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Definition: Reference |
ReferenceNoun1. A remark that calls attention to something or someone; "she made frequent mention of her promotion"; "there was no mention of it"; "the speaker made several references to his wife". 2. A short note acknowledging a source of information or quoting a passage; "the student's essay failed to list several important citations"; "the article includes mention of similar clinical cases". 3. An indicator that orients you generally; "it is used as a reference for comparing the heating and the electrical energy involved". 4. A book to which you can refer for authoritative facts; "he contributed articles to the basic reference work on that topic". 5. A formal recommendation by a former employer to a potential future employer describing the person's qualifications and dependability; "requests for character references are all to often answered evasively". 6. The class of objects that an expression refers to; "the extension of `satellite of Mars' is the set containing only Demos and Phobos". 7. The act of referring; "reference to an encyclopedia produced the answer". 8. A publication (or a passage from a publication) that is referred to; "he carried an armful of references back to his desk"; "he spent hours looking for the source of that quotation". 9. The relation between a word or phrase and the object or idea it refers to; "he argued that reference is a consequence of conditioned reflexes". Verb1. Refer to. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "reference" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Reference pointer. Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing. |
Finance | Transaction identifier which is normally included as part of the information supplied with the transaction itself, and can subsequently be used to distinguish the transaction identified from other transactions. Source: European Union. (references) |
Information | A symbol in a file or index which directs from one heading or entry to another. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A citation referring to a document or passage. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Language | The relationship between linguistic expressions and the persons or objects they designate(or otherwise identify). Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A reference is something that is pointing at something else, that shows a connection between things. It is something that attaches two things, it need not be solid objects, it could be abstract things such as data, thoughts or memories.
In semantics, reference is the relation between nouns or pronouns and objects, or between speakers and objects. Hence the word "John" refers to John'; the word "it" refers to some previously specified object. Alternatively when I say "John" I refer to John. Sometimes the former, word-object relation is called "denotation" for clarity; still, speakers only refer by using words that denote. The objects referred to are called the "referents" of the word.
Reference is not in general the same as meaning, since many words, including verbs and adjectives, do not refer at all but are perfectly meaningful. Furthermore, as Frege discovered, reference cannot be treated as identical with meaning even for nouns: "The morning star" and "the evening star" both refer to Venus, but it does not seem to be the case that if I do not know this I must not know what my words mean. (This led Frege to distinguish between the sense of a word and its reference).
The concept of a reference is quite often used in computer science to express complex data structures such as circular lists. Most programming languages support it. For example, in Java every object is treated as a reference. In C, a pointer is a reference.
See reference (computer science) for more detail.
A 'reference point is a location used to describe another one, by giving the relative position. Similarly we have the concept of frame of reference (both in physics and figuratively), etc.
In a library, the word reference may refer to a dictionary, encyclopedia, or other reference work that contains many brief articles that cover a broad scope of knowledge in one book, or a set of books. However, the word reference is also used to mean a book that cannot be taken from the room, or from the building. Many of the books in the reference department of a library are reference works, but some are books that are simply too large or valuable to loan out. Conversely, selected reference works may be shelved with other circulating books, and may be loaned out.
See also: reference work, self reference, Library reference desk, List of reference tables Wikipedia:References
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Reference."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In computer science, a reference is a small object containing information which refers to data instead of containing the data itself.The basic idea of references is to store the whereabouts of data instead of data itself.
In the above code, if a variable a contains a value rather than a reference, then the result is 2 + 3 = 5. On the contrary, if a is reference pointing to an integer 2, then the result would be 3 + 3 = 6.
a := 2b := aa := 3print a + b
The use of reference is motivated to create some flexibility in memory allocation and forming data structures and to improve runtime efficiency. References are primarily used to refer to objects or other data entities in memory, and construct data structures such as trees. In multi-element data structures, references can be used to form a link between nodes - for example, if you have one node, then you can access another node that the node refers to. Using references, objects can be stored at arbitrary locations in memory at runtime. Because typical data objects in computer programs reside in the memory, information of the location needs usually as small as 32 bits or 64 bits, which may allows to avoid costy duplication of memory blocks.
The mechanism of reference, if varying in implementation is one of foundmental programming language features and many modern programming languages support basic operations with references. Even some languages that support no direct way to locate an object arbitrary has some internal use of reference. For example, A calling convention, call by reference can be implemented with either explicit or implicit use of references.
Pointers are the most primitive type of reference, having mere memory address. Smart pointers are opaque data structures that requires to be accessed via particular functions or methods.
