryan
March 5, 1913 - June 9, 1915
Woodrow Wilson


Robert Lansing
June 24, 1915 - February 13, 1920
Woodrow Wilson


Bainbridge Colby
March 23, 1920 - March 4, 1921
Woodrow Wilson


Charles Evans Hughes
March 5, 1921 - March 4, 1925
Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge


Frank B. Kellogg
March 5, 1925 - March 28, 1929
Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover


Henry L. Stimson
March 28, 1929 - March 4, 1933
Herbert Hoover


Cordell Hull
March 4, 1933 - November 30, 1944
Franklin D. Roosevelt


Edward Stettinius Jr
December 1, 1944 - June 27, 1945
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman


James F. Byrnes
July 3, 1945 - January 21, 1947
Harry S. Truman


George C. Marshall
January 21, 1947 - January 20, 1949
Harry S. Truman


Dean Acheson
January 21, 1949 - January 20, 1953
Harry S. Truman


John Foster Dulles
January 21, 1953 - April 22, 1959
Dwight D. Eisenhower


Christian Herter
April 22, 1959 - January 20, 1961
Dwight D. Eisenhower


Dean Rusk
January 21, 1961 - January 20, 1969
John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson


William P. Rogers
January 22, 1969 - September 3, 1973
Richard M. Nixon


Henry A. Kissinger
September 22, 1973 - January 20, 1977
Richard M. Nixon, Gerald R. Ford


Cyrus Vance
January 23, 1977 - April 28, 1980
Jimmy Carter


Edmund S. Muskie
May 8, 1980 - January 18, 1981
Jimmy Carter


Alexander M. Haig, Jr
January 22, 1981 - July 5, 1982
Ronald Reagan


George P. Shultz
July 16, 1982 - January 20, 1989
Ronald Reagan


James Baker
January 25, 1989 - August 23, 1992
George H. W. Bush


Lawrence Eagleburger
December 8, 1992 - January 19, 1993
George H. W. Bush


Warren Christopher
January 20, 1993 - January 17, 1997
Bill Clinton


Madeleine Albright
January 23, 1997 - January 19, 2001
Bill Clinton


Colin Powell
January 20, 2001 - present
George W. Bush



If the Secretary resigns, he is replaced by the United States Deputy Secretary of State who then becomes acting Secretary of State until the President and Congress approve a formal replacement.



Acting Secretaries of State

Name
Year
Acted from



John Jay
1790
March 4-22



Timothy Pickering
1795
August 20 to December 9



Charles Lee
1800
May 13 to June 5



John Marshall
1801
February 4 to March 4



Levi Lincoln
1801
March 5 to May 1



John Graham
1817
March 4-9



Richard Rush
1817
March 10 to September 22



Daniel Brent
1825
March 4-7



James A. Hamilton
1829
March 4-27 



Jacob L. Martin
1841
March 4-5



Hugh S.Legaré
1843
May 9 to June 20



William S. Derrick
1843
June 21-23



Abel P. Upshur
1843
June 24 to July 23



John Nelson
1844
February 29 to March 31,



Charles M. Conrad
1852
October 25 to November 5



William Hunter
1853, 1860
March 4-7, December 15-16



William F. Wharton
1892, 1893
June 4-29, February 24 to March 6



Edwin F. Uhl
1895
May 28 to June 9



Alvey A. Adee
1898
September 17-29



Francis B. Loomis
1905
July 1-18



Robert Lansing
1915
June 9-23



Frank L. Polk
1920
February 14 to March 12



Joseph C. Crew
1945
June 28 to July 3



H. Freeman Matthews
1953
January 20-21



Livingston T. Merchant
1961
January 20-21



Charles E. Bohlen
1969
January 20-22



Kenneth Rush
1973
September 3-22



Philip C. Habib
1977
January 20-23



Warren Christopher
1980, 1980
April 28 to May 2, May 4-8



David Newsom
1980
May 2-3, May 3-4



Richard N. Cooper
1980
May 3



Walter J. Stoessel, Jr
1982
July 5-16



Michael H. Armacost
1989
January 20-25



Lawrence Eagleburger
1992
August 23, to December 8



Arnold Lee Kantor
1993
January 20



Frank G. Wisner
1993
January 20





External Link


Top     

Washington
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)


Alternate meanings: George Washington, Washington, D.C, Washington (disambiguation)


Washington












(In Detail)
(Full size)





State nickname: Evergreen State





Other U.S. States


Capital                      
Olympia


Largest City             Seattle


Governor  Gary Locke


Area
 - Total 
 - Land 
 - Water 
 - % water

Ranked 18th

184,824 km²

172,587 km²
 
12,237 km²

6.6%

               

Population 

 - Total (2000) 

 - Density                  		
Ranked 15th

 5,894,121

 32/km² 


Admittance into Union

 - Order

 - Date                   

42nd

November 11, 1889


Time zone  
Pacific: UTC-8/-7




Latitude

Longitude                  

45°32' N to 49° N

116°57' W to 124°48' W




Width

Length

Elevation
 
-Highest
 
-Mean
 
-Lowest

385 km 

580 km 
 

4,392 meters

520 meters

0 meters



ISO 3166-2:US-WA



Washington is a state located in the northwestern United States. It should not be confused with Washington, D.C, the capital of the USA.  While the state capital is Olympia, the largest city in Washington is Seattle. As of the 2000 census, the state population is approximately 5.9 million. Residents are called "Washingtonians".

The USS Washington was named in honor of this state.

History

In 1853, the Washington Territory was formed from part of the Oregon Territory. 
Washington became the 42nd state in the United States on November 11, 1889.


Geography

See: List of Washington counties

Washington shares borders with the Pacific Ocean to the west, Oregon to the south, Idaho to the east, and British Columbia, Canada to the north. Washington is famous for scenery of breathtaking beauty and sharp contrasts.  High mountains rise above evergreen forests and sparkling coastal waters. Its coastal location and Puget Sound harbors give it a leading role in trade with Alaska, Canada, and the Pacific Rim. Puget Sound's many  islands are served by the largest state ferry fleet in the country.

Washington is a land of contrasts. The deep forests of the Olympic Peninsula are among the rainiest places in the world, but the flat semi-desert land that lies east of the Cascade Mountains stretches for long distances without a single tree.  Snow-covered peaks tower above the foothills and lowlands around them.  Mount Rainier, the highest mountain in the state, appears to "float" on the horizon southeast of Seattle and Tacoma on clear days.


