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Definition: Slave |
SlaveAdjective1. Held in servitude; "he was born of slave parents". 2. Concerned with slaves; "slave quarters"; slave trader"; "slave market". Noun1. A person who is owned by someone. 2. Someone who works as hard as a slave. Verb1. Work very hard, like a slave. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "slave" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
Etymology: Slave \Slave\, noun. [Compare to French esclave, Dutch slaaf, Danish slave, sclave, Swedish slaf, all from German sklave, Middle High German. also slave, from the national name of the Slavonians, or Sclavonians (in Late Latin Slavi or Sclavi), who were frequently made slaves by the Germans. See Slav.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Aerospace | 1. = slave station.2. Device that follows an order given by a master through remote control. (references) |
Bible | Slave Jer. 2:14 (A.V.), but not there found in the original. In Rev. 18:13 the word "slaves" is the rendering of a Greek word meaning "bodies." The Hebrew and Greek words for slave are usually rendered simply "servant," "bondman," or "bondservant." Slavery as it existed under the Mosaic law has no modern parallel. That law did not originate but only regulated the already existing custom of slavery (Ex. 21:20, 21, 26, 27; Lev. 25:44-46; Josh. 9:6-27). The gospel in its spirit and genius is hostile to slavery in every form, which under its influence is gradually disappearing from among men. Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary. |
Computing | A unit which is under the control of another unit. Source: European Union. (references) |
| Any device under the control of another device, or imitating its operation. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Electrical Engineering | A power supply which uses the reference in another power supply, the master, as its reference. Source: European Union. (references) |
Literature | Slave (1 syl.). This is an example of the strange changes which come over some words. The Slavi were a tribe which once dwelt on the banks of the Dnieper, and were so called from slav (noble, illustrious); but as, in the lower ages of the Roman empire, vast multitudes of them were spread over Europe in the condition of captive servants, the word came to signify a slave. Similarly, Goths means the good or godlike men; but since the invasion of the Goths the word has become synonymous with barbarous, bad, ungodlike. Distraction is simply "dis-traho," as diversion is "di-verto." The French still employ the word for recreation or amusement, but when we talk of being distracted we mean anything but being amused or entertained. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Slang | Noun. Source: Slave, as a person who is the property of another. Definition: A: A student working in the laboratory through the summer.B: A postdoc working in the laboratory for a professor. Context: A: Used often for the student amongst the post docs and the graduates when the student is not around.B: Used fo the postdoc about herself implying her feelings of her status in the group. Social Source: Physicist in laboratories. Source: Compiled by The University of Oregon. (additional references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Further Reading
- Before Freedom When I Just Can Remember: Twenty-seven Oral Histories of Former South Carolina Slaves, Belinda Hurmence, John F. Blair, Publisher, 1989, trade paperback 125 pages, ISBN 089587069X
- Before Freedom: Forty-Eight Oral Histories of Former North & South Carolina SlavesHurmence, Belinda Hurmence, Mentor Books, 1990, mass market paperback, ISBN 0451627814
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "History of slavery in the United States."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Indian Slavery was a practice of the Spanish from the earliest days on the Caribbean islands they first settled. One of the first localities for intensive use of slaves was the gold mines of Hispaniola. This resulted in the extermination of Native Americans on most of the islands. A very few mixed-blood survivors remain, especially on Jamaica, and are called Maroons as do some mixed blood surviors of the Arawak on Cuba. Some Carib survive on Dominica.Indian slavery was also practiced by the English in the Carolinas who sold Native American captives into slavery on the English plantations in the Caribbean.
Enslaved Native Americans generally died after a short time in the conditions of plantation slavery.
Many Native American tribes did enslave small numbers of captives and in the southwestern United States a few of them were sold to local Hispanic residents. In at least one instance in the San Luis Valley of Colorado a female household slave continued in her status long after the Emancipation Proclamation.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Indian slavery."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Slavery is involuntary servitude enforced by violence. It predates every institution of ownership and authority, and its definition has changed over time to reflect those institutions in every society. It is sometimes an expectation associated with other relationships, such as marriage and other family relations, military service, or debt relationships. See debt slavery.
The article on abolitionism deals in detail with the 19th century advocacy to abolish formal slavery, in first Britain and the British Empire and later the United States.
Definition
The 1926 Slavery Convention describes slavery as "...the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised..."
The modern conception of slavery is simply that of an individual whose movements (and usually most of their activities) are under the total control of another. The slave is the one who cannot leave without explicit permission, and who will be returned to the 'owner' or 'master' or overseer or controller if they stray or escape. Typically this is today accomplished through tacit arrangements with local police and other authorities - by masters with some hold over them, or status as landowners or other wealth.
Slavery is in all countries considered to be a criminal activity, outlawed by UN conventions. However some states such as Burma and Sudan do facilitate the institution of slavery, according to anti-slavery groups such as Free the Slaves.
In the most common conception of slavery, one person is treated as the chattel property of another person, providing slave labour from birth to death. This is not the most common relation in modern slavery. Capture of modern slaves is normally accomplished by deception or fraud - usually of the young, who are taken from family by slavers who offer them money and some promise or story that this represents advances on wages in some respectable job, or, simply kidnap the children. The slaves are usually not worked to death, but at some point usually escape or are released, often because they are of no further use. For instance, in Thailand, slave prostitutes are thrown onto the street as soon as they test positive for HIV - usually about three years after they are bought at the age of 13 or 14. Thus modern slaves are often called disposable people (see also economics of slavery section below).
It is quite common for a slave to be told that they are working off a debt, but to have no access to an accounting for that debt, and no right to take any lower-paying or less supervised employment. These people may be considered slaves if they are under the impression that challenging these conditions, or leaving in protest of them, would lead to serious bodily harm.