External and internal reference
Data structures containing data in some defined manner can store data either the "internal way" or the "external way". In the internal way, the structure copies actual data to its local data storage space, while in the external way, the structure only stores a reference to global data. The internal way is simple and safe but sometimes prohibitively inefficient in terms of memory usage and runtime performance. But, local data becomes out of date if an external process modifies the source of the data. Though more efficient than the internal way, the external way of using global references can mushroom into an unmanageable set of independent updates to the data.
External links
- Pointer Fun With Binky Introduction to pointers in a 3 minute educational video - Stanford Computer Science Education Library
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Reference (computer science)."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| RE | English | Reference equivalent | Post & Telecom |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: ReferenceSynonyms: book of facts (n), character (n), character reference (n), citation (n), consultation (n), credit (n), denotation (n), extension (n), mention (n), point of reference (n), quotation (n), reference book (n), reference point (n), reference work (n), source (n), cite (v). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Advice | Reference, referment; consultation, conference, pourparler. |
Attribution | Noun: attribution, theory, etiology, ascription, reference to, rationale; accounting for; v; palaetiology, imputation, derivation from. |
Evidence | Citation, reference; legal research, literature search (experiment). |
Indication | Keyboard symbols, printing symbols; red letter, italics, sublineation, underlining, bold font; jotting; note, annotation, reference; blaze, cedilla, guillemets, hachure; quotation marks, double quotes,"", parentheses, brackets, braces, curly brackets, arrows, slashes; left parenthesis, "("; right parenthesis, ")"; opening bracket, ""; left curly brace, "{"; right curly brace, "}"; left arrow, ""; right arrow, ""; forward slash, "/"; backward slash, "\"; exclamation point, "!"; commercial at, "@"; pound sign, "#"; percent sign, "%"; carat, "^"; ampersand, "&"; asterisk, ""; hyphen, "-"; dash, "-", "_"; em dash, "--"; plus sign, "+", equals sign, "="; question mark, "?"; period, "."; semicolon, ";", colon, ":"; comma, ","; apostrophe, "'"; single quote, "'"; tilde, "~". |
Irrelation | Adverb: parenthetically; Adjective: by the way, by the by; en passant, incidentally; irrespectively; Adjective: without reference to, without regard to; in the abstract; a se. |
Lawsuit | Case; decision, precedent; decided case, reports (legal reference works, see reference books). |
Prototype | Noun: prototype, original, model, pattern, precedent, standard, ideal, reference, scantling, type; archetype, protoplast, module, exemplar, example, ensample, paradigm; lay-figure. |
Relation | Thereof; as to, as for, as respects, as regards; about; concerning; Verb: anent; relating to, as relates to; with relation, with reference to, with respect to,with regard to; in respect of; while speaking of, a propos of; in connection with; by the way, by the by; whereas; for as much as, in as much as; in point of, as far as; on the part of, on the score of; quoad hoc; pro re nata; under the head of; (class) of; in the matter of, in re. |
Noun: relation, bearing, reference, connection, concern,. cognation; correlation; analogy; similarity; affinity, homology, alliance, homogeneity, association; approximation; (nearness); filiation; (consanguinity); interest; relevancy; dependency, relationship, relative position. | |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | So you have no frame of reference here, Donny (The Big Lebowski; writing credit: Ethan Coen; Joel Coen) Of course, that depends on your frame of reference. Physicists say centrifugal force doesn't exist (Head Start; writing credit: Andrea Del Bosco; Glen Dolman) Pop culture reference. Sorry (Buffy the Vampire Slayer; writing credit: Doreen Spicer) Could you please tell me what this is in reference to (Friends; writing credit: Jörn O. Jensen; Birger Larsen) Let me see some star charts, get some common points of reference. (Farscape; writing credit: Olivier Cauvin) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | C&GS Ship HYDROGRAPHER as seen from photogrammetric aircraft First photo mission for C&GS was an attempt to determined depths in clear water Project in Florida Keys - ship was used as fixed reference program Cooperative project with Aeroplane Service of the Navy. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Reference bottle at Station Principio. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Chris Doley of NOAA sets a crab pot at a reference site, Coaches Island is in the distance. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | Setting a crab pot at a reference site. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
 | Collection of gillnets at a reference site, the mainland can be seen in the background. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | Fyke net sampling for marsh nekton at Knapps Narrows, a reference site. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
 | Preparing marsh sites for fyke net sampling at a reference site. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | Gillnet sampling at a reference site. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
