Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Preliminary |
PreliminaryAdjective1. Designed to orient or acquaint with the a situation before proceeding; "a preliminary investigation". Noun1. A minor match preceding the main event. 2. Something that serves as a preceding event or introduces what follows; "training is a necessary preliminary to employment"; "drinks were the overture to dinner". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "preliminary" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1550. (references) |
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| PRE | English | Preliminary Amplifier | Computing |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: PreliminarySynonyms: overture (n), prelim (n), prelude (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Precedence | Adjective: preceding; Verb: precedent, antecedent; anterior; prior; before; former; foregoing; beforementioned, abovementioned, aforementioned; aforesaid, said; precursory, precursive; prevenient, preliminary, prefatory, introductory; prelusive, prelusory; proemial, preparatory. |
Precursor | Adjective: precursory; prelusive, prelusory, preludious; proemial, introductory, prefatory, prodromous, inaugural, preliminary; precedent; (prior). |
Preparation | Precautionary, provident; preparative, preparatory; provisional, inchoate, under revision; preliminary; (precedent). |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Just a preliminary list of suspects. (The General's Daughter; writing credit: Christopher Bertolini) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | CDC Laboratorians performing a preliminary mock-up tests, using a biological safety hood. Credit: CDC. |  | Preliminary steps for rescue of crewman with medical emergency from MILLER FREEMAN by helicopter. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
 | A bulldozer begins to unearth the dam for preliminary site testing purposes. The testing was conducted to determine if contaminants that could leach in to the river were present and to assess the likelihood of uncovering any historical artifacts. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | TIROS I satellite on test stand during preliminary test stage. In: "Weather Analysis from Satellite Observations, " U.S. Navy Research Facility, December 1960. Figure 1.4. Credit: NOAA in Space. |
 | Middlesex Hospital, London, England. : Nurses in the Preliminary Training School. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Preliminary design model undergoing seakeeping tests at the David Taylor Model Basin, Carderock, Maryland, circa 1947. This is an early version of the CVA-58 design, without catapult sponsons. Note the folding smokestacks in the "down" position, as they would have been during flight operations. Aircraft models on the flight deck appear to represent the F7U fighter and a notional heavy attack bomber. Credit: NAVY. |
 | Photograph dated 16 April 1917, possibly taken during a preliminary Navy inspection prior to her being taken over for World War I service. She served as USS Killarney (SP-219) in 1917-19. Credit: NAVY. |  | Egypt--the religious ceremonies preliminary to the inauguration of the Suez Canal, at Port Said ; Egypt--arrival at the station of El-Guishr, Suez Canal, of the steamship L'Aigle, with the Empress Eugenie. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Soldiers inspecting new trackless tank during demonstration at Fort Myer, Virginia. Tank was manufactured by the Trackless Tank Corporation of New York, and submitted to the Ordnance Department, U.S. Army, for inspection. Preliminary tests indicate that t. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Wood stacked up preliminary to firing the tobacco. Person County, North Carolina. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | These preliminary results will need to be confirmed by further study. (references) | |
Thus, preliminary steps are needed before mass screening can be considered. (references) | ||
If your case is urgent, you may have a preliminary report within a few hours. (references) | ||
Business | Taiwan's CAA has recently completed the preliminary planning. (references) | |
A license is not required to practice preliminary design and interior design. (references) | ||
Second, many of the data are based on preliminary reports that might be changed in future filings. (references) | ||
Children | Korea | In July the Government enacted a revised Child Protection Law that mandates the establishment of a child abuse hot line and the dispatch of trained personnel to take preliminary measures for the protection of an abused child. (references) |