Who becomes a slave
Historically, slaves were often those of a different ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race (Animal rights and Great Ape personhood advocates would also include species) from those who enslaved them, but in general such slaveries were short. It has been relatively rare in history for an entire ethnic group to be held as slaves for more than a couple of generations. In most such cases intermarriage, granting of liberty, right to buy one's own freedom, have caused slave and slave-owning populations to merge.
Societies characterized by poverty, population pressures, and cultural and technological backwardness are frequently exporters of slaves to more developed nations. Today most slaves are rural people forced to move to cities, or purchased in rural areas and sold into slavery in cities. These moves take place due to loss of subsistence agriculture, thefts of land, and population increases.
Slavery is almost always a matter of economics - in effect, those with poor birthright or bad luck in any society have sometimes been forced to thrown themselves on the mercy of those with better birthright and luck, or simply been forced to provide service to those who had power and were willing to use it to subordinate others.
Historical examples include the Slavs and various African societies, such as the Ibo of Nigeria (see below for deatils). These were sometimes what we would today consider prisoners of war.
Individuals could also find themselves condemned to slavery as a result of being convicted of crimes.
Origin of the term
For centuries, the Slavic people of Eastern Europe were the primary source of slaves for Europe and the Near East. Because of this, the word for slave in numerous European languages is derived from the word for Slavs—the English word being a clear example.
History of Slavery
Slavery in the Mediterranean World
Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures was a mixture of debt-slavery and the enslavement of prisoners of war. Undoubtedly a majority of slaves were condemned to agricultural labor and lived hard lives.
Slavery in the Bible
See Sabbatical year, Onesimus in addition to the details of the Book of Exodus.
Slavery in Rome and Greece
Greek and Roman urban slaves, as opposed to agricultural slaves, seem to have had some chance at manumission. In Rome, slaves were organised as a social class, and some authors found in their condition the earliest concept of proletariat, given that the only property they were allowed to own was the gift of reproduction. Slaves lived then within this class with very little hope of a better life, and they were owned and exchanged, just like goods, by free men. They had a price as "human instruments"; their life had not, and their patron could freely even kill them. There was however a sort of class of freedmen and freedwomen, called liberati, in Roman society at all periods. These people were not numerous, but Rome needed to demonstrate at times the great frank spirit of this "civitas", so the freed slaves were made famous, as hopeful examples. Freed people suffered some minor legal disabilities that show in fact how otherwise open the society was to them—they could not hold certain high offices and they could not marry into the senatorial classes. Their children, however, had no prohibitions.
Much of the wealth of classical Athens came from its silver mines, which were worked by slave labor under extremely inhumane conditions.
Most of the gladiators were often slaves. One of them, Spartacus, formed an army of slaves that battled the Roman armies in the Servile War for several years.
The Latin poet Horace, son of a freedman, served as a military officer in the army of Brutus and seemed headed for a political career before the defeat of Brutus by Octavian and Antony. Though Horace may have been an exceptional case, freedmen were an important part of Roman administrative functions. Freedmen of the Imperial families often were the main functionaries in the Imperial administration.
The beginnings of Christianity did not seriously change slavery. Though the Christian leaders often called for good treatment for slaves and condemned the enslavement of Christians, the institution itself was not questioned. The shift from chattel slavery to serfdom in medieval Europe is otherwise an economic rather than a moral issue.
Slavery in the Islamic World
The institution of slavery pre-existed Islam in the Arab world, and was permitted under the laws of Islam. Manumission was encouraged, though not required; however, it was forbidden to free slaves against their will, to prevent them being turned out to starve in hard times or when they were sick or old. Usually, only prisoners of war or the children of slaves could be slaves; however, there were exceptions from time to time, one of the most notable being the practice of devsirme, by which people were accepted as payment of taxes. As there was usually an exploitable peasant population to perform agricultural work, the demand for slaves usually was more for specialised forms of service—eunuchs, artisans, concubines, janissaries etc. This often led wealthy people to have their children trained in valuable skills like carpet making or gardening, in case ill fortune ever made them captives; without that value of their own, if they could not be ransomed they would simply have been killed. In Al-Andalus, Slavic slaves (saqaliba) were trained in the public administration. Some of them even ruled the taifa of Denia.
Race had no impact on slavery in Arabia under Islam. Islam as a political movement was often a liberating force for those held in racial slavery. However, like other ancient cultures, Islamic rulers made a custom of enslaving those defeated in war. Mere conversion to Islam did not automatically result in manumission, either. As those peoples—notably the Turks—became Muslims, their use as slaves did not end immediately. The Islamic world bought and captured slaves from Europe and Africa on a large scale for roughly a thousand years.
Slavery in Medieval Europe
The institution of serfdom in medieval Europe was weaker than chattel slavery; serfs were obligated to serve or work the land for their master, but were not chattel property. Serfdom persisted in Eastern Europe until the mid-19th century, when Russian czar Alexander II emancipated the serfs in 1861. See also feudalism and guild.
Slavery in Africa
Slavery was common and widespread throughout Africa into the 19th century. The Dutch imported slaves from Asia into their colony in South Africa. Britain, which held vast colonial territories on the continent (including South Africa), made the practice of slavery illegal in these regions. Ironically, the end of the slave trade and the decline of slavery was imposed upon Africa by its European conquerors. This action is what today may be called an instance of cultural imperialism, albeit being one of the less mal-intentioned manifestations of the phenomenon.
The nature of the slave societies differed greatly across the continent. There were large plantations worked by slaves in Egypt, the Sudan, and Zanzibar, but this was not a typical use of slaves in Africa as a whole. In some slave societies, slaves were protected and almost incorporated into the slaveowning family. In others, slaves were brutally abused, and even used for human sacrifices. Despite the vast numbers of slaves exported from Africa, it is thought that the majority of African slaves remained in Africa, continuing as slaves in the regions where they were first captured.