 | Poplar Island snag areas were sampled using gillnets. One significant result indicated that the rockfish were more abundant in the snag areas than in the harbor or in the reference sites. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | Average annual deaths per 100,000 population from causes with explicit mention of alcohol by county, United States, 1986-90 The map below is based on data from U.S. Alcohol Epidemiologic Data Reference Manual, Vol. 3, Fourth Edition, July 1994. Credit: NIAA. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "Hardphone" by Parahype Commentary: "Philips Studio Reference headphones." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Author | Quotation |
Aristotle | Praise invariably implies a reference to a higher standard. |
| Personal beauty is a greater recommendation than any letter of reference. | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | But what is to be done in reference to foreigners, depending much upon their actions, and the variation of designs and interests, must be left in great part to the prudence of those, who have this power committed to them, to be managed by the best of their skill, for the advantage of the common-wealth. (Second Treatise of Government) |
US Constitution | 1791 | The small superior figures preceding the paragraphs designate Clauses, and were not in the original and have no reference to footnotes. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Such average shall be determined after reference to all available official information and statistics. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | Indeed, the same dark question often rose into her mind, with reference to the whole race of womanhood |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | What is felt in those places, as we have indicated in reference to Marius, and as we shall see in what follows, is more and is less than life |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | A library provides reference service. (references) | |
A familial study with special reference to Fuchs' dystrophy. (references) | ||
Your doctor can send your blood sample to a reference laboratory for testing. (references) | ||
Business | This is especially true in reference to the former defense enterprises. (references) | |
There is still an official exchange rate, which is basically only a reference figure. (references) | ||
Percentages of contained nutrients to Korean nutrient reference values should be also indicated. (references) | ||
Children | Bosnia and Herzegovina | The U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child is incorporated by reference in the Dayton Accords and has the effect of law in both entities. (references) |
Cameroon | In addition fewer girls were found at higher levels of education; according to a 1998/1999 study by the Technical Steering Committee of the Social Statistics Reference, women made up only 25 percent of students in specialized professional training programs. (references) | |
Brazil | A 1999 study by the Reference Center on Children and Adolescents (CECRIA), an entity within the National Human Rights Secretariat, indicated that patterns of sexual exploitation of children correspond to the distinct economic and social profile of the country's region. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Colombia | A 1994 Constitutional Court decision declared unconstitutional any official government reference to religious characterizations of the country. (references) |
Saudi Arabia | Government censors remove any reference to politics, religions other than Islam, pork or pigs, alcohol, and sex from foreign programs and songs. (references) | |
Guatemala | He recommended a "serious investigation of the possible existence of a real monopoly on television stations open to public access," in reference to the control by a single individual of all of the private stations in the country. (references) | |
Discrimination | Hong Kong | An Equal Opportunities Commission has been established to work toward the elimination of discrimination and to promote equality of opportunity with specific reference to gender, disability, and family status. (references) |
Economic History | Kenya | They serve as convenient reference points for both resellers and end users. (references) |
Syria | For your reference, please see the list of attorneys beginning on the opposite page. (references) | |
Human Rights | Eritrea | They base their decisions on "conscience," without reference to the law. (references) |
Tajikistan | Judges at all levels have extremely poor access to legal reference materials. (references) | |
Somalia | The Puntland Charter also provides for a Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and courts of first reference. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Guatemala | In June the President announced that every public school in the country would receive a series of texts: Literary works, reference books and historical works. (references) |
Mexico | The revised bill also dropped the original bill's reference to indigenous communities as "legal public entities," diluted the COCOPA bill's recognition of indigenous rights in judicial proceedings, and reduced the extent of indigenous control over natural resources. (references) | |
Political Economy | BRAZIL | In July 2000, the United States held WTO dispute settlement consultations with Brazil over the reference price issue. (references) |