Important cities and towns

See also Washington City Government


Education


Colleges and universities




  • Antioch University Seattle

  • Art Institute of Seattle

  • Bastyr University

  • Central Washington University

  • City University

  • Eastern Washington University

  • The Evergreen State College

  • Gonzaga University

  • Henry Cogswell College

  • Heritage College

  • Lutheran Bible Institute of Seattle

  • Northwest College of the Assemblies of God

  • Northwest Indian College

  • Pacific Lutheran University



  • St. Martin's College

  • Seattle Pacific University

  • Seattle University

  • Trinity Lutheran College

  • University of Puget Sound

  • University of Washington

  • Walla Walla College

  • Washington State University at Pullman

  • Washington State University at Spokane

  • Washington State University at Tri-Cities

  • Washington State University at Vancouver

  • Western Washington University

  • Whitman College

  • Whitworth College



Professional sports teams




  • Seattle Seahawks, National Football League

  • Seattle Mariners, Major League Baseball

  • Seattle Supersonics, National Basketball Association

  • Seattle Storm, Women's National Basketball Association

  • Seattle Thunderbirds, Western Hockey League

  • Everett Silvertips, Western Hockey League



  • Minor League Baseball Teams

    • Tacoma Rainiers

    • Everett AquaSox

    • Bellingham Bells

    • Yakima Bears

    • Spokane Indians

    • Tri-City Dust Devils



Arts and culture


Major highways


External links


Top     
Abbreviations & Acronyms: State
The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
EntrySourceExpressionField
STATE
EnglishSimplified Tactical Approach and Terminal EquipmentComputing, Post & Telecom
STBEnglishState Tax BoardN/A
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).
Top     
Synonyms: State
Synonyms: state-supported (adj), body politic (n), commonwealth (n), country (n), land (n), nation (n), province (n), res publica (n), state of matter (n), express (v), put forward (v), say (v), submit (v), tell (v). (additional references)
Top     
Synonyms within Context: State
ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Affirmation
Verb: assert; make an assertion; Noun: have one's say; say, affirm, predicate, declare, state; protest, profess.
Government
State government, state; shire; province; county; canton; territory; duchy, archduchy, archdukedom; woiwodshaft; commonwealth; region; property.
Office of the president, office of the prime minister, cabinet; senate, house of representatives, parliament; council; courts, supreme court; state, interior, labor, health and human services, defense, education, agriculture, justice, commerce, treasury; Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI; Central Intelligence Agency, CIA; NIH; Postal Service, Post Office; Federal Aviation Administration, FAA.
National government, nation, state, country, nation-state, dominion, republic, empire, union, democratic republic; kingdom, principality.
Information
Announce, annunciate; report, report progress; bringword, send word, leave word, write word; telegraph, telephone; wire; retail, render an account; give an account; (describe); state; (affirm).
Mankind
People, persons, folk, public, society, world; community, community at large; general public; nation, nationality; state, realm; commonweal, commonwealth; republic, body politic; million. (commonalty); population. (inhabitant).
Ostentation
Noun: ostentation, display, show, flourish, parade, etalage, pomp, array, state, solemnity; dash, splash, splurge, glitter, strut, pomposity; pretense, pretensions; showing off; fuss.
Property
Territory, state, kingdom, principality, realm, empire, protectorate, sphere of influence.
School
Pulpit, lectern, soap box desk, reading desk, ambo, lecture room, theater, auditorium, amphitheater, forum, state, rostrum, platform, hustings, tribune.
Speciality
Noun: {opp. } speciality, specialite; individuality, individuity; particularity, peculiarity; idiocrasy; (tendency); personality, characteristic, mannerism, idiosyncrasy; specificness; Adjective: singularity; (unconformity); reading, version, lection; state; trait; distinctive feature; technicality; differentia.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.
Top     
Crosswords: State
English words defined with "state": Aloha State, associated state ♦ Badger State, Battle Born State, Bay State, Beaver State, Beehive State, Bluegrass State, Buckeye State, buffer state ♦ Camellia State, Centennial State, city state, cognitive state, Constitution State, Cornhusker State, Coyote State ♦ Department of State, Diamond State ♦ emotional state, Empire State, Empire State of the South, energy state, Equality State, Everglade State, Evergreen State ♦ First State, Free State ♦ Garden State, Gem State, Golden State, Gopher State, Grand Canyon State, Granite State, Great Lakes State, Green Mountain State ♦ Hawkeye State, Hoosier State ♦ Intermediate state ♦ Keystone State ♦ Lone-Star State ♦ Magnolia State, mental state, Mormon State, Mount Rushmore State, Mountain State ♦ natural state, New York State, New York State Barge Canal, North Star State, Nutmeg State ♦ Ocean State, Old Dominion State, Old Line State, Old North State ♦ Palmetto State, Peace Garden State, Peach State, Pelican State, Pine Tree State, Prairie State, psychological state ♦ Sagebrush State, Secretary of State, Show Me State, Silver State, Sooner State, Sovereign state, Spheroidal state, state attorney, state bank, state capital, State carriage, state change, State Department, state government, state of affairs, state of grace, state of matter, state of mind, state of nature, state of the art, State of the Vatican City, state of war, State paper, state prison, state senator, State sword, state treasurer, state trooper, Sunflower State, Sunshine State ♦ Tar Heel State, temporary state, The Regents of the University of the State of New York, To state it, Treasure State ♦ Volunteer State ♦ Wolverine State. (references)
Specialty definitions using "state": absorbing state, accepting state, Agreement State, American Council of State Savings Supervisors, American Indian Reservation - state, armed state ♦ California State University San Marcos, call control state U4, coastal State, commission of a criminal act while in a state of voluntarily-induced mental incapacity, conduction state, conduction-band state, current state ♦ Delegated State, deterministic finite state machine, don't care state, dynamically neutralised state, dynamically neutralized state ♦ empty state, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, STATE BOARD OF NURSING, existential state ♦ Finite State Automata, Finite State Automaton, Finite State Machine, fired state ♦ Hospitals, State ♦ initial state, insulting a foreign state ♦ liable state, Lie in State, Link State Routing Protocol ♦ masked state, meissner state, military espionage against a foreign state ♦ National Association of State Savings & Loan Supervisors, Natives of State, NetWare Link State Protocol, New York State Educational Reasearch  ETwork, next state, nondeterministic finite state machine ♦ one-dimensional state of stress ♦ persistent state, positive recurrent state, problem state ♦ ready state, recurrent state, regular state ♦ sensing state, smectic state, solicitor, city or state, stable state, State Agricultural Experiment Stations, State and equivalent entity, State Auditor, state certifying official, state code, State data center, State Designated American Indian Statistical Area, state diagram, State economic area, State Emergency Response Commission, State Environmental Goals and Indication Project, state funeral, State Health Planning and Development Agencies, State Health Plans, State Historic Preservation Officer, State Implementation Plan, State Implementation Plans, State inspection programs, state legislative district, state machine, State Management Plan, State Mandate, state of readiness--state 1--safe, state of readiness--state 2--armed, State of residence, state of sky, state of the sky, state parameter, State rural development block grant, State rural development councils, State technical committee, state transition diagram, State University of New York, state variable, statically neutralised state, statically neutralized state, stationary state, steady state, steady state deviation of the nth order ♦ thermally neutralised state, thermally neutralized state, thermodynamic function of state, tri state ♦ United States Department Of State ♦ vacant state, virgin state ♦ wait state. (references)
Non-English Usage: "State" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.
Italian (you all are), Latin (cause to stand, check, remain, rest, set up, stand, stand firm, stand still, stop).
Top     
Modern Usage: State
DomainUsage
Screenplays
They've got a State Capitol there, you know (His Girl Friday; writing credit: Ben Hecht; Charles MacArthur)
Hey, you just squashed the state bird of Alabama (Sweet Home Alabama; writing credit: C. Jay Cox)
And that's how it came to pass that on the second-to-last day of the job, the convict crew that tarred the plate factory roof in the spring of forty-nine wound up sitting in a row at ten o'clock in the morning drinking icy cold, Bohemia-style beer, courtesy of the hardest screw that ever walked a turn at Shawshank State Prison (The Shawshank Redemption; writing credit: Frank Darabont)
Sharpness is a state of mind (Wo hu cang long; writing credit: Hui-Ling Wang)
Since I was on remand, they've had me on this program, this state sponsored addiction (Trainspotting; writing credit: Irvine Welsh; John Hodge)
Lyrics
A state that's untouchable like Elliot Ness (California Love; performing artist: 2 PAC)
Hanging out by the state line, (EYES WITHOUT A FACE; performing artist: Billy Idol)
This state looks down on sodomy (What's My Age Again?; performing artist: Blink-182)
It's a state of affairs and a state of emotions (But Anyway; performing artist: Blues Traveler)
In all affairs of state he was the man to please (Rasputin; performing artist: BONEY M)
Clever
Tennessee: The Educashun State (references; author: unknown)
Nebraska: Ask About Our State Motto Contest (references; author: unknown)
Mississippi: Come And Feel Better About Your Own State (references; author: unknown)
Maine is the only state whose name is just one syllable. (references; author: unknown)
Nitrogen is not found in Ireland because it is not found in a free state. (references; author: unknown)
Movie/TV Titles
Head of State (2003)
The 51st State (1970)
Bing Crosby's Washington State (1968)
The Woman State Secretary (1966)
State Fair (1962)
Song Titles
State Of Shock (performing artist: The Jacksons)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
Top     
Commercial Usage: State
DomainTitle
References
  • Pakistan State Oil Company Limited: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)
  • 1st State Bancorp, Inc.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)
  • Bay State Bancorp, Inc.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)
  • Colonial First State Industrial Property: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)
  • First State Bancorporation: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)
    (more reference examples)
  
Books
  • Flood Hydrology: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Flood Frequency and Risk Analyses, 14-17 May 1986, Louisiana State University, Baton (reference)
  • Kentucky: The Blue Grass State (World Almanac Library of the States) (reference)
  • Donne & Colori: Artiste Nei Musei Statali Fiorentini = Women & Colours: Women Artists in the Florentine State Museums (reference)
  • Abstract State Machines: Theory and Applications: International Workshop, Asm 2000, Monte Verita, Switzerland, March 2000: Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1912) (reference)
  • Homol'Ovi III: A Pueblo Hamlet in the Middle Little Colorado River Valley (Arizona State Museum Asm Archaeological Series, 193) (reference)
    (more book examples)
  
Periodicals
  • New York State Association - Medical Staff Services Membership (reference)
  • State Regulation Of Second Mortgages & Home Equity Loans - M (reference)
  • State Capitals : Employee Policy For The Private And Public Sectors (reference)
  • State Tax Form Libraries - Complete Set - Cd-rom (reference)
  • Collective Bargaining Settlements In New York State (reference)
    (more periodical examples)
  