Prior to the 16th century, the bulk of slaves exported from Africa were shipped from East Africa to the Arabian peninsula. Zanzibar became a leading port based on this trade. Arab slave traders differed from European traders in that they would often capture slaves themselves, sometimes penetrating deep into the continent. They also differed in that their market greatly preferred the purchase of female slaves over male slaves. This reflected their desire for household and sexual slaves rather than slaves to work on plantations.
The African slave trade peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of slaves were captured in West Africa and shipped to the colonies of the New World (triangular trade). As a result of the Spanish War of Succession, Britain obtained the monopoly (asiento de negros) of transporting African Negroes to Spanish America. It is estimated that over the centuries, twelve to thirteen million people were shipped as slaves from Africa, of whom some 15 percent died during the terrible voyage. The great majority were shipped to the Americas, but some also went to Europe and the south of Africa. While much of the slave trade in Africa was related to external protagonists, an internal slave trade unrelated to non-Africans did exist.
The demographic impact of the slave trade on Africa is an important question, regarding which consensus remains elusive. Some historians conclude that the total loss—persons removed, those who died on the arduous march to coastal slave marts and those killed in slave raids—far exceeded the 65-75 million inhabitants remaining in Sub-Saharan Africa at the trade's end. Others believe that slavers had a vested interest in capturing rather than killing, and in keeping their captives alive; and that this coupled with the disproportionate removal of males and the introduction of new crops from the Americas (cassava, maize) would have limited general population decline to particular regions at particular times—western Africa around 1760-1810 and Mozambique and neighbouring areas half a century later. There has also been speculation that within Africa female captives were taken in preference, for domestic and dynastic reasons, with many male captives being a "bycatch" who would have been killed if there had not been an export market for them. So the balance and timing of the two demographic sorts of market could make a difference.
Slavery persists in Africa above all other continents. Mauritania abolished slavery only in 1981, but several human rights organizations are reporting that the practice continues there. The trading of children has been reported in modern Nigeria and Benin. In parts of Ghana, a family may be punished for an offense by having to turn over a virgin female to serve as a sex slave within the offended family. In the Sudan slavery continues as part of an ongoing civil war.
Slavery in Colonial America
Slavery in the Americas during the 17th century was an institution that made little distinction as to the race of the slave or the free man. But by the 18th century, the overwhelming number of black slaves was such that white and Native American slavery was less common. Slavery under European rule began with importation of white European slaves (or indentured servants), was followed by the enslavement of local aborigines in the Caribbean, and eventually was primarily replaced with Africans imported through a large slave trade as the native populations declined through disease. Most slaves brought to the Americas ended up in the Caribbean or South America where tropical diseases took a large toll on their population and required large numbers of replacements.
Slavery among indigenous people of the Americas
In Pre-Columbian MesoAmerica the most common forms of slavery were those of prisoners-of-war and debtors. People unable to pay back a debt could be sentenced to work as a slave to the person owed until the debt was worked off. Slavery was not usually hereditary; children of slaves were born free. In the Incan Empire, commoners were subject to a tax, the mita, that they paid working on public infrastructure.
Slavery in the Spanish New World Colonies
Slavery in the Spanish colonies began with local Native Americans. Initially, the Spanish maintained the mita directing it to silver mining at Potosí. However, as these populations shrank due to imported European diseases, African slaves began to be imported.
Slavery in Brazil
During the colonial epoch, slavery was a mainstay of the Brazilian economy, especially in mining and sugar cane production. Because of the low cost of slave-produced Brazilian sugar, British colonies in the West Indies were unable to match the market prices of Brazilian sugar. This led to intensive pressure from the British government for Brazil to end this practice. Slavery was legally ended by the "Lei Áurea" (Golden Law) of 1888.
In the early 1990s evidence of illegal "forced labor and debt bondage" amounting to slavery was unearthed in the Amazon region. The Brazilian government has since taken measures against such activities, although concerns continue to be expressed that more stringent steps may be required. In 1995, President Fernando Henrique Cardoso announced a new series of measures to force compliance with the anti-slavery statues.
In September of 2002, a report to the Ministério de Trabalho (Ministry of Labor), stated that between 1995 and 2001 approximately 3,500 slave labourers had been freed, and that it was estimated that 2,500 people remained in such conditions at that time. (See [1], Source: "O Globo" Online ("País tem 2,5 mil trabalhadores escravos"-"Country has 2.5 thousand slave workers"))
Slavery in North America
The first slaves brought to the English colonies on the continent were landed at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. Slavery in the United States ended irregularly. Slavery was legal in most of the 13 colonies, and was ended in many of the states later called "Free States" only after the turn of the 19th century. For instance, slavery was not abolished in New York state until 1827, and even then only absolutely abolished for those born before 1799. Those born between 1799 and the passage of the law were under conditional slavery.
In 1806 the United States passed legislation that banned the importation of slaves, but not the internal slave trade, and the involvement in the international slave trade or the outfitting of ships for that trade by U.S. citizens. Though there were certainly violations of this law, slavery in America became more or less self-sustaining. Several slave rebellions took place during the 1700s and 1800s including the Nat Turner rebellion in 1831. The importation of slaves into the United States was banned on January 1, 1808.
Influential leaders of the abolition movement (1820-60) include:
The 1860s saw the end of slavery in America. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 was a symbolic gesture that ended slavery nowhere, but only proclaimed freedom for slaves within the Confederacy. However, the proclamation made the abolition of slavery an official war goal and it was implemented as the Union retook territory from the Confederacy. Slaves within the United States remained enslaved until the final ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in December of 1865, 8 months after the cessation of hostilities in the Civil War.