Political Rights | Swaziland | These controversial terms of reference included prohibition of media coverage, prohibition of group submissions, and possible fines and imprisonment of those persons interfering in the commission's activities. (references) |
Swaziland | These groups specifically cited the commission's composition that consisted predominantly of traditionalists, the internal disputes that led to the resignation of four members, and the commission's controversial terms of reference. (references) | |
Trade | Colombia | Often the appropriate reference price is not used to assess the import duty. (references) |
Travel | Ecuador | The information below concerning Ecuador is provided for general reference only, and may not be totally accurate in a particular location or circumstance. (references) |
Netherlands | By reference and the use of INCOTERMS in an agreement, both parties will be using the established international set of commercial terms, which helps to reduce possible misunderstandings and promotes fair dealing. (references) | |
Thailand | Business relationships in Thailand are not as formal as those found in Japan, China, Korea or the Middle East, but neither are they as relaxed and impersonal as is common in the West . Many business relationships have their foundations in personal relationships developed within the social circles of family, friends, classmates and office colleagues . Although Thailand is a relatively open and friendly society, it is advisable to approach potential business contacts with a prior introduction or personal reference . Thais will be more receptive if you arrive with an introduction or letter from a known government official or business contact . Using the Commercial Service's Gold Key Program is also an effective way to gain access to the Thai business community. (references) | |
Women | Tunisia | Media attention focuses on women's economic and academic accomplishments, and usually omits reference to culturally sensitive issues. (references) |
Worker Rights | China | Li was charged with "incitement to subversion of state power," an apparent reference to his attempt to publicize prison conditions through a hunger strike. (references) |
Venezuela | The Constitution obliges the State to provide public and private sector workers with an annually adjusted minimum wage, using the cost of the basic basket of necessities as a reference point. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | ALTAR, n. The place whereupon the priest formerly raveled out the small intestine of the sacrificial victim for purposes of divination and cooked its flesh for the gods. The word is now seldom used, except with reference to the sacrifice of their liberty and peace by a male and a female tool. They stood before the altar and supplied The fire themselves in which their fat was fried. In vain the sacrifice! -- no god will claim An offering burnt with an unholy flame. M.P. Nopput |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Rush Limbaugh | But if the ELF acronym is mostly unfamiliar on the East Coast, it has long been a reference point in the Pacific Northwest for illegal and extreme environmental activism that law enforcement officials call eco-terrorism. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
George Washington | 1789-1797 | I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the state, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations. |
James Monroe | 1817-1825 | That officer, professing his own want of authority to make satisfaction for our just complaints, answered only by a reference of them to the Government of Spain. |
John Quincy Adams | 1825-1829 | A reference has been made to the British Government on the subject, which, it may be hoped, will tend to hasten the decision of the commissioners, or serve as a substitute for it. |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | Some more liberal policy than that which now prevails in reference to this unfortunate class of citizens is certainly due to them, and would prove beneficial to the country. |
James Buchanan | 1857-1861 | The bare reference to a single consideration will be conclusive on this point. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | Nineteen Forty-Five provided the common frame of reference the compass points of the postwar era we've relied upon to understand ourselves. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Reference" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 98.75% of the time. "Reference" is used about 7,541 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 98.75% | 7,447 | 1,300 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 1.02% | 77 | 37,929 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 0.19% | 14 | 93,893 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.04% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Total | 100.00% | 7,541 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "reference": according to the reference ♦ acoustic reference level ♦ aerodrome reference point ♦ aerodrome reference temperature ♦ anaphoric reference ♦ anatomical reference ♦ application reference model ♦ audiometric reference level ♦ bear reference to ♦ bibliographical reference ♦ bonnet leading edge reference line ♦ bonnet rear reference line ♦ book of reference ♦ cartographic reference ♦ case reference study ♦ CCIF reference telephonic power ♦ central map reference ♦ cf. tidal plane of reference ♦ character reference ♦ common Hardware Reference Platform ♦ credit