Theater & Movies
  • Alban Berg - Wozzeck / Adolf Dresen · Claudio Abbado - F. Grundheber · H. Behrens · Vienna State Opera (reference)
  • Wagner - Lohengrin / Abbado, Domingo, Lloyd, Studer, Vienna State Opera (reference)
  • State and Main (reference)
  • State Fair (reference)
    (more DVD examples; more video examples)
  
Music
  
High Tech
  
Consumer Goods
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
Top     
Image Slideshow: State
Photos:
State
More pictures...
Illustrations:
State
More pictures...
Computer Images:
State
More pictures...
Top     
Photo Album: State
ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit
Photo of Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital, Missouri, in 1940 and in early 1980's. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.
In December 2002, CDC Clinicians trained state licensed vaccine administers how to deliver smallpox vaccine safely and efficiently. Once training was completed, they provided additional smallpox vaccine administration training in their home states. Credit: CDC.
These spores can live for many years enabling the bacteria to survive in a dormant state. Credit: CDC.
The State Commission for the Sputnik Satellite. Credit: NASA.
State Commission for the Luna Sample. Credit: NASA.
MAYFLOWER mariner demonstrating use of cross-staff At Plymouth State Park, Plymouth, Massachusetts. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
Point Lobos State Reserve. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
Looking from the dune line to the north at Delaware Seashore State Park. Credit: America's Coastlines.
Looking south at the edge of sea and shore at Delaware Seashore State Park. Credit: America's Coastlines.
An old settler's shack in the San Juan Islands - at Garrison Bay State Park.  Site of the old British fort. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.
Top     
Digital Photo Gallery: State
 
"Empire State Building" by Robert Schöller
Commentary: "Empire State Building in New York."		"Dream State" by Toby Cummings
Commentary: "A shot of clouds I took while in a car on the highway.  I decided to also give this photo a nice dreamy soft focus.  And I want to apologize for these three new pictures that I'm uploading, because they are only 640 X 480...  I forgot to reset my camera a"