- William Lloyd Garrison -- Published The Liberator newspaper
- Harriet Beecher Stowe -- Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin
- Frederick Douglass -- Nation's most powerful anti-slavery speaker, a former slave
- Harriet Tubman -- Helped 350 slaves escape from the South, became known as a "conductor" on the "Underground Railroad".
In the slave-holding colonies of British North America slavery was first abolished in Upper Canada (now the southern part of Ontario; slavery was officially abolished there in 1810, although slavery had probably disappeared before then (see John Graves Simcoe). Slavery had not been an important part of the Upper Canadian economy; most slaves were servants. In the decades before the American Civil War and especially after the enactment of the Fugitive Slave Law, Canada became the destination of choice of runaway slaves to escape to freedom.
International Abolitionist Movements
Slavery's origins are simply too old to recount. So, too, are movements to free large or distinct groups of them. Moses led Israelite slaves from ancient Egypt in the Biblical Book of Exodus - possibly the first detailed account of a movement to free slaves, although clearly not accepted at face value as real history in all particulars.
In England in 1772 the case of a runaway slave named James Somerset came before the Lord Chief Justice Lord Mansfield. Basing his judgement on Magna Carta and habeas corpus he declared - "Whatever inconveniences, therefore, may follow from a decision, I cannot say this case is allowed or approved by the law of England; and therefore the black must be discharged.". It was thus declared that the condition of slavery could not be enforced under English law. However, little effort was made towards enforcing the judgement, and slaves continued to be held in Britain for years to come.
In 1787 humanitarian campaigners in Britain founded the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. The "slave trade" consisted, not of slavery in Britain, but rather of trafficking in slaves by British merchants operating in British colonies and other countries. Shares of stock in companies engaged in that trade was legally bought and sold in England. The anti-slave-trade movement in Britain had support from Quakers, Baptists, Methodists and others, and reached out for support from the new industrial workers. The primary leader of the fight against slavery in Britain was William Wilberforce.
France never authorized slavery on its mainland, but authorized it in some of its overseas possessions. On February 4, 1794, Abbé Grégoire and the Convention abolished slavery. It was re-established in 1802 by Napoleon, and in the end abolished in 1848 under the Second Republic.
The "Abolition of the Slave Trade Act" was passed by Parliament on March 25, 1807. The act imposed a fine of -L-100 for every slave found aboard a British ship. The intention was to entirely outlaw the slave trade within the British Empire, but the trade continued and captains in danger of being caught by the Royal Navy would often throw slaves into the sea to reduce the fine. In 1827 Britain declared that particiption in the slave trade was piracy and punishable by death. On August 1, 1834 all slaves in the British Empire were emancipated, but still indentured to their former owners in an apprenticeship system which was finally abolished in 1838. After 1838, the 'British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society' worked to outlaw slavery overseas and to pressure the government to help enforce the suppression of the slave trade by declaring slave traders pirates and pursuing them. This organization continues today as Anti-Slavery International.
Sierra Leone was established as a country for former slaves of the British Empire back in Africa. Liberia served an analogous purpose for American slaves. The goal of the abolitionists was repatriation of the slaves to Africa. Trade unions as well didn't want the cheap labor of former slaves around. Nevertheless, most of them stayed in America.
Slaves in the United States who escaped ownership would often make their way north to Canada via the "Underground Railroad". The Underground Railroad was a grassroots organization, loosely and informally organized.
The 1926 Slavery Convention, an initiative of the League of Nations, was a turning point in banning global slavery.
Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948 by the UN General Assembly, explicity banned slavery.
The United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery was convened to outlaw and ban slavery worldwide, including child slavery.
In December 1966, the UN General Assembly adopted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which was developed from the Universal Declaraction of Human Rights. Article 8 of this international treaty bans slavery. The treaty came into force in March 1976 after it had been ratified by 35 nations. As of November 2003, 104 nations had ratified the treaty.
Apologies
In June 1997, Tony Hall, a Democratic representative for Dayton, Ohio proposed a national apology by the U.S. government for slavery. This was at a time when the Catholic Church in France apologised for its silence and begged "forgiveness for Catholic inaction as regime sent Jews to their deaths in '40s".
At the World Conference Against Racism, Durban, the US representatives walked out on September 3 2001 on the instructions of Colin Powell. His statement only concerns the conference discussion of Israel who also walked out. However the South African Government spokesperson said "The general perception among all delegates is that the US does not want to confront the real issues of slavery and all its manifestations."
At the same time the British, Spanish, Dutch and Portuguese delegations blocked an EU apology for slavery.
The issue of an apology is linked to reparations for slavery and is still being pursued across the world. E.g. The Jamaican Reparations Movement approved its declaration and action Plan.
Economics of slavery
According to the British Anti-Slavery Society, "Although there is no longer any state which recognizes any claim by a person to a right of property over another, there are an estimated 2.7 million people throughout the world mainly children in conditions of slavery." They further note that slavery, particularly child slavery, was on the rise in 2003. According to a broader definition used by Free The Slaves, another advocacy group, there are 27 million people in slavery today, spread all over the world. This is, also according to that group:
As a result, the economics of slavery is stark: the yield of profit per year for those buying and controlling a slave is over 800% on average, as opposed to the 5% per year that would have been the expected payback for buying a slave in colonial times. This combines with the high potential to lose a slave (have them stolen, escape, or freed by unfriendly authorities) to yield what are called disposable people - those who can be exploited intensely for a short time and then discarded, such as the prostitutes thrown out on city streets to die once they contract HIV, or those forced to work in mines.
- The largest number of people that has ever been in slavery at any point in world history
- The smallest percentage of the total human population that has ever been enslaved at once
- Reducing the price of slaves to as low as US$40 in Mali for young adult male labourers, to a high of US$1000 or so in Thailand for HIV-free young females suitable for use in brothels (where they invariably contract HIV). This represents the price paid to the person, or parents
- This represents the lowest price that there has ever been for a slave in raw labour terms - while the price of a comparable male slave in 1850 America would have been about US$1000 in the currency of the time, that represents US$38,000 in today's dollars, thus slaves are about a thousand times cheaper, at least in that category.