reference agency ♦ Cross reference ♦ date of reference ♦ deictic reference ♦ ear reference point ♦ frame of reference ♦ geographic reference identification number ♦ grid reference ♦ have reference to ♦ have reference to smth. ♦ hypothetical reference circuit ♦ hypothetical reference connection ♦ ils reference datum ♦ in reference to ♦ inertial reference frame ♦ insertion reference signal ♦ intermediate reference system ♦ lay reference number ♦ lower bumper reference line ♦ make a reference to smth. ♦ make reference ♦ make reference to ♦ map reference ♦ map reference code ♦ mark with kilometric reference point ♦ military grid reference system ♦ mouth reference point ♦ named character reference ♦ named entity reference ♦ new fundamental system for the determination of reference equivalents ♦ new master system for the determination of reference equivalents ♦ no reference must be made to ♦ OSI Reference Model ♦ page reference ♦ pendulous reference axis ♦ planning values of the reference equivalents ♦ point of reference ♦ powerpc Reference Platform ♦ Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space ♦ print reference ♦ quick reference ♦ R reference point ♦ receiving reference equivalent ♦ reference address ♦ reference Bible ♦ reference book ♦ Reference Books ♦ reference box ♦ reference conditions of influencing quantities and factors ♦ reference copies ♦ reference counting ♦ reference data ♦ reference datum ♦ reference diversion point ♦ reference edge ♦ reference equivalents of the national systems ♦ reference frame ♦ reference friction condition ♦ reference function code qualifier ♦ reference grid ♦ reference humidity ♦ reference job ♦ reference landing approach speed ♦ reference library ♦ reference limit ♦ reference line ♦ reference manual ♦ reference mark ♦ reference number ♦ reference point ♦ reference position ♦ reference source ♦ Reference Standards ♦ reference stimuli ♦ reference system ♦ reference system for the determination of articulation reference equivalents ♦ reference telephonic power ♦ reference to ♦ reference value of an influencing factor ♦ reference value of an influencing quantity ♦ Reference Values. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "reference": reference-group, reference-modification, reference-point, reference-qualification, reference-qualifiers, reference-room, reference-type. | |
Ending with "reference": co-reference, quick-reference. | |
Containing "reference": grid-reference-positive, null-reference glide path. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "reference"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | verwysing. (various references) | |
Albanian | referim (mention, respect, touching), përmendje (citation, mention), kompetencë (ability, adequacy, authority, business, capacity, competence, competency, power, province, purview), aluzion (allusion, cue, hint, inkling, innuendo, intimation, pointing), adresim (addressing, recourse). (various references) | |
Arabic | معلومات (acquaintance, datum, dope, information, input, notion, poop), مرجع, توصية (behest, commendation, order, recommendation, testament, testimonial), سلطات (authorities, power), زود بالمراجع, صلة (communication, connection, connexion, copula, link, linkage, rapport, relation, relationship, tie, touch), صلاحية (power, warrant), إحالة (exoneration, impossibility), إسناد (predication), إستشارة (consultation), إشارة (allusion, cue, denotation, forerunner, gesture, hint, index, indication, innuendo, mark, motion, pitch, prognostic, sign, signal, tip off), أشار (advert, allude, beckon, beckon in, connote, denote, designate, indicate, mark, mark out, mention, motion, point, point at, point out, read, record, refer, show, sign, signalize, suggest). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | снабдявам с забележки, справяне (handling, management, shifting), справка (consultation, enquiry, inquiry), споменаване (mention), референция, компетенция (capacity, cognizance, competence, competency, province, purview, scope), връзка (alliance, association, bond, bunch, cement, channel, communication, concatenation, connection, connexion, contact, copula, cord, coupler, intercommunication, lace, leverage, liaison, ligament, ligature, link, nexus, noose, overlay, point, regard, relation, relationship, relevance, relevancy, string, tie, touch), отношение (attitude, bearing, concern, contact, count, deal, dealing, feeling, play, posture, proportion, ratio, regard, relation, relationship, respect, sentiment, stance, treatment), забележка в книга, лице което препоръчва, пълномощия (jurisdiction, papers, power), препоръка (commendation, recommendation, rider, testimonial, warrant), приписване (ascription, assignation, assignment, attribution, imputation). (various references) | |
Chinese | 參考書 , 參考 (consultation, to consult, to refer), 参考 (ref, referenced, referential). (various references) | |
Czech | reference, zřetel (consideration, heed, regard, respect), poznámka (comment, note, observation, remark, rubric), poukázání (remittance), odvolávka, odkaz (bequest, cross-reference, legacy), doporuèení (commendation, hint, introduction, recommendation, say so, suggestion). (various references) | |
Danish | reference. (various references) | |
Dutch | referentie (match line, matched edge), verwijzing (amendment, referral). (various references) | |
Esperanto | referenco. (various references) | |
Faeroese | viðmæli (recommendation), upplýsing (account, information), ávísing (indication, summons). (various references) | |