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.
Top     
Familiar Quotations: State
AuthorQuotation
(Decimus Junius Juvenalis) Juvenal
Here we all live in a state of ambitious poverty.
Aristotle
The basis of a democratic state is liberty.
Decimus Junius Juvenal
We all live in a state of ambitious poverty.
E. M. Cioran
Sperm is a bandit in its pure state.
John Dryden
Resolved to ruin or to rule the state.
Justinian
Safety of the state is the highest law.
Pierre Corneille
The worst of all states is the people's state.
Publius Cornelius Tacitus
The more corrupt the state, the more laws.
Quintus Ennius
By delaying he preserved the state.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
Top     
Historic Usage: State
AuthorDateQuotation
John Locke
1690
To which in the state of nature there are many things wanting. (Second Treatise of Government)
US Declaration of Independence
1776
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. (reference)
US Constitution
1791
Clause 5: No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. (reference)
US Bill of Rights
1795
Amendment II. A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. (reference)
Amendment to US Constitution
1795-1992
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. (reference)
Marbury v. Madison
1803
If such be the real state of things, this is worse than solemn mockery. (reference)
Communist Manifesto
1848
To preserve this class is to preserve the existing state of things in Germany. (reference)
The Emancipation Proclamation
1862
"That the executive will on the 1st day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State or the people thereof shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such States shall have participated shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against the United States." (Abraham Lincoln)
Treaty of Versailles
1919
The cost of construction shall be borne by the Czecho-Slovak State. (reference)
Winston S. Churchill
1946
The power of the State is exercised without restraint, either by dictators or by compact oligarchies operating through a privileged party and a political police. ("Iron Curtain" Speech)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
Top     
Use in Literature: State
TitleAuthorQuote
Emma
Austen, Jane
He did really look and speak as if in a state of no common enjoyment
A Grief Observed
C.S. Lewis
I thought I could describe a state; make a map of sorrow
Tangled Tale
Carroll, Lewis
Their report of the state of things was discouraging
Scarlet Letter
Hawthorne, Nathaniel
There was no occasion to make much moan about this state of affairs
Les Miserables
Hugo, Victor
When a man clad by the state pursues a man in rags, it is in order to make of him also a man clad by the state
Absalom and Achitophel
John Dryden
Resolv'd to ruin or to rule the state.
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Joyce, James
So he had sunk to the state of a beast that licks his chaps after meat
King Richard III
Shakespeare, William
Think you, but that I know our state secure, I would be so triumphant as I am
Grapes of Wrath
Steinbeck, John
What State you from
Gulliver's Travels
Swift, Jonathan
But how far this might be applicable to our courts and favorites, and ministers of state, my master said I could best determine
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
Top     
Non-Fiction Usage: State
SubjectTopicQuote
Health
Services vary by state. (references)
Local or state health department. (references)
No national or state surveillance exists. (references)
Business
SIS is funded from the state budget. (references)
Remediation is paid for by the state. (references)
Its budget is covered from the State budget. (references)
Children
Bulgaria
Conditions for children in state institutions are poor. (references)
Solomon Islands
Since 1999 the already poor state of education worsened. (references)
Slovak Republic
These children become wards of the state and are sent to orphanages. (references)
Civil Liberties
Iraq
Islam is the official state religion. (references)
Monaco
Roman Catholicism is the state religion. (references)
Sao Tome and Principe
Television and radio are state operated. (references)
Discrimination
Indonesia
The Guidelines of State Policy (legal statutes adopted by the MPR) explicitly state that women have the same rights, obligations, and opportunities as men. (references)
Belarus
Both the 1994 and 1996 Constitutions state that all citizens are equal before the law and have the right to equal protection of their rights and legitimate interests; however, they do not prohibit specifically discrimination based on factors such as race, sex, or religion. (references)
South Africa
The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, which entered into force on August 9, outlaws unfair discrimination against any person on the grounds of gender, race, and disability, and places a responsibility on the State and any person in the public domain to promote equality. (references)
Economic History
Switzerland
Type: Federal state. (references)
Latvia
State language: Latvian. (references)
China
Type: Communist party-led state. (references)
Human Rights
Korea
The cult approaches the level of a state religion. (references)
Guinea-Bissau
Civilian courts conduct trials involving state security. (references)
India
Similar bills have been proposed in various state assemblies. (references)
Indigenous People
Australia
Controversy over state mandatory sentencing laws continued throughout the year. (references)
Mexico
In 1998 Quintana Roo's state Legislature passed a similar usages and customs law. (references)
India
The Chhatisgarh state came into existence in November 2000, and the Jharkhand state came into existence in the same month. (references)
Minorities
Moldova
State schools are required to use the Cyrillic alphabet when teaching Moldovan/Romanian. (references)
Kazakhstan
Some ethnic Russians believe that Russian should be designated as a second state language. (references)
Latvia
If a public event is coorganized by the State, one of the working languages must be Latvian. (references)
Political Economy
Sweden
The King is Chief of State. (references)
Denmark
Queen Margrethe II is Head of State. (references)
Burundi
State discrimination against Hutus was widespread. (references)
Political Rights
Malaysia
State assemblies also limited debate. (references)
Ireland
An appointed Council of State advises the President. (references)
Burma
Since 1988 a military junta has held all state power. (references)
Trade
China
Periodically both the State Dept. (references)
Russia
Vneshtorgbank is another state bank. (references)
Luxembourg
The formalities for state aid are kept to a strict minimum. (references)
Travel
Ukraine
Ukrainian is the official state language of Ukraine. (references)
Italy
An international or state driving license is acceptable. (references)
Egypt
About 90% of Egyptians are Muslim and Islam is the state religion. (references)
Women
Australia
Spousal rape is illegal under the state criminal codes. (references)
Cote d'Ivoire
Doctors state that they rarely see the victims of domestic violence. (references)
Ukraine
Few women attain top managerial positions in state and private industry. (references)
Worker Rights
Mexico
Federal and state authorities exchange information. (references)
India
The act thus is subject to varying interpretations from state to state. (references)
India
Minimum wages vary according to the state and to the sector of industry. (references)
Lexicography
Devil's Dictionary
PRIMATE, n.  The head of a church, especially a State church supported by involuntary contributions.  The Primate of England is the Archbishop of Canterbury, an amiable old gentleman, who occupies Lambeth Palace when living and Westminster Abbey when dead.  He is commonly dead.
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.
Top     
Spoken Usage: State
SpeakerPhrase(s)
Ann Richards
Well, of course, I'm excited because Ron Kirk used to be my secretary of state, and I think he's an outstanding man. And he was an outstanding mayor of Dallas, and I think he's going to make an incredibly able senator.
Donald Rumsfeld
I'm involved, in the sense that I just came from a National Security Council meeting where the subject was the Middle east, for the most part. And I talk to the president, the vice president, the secretary of state on those subjects.
Mark Shields
Mr. Card, in the first week of October President Bush became the first Republican president to declare in favor and support of a free Palestinian state.
Rush Limbaugh
Minnesota gagged the state judge with a law prohibiting judicial candidates from expressing their views on certain subjects.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
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Speeches: State
SpeakerTermPhrase(s)
George Washington
1789-1797Your own observations in your respective situations will have satisfied you of the progressive state of agriculture, manufactures, commerce, and navigation.
Thomas Jefferson
1801-1809War will then be but a suspension of useful works, and a return to a state of peace, a return to the progress of improvement.
Herbert C. Hoover
1929-1933While the authority of the Federal Government extends to but part of our vast system of national, State, and local justice, yet the standards which the Federal Government establishes have the most profound influence upon the whole structure.
Harry S. Truman
1945-1953On the contrary, it would lift us out of a potentially perpetual state of housing emergency.
John F. Kennedy
1961-1963That a new Inter-Departmental Task Force be established under the leadership of the Department of State, to coordinate at the highest level all policies and programs of concern to the Americas.
Gerald Ford
1974-1977Today, the state of our foreign policy is sound and strong.
Ronald Reagan
1981-1989Today marks my first State of the Union address to you, a constitutional duty as old as our Republic itself.
George Bush
1989-1993Often, state reform requires waiving certain federal regulations.
Bill Clinton
1993-2001Ladies and gentlemen, the state of our Union is strong.
George W. Bush
2001-2005Yet the state of our Union has never been stronger.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
Top     
Usage Frequency: State
"State" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 92.52% of the time. "State" is used about 34,624 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words		Rank in English
Noun (singular)92.52%32,033263 
Lexical Verb (infinitive)3.12%1,0806,967 
Noun (proper)2.75%9517,629 
Lexical Verb (base form)1.62%56011,180 
                    Total100.00%34,624N/A
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Top     
Name Usage Frequency: State
The following table summarizes the usage of "state" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified.
NameUsage/GenderUsage per 100
million Persons		Rank in USA
StateLast name13067,563
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Top     
Usage in Company Names: State
CountryNameCountryName
Australia
Colonial First State Industrial Property
India
Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited
Pakistan
Pakistan State Oil Company Limited
South Africa
Free State Development and Investment Corp. Ltd.
United Kingdom
Solid State Supplies Plc
USA
1st State Bancorp, Inc.
 (more examples...)  
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Top     
Expressions: State
Expressions using "state": absorbing state ♦ across the state ♦ act of state ♦ activated state ♦ affair of state ♦ affairs of state ♦ agravic state ♦ Allotropic state ♦ Aloha State ♦ american state ♦ anxious state of affairs ♦ apparatus of state ♦ armed state ♦ associated state ♦ atmospheric state ♦ attempt upon the security of the state ♦ australian state ♦ bad state of affairs ♦ Badger State ♦ balkan state ♦ ball State Unive ♦ baltic State ♦ batten on the state ♦ battle Born State ♦ bay state ♦ Bayou State ♦ be in a great state ♦ be in a sorry state ♦ be in a state of excitement ♦ be unsettled in a state of mind ♦ Bear State ♦ Beaver State ♦ beehive State ♦ Big Bend State ♦ Blackwater State ♦ Blue Hen State ♦ bluegrass State ♦ bond issued by the State ♦ border state ♦ bringing into state of equilibrium ♦ Buckeye State ♦ buffer state ♦ busy/idle state ♦ California State ♦ California State University San Marcos ♦ call control state U4 ♦ camellia State ♦ Carrier State ♦ Centennial State ♦ change of state ♦ change state ♦ charge state ♦ chief of state ♦ Chinook State ♦ city state ♦ civil state ♦ coastal State ♦ cognitive state ♦ conduction state ♦ constitution State ♦ constitutional state ♦ construct state ♦ Cornhusker State ♦ Cotton State ♦ council of state ♦ councilor of state ♦ Coyote State ♦ Cracker State ♦ Creole State ♦ current state ♦ database state ♦ Decerebrate State ♦ declare a state of emergency ♦ department of state ♦ device state transitions ♦ Diamond State ♦ disarmed state ♦ don't care state ♦ dopey state ♦ dozy state ♦ dreamy state epilepsia ♦ dreamy state epilepsy ♦ dynamically neutralised state ♦ dynamically neutralized state ♦ ecstatic state ♦ emotional state ♦ Empire State ♦ Empire State of the South ♦ Empire State of the West ♦ empty state ♦ energy state ♦ energy state density ♦ enjoy a good state of health ♦ equality State ♦ equilibrium state ♦ everglade State ♦ Evergreen State ♦ excelsior state ♦ federal state ♦ feudal state ♦ finite State Automata. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
Beginning with "state": state-administered, state-aided, state-appointed, state-approved, state-artists, state-assembly, state-backed, state-based, state-by-state, state-capitalist, state-caused, state-centralised, state-centred, state-centric, state-centrism, state-centrist, state-centrists, state-chartered, state-check, state-citizenship, state-civil, state-commissioned, state-control, state-controlled, state-corporate, state-creation, state-defined, state-dependent, state-developed, state-directed, state-dominated, state-economy, state-educated, state-education, state-employed, state-enterprise, state-entrenched, state-facilitated, state-financed, state-firm, state-form, state-forming, state-funded, state-funding, state-geography, state-house, state-imposed, state-individual, state-initiated, state-inspired, state-interest-group, state-istics, state-led, state-less, state-level, state-licenced, state-like, state-local, state-making, state-managed, state-masonry, state-of, state-of-siege, state-of-the, state-of-theart, state-of-the-art, state-of-the-nation, state-operated, state-ordained, state-organ, state-orientated, state-oriented, state-or-the-art, state-owned, State-owned, state-paid, state-peasant, state-pension, state-planning, state-private, state-produced, state-provided, state-railway, state-recognised, state-registered, state-regulated, state-related, state-religious, state-renouncing, state-rooms, state-run, state-sanctioned, state-sector, state-set, state-side, state-space, state-sponsored, state-sponsorship, state-style, state-subsidised, state-subsidized, state-support, state-supported, state-system, state-to-state, state-trusts, State-war-navy, state-wide, state-within-a-state, State-xxxx.
Ending with "state": anti-state, city-state, ego-state, finite-state, ground-state, inter-state, nation-state, non-state, normal-state, out-of-state, party-state, quasi-state, re-state, semi-state, state-to-state, steady-state, super-state, tri-state, two-state, up-state.
Containing "state": less-than-state-of-the-art, non-state-of-the-art, out-of-state bank, out-of-state check, out-of-state company, out-of-state resident, out-of-state student, semi-state-owned, solid-state chemistry, solid-state device, solid-state physics, solid-state storage device.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
Top     
Frequency of Internet Keywords: State
The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day		ExpressionFrequency
per Day
united state map
24,437
state department
2,613
washington state
10,649
state of illinois
2,591
united state
6,895
florida state university
2,552
state of florida
5,017
arizona state university
2,547
state farm insurance
4,750
california secretary of state
2,406
state farm
4,588
united state flag
2,313
new york state
4,357
new york state lottery
2,283
united state post office
4,018
empire state building
2,277
california state
3,988
state of georgia
2,252
ohio state university
3,980
penn state
2,245
state
3,892
georgia state university
2,140
ohio state
3,719
michigan state university
2,106
state map
3,605
washington state ferry
1,996
state park
3,305
washington state lottery
1,938
state college pennsylvania
3,174
oregon state park
1,933
state of michigan
2,974
michigan secretary of state
1,925
illinois secretary of state
2,875
colorado state university
1,864
secretary of state
2,856
michigan state park
1,862
state of texas
2,691
arizona state
1,836
state abbreviation
2,619
cal state fullerton
1,753
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
Top     
Modern Translation: State
Language Translations for "state"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Afrikaans
  
verklaar (declare, explain), toestand (circumstances, condition, situation), staat (condition, realm), situasie (circumstances, condition, situation). (various references)
   
Albanian
  
strukturë (conformation, construction, contexture, fabric, frame, framework, grain, make up, pattern, set, set up, skeleton, structure), solemn (gala, go to meeting, grave, solemn), shtetëror (national), shtet (commonwealth, land, nation, polity, power), shpall (adjudicate, announce, assert, asseverate, blaze, celebrate, declare, delate, divulge, enounce, enunciate, hold, notify, post, proclaim, promulgate, pronounce, read, usher in), salltanet (luxury, ostentation, pageantry, pomp), rang (ladder, place, position, standing), madhështi (brilliance, brilliancy, elevation, flamboyance, flamboyancy, glory, grandeur, grandiosity, majesty, pageantry, pomp, solemnity, splendor, splendour, sublimity), konstatoj (ascertain, find, notice), gjendje (circumstance, circumstances, condition, fettle, form, medium, milieu, Nick, pass, picture, position, posture, rating, shape, situation, status, the right, way), formë (appearance, cast, figuration, figure, form, format, frame, make, matrix, mode, Mold, mould, shape). (various references)
   