Dominican Republic | The Ministry of Health gave conservative estimates that, from January through June, there were 412 deliveries by female adolescents under age 15 and 8,313 deliveries by adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19. This information is preliminary and conservative in light of 2000 statistics, which estimated deliveries by adolescents below age 15 at 1,395 and by adolescents from 15 to 19 at 26,409 for that full year. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Austria | In May he won a preliminary court order in one suit; the rest of the cases were pending at year's end. (references) |
Economic History | Nepal | It is in preliminary planning stages at this time. (references) |
Russia | Foreign portfolio investment has been miniscule since 1998, but there are preliminary signs of renewed interest among portfolio investors. (references) | |
Lebanon | Discussions of a BIT are at a preliminary stage and negotiation of a BIT is anticipated. (references) | |
Human Rights | Peru | In the case of army recruit Lenin Castro Mendoza, who died in September 2000 after an officer beat and kicked him for being intoxicated, the prosecutor's office carried out a preliminary investigation, but the family decided not to file any charges. (references) |
Syria | Under SSSC procedures, defendants are not present during the preliminary or investigative phase of the trial, during which the prosecutor presents evidence. (references) | |
Lebanon | On July 18, the Justice Minister publicly stated that "torture in Lebanese prisons is real, and mainly occurs during preliminary investigations." The Minister also added that the Government would adopt measures to eliminate the use of torture. (references) | |
Political Economy | Western Sahara | However, in July 2000, the Government, through the Arbitration Commission of the Royal Advisory Council on Human Rights (CCDH), began distributing preliminary compensation payments to Sahrawis who had disappeared or been detained in the past, and their family members. (references) |
SPAIN | In October 2001, the Spanish Patent Office (OEPM) was authorized to conduct preliminary examinations of international patents, the only office to accept applications in the Spanish language. (references) | |
Ukraine | The country has a total population of approximately 48,860,000 (based on the preliminary results of an official census concluded during the year), and its economy incorporates both privately owned and state-owned enterprises. (references) | |
Political Rights | Togo | Under international pressure, the Government began preliminary discussions with the opposition which, according to an agreement reached in December 1998, were to be followed by formal negotiations, in the presence of international facilitators. (references) |
Nicaragua | Thus, the PLC alliance holds 53 seats in total, the FSLN has 38, and the PC has 1. Preliminary CSE reports and public opinion polls indicated that over 90 percent of eligible voters are registered; the CSE also announced that 94 percent of eligible voters cast ballots. (references) | |
Trade | Ukraine | A person/entity ordering a preliminary, basic, repeated, or supplementary expert examination has the right to: determine the need of such expert examination; request replacement of experts; and receive progress reports at all stages of such expert examination. (references) |
Travel | Colombia | Where appropriate, small samples help make preliminary meetings more effective. (references) |
Women | Mauritania | A 1996 report by the U.N. Population Fund and a study published in 1997 by Jeune Afrique Economie cited the country as one in which 25 percent of women undergo FGM. Among Halpulaar women, more than 95 percent undergo FGM. Preliminary results of a foreign-funded study indicate that 66 percent of those who perform FGM recognize that the practice is detrimental to women's health, and 54 percent of imams agree that the practice is dangerous. (references) |
Syria | One preliminary academic study suggested that domestic violence is the largest single reason for divorces, and that such abuse is more prevalent among the less-educated and persons who live in rural areas. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Brazil | Previously, labor courts and the Labor Ministry had responsibility for mediation in the preliminary stages of dispute settlement. (references) |
Chile | The modifications of the Labor Code are also expected to make union organizing easier and preliminary data on new union formation after December 1 appear to confirm those expectations. (references) | |