Reparations
As noted above, there have been movements to achieve reparations for those held in involuntary servitude, or sometimes their descendants. There is a growing modern movement to donate funds achieved in reparations efforts not to the descendants of those held as slaves in prior generations, but instead to donate them to those freed from slavery in this generation, in other countries and circumstances.
In general, reparation for being held in slavery is handled as a civil law matter in almost every country. This is often decried as a serious problem, since slaves are exactly those people who have no access to the legal process. Systems of fines and reparations paid from fines collected by authorities, rather than in civil courts, have been proposed to alleviate this in some nations.
Potential for total abolition
Those 27 million people produce a gross economic product of US$1.4 billion dollars. This is also a smaller percentage of the world economy than slavery has produced at any prior point in human history. That, plus the universal criminal status of slavery, the lack of moral arguments for it in modern discourse, and the many conventions and agreements to abolish it worldwide, make it likely that it can be eliminated in this generation, according to Free The Slaves. There are no nations whose economy would be substantially affected by the true abolition of slavery.
A first step towards this objective is the Cocoa Protocol, by which the entire cocoa industry worldwide has accepted full moral and legal responsibility for the entire comprehensive outcome of their production processes. Negotiations for this protocol was initiated for cotton, sugar and other commodity items in the 19th century - taking about140 years to complete! Thus it seems also that this is a unique turning point in history, where slowly all commodity markets can lever licensing and other requirements to ensure that slavery is eliminated from production, one industry at a time, as a sectoral simultaneous policy that does not cause disadvantages for any one market player.
Generally, consumer moral purchasing efforts are ineffective against slavery since such slave production as charcoal to produce rolled steel in Brazil, or on coffee or sugar plantations, is so far down the production chain that final packaged product producers simply do not know how products are produced.
See also Slave trade, Slave narrative, Wage slavery, Sexual slavery, debt bondage, forced labor, coolie.
External links
- Anti-Slavery International
- American Anti-Slavery Group
- African Reparations
- Free The Slaves
- Amnesty International
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Slavery."
Synonyms: SlaveSynonyms: slave(a) (adj), hard worker (n), striver (n), break one's back (v), buckle down (v), knuckle down (v). (additional references) |
| Antonym: free (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Exertion | Work hard; rough it; put forth one's strength, put forth a strong arm; fall to work, bend the bow; buckle to, set one's shoulder to the wheel; (resolution); work like a horse, work like a cart horse, work like a galley slave, work like a coal heaver; labor day and night, work day and night; redouble one's efforts; do double duty; work double hours, work double tides; sit up, burn the candle at both ends; stick to; (persevere) a; work one's way, fight one's way; lay about one, hammer at. |
Labor, work, toil, moil, sweat, fag, drudge, slave, drag a lengthened chain, wade through, strive, stretch a long arm; pull, tug, ply; ply the oar, tug at the oar; do the work; take the laboring oar | |
Libertine | Adulteress, advoutress, courtesan, prostitute, strumpet, harlot, whore, punk, fille de joie; woman, woman of the town; streetwalker, Cyprian, miss, piece; frail sisterhood; demirep, wench, trollop, trull, baggage, hussy, drab, bitch, jade, skit, rig, quean, mopsy, minx, harridan; unfortunate, unfortunate female, unfortunate woman; woman of easy virtue; (unchaste); wanton, fornicatress; Jezebel, Messalina, Delilah, Thais, Phryne, Aspasia, Lais, lorette, cocotte, petite dame, grisette; demimonde; chippy; sapphist; spiritual wife; white slave. |
Purchase | Coemption, bribery; slave trade. |
Servant | Serf, vassal, slave, negro, helot; bondsman, bondswoman; bondslave; ame damnee, odalisque, ryot, adscriptus gleboe; villian, villein; beadsman, bedesman; sizar; pensioner, pensionary; client; dependant, dependent; hanger on, satellite; parasite; (servility); led captain; protege, ward, hireling, mercenary, puppet, tool, creature. |
Servility | Sycophant, parasite; toad, toady, toad-eater; tufthunter; snob, flunky, flunkey, yes-man, lapdog, spaniel, lickspittle, smell-feast, Graeculus esuriens, hanger on, cavaliere servente, led captain, carpet knight; timeserver, fortune hunter, Vicar of Bray, Sir-Pertinax, Max Sycophant, pickthank; flatterer; doer of dirty work; ame damnee, tool; reptile; slave; (servant); courtier; beat, dead beat, doughface , heeler, homme de cour, sponger, sucker, tagtail, truckler. |
Subjection | Adjective: subject, dependent, subordinate; feudal, feudatory; in subjection to, under control; in leading strings, in harness; subjected, enslaved; Verb: constrained; downtrodden; overborne, overwhelmed; under the lash, on the hip, led by the nose, henpecked; the puppet of, the sport of, the plaything of; under one's orders, under one's command, under one's thumb; a slave to; at the mercy of; in the power of, in the hands of, in the clutches of; at the feet of; at one's beck and call; (obedient); liable; parasitical; stipendiary. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | That's what it is to be a slave. (Blade Runner; writing credit: Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. Based on the novel 'Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?' by Philip K. Dick.) Moses, hear what I say. I've been a slave all my life (The Prince of Egypt; writing credit: Ken Harsha; Carole Holliday) My great great great granddaddy was a pimp and a slave. He would have his hoes out in the field picking his cotton for him, he didn't have to do a goddamn thing (Dead Presidents; writing credit: Allen Hughes; Albert Hughes) A harpy, who beats him, and hits him, he he becomes her slave, and he sews her clothes, and worships-- (The English Patient; writing credit: Anthony Minghella) Alas, she refuses just any slave. She demands to choose (A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum; writing credit: Burt Shevelove; Larry Gelbart) | |