Arabic 
  
‏عظمة (force, grandeur, greatness, laurels, lordliness, magnificence, magnitude, majesty, noble-mindedness, pageantry, pomp, splendor, splendour, sublimate), ‏بسط (couch, distend, expand, expound, extend, extension, facilitate, fine, lay, reach, simplify, spread, stretch, unroll, unwind, unwrap, vulgarize), ‏دولة (country, land, nation, polity), ‏رسمي (authoritative, ceremonial, ceremonious, cocktail dress, dressed, formal, official, picturesque, solemn, starchy, stiff), ‏أبهة (pageantry, panoply, pomp, pride, splendor, splendour), ‏أعلن (advertise, advertize, announce, avow, bill, blare, celebrate, count, declare, denote, enunciate, gazette, portend, predicate, proclaim, profess, promulgate, pronounce, protest, publicize, publish, put out, report, represent, rule, show, sound, usher, vote), ‏إحدى الولايات الأميركية, ‏الولاية (prefecture), ‏صرح (avow, castle, certify, cut open, declare, edifice, outrival, palace, predicate, proclaim, profess, represent, say, tower), ‏بذخ (pomp, splendor, splendour), ‏طبقة إجتماعية (caste, rank), دولة (empire, turn), ‏عرض (array, bid, breadth, broaden, demo, display, evince, exhibit, expose, exposition, exposure, feature, hang, hang out, hold out, imply, indication, introduction, lineup, mount, offer, offering, overture, pageant, parade, predispose, present, presentation, presenting, produce, proffer, propound, recital, retrace, review, set, set out, setting, show, statement, subject, submit, surrey, symptom, trot out, widen, width), ‏عين (allocate, appoint, assign, assist, constitute, create, define, delimit, designate, eye, install, institute, make, name, ordain, peeper, poach, post, prefix, put, rescue, set smb. on smb., specify, succor, succour, supply, tap), ‏حالة (case, circumstance, condition, conjuncture, drama, estate, event, feather, fettle, incident, job, manner, nick, occurrence, phase, picture, place, plight, pose, position, posture, rate, shape, situation, status, trim, way, weather, whack), ‏حكومي (administrative, governmental), ‏وضح (accentuate, clarify, clear up, define, elucidate, explain, illuminate, illustrate, light, lighten, puzzle out, ravel out, represent, spell), ‏ولاية (district, principality, province, seigniory, shire), ‏قرر (affirm, be decided, be determined, be resolved to, choose, conclude, condition, decide, destine, determine, dispose, establish, figure, figure out, fix, make acknowledge, make confess, make up one's mind, plump for, propose, regulate, resolve, rule, set, settle), ‏قال (go, said, say, speak, talk, tell, told, utter), ‏صاغ (coin, draw up, fashion, forge, frame, model, mold, mould, put, redact, reduplicate, shape). (various references)
   
Basque
  
estatu. (various references)
   
Bulgarian 
  
класа (bracket, breed, circle, class, genus, grade, league, order, race, rank, rate, standing, stratum), държавен (government, governmental, politic, political, public, state-owned), излагам (bring on reproach, display, enunciate, exhibit, expose, expound, formulate, hang, lay, lay out, propound, put forward, put to, recount, represent to smb., set out, set up, show, show off, sink, subject, ventilate), изразявам с условни знаци, изявявам (advance, affirm, express), положение (aspect, capacity, circumstance, fettle, footing, juncture, lay, place, placement, plight, point, position, posture, provision, set, set up, siege, situation, standing, train, way), посочвам (designate, indicate, point, point at, point out, show), заявявам (affirm, allege, assert, aver, avow, declare, enounce, maintain, predicate, proclaim, profess, protest, set out), определям (allot, allow, assign, characterize, define, design, determine, fix, give, govern, identify, intend, lay, mark down, modify, name, nominate, pigeonhole, pitch, prescribe, qualify, set down, settle, spot), отнасящ се до отделен щат, държава (commonwealth, jurisdiction, orb, polity, power), великолепие (brilliance, brilliancy, glory, grandeur, luster, lustre, magnificence, pomp, richness, splendor, splendour, style), състояние (capital, case, condition, fettle, fig, fortune, means, pile, plight, position, posture, repair, shape, substance, train, way), казвам (bid, call, convey, observe, put to, say, tell, utter), тържествен (grand, grandiloquent, grave, solemn, stately), тържественост (festivity, grandiloquence, red carpet, solemnity), щат (establishment), разкош (exuberance, luxury, opulence, pomp, pomposity, splendor, splendour, sumptuousness), ранг (grade, order, place, precedence, rank, rating, siege, status), социално положение, упоменавам, условия (conditions, norm, setting, terms), стадий (gradations, phase, plane, point, stadium, stage), официален (ceremonial, dress, dressy, formal, official, solemn). (various references)
   
Catalan
  
declarar (declare, to declare). (various references)
   
Chinese 
  
状态 (status), 狀況  (condition, situation), 狀態  (mode, state of affairs), 狀  (accusation, condition, great, strong, suit), 國  (country, nation), 州  (province, sub-prefecture), 境界  (boundary, realm), 局勢  (situation). (various references)
   
Czech
  
stav (condition, estate, fettle, frame of mind, order, posture, profession, quality, sort, trim), stát (be, be up, cost, country, polity, stagnate, stand), skupenství (state of aggregation), vyslovit (bring in, enunciate, express, formulate, sound, speak, utter), konstatovat (submit), přednést (execute, perform, refer, report), pompa (pomp), postavení (emplacement, erection, position, posture, rank, situation, station, status), postavit (build, construct, contrast, erect, field, found, pitch, place, put, put up, raise, rear, right, set), prohlásit (affirm, declare, enounce, proclaim, pronounce, set out, vote), formulovat (couch, define, form, formulate, frame, phrase), vyjádřit (couch, embody, express, formulate, give, give voice to, profess, put, utter, voice), vzrušení (arousal, buzz, emotion, excitement, flutter, kick, racket, thrill, upset), udat (denounce, inform, overstate, present, quote, rat), upřesnit, urèit (allocate, appoint, assign, define, design, designate, destine, determine, earmark, fix, identify, intend for, lay down, ordain, reserve, settle, will), uvést (adduce, bring into play, cite, induct, initiate, introduce, preface, quote, show in, usher, usher in), vláda (administration, governance, government, policy, reign, rule, sceptre, sway), protokol (minute, minutes, protocol, record, registry, transcript). (various references)
   
Danish
  
tilstand (circumstances, condition, situation), stat, erklære (declare). (various references)
   
Dutch
  
verzekeren (affirm, assert, assure, certify, insure), toestand (circumstances, condition, situation), staat (condition, realm, suits), beweren (assert). (various references)
   
Esperanto
  
stato (condition), regno (realm), deklari (declare), ŝtato, aserti (assert). (various references)
   
Faeroese
  
støða (circumstances, condition, position, site, situation), skil (condition, order), vissa (assert), vátta (acknowledge, admit, assert, attest, bear witness of, confess, confirm, corroborate, profess, testify), ríki (realm), land (country, land, urine). (various references)
   
Farsi 
  
توضیح دادن  (Clarify, Clear, Elucidate, Explain, Illustrate), دولتی , اظهارداشتن  (Express, Remark, Say), اظهارکردن  (Affirm, Allude, Import, Profess, Suggest, Swan), استان  (Province), ایالت  (Province), جزء به جزء شرح دادن , دولت  (Government, Mammon, Respublica), تعیین کردن  (Appoint, Assess, Assign, Bound, Determine, Fix, Locate, Prescribe, Qualify, Slate, Specify, Telloff), ملت  (Nation, People), حال  (Health, Mood, Pep, Self, Situation, Status), حالت  (Attitude, Case, Condition, Estate, Grain, If, Mood, Pose, Posture, Predicament, Self, Situation, Speed, Stance, Status, Temper, Temperament, Trim, Vein), کشور (Commonwealth, Country, Kingdom, Nation, Soil, Territory), کشوری  (Civic, Vernacular), کیفیت  (How, Kind, Quality), چگونگی  (Circumstance, Condition, How, Lie, Manner, Posture, Quality), جمهوری  (Commonwealth, Republic, Republican). (various references)
   
Finnish
  
tila (accommodation, condition, estate, farm, room, space, status), valtio (government), valtakunta (kingdom, realm), asema (depot, location, position, site, situation, stage, station, status, stop). (various references)
   