Indonesia | In September the ILO, in collaboration with the University of Indonesia's department of social welfare, published a preliminary study of trafficking trends in Jakarta, Batam (Sumatra), Medan (Sumatra), and Bali, that found that many girls entered prostitution after failed marriages they had entered when they were as young as 10 to 14 years old. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | DUEL, n. A formal ceremony preliminary to the reconciliation of two enemies. Great skill is necessary to its satisfactory observance; if awkwardly performed the most unexpected and deplorable consequences sometimes ensue. A long time ago a man lost his life in a duel. That dueling's a gentlemanly vice I hold; and wish that it had been my lot To live my life out in some favored spot -- Some country where it is considered nice To split a rival like a fish, or slice A husband like a spud, or with a shot Bring down a debtor doubled in a knot And ready to be put upon the ice. Some miscreants there are, whom I do long To shoot, to stab, or some such way reclaim The scurvy rogues to better lives and manners, I seem to see them now -- a mighty throng. It looks as if to challenge me they came, Jauntily marching with brass bands and banners! Xamba Q. Dar |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Alexander Benedetto | This is Plant testifying in a preliminary hearing. This seals the deal for them in order to hold us longer to even get to go to a trial. If this had happened in the United States it never would have even ever gone to trial. |
Harland Braun | To Van Nuys. And there, the district attorney will either not file a complaint and the charges will then lapse, or they'll file a complaint and they'll set bail or not set bail, and they'll set a date for a preliminary hearing. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
John Adams | 1797-1801 | During your recess measures have been steadily pursued for effecting the valuations and returns directed by the act of the last session, preliminary to the assessment and collection of a direct tax. |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | A prompt settlement, too, of all existing rights and claims within this territory presents itself as a preliminary operation. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | At the same time, we offered convincing evidence of our commitment to arms control in Europe by initiating preliminary consultations with the Soviet Union in Geneva on the subject of negotiated limits on long-range theater nuclear forces. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Preliminary" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 94.21% of the time. "Preliminary" is used about 1,191 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 94.21% | 1,122 | 6,795 |
| Noun (singular) | 5.37% | 64 | 42,009 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.42% | 5 | 157,705 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,191 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "preliminary": authorization of preliminary completion ♦ preliminary agreement ♦ preliminary calculation ♦ preliminary concept ♦ preliminary data ♦ preliminary decision ♦ preliminary demolition target ♦ preliminary discussion ♦ preliminary election ♦ preliminary exam ♦ preliminary examination ♦ preliminary exercise ♦ preliminary expenses ♦ preliminary game ♦ preliminary hearing ♦ preliminary inquiry ♦ preliminary issue ♦ preliminary match ♦ preliminary matter ♦ preliminary meeting ♦ preliminary model ♦ preliminary operational planning ♦ preliminary pages ♦ preliminary proceedings ♦ preliminary report ♦ preliminary round ♦ preliminary stage ♦ preliminary sum ♦ preliminary treatment ♦ preliminary work. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "preliminary"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | paraprak (anticipatory, precautionary, preparatory, prior), para se (before, prior to), përpara (afore, ahead, along, before, ere, erst, erstwhile, fore, foremost, forth, forward, frontward, frontwards, in advance, in front, in front of, of old, onward, or, past, previous to, prior to), masë paraprake (precaution), hap i parë (gambit), fillestar (apprentice, beginner, catechumen, departure, elementary, freshman, incipient, infantile, initial, learner, neophyte, novice, prime, primitive, primordial, radical, recruit, rookie, tiro, youngling), bisedime paraprake. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | مرحلة تمهيدية, تمهيدي (draft, initiative, introductory, precursory, prefatory, preparatory, propaedeutic, sketchy), سابق (antecedent, anterior, back, elder, ex-, fore, foregoing, former, harbinger, last, once, past, preamble, preceding, previous, prior, quondam, race), إفتتاحي (inaugural, inaugurated, initiatory, precursory). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | увод (exordium, introduction, lead up, preamble, prelude, prelusion, prodrome, proem, prolegomena, prolusion), встъпление (entry, exordium, introduction, lead in, preamble, prelude, prelusion, proem), предварителен (advance, forward, introductory, precursory, premonitory, preparative, preparatory, tentative), подготвителен (initiative, initiatory, prelusive, preparative, preparatory, propaedeutic). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 初步 (initial, tentative). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | předbìžný (anticipatory, precursory, preparative, prerequisite, tentative), přípravný (introductory, preparative), příprava (preparation), zahajovací (inaugural), úvod (guide, introduction, opening, outset, preface, prelude). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | præliminær. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | preliminair (preparatory, prior), voorafgaand (former, last, preparatory, previous, prior). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | prepara (preparatory, prior). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Farsi | مقدماتی (Elementary, First, Preparatory, Primary, Prolegomenon), مقدمات , امتحان مقدماتی , اولیه (Early, Incipient, Primal, Prime, Primeval, Rudiment, Rudimentary), استانه ای (Threshold), ابتداءی (Elementary, Infantile, Initial, Primary, Primer, Rudiment, Rudimentary). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | valmistava (preparatory), alustava (provisional, tentative). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | premier (premier, primal, prime), préliminaire (precursory, prefatory), préalable (previoud, previous, prior). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | vorläufig (at the last moment, for the present, for the time being, interim, preliminarily, provisional, provisionally, temporarily, temporary, tentative, tentatively), vorbereitend (preparative, preparatory, preparing), einleitend (incipient, initiatively, initiatory, introductorily, introductory, prefacing, prefatory, preluding). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | προκριματικόσ, προκαταρκτικόσ (precursory, preparatory), προκαταρτικά. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | מוק"ם (early), מק"מי, מק"ים (anticipatory, precursory, preemptive), שלב מוק"ם, טרומי (prefabricated). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | elõzetes (anticipatory, precursory, preparatory, previous, prior), bevezetõ (exordial, initiative, introductory, lead in, precursory, prefatory, prelusive, prolegomena, prolog, prologue, propaedeutic). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | persiapan (preparation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | preliminare (introductory, preparatory). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 予備的 (preparatory). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | よびてき (preparatory). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 예비 (Preliminaries, Reserve, reserves). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | toshiaght (beginning, bow, bow of ship, captain, captain of team, commencement, curtain-raiser, dawn, dawning, fore, forefront, forepart, forestalling, genesis, getaway, inception, initiation, lead, opening, origin, outset, start, stem, threshold, threshold of pain etc, vanguard), toshee (chief, commencing, fore, forward, front, of the beginning, precursory, pre-eminent, prefatory, primary, senior, terminal), roie- (afore-, fore-, formerly, pre-, prefix fore-, pristine, pro forma). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | eliminarypray preliminar (initiative, initiatory, precursory, prefatory, prelusive, prep, preparatory, primary), preliminares (preliminaries). (various references) preliminares. (various references) preliminar (initiative, initiatory, introductory, preparative, tentative). (various references) предварительный (anticipatory, interlocutory, introductory, precursory, prefatory, pre-planned). (various references) prethodan, preliminaran. (various references) preliminar (introductory, precursory, prefatorial, prefatory, prelim, prelusive, preparatory). (various references) förberedande (paving, preparatory, preparing, prepatory). (various references) ilk (early, elementary, first, initial, initiative, initiatory, maiden, premier, primal, primary, prime, primitive, primordial, pristine, proto-, the very first), başlangıç (approach, beginning, big bang, commencement, commencing, cradle, dawn, departure, doorway, early, elementary, exordium, first, go off, inception, incipience, incipiency, incunabula, infancy, introduction, lead off, morning, off, onset, origin, outset, preamble, prelude, prime, proem, prolog, prologue, push off, setout, start, starting, take off, toe-hold), ön hazırlık, ön duruşma (pretrial), ön (ante-, anterior, face, fore, forward, front, frontal, initiative, pre-, precursory, presence, pro-). (various references) приготування (arrangements, preparation, ready), попередній (aforegoing, first, foregoing, head, precedent, preceding, precursive, precursory, previous, prior, tentative). (various references) sự sắp đặt mở đầu, mở đầu (inceptive, initiatory, opening, prelusive), m o đầu; sơ bộ, dự bị (preparative). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Medieval Latin | 700-1500 | preambulum, preludium. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"Preliminary" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: perliminary, preleminary, prelimanary, prelimenary, prelimiary, preliminairy, preliminaly, preliminar, preliminari, prelimnary, prelimninary, priliminary, prliminary, proliminary, trilaminar. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "preliminary" (pronounced pruli"mune'rē or prēli"mune'rē) |