Lyrics | That kinda lovin' turns a man to a slave (Crazy; performing artist: Aerosmith) Gold coast slave ship bound for cotton fields (BROWN SUGAR; performing artist: Rolling Stones) I'll always be a slave to your charms (We'll Be Together; performing artist: Sting) Like a slave without a chain (Goodbye Stranger; performing artist: Supertramp) I worked like a slave for years, (Ride My See-Saw; performing artist: The Moody Blues) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Mistress and the Slave (1972) Love Slave (1966) Sjenka slave (1962) My Slave (1959) Zbor na rijeci slave (1958) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Extensive wetlands lie near the town of Yellowknife, near the Great Slave Lake in Northwest Territories, Canada. The shallow lakes seen in this image have formed in grooves in the landscape that were carved by glaciers during the last Ice Age. Credit: NASA. |  | The galley slave getting ready to prepare the evening meal. Aboard the headboat YANKEE CAPTAIN out of Gloucester. Credit: Fisheries. |
 | Exterior view. Photograph by Jack E. Boucher, 1976. (Reproduction Number: HABS, CONN, 2-FARM,2-8) The First Church of Christ is Connecticut's best surviving example of a colonial-era meeting house. Built in 1771 by Captain Judah Woodruff, who also built many of the houses in Farmington, the church has undergone only minor alterations and still retains its side entrance; graceful, tall steeple; and plain, boxy styling. The church has played an important role in the town since it was built. In 1841, for instance, the African captives from the Spanish slave ship Amistad lived in Farmington and attended the First Church of Christ for several months while awaiting passage back to Africa. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | North elevation looking southwest. Photograph by Walter Smalling, 1977. (Reproduction Number: HABS, DC,WASH,166-12 (CT)) Frederick Douglass, a powerful and influential runaway slave, abolitionist, editor, and statesman, purchased this house in 1877. It was preserved as a memorial to Douglass after his death in 1895. The National Park Service restored the house in 1971-72, utilizing HABS documentation that had been produced in 1963-64. Today, the Frederick Douglass House is a popular and heavily visited site for those studying American history. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | A side-wheel steamer, built at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1860, Planter was run out of Charleston and delivered to the Federals in the early morning of 13 May 1862 by her pilot, Robert Smalls, a slave. She also brought several other black men, women and children to freedom. Planter subsequently served in the U.S. Navy. Credit: NAVY. |  | Slave market of America. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Practical illustration of the Fugitive Slave Law. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | When a slave passed he couldn't even see him. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | The slave driver. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | What a desk slave has to listen to. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Abraham Lincoln | As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of democracy. |
Christian Nevell Bovee | The great artist is a slave to his ideals. |
Euripides | Who dares not speak his free thoughts is a slave. |
Horace | Gold will be slave or master. |
| He will always be a slave who does not know how to live upon a little. | |
Jean De La Bruyere | A slave has but one master. An ambition man, has as many as there are people who helped him get his fortune. |
John Donne | Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men. |
Vincent Van Gogh | Do not quench your inspiration and your imagination; do not become the slave of your model. |
William Shakespeare | What we determine we often break. Purpose is but the slave to memory. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | To this purpose, I think it may not be amiss, to set down what I take to be political power; that the power of a Magistrate over a subject may be distinguished from that of a Father over his children, a Master over his servant, a Husband over his wife, and a Lord over his slave. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Amendment to US Constitution | 1795-1993 | But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. (reference) |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | It is unfit to rule because it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state, that it has to feed him, instead of being fed by him. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Conventions of May 18, 1904, and May 4, 1910, regarding the suppression of the White Slave Traffic. (reference) |
United Nations | 1948 | No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | Lord of the earth and sea, he bends a slave, And woman, lovely woman, reigns alone |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | It is a sort of a thief, a second offender, a galley slave, a case of robbery |
King Richard III | Shakespeare, William | But dead they are, and, devilish slave, by thee |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Economic History | Gabon | The coast became a center of the slave trade. (references) |
Chad | From 1500 to 1900, Arab slave raids were widespread. (references) | |
Cape Verde | In the 16th century, the archipelago prospered from the transatlantic slave trade. (references) | |
Human Rights | Sierra Leone | In previous years, the West Side Boys kidnaped children, women, and men and compelled them to work as slave labor; however, in late 2000, the group disbanded. (references) |
Political Economy | Sudan | Credible reports persist of practices such as the sale and purchase of children, some in alleged slave markets. (references) |
Austria | The forced and slave labor "Reconciliation Fund" will distribute $400 million, while "General Settlement Fund" will make $210 million available for property restitution. (references) | |
Worker Rights | India | The children had been sold to private slave traders. (references) |