French
  
état (database state, emotional state, status), déclarer, affirmer. (various references)
   
Frisian
  
steat, beweare (assert). (various references)
   
German
  
Zustand (circumstances, condition, habit, order, situation, state of affairs, status, trim, way), Staat (colony, country, display, finery, government, pageantry, parade, pomp, public, realm, stated), Stand (balance, booth, class, condition, estate, footing, grade, level, place to stand, position, profession, quality, rank, rate, score, stall, stand, standing, standing position, station, status, stood), vorbringen (argue, bring forth, bring forward, cite, express, interpose, lay, lay before, make, moot, offer, plead, proffer, propose, put, put forward, raise, take forward, to argue, to bring up, urge, ventilation), verfassung (constitution, fettle, frame, state of health, state of mind, trim), erklären (account for, affirm, announce, authenticate, avow, clarify, declare, explain, expound, proclaim, profess, pronounce, to account for, to explain, to expound, to meld, to state), darlegen (account for, clarify, demonstrate, explain, expose, expound, formulate, propound, set forth, to explain, to expose, to state, unfold, unroll), behaupten (affirm, allege, argue, assert, assure, aver, claim, contend, declare, defend, maintain, make out, predicate, pretend, pronounce, purport, to affirm, to argue, to assent, to claim, to claim kindred with someone, to suggest), angeben (accord, accuse, acquaint, announce, boast, brag, cite, convey, declare, denounce, explain, give, give an account, give as an excuse, hand, hand over, indicate, inform, let know, maintain, name, pass, pitch, point out, pose, pretend, put down, quote, report, serve, set, show, show off, specify, spend, to brag). (various references)
   
Greek 
  
κατάσταση (case, circumstance, condition, fettle, list, plight, predicament, situation, statement, status), δηλώνω (declare, denote, manifest). (various references)
   
Hebrew 
  
לאמור (namely, say, speak, tell, thus, to wit, viz.), טקסי (ceremonial, ceremonious, solemn), הדר (glory, majesty, splendor), פאר (glory, grandeur, luxe, luxuriance, luxury, magnificence, splendor), תנאי (condition, provision, proviso, stipulation, term), לטעון (allege, argue, assert, claim, contend, plead, profess, submit), לבטא (enunciate, express, mouth, pronounce, speak, utter), טען (load), להשמיע (announce, cause to hear, pronounce, sound, utter), ממלכתי, לומר (put in, say, spell, tell), מצב (condition, fettle, garrison, occasion, position, post, shape, situation, stand, status), מדינה (country, land, polity, province, region), מדיני (political), מעמד (caste, class, estate, position, post, posture, presence, rank, see, standard, standing, station, status), ממשל אזרחי (civil authority), ממלכה (kingdom, realm, sovereignty), להצהיר (affirm, asseverate, certify, declare, predicate, proclaim, testify). (various references)
   
Hungarian
  
helyzet (aspect, attitude, bearing, footing, juncture, lay, lie, location, occasion, plight, pos, position, predicament, setting, site, situation, stance, station, status, things are coming to a crisis), állít (affirm, allege, assert, aver, claim, contend, declare, posit, represent, submit, to affirm, to allege, to assert, to asseverate, to aver, to claim, to contend, to corral, to line up, to parallel, to pillory, to predicate, to purport, to put in, to put up, to slant, to state, to submit, to suggest, to vow), állapot (clean bill of health, condition, congelation, estate, fettle, footing, kilter, morbidity, nick, plight, posture, repair, stage, status, trim), állami (governmental, national), állam (body politic, realm). (various references)
   
Icelandic
  
staðhæfa (assert). (various references)
   
Indonesian
  
negara, kedudukan (position, ranking, situation, standing), duduk (dwell, live, recide, sit, situation). (various references)
   
Italian
  
stato (been, condition, country, estate, going, mood, standing, status), sostenere (abet, assert, back, bear, bolster, brace, buoy, claim, hold up, incur, insist, keep up, lean, maintain, meet, play, plump, stake, stand, stand up to, stay, support, sustain, take, uphold, withstand), asserire (affirm, allege, assert, aver, contend, declare, insist, maintain, predicate). (various references)
   
Japanese Kanji 
  
披瀝  (expressing, revealing). (various references)
   
Japanese Katakana 
  
ありさま (circumstances, condition, the way things are or should be, truth), じょうたい (circumstances, condition, direct style, normal state, situation, thigh, upper part of the body), けいき (business, chance, condition, gauge, light machine gun, meter, occurring in succession, opportunity, prison term), ようす (appearance, aspect), ステイト , ステート , てい (4th in rank, air, appearance, brotherly affection, condition, faithful service to those older, form, fourth sign of the Chinese calendar, shave, spy, stopping, younger brother), ありよう (circumstances, condition, the way things are or should be, truth), ざま (appearance, plight), こっか (country, nation, national anthem, national flower, national pride, ossification, the present), どうせい (cohabitation, condition, congeniality, homogeneity, homosexuality, living together, made of copper, movements, same name, same sex), さた (affair), ひれき (express one's opinion, expressing, make known, reveal, revealing), しゅう (Chou, circuit, circumference, collection, dried meat, dry up, great number, lap, masses, province, sect, the people, vicinity, week), ぐあい (condition, health, manner), あんばい (adjustment, arrangement, assignment, condition, flavour, manner, seasoning). (various references)
   
Korean 
  
국가 (Nation, National). (various references)
   
Manx
  
steat (estate), staydoilys (magnificence, pomp, pomposity, solemnity), stayd (circumstanced, condition, domain, estate, pomp, position, situation), gra (articulate, express, phrase, say), foaynoo (avail, availment, consequence, essence, fame, fettle, form, function, import, importance, order, reputation, utility, value, worth), ashoon (nation, people), abbyr (assume, assume Geometry, say). (various references)
   
Norwegian
  
påstå (assert), hevde (assert). (various references)
   
Papiamen
  
deklará (declare). (various references)
   
Pig Latin
  
atestay.(various references)
   
Polish
  
stan (condition), państwo (ladies and gentlemen, Mr. and Mrs.). (various references)
   
Portuguese
  
estado (been, condition, country, estate, nation, order, plight, posture, realm, status), situação (circumstances, condition, degree, emplacement, fettle, laity, lay, lie, location, peonage, portability, position, posture, proposition, site, situation), país (country, land, nation, realm, region), declarar (adjudicate, allege, announce, annunciate, assert, aver, certify, converse, declare, demonstrate, denounce, enounce, enunciate, intimate, invalidate, manifest, profess, pronounce, say, show, speak). (various references)
   
Portuguese Brazilian
  
estado (been). (various references)
   