Farsi | مراجعه (Recourse, Referral, Respect), کتاب مخصوص مراجعات علمی وادبی وغیره , کتاب بس خوان , عطف , رجوع (Referral, Respect, Reversion), بازگشت (Recess, Recession, Recurrence, Return). (various references) | |
Finnish | viite (suggestion). (various references) | |
French | renvoi (remand, removal, return), référence (document reference, document reference information, reference information). (various references) | |
Frisian | oangeande (about, as regards, as to, concerning, toward, towards, with reference to), oanbelangjende (about, as regards, as to, concerning, toward, towards, with reference to). (various references) | |
German | Referenz (referee), Verweis (admonishment, animadversion, rebuke, reprimand, reproof), Bezugnahme (quotation), Hinweis (allusion, clue, comment, consideration, evidence, hint, indication, lead, piece of advice, pointer, tip), Bezug (buying, cover, drawing, pillowcase, purchase, regard, slip, strings, taking, upholstery). (various references) | |
Greek | αναφορά (account, citation, mention, petition, relation, report), παραπομπή (citation, cross-reference, quotation). (various references) | |
Hebrew | עיון (consideration, inspection, meditation, perusal, reflection, study), אזכור (allusion, commemoration, mention), המלצה (recommendation), הפניה (turning, version), הסתמכות (reliance), סמוכין (evidence, proof, support). (various references) | |
Hungarian | utalás (allusion, commitment, cross-reference, hint, indication, mention), hivatkozás (allusion, citation), felvilágosítás (account, enlightening, enlightenment, explanation, information, misdirection). (various references) | |
Indonesian | surat keterangan, penunjukan (indication, pointing to something), acuan. (various references) | |
Italian | riferimento (concern, hint, index, proportion, ratio, relation, relationship, tip), referenza (referee), raccomandazione (advice, commendation, exhortation, recommendation, referral). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 言及 , 照会先 , 照会 (inquiry), リビア山猫 (liberation, libido, Libyan wildcat, lift, liftback, living, living kitchen, living room, living room set, living stock, makeover, rebate, reboot, reference guide, referencer, refinance, refine, reflation, reflect, reflection, reflective, reform instructor, reform plan, refrain, refresh, refreshment, repeat, repeater, replace, replicate, replication, reply, repression, reprint, reproduction, revision, rib, rib roast, rift, ripple, rivet, updating), レバレッジ効果 (left, left wing, leverage effect, referee, referee's position, reference book, reference service, reflector, reflex camera, repertoire, repertory, repertory system, review, reviewer, revue), 援引 , 引照 , 引き合い (comparison, deal, witness), 引合い (comparison, deal, witness), 引合 (comparison, deal, witness), 問い合わせ先 , 参考 (consultation), 参考 (consultation), 参照 (consultation), 参照 (consultation). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | リファレンス , レファレンス , しょうかいさき, しょうかい (company, detailed explanation, firm, inquiry, introduction, patrolling), ひきあい (comparison, deal, witness), さんしょう (3 cheers, consultation, Japanese pepper, praise, prickly ash, singing three times), さんこう (boring, consultation, dead of night, midnight, midnight to 2 a.m., proceeding to, punching, scattered light, the small hours, the third of five night watches, third proof), いんしょう (citation, impression, quotation, seal, stamp), げんきゅう (one's former grade, pay cut, positive grade), といあわせさき, えんいん (delay, procrastination, underlying cause). (various references) | |
Korean | 참조 (ref, referential). (various references) | |
Manx | screeuyn moyllee (letter of recommendation), ogher earroo. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | eferenceray.(various references) | |
Portuguese | referência (concern, mention, recurrence). (various references) | |
Portuguese Brazilian | respeito (respect), referência. (various references) | |
Romanian | referire (referring), referinţã (explanation), referat (essay, report, review), recomandare (character, commendation, introduction, prescript, prescription, recommendation, testimonial), raport (account, bearing, connection, memoir, rapport, ratio, record, relation, relationship, report, respect, return, statement), trimitere (delivery, dispatch, remittance, sending), pomenire (alms, commemoration, memorial, mention, mentioning, remembrance, requiem), legãturã (band, bandage, bearing, bind, binder, binding, bond, brace, bracer, bunch, bundle, communion, concern, conjunction, connection, contact, cord, harmony, headkerchief, hoist, junction, knot, lashing, league, liaison, ligament, link, link up, marriage, nexus, pack, pertinence, rapport, relation, relationship, relevance, relevancy, respect, sheaf, tie, touch, truss, unity), informaţie (communication, datum, dope, griffin, intelligence, knowledge, learning, piece of information), competenţã (ability, authority, capacity, cognizance, competence, efficiency, expertness, fitness, jurisdiction, province, purview, scope), caracterizare (character, characterization, testimonial), atribuţie (attribution, competence, task), aluzie (allusion, gentle reminder, half word, hint, inkling, pointing, reminder, suggestion). (various references) | |
Russian | ссылка (allusion, citation, deportation, exile, link, mention, re), сноска (booknote, footnote, footnotes), справка (enquiry, inquiry), рекомендация (commendation, recommendation, testimonial), отношение (attitude, bearing, mindset, quotient, rate, ratio, regard, relation, relationship, respect), делать |