Brazil | As a result, a number of estate owners have been cited repeatedly for employing slave labor. (references) | |
Niger | In September a 17-year-old former slave from Niger addressed the U.N. Conference Against Racism in South Africa. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | FIB, n. A lie that has not cut its teeth. An habitual liar's nearest approach to truth: the perigee of his eccentric orbit. When David said: "All men are liars," Dave, Himself a liar, fibbed like any thief. Perhaps he thought to weaken disbelief By proof that even himself was not a slave To Truth; though I suspect the aged knave Had been of all her servitors the chief Had he but known a fig's reluctant leaf Is more than e'er she wore on land or wave. No, David served not Naked Truth when he Struck that sledge-hammer blow at all his race; Nor did he hit the nail upon the head: For reason shows that it could never be, And the facts contradict him to his face. Men are not liars all, for some are dead. Bartle Quinker |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | Jove fix'd it certain, that whatever day Makes man a slave, takes half his worth away. |
James Monroe | 1817-1825 | Like success has attended our efforts to suppress the slave trade. |
Abraham Lincoln | 1861-1865 | If the slave is to be surrendered, it can be of but little consequence to him or to others by which authority it is done. |
Ulysses S. Grant | 1869-1877 | The effects of the late civil strife have been to free the slave and make him a citizen. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Slave" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 98.19% of the time. "Slave" is used about 882 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 98.19% | 866 | 8,178 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 1.7% | 15 | 90,616 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 0.11% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 882 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "slave": be a slave ♦ become a slave ♦ bond slave ♦ chattel slave ♦ emancipate a slave ♦ female slave ♦ galley slave ♦ great Slave Lake ♦ make a slave of smb. ♦ pierced ear slave ♦ regular slave ♦ slave ant ♦ slave away ♦ slave catcher ♦ slave coast ♦ slave dealer ♦ slave driver ♦ slave holder ♦ slave hunt ♦ slave labor ♦ slave labour ♦ slave labour camp ♦ slave market ♦ slave of fashion ♦ slave of the routine ♦ slave owner ♦ slave ship ♦ slave state ♦ slave station ♦ slave trade ♦ slave trader ♦ slave traffic ♦ slave tty ♦ wage slave ♦ white slave ♦ white slave traffic ♦ work a slave to death ♦ work like a slave. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "slave": slave-auction, slave-based, slave-born, slave-builders, slave-drive, slave-driven, slave-driver, slave-drivers, slave-driving, slave-girl, slave-girls, slave-grown, slave-holding, slave-hunt, slave-hunting, slave-ish, slave-king, slave-labor camp, slave-labour, slave-like, slave-maker, slave-makers, slave-making ant, slave-master, slave-masters, slave-oared, slave-owner, slave-owners, slave-owning, slave-plantation, slave-power, slave-rags, slave-raiding, slave-servitors, slave-ship, slave-ships, slave-status, slave-trade, slave-trader, slave-traders, slave-trading. | |
Ending with "slave": anti-slave, Master-slave, pro-slave, white-slave. | |
Containing "slave": semi-slave-like, white-slave agent, white-slave trade, white-slave trader. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
slave | 2,004 | slave narrative | 95 |
sex slave | 1,150 | in love slave | 92 |
audio slave | 711 | slave ship | 90 |
toilet slave | 340 | slave bracelet | 86 |
male slave | 256 | slave wife | 84 |
foot slave | 234 | kas slave | 84 |
sex slave auction | 227 | bdsm slave | 80 |
slave training | 212 | male sex slave | 77 |
slave trade | 174 | collar slave | 77 |
slave master | 150 | slave story | 76 |
gay slave | 128 | a slave of love | 70 |
slave picture | 128 | slave zero | 67 |
female slave | 117 | mistress toilet slave | 61 |
bondage slave | 113 | great lake slave | 61 |
audio lyrics slave | 113 | slave woman | 61 |
slave auction | 112 | white slave | 61 |
sex slave story | 108 | slave market | 61 |
mistress slave | 102 | contract slave | 60 |
slave on dope | 97 | pantie slave | 59 |
lesbian slave | 96 | slave lake | 57 |
i m slave | 57 | ||
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "slave"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | slaaf, slavin (bondwoman, female, female slave). (various references) | |
Albanian | skllav (bondman, bondservant, bondslave, helot, serf, thrall), rob (bondman, captive, cove, prisoner, Rob, serf). (various references) | |
Arabic | كدح (drudge, drudgery, elbow grease, fag, grub, hard work, labor, labour, moil, plod, proletarianize, slavery, slog, sweat, sweat blood, swot, toil, travail, work hard), مستعبد بالأعمال الشاقة, مستعبد (enslaved, enthralled, thrall), عبد (gladiator, pave, thrall, worship), الكادح (drudge, fag, grub, grubber, laborer, labourer, peon, slogger), الرقيق, إستعبد (enslave, subjugate, yoke). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | робувам, роб (addict, bondservant, bondslave, bondsman, chattel, galley slave, helot, mameluke, predial, serf, thrall, vassal), работя като роб (drudge), търгувам с роби, заробвам (enfetter, enslave, thrall). (various references) | |
Chinese | 奴隶, 奴隸 , 奴 . (various references) | |
Czech | otrok (bondslave, drudge, helot, thrall, vassal). (various references) | |
Danish | slave-enhed, slave. (various references) | |
Dutch | slaaf (Slav). (various references) | |
Esperanto | sklavo, sklavino (bondwoman, female slave). (various references) | |
Faeroese | trælur. (various references) | |
Farsi | غلامی کردن , غلام (Bondsman, Vassal), سخت کارکردن (Grind), زرخرید, اسیر (Captive, Prisoner), بنده (Servant, Vassal), برده (Bondsman, Serf). (various references) | |
Finnish | orja. (various references) | |
French | esclave. (various references) | |
Frisian | slavinne (bondwoman, female slave). (various references) | |
German | Sklave (bondsman, chattel, drudge), Sklavin (bondswoman, bondwoman, female slave), Knecht (farm labourer, farmhand, servant, stableboy). (various references) | |
Greek | ραγιάς, σκλάβος (thrall), υποτελής (liege), υποταγμένη μονάδα, εξαρτημένη μονάδα, ανδράποδο, δούλοσ (bondman, fag, helot, thrall), δούλος, δουλεύω σκληρά (beaver, drudge). (various references) | |