Romanian
  
specifica (list, specialize, specificate, specify, stipulate), structurã (cast, composition, constitution, contexture, fabric, frame, lattice, machinery, make, make up, organization, pattern, skeleton, structure), solemn (exalted, festival, grave, impressive, solemn), spune (call, declare, denounce, explain, name, pass, pretend, pronounce, propose, put, recite, relate, remark, say, speak, speak to, tell, utter), stabili (appoint, arrange, ascertain, assess, calm, clinch, conclude, constitute, decree, determine, erect, establish, fix, institute, introduce, lay down, Lodge, measure, nail down, name, nominate, regulate, set, set out, settle, spot, verify), stare (class, condition, estate, fortune, humor, humour, keep, plight, posture, property, rank, remaining, repose, rest, situation, sort, standing, station, way, wealth), stare socialã, stat (country, figure, height, list, polity, power, remaining, stature, stopping), statal (government, political), situaţie (account, berth, billet, case, condition, eminence, footing, location, position, posture, report, setting, site, situation), caracter (aspect, character, characteristic, color, colour, complexion, composition, constitution, disposition, feature, grain, kidney, kind, letter, loathsomeness, mettle, nature, patchiness, sort, spirit, stamp, temper), de stat (national), enunţa (enounce, enunciate, lay down, sound, voice), demnitate (dignity, honor, honour, loftiness, respectability, stateliness, title), declara (account, adjudge, avouch, classify, contract in, declare, enter, manifest, proclaim, profess, pronounce, publish, remark, report, return, set forth, signify, sound, testify), decide (appoint, cause, decide, determine, fix, judge, resolve), de ceremonie (ceremonial, full dress), constata (ascertain, detect, discover, establish, find, observe, record, see, take note), condiţie (circumstances, condition, if, plight, rank, requisite, situation, sort, station, status, stipulation, terms, way), exprima (advance, breathe, conceive, connote, convey, couch, declare, express, formulate, have, indicate, look, phrase, put, represent, show, signify, sound, speak, utter, voice), ceremonie (ceremonial, ceremoniousness, ceremony, circumstance, form, formality, observance, rite, ritual, solemnity), ipostazã (aspect, hypostasis), aminti (make mention of smth., mention, recall, recollect, remember, remind), ceremonios (ceremonious, ceremoniously, formal, stiff), expune (air, carry forth, demonstrate, discourse, display, endanger, enounce, exhibit, explain, explicate, expose, expound, lay out, propound, relate, show, sport, spread, unfold, weather, word), fixa (accommodate, adapt, adjust, affix, anchor, appoint, arrange, arrest, ascertain, assess, assign, attach, attune, bed, bind, bond, brace, clamp, clasp, define, determine, dog, establish, fasten, find, fit, fix, hitch, immobilize, impact, imprint, indicate, ingrain, lay, make fast, Mount, nail, nail down, name, nominate, pin, pin down, place, put on, recognize, regulate, schedule, secure, settle, stamp, stick, stiffen, stipulate, strengthen, tie, trace, tune), formula (couch, define, draw, enunciate, express, formulate, frame, have, indite, lay down, phrase, pose, push, put, put in, reduce, word), galã (festivity, fete, gala), afirma (affirm, allege, assert, aver, avouch, claim, declare, hold, maintain, predicate, purport, remark, say, speak to, submit, undertake), hotãrî (appoint, conclude, decide, destine, determine, fix, give, judge, make, persuade, resolve, rule, seal, settle, stipulate, will), mãrire (accretion, aggrandizement, amplification, augmentation, authority, development, enlargement, gain, glory, grandeur, increase, magnification, rise, splendor, splendour, sway), oficial (approved, authoritative, authorized, ceremonial, coldly, conventional, conventionally, formal, formally, governmental, inspired, legal, official, officially, stiffly), paradã (display, march past, muster, parade), politic (political), pompã (gobbledygook, heraldry, inflater, luxuriance, panoply, pomp, pump), pompos (emphatic, exaggerative, highfalutin, highfaluting, high-flown, high-sounding, important, large, magniloquent, pompous, stilted, swollen, theatrical, tumid), public (audience, openly, overtly, public, publicly, social), rang (class, degree, dignity, eminence, order, rank, standing, station, status), guvernamental (governmental, gubernatorial). (various references)
   
Russian 
  
статус (condition, status, statuses), указывать состояние государственный, состояние (condition, environment, fettle, fortune, pile, plight, position, situation, status), формулировать (formulate, redact), форма (build, chill, figure, form, forma, format, gestalt, make, mode, mould, pattern, shape, type-form, uniform), торжественный (ceremonial, gala, sacramental, solemn), штат (staff, staffer, staffers, state #, state [?#], state [?#_]), государство (commonwealth, nation, nuclear power, nuclear state, polity, realm), государственный (civil, national, political, state's), заявить (announce, declare), положение (condition, degree, fettle, footing, lie, location, position, posture, site, situs, standing). (various references)
   
Scottish
  
staid (condition), stadhadh (sudden lurch to one), saod (attention, care, condition, journey, journey;), riochd (appearance, form, likeness), cor (condition, situation : air chor 'sam bith), àird (condition, height or promontory, order, point, preparation). (various references)
   
Serbo-Croatian
  
svečan (declamatory, dressy, festal, festive, formal, gala, grave, serious, solemn, stately), stanje razvoja, stanje (condition, habit, pass, repair, shape, voice), uzbuđenost (excitation, stew, tizzy), izneti (adduce, bring forth, bring up, carry out, clear away, introduce, put forward, trot out), izgovoriti (articulate, lip, pronounce, say out), iskazati (give voice to), formulisati (couch, draft, formulate, frame, phrase, word), državni (imperial, national, privy, public), država (country). (various references)
   
Spanish
  
estado (been, class, condition, estate, government, line, list, order, polity, rank, report, statement, status, tack, trim, way), declarar (accede, acknowledge, adjudge, adjudicate, admit, agree, announce, come out, confess, consent, contract, declare, find, plead, proclaim, profess, pronounce, register, return, set out, start, testify), exponer (abandon, advance, bring, cover, display, exhibit, explain, expose, expound, hold an exhibition, lay out, make out, present, put, put forward, put on show, put up, risk, set forth, set forward, set out, show, unfold). (various references)
   
Swedish
  
tillstånd (allowance, authorization, condition, franchise, lay, leave, permanency, permission, plight, posture, shape, situation), stat (establishment, estimates, staff), ståt (array, circumstance, display, pageant, pageantry, pomp, show, splendor, splendour, trappings), skick (behavior, behaviour, condition, fettle, manners, order, repair, shape, trim), påstå (allege, argue, assert, avow, contend, predicate, suggest), konstatera (certify, establish, point out). (various references)
   
Turkish
  
saptamak (appoint, assign, determine, establish, fix, peg), söylemek (affirm, air, apprise, assert, aver, bade, bid, break, call, confess, couch, deliver, drop, enunciate, give voice to, hazard, impart, name, observe, order, pass, pronounce, remark, report, say, sing, sound, speak, speak of, spill, spit, spit out, tell, throw out, utter, voice, word), eyalet (commonwealth, principality, shire), açıklamak (account, account for, account for smth., clarify, clear, clear up, declare, declassify, deliver oneself, develop, dilate, dot the i's, elucidate, enucleate, evidence, explain, explicate, expound, express, get across, give smth. publicity, impart, intimate, lay open, make smth. clear, plead, render, set up, show, show forth, spit out, unclose, unfold, unveil), alem (bat, bender, binge, blast, blind, blow out, booze, booze-up, burst up, bust, Buster, carousal, class of beings, condition, creation, entertainment, jollification, junket, kingdom, nature, orgy, party, potation, potations, razzle-dazzle, realm, revel, revelry, riot, rollicking time, spree, universe, whoopee, world), şart (circumstance, condition, if, must, necessarily, proviso, reservation, reserve, stipulation, string, understanding), belirlemek (adjust, appoint, assess, assign, condition, decide, define, detect, determine, dictate, establish, identify, limit, note, peg, seal, set, set down, settle, single out, slate, specify), belirtmek (define, deliver oneself, denote, embody, emit, enumerate, evidence, exude, feature, import, indicate, manifest, point out, predicate, purport, remark, represent, show, sign, signify, specify, ventilate), bildirmek (acquaint, advise, affirm, announce, annunciate, communicate, declare, enunciate, give forth, give out, Herald, impart, indicate, inform, intimate, issue, let know, let smb. know, Lodge, notice, notify, offer, pass, proclaim, pronounce, put up, report, say, serve notice, signal, signalize, tell, vote), bilgi vermek (acquaint, apprise, charge, clear, clear up, clue, cue smb. in, enlighten, Gen, give directions, give smb. the dope, inform, keep informed, post, post up), debdebe (display, fame, glory, pomp, renown, tumidity), devlet (commonweal, commonwealth, government, governmental, official, political, polity, the community), devlete ait (civil), özel (ad hoc, closet, distinctive, esoteric, especial, exclusive, express, extraordinary, individual, intimate, particular, peculiar, personal, private, privy, proper, proprietary, self, sole, special, specific, very), evre (degree, phase, stage), tek kişilik (oneman, one-man, single handed, single-seater, sulky), görkem (array, bravery, brightness, brilliance, brilliancy, effulgence, glory, gorgeousness, grandeur, magnificence, majesty, pomp, pomposity, radiance, resplendence, splendidness, splendor, splendour, stateliness, sumptuousness), hal (aspect, circs, condition, demeanor, demeanour, estate, event, face, fettle, lay, plight, posture, repair, set, sight, situation, stand, status), ifade etmek (amount, be enunciative of, breathe, conceive, connote, couch, denote, describe, emit, enounce, express, figure, frame, give voice to, import, mean, purport, reflect, represent, sign, signify, utter, voice, word), kitabın en güzel baskısı, koşul (circumstance, condition, provision, proviso, requirement, stipulation, string, term), konum (attitude, configuration, lay, lie, location, position, site, situation, standing, station, status), mevki (class, condition, lay, location, place, position, promotion, seat, site, situation, standing, station, status, ubiety), resmi (authorized, ceremonial, ceremonious, certificated, civil, formal, legal, official, regulation, solemn, starchy, statutory), tören (celebration, ceremonial, ceremony, exercise, formality, investiture, solemnity), durum (attitude, ball game, case, circumstance, condition, conditions, conjuncture, context, estate, event, fact, fettle, footing, instance, lay, lie, occasion, pass, plight, position, posture, repair, score, set, set up, shape, showing, situation, situs, stance, stand, state of affairs, status, trim, way). (various references)
   
Turkmen 
  
юtat (r). (various references)
   