| 6 | -m u n e' r ē | cardiopulmonary, luminary, pulmonary, seminary. |
| 5 | -u n e' r ē | bicentenary, cautionary, centenary, concessionary, confectionary, confectionery, coronary, counterrevolutionary, culinary, deflationary, dictionary, disciplinary, discretionary, disinflationary, diversionary, evolutionary, exclusionary, expansionary, expeditionary, extraordinary, functionary, illusionary, imaginary, inflationary, interdisciplinary, mercenary, missionary, noninflationary, ordinary, probationary, reactionary, recessionary, revolutionary, stationary, stationery, urinary, veterinary, visionary. |
| 4 | -n e' r ē | quaternary. |
| 3 | -e' r ē | actuary, adversary, ancillary, apothecary, arbitrary, aviary, beneficiary, Blackberry, blueberry, budgetary, capillary, Cassowary, cemetery, cometary, commentary, commissary, Constabulary, contemporary, corollary, cranberry, customary, depositary, Dewberry, dietary, dignitary, Dogberry, dromedary, dysentery, emissary, epistolary, estuary, fiduciary, formulary, fragmentary, funerary, gooseberry, hackberry, hereditary, honorary, Huckleberry, interplanetary, involuntary, itinerary, judiciary, lapidary, legendary, library, literary, military, momentary, monastery, monetary, mortuary, mulberry, necessary, nonmilitary, obituary, paramilitary, pecuniary, pituitary, planetary, primary, proprietary, raspberry, Rosemary, salutary, sanctuary, sanitary, savagery, secondary, secretary, sedentary, semilegendary, solitary, statuary, strawberry, subsidiary, temporary, Tilbury, topiary, tributary, undersecretary, unitary, unnecessary, unsanitary, vocabulary. |
| 6 | -m u n e' r ē | cardiopulmonary, luminary, pulmonary, seminary. |
| 5 | -u n e' r ē | bicentenary, cautionary, centenary, concessionary, confectionary, confectionery, coronary, counterrevolutionary, culinary, deflationary, dictionary, disciplinary, discretionary, disinflationary, diversionary, evolutionary, exclusionary, expansionary, expeditionary, extraordinary, functionary, illusionary, imaginary, inflationary, interdisciplinary, mercenary, missionary, noninflationary, ordinary, probationary, reactionary, recessionary, revolutionary, stationary, stationery, urinary, veterinary, visionary. |
| 4 | -n e' r ē | quaternary. |
| 3 | -e' r ē | actuary, adversary, ancillary, apothecary, arbitrary, aviary, beneficiary, Blackberry, blueberry, budgetary, capillary, Cassowary, cemetery, cometary, commentary, commissary, Constabulary, contemporary, corollary, cranberry, customary, depositary, Dewberry, dietary, dignitary, Dogberry, dromedary, dysentery, emissary, epistolary, estuary, fiduciary, formulary, fragmentary, funerary, gooseberry, hackberry, hereditary, honorary, Huckleberry, interplanetary, involuntary, itinerary, judiciary, lapidary, legendary, library, literary, military, momentary, monastery, monetary, mortuary, mulberry, necessary, nonmilitary, obituary, paramilitary, pecuniary, pituitary, planetary, primary, proprietary, raspberry, Rosemary, salutary, sanctuary, sanitary, savagery, secondary, secretary, sedentary, semilegendary, solitary, statuary, strawberry, subsidiary, temporary, Tilbury, topiary, tributary, undersecretary, unitary, unnecessary, unsanitary, vocabulary. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-i-i-l-m-n-p-r-r-y" | |
-2 letters: primarily. | |
-3 letters: airliner, impairer, imperial. | |
-4 letters: airline, impaler, impanel, impearl, imperia, imperil, inlayer, lamprey, lempira, maniple, manlier, mariner, marlier, marline, merrily, miliary, mineral, palmier, plainer, plenary, prairie, praline, primary, primely, primine, rainier, rainily, ramilie. | |
-5 letters: aerily, airier, airily, airmen, aliner, almner, alpine, ampler, impair, impale, inlier, irreal, larine, laymen, limier, limina, limner, limper, linear. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-i-i-l-m-n-p-r-r-y" | |
+2 letters: preliminarily. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)50 72 65 6C 69 6D 69 6E 61 72 79 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).--. .-. . .-.. .. -- .. -. .- .-. -.--. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010000 01110010 01100101 01101100 01101001 01101101 01101001 01101110 01100001 01110010 01111001 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)P r e l i m i n a r y |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0050 0072 0065 006C 0069 006D 0069 006E 0061 0072 0079 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)5084717875797580678491 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Quotations: Spoken | 9. Quotations: Speeches 10. Usage Frequency 11. Expressions 12. Expressions: Internet | 13. Translations: Modern 14. Translations: Ancient 15. Abbreviations 16. Acronyms | 17. Derivations 18. Rhymes 19. Anagrams 20. Orthography | 21. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