Hebrew | לעבו" בפרך (drudge, slog), שפח" (female slave, maidservant), עב" (bondsman, serf, servant, servitor, thrall). (various references) | |
Hungarian | rabszolga (bondslave, maroon, serf, slavish, thrall). (various references) | |
Indonesian | hamba (servant), budak (servant, youngster), abdi (servant). (various references) | |
Irish | sclÚbhaí, trÚill, daor (costly, dear, expensive, lovely, pricey, valuable). (various references) | |
Italian | schiavo (drudge, thrall). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 奴隷 (servant). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ふ (affix, append, captive, generally, giving to, instructor, minus, music, negative, negative prefix, non, note, pawn, prisoner, refer to, score, submitting to, tutor, un, victim, widely), どれい (earthenwarebell, servant), スレーブ , スレイヴ , スレイブ , とり" (captive, prisoner, rice powder, victim). (various references) | |
Korean | 노예. (various references) | |
Manx | sleab (thrall), slaue, jannoo slauaght, bondagh (bondman, captive, vassal). (various references) | |
Papiamen | katibu (bondwoman, female slave), katibo (bondwoman, female slave). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | aveslay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | escravo (bond, bondman, bondservant, bondslave, helot, mameluke, minion, serf, thrall, vassal, villain), cativo (bond, captive, catched, prisoner). (various references) | |
Romanian | serv (serf), sclavã (bondwoman), sclav (bondman, creature, hack, serf, thrall), robi (enslave, enthrall, exploit, fascinate, hack), rob (bondsman, creature, prisoner), roabã (Barrow, bondwoman, trolley, wheelbarrow), munci cã un sclav (be chained to the oar), chinui (agonize, bait, bore, drudge, fester, grill, harass, Harrow, Harry, lacerate, martyr, martyrize, mortify, overdrive, persecute, pinch, plague, prey, prick, rack, tantalize, torment, torture, trouble, try, worry, wring). (various references) | |
Russian | раб дублирующий, раб (bondservant, bondslave, bondsman, helot, serf, thrall), невольник. (various references) | |
Scottish | tr ill (a slave, drudge). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | rob (bondservant, bondslave, chattel, galley slave, helot, mameluke, menial, thrall, villein). (various references) | |
Spanish | esclavo (bond, bondman, bondsman, thrall). (various references) | |
Sranan | srafu, katibo (victim). (various references) | |
Swahili | mtumwa. (various references) | |
Swedish | slav (addict, bondman, fiend, helot, slav), träl (bondservant, bondsman, serf, thrall, villain, villein). (various references) | |
Thai | ทาสที่เป็นฝีพายเรือ galley (galley slave). (various references) | |
Turkish | kul (creature, helot, servant, vassal), köle gibi çalışmak (drudge, work like a nigger), köle (bond slave, bondman, bondslave, bondsman, chattel, chattel slave, contraband, drudge, helot, mameluke, man friday, minion, serf, servile, thrall), esir (bond slave, bondman, bondslave, bondsman, captive, capture, helot, prisoner, thrall), eşek gibi çalışmak (slog away), didinmek (fag, grub, moil, strain, strive, toil, toil and moil, try hard, wear oneself out). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | раб (chattel, helot, serf, thrall), невільник (bondsman), працювати до знемоги, поневолювати (beslave, enfetter, enslave, enthral, enthrall, subjugate), попихати (domineer). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | thân trâu ngựa người bỉ ổi. (various references) | |
Welsh | slaf (drudge), caethwas (bondman), caethforwyn (bondmaid), caethferch (bondmaid), caethfab (bondman), caethes (bondmaid), caeth (bond, bondman, close, confined). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Sumerian | 3100 BCE-2500 BCE | 2. rig, gi-in, subar. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | servus. (various references) |
| Medieval Latin | 700-1500 | Sclavus. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "slave": slaved, slaveholder, slaveholders, slaveholding, slaveholdings, slaver, slavered, slaverer, slaverers, slaveries, slavering, slavers, slavery, slaves, slavey, slaveys. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "slave": enslave. (additional references) | |
Words containing "slave": antislaveries, antislavery, beslaved, enslaved, enslavement, enslavements, enslaver, enslavers, enslaves. (additional references) | |
| |
"Slave" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: esclave, Eslava, klave, salv, salva, salvavi, salvavit, salven, savhe, scave, scavi, selive, Silaev, skave, sklave, Sladek, slae, slaf, slage, slame, slane, slava, slavey, slavi, slaxe, slaye, sleev, sleve, sliev, sliv, sliva, Slive, slove, slovo, sluf, slv, spave, srave, svale, zlabek. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "slave" (pronounced slā"v) |
| 4 | s l ā" v | enslave. |
| 3 | -l ā" v | lave. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: laves, salve, selva, vales, valse, veals. | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-l-s-v" | |
-1 letter: ales, aves, lase, lave, lavs, leas, leva, sale, save, seal, vale, vase, veal, vela. | |
-2 letters: ale, als, ave, els, las, lav, lea, lev, sae, sal, sea, sel, vas. | |
-3 letters: ae, al, as, el, es, la. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-l-s-v" | |
+1 letter: avulse, calves, claves, gavels, halves, lavers, leaves, loaves, navels, ravels, salved, salver, salves, selvas, serval, silvae, slaved, slaver, slaves, slavey, sleave, sylvae, valets, valise, valses, values, valves, velars, versal, vestal. | |
+2 letters: absolve, alcoves, alevins, avulsed, avulses, carvels, clavers, cleaves, coevals, devisal, enslave, estival, favelas, glaives, gravels, halvers, lavages, laveers, leavens, leavers, lekvars, levants, lovages, maglevs, marvels, reveals, revisal, salvage, salvers, salvoed, salvoes, savable, saveloy, selvage, servals, several, slavers, slavery, slaveys, sleaved, sleaves, solvate, suavely, travels, vakeels, valines, valises, valleys, valuers, varlets, vealers, verbals, verglas, vesical, vestals, vestral. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Speeches | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Expressions 15. Expressions: Internet 16. Translations: Modern | 17. Translations: Ancient 18. Derivations 19. Rhymes 20. Anagrams | 21. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