Ukrainian
  
стан (angle, camp, character, condition, fettle, look, plight, posture, shape, waist, way), установлювати (ascertain, assign, lay, plant, set), розташовувати (arrange, collocate, dispose, order, site, station), ранг (character, degree, grade, order, siege), що належить по штату, констатувати, заявляти (allow, announce, assert, claim, pronounce, vouch), будова (anatomy, architecture, set), пишність (glitter, pomp), державний (governmental, national, political). (various references)
   
Vietnamese 
  
ngân hàng nhà nước (state bank), chủ nghĩa tư bản nhà nước (state capitalism), bộ ngoại giao Mỹ (state department). (various references)
   
Welsh
  
ystad (estate, furlong), talaith (diadem, province), nodi (adduce, appoint, mark, note), gwladwriaethol (political), gwladwriaeth, gwladol (civil, of a country), byd (life, world), ansawdd (condition, manner, nature, quality). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.
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Ancestral Language Translations: State
LanguagePeriodTranslations
Greek700 BCE-300 CE
politeia. (various references)
Latin500 BCE-Modern
adfectu, affectu, affectum, afflictio, asserere, autumare, civitas, cubitu, cubitum, cubitus, habitu, habitum, habitus, popule, populi, populique, populis, populo, populoque, populorum, populos, populum, populus, populusque, qualiter, reatus, res publica, respublica, status. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
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Bible Trace: State
LanguageDateSourceProverbs Chapter 27, Verse 23
Latin405VulgateDiligenter agnosce vultum pecoris tui tuosque greges considera

Middle English1395WyclifBisili knowe thou the chere of thi beeste; and thi flockis behold.
Jacobean English1611King JamesBe thou diligent to know the state of thy flocks, and look well to thy herds.
Victorian English1833WebsterBe thou diligent to know the state of thy flocks, and look well to thy herds.

Basic English1964OgdenTake care to have knowledge about the condition of your flocks, looking well after your herds;

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
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Matched Bible Translations: State
LanguageProverbs Chapter 27, Verse 23
Cebuano¶ Magmasingkamoton ka sa pagkahibalo sa kahimtang sa imong mga panon sa carnero, Ug tan-awa pag-ayo ang imong kahayupan:
CroatianBrižno pazi na stoku svoju i srcem se brini o stadima,
DanishMærk dig, hvorledes dit Småkvæg ser ud, hav Omhu for dine Hjorde;
DutchZijt naarstig, om het aangezicht uwer schapen te kennen; zet uw hart op de kudden.
FinnishTiedä tarkoin, miltä pikkukarjasi näyttää; pidä huoli laumoista.
FrenchConnais bien chacune de tes brebis, Donne tes soins à tes troupeaux;
GermanAuf deine Schafe habe acht und nimm dich deiner Herden an.
Haitian Creole¶ Chache konnen jan tout bèt ou yo ye. Pran swen yo.
HungarianSzorgalmasan megismerd a te juhaid külsejét, gondolj a nyájakra.
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hariPeliharalah ternakmu baik-baik,
Indonesian-Terjemahan LamaBelajarlah baik-baik mengenal segala dombamu dan perhatikanlah hal segala kawan kambingmu,
Korean네 양 떼 의 형 편 을 부 지 런 히 살 피 며 네 소 떼 에 마 음 을 두 라
Maori¶ Kia anga nui koa kia mohio ki te ahua o au hipi, a kia pai te tiaki i au kahui kau:
NorwegianDu bør nøie kjenne dine fårs utseende; ha omsorg for din buskap!
PortugueseProcura conhecer o estado das tuas ovelhas; cuida bem dos teus rebanhos;   
RumanianKngrijewte bine de oile tale, wi ia seama la turmele tale.
RussianиПТПЫП ОБВМАДБК ЪБ УЛПФПН ФЧПЙН, ЙНЕК РПРЕЮЕОЙЕ П УФБДБИ;
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
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Derivations & Misspellings: State
Derivations
Words beginning with "state": stateable, statecraft, statecrafts, stated, statedly, statehood, statehoods, statehouse, statehouses, stateless, statelessness, statelessnesses, statelier, stateliest, stateliness, statelinesses, stately, statement, statements, stater, stateroom, staterooms, staters, states, stateside, statesman, statesmanlike, statesmanly, statesmanship, statesmanships, statesmen, statewide. (additional references)
Words ending with "state": antistate, apostate, aristate, bistate, costate, counterstate, cristate, devastate, downstate, estate, gestate, hastate, instate, interstate, intestate, intrastate, microstate, ministate, misstate, multistate, outstate, overstate, prostate, reinstate, restate, substate, superstate, testate, tristate, tungstate, understate, unstate, upstate. (additional references)
Words containing "state": apostates, counterstated, counterstatement, counterstatements, counterstates, devastated, devastates, downstater, downstaters, downstates, estated, estates, gestated, gestates, instated, instates, interstates, intestates, microstates, ministates, misstated, misstatement, misstatements, misstates, outstated, outstates, overstated, overstatement, overstatements, overstates, photostated, prostatectomies, prostatectomy, prostates, reinstated, reinstatement, reinstatements, reinstates, restated, restatement, restatements, restates, substates, superstates, testates, thermostated, tungstates, understated, understatedly, understatement, understatements. (additional references)

Misspellings
"State" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Estatal, estaten, etate, Ostade, Ostashek, saate, sateh, Sattb, satte, sattel, satten, sattle, seatee, seatek, settanta, sitat, soate, staae, stabe, stace, stache, stact, staden, stadt, stae, stafe, staft, stait, Staithe, stame, stape, starte, stase, statae, staten, stati, statii, statim, statt, staute, staxe, staxt, staze, Steet, sterate, stete, steth, stite, stitle, strate, stute, stuth, sutat, sytat, tsade. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).
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Rhyming with "State"
# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "state" (pronounced stā"t)
4s t ā" testate, gestate, interstate, intrastate, misstate, multistate, reinstate, restate, upstate.
3-t ā" tdictate, Tate.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.
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Anagrams: State
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
Direct Anagrams: taste, tates, teats, testa.
Words within the letters "a-e-s-t-t"
-1 letter: ates, east, eats, etas, sate, seat, seta, sett, stat, stet, tate, tats, teas, teat, test, tets.
-2 letters: ate, att, eat, eta, sae, sat, sea, set, tae, tas, tat, tea, tet.
-3 letters: ae, as, at, es, et, ta.
 Words containing the letters "a-e-s-t-t"
 
+1 letter: aptest, astute, attest, bettas, estate, latest, lattes, mattes, stacte, stated, stater, states, statue, tamest, tasset, tasted, taster, tastes, taters, testae, tetras, thetas, treats.
 
+2 letters: acutest, artiest, artiste, atheist, attends, attests, attires, attunes, batiste, battens, batters, battles, battues, bistate, casette, catties, costate, daftest, estated, estates, estreat, etatism, etatist, fastest, fattens, fattest, fatties, featest, gestalt, gestate, hastate, hatters, instate, iratest, latents, latests, lattens, matters, metates, mutates, natters, neatest, notates, nutates, outeats, patents, pattens, patters, patties, peltast, ratites, rattens, ratters, rattles, restart, restate, retaste, rotates, saltest, satiate, satiety, satinet, scatted, scatter, scutate, septate, sextant, shatter, situate, slatted, smatter, spatted, spatter, stactes, staithe, stalest, starets, starlet, started, starter, startle, stately, staters, statice, stative, statued, statues, stature, statute, stealth, stomate, stretta, striate, stylate, swatted, swatter, tablets, tackets, talents, tallest, tannest, tappets, tapster, targets, tartest, tassets, tasters, tastier, tatters, tatties, tattles, tautens, tautest, taxites, teapots, tenants, testacy, testate, tetanus, tetrads, threats, toasted, toaster, tsatske, unstate, upstate, vastest, wattest, wattles, yatters.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.
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INDEX
 1. Definition 
 2. Synonyms 
 3. Crosswords 
 4. Usage: Modern 		 5. Usage: Commercial 
 6. Images: Slideshow 
 7. Images: Photo Album 
 8. Images: Digital Art 		 9. Quotations: Familiar 
 10. Quotations: Historic 
 11. Quotations: Fiction 
 12. Quotations: Non-fiction 		 13. Quotations: Spoken 
 14. Quotations: Speeches 
 15. Usage Frequency 
 16. Names: Frequency 		 17. Names: Company Usage 
 18. Expressions 
 19. Expressions: Internet 
 20. Translations: Modern 		 21. Translations: Ancient 
 22. Bible Trace 
 23. Abbreviations 
 24. Acronyms 		 25. Derivations 
 26. Rhymes 
 27. Anagrams 
 28. Bibliography 


  
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