Police

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Police

Definition: Police

Police

Noun

1. The force of policemen and officers; "the law came looking for him".

Verb

1. Maintain the security of by carrying out a control.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.

Date "police" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references)

Specialty Definition: Police

Domain	Definition
Satire	POLICE, n. An armed force for protection and participation. Source: Devil's Dictionary.
Dream Interpretation	If the police are trying to arrest you for some crime of which you are innocent, it foretells that you will successfully outstrip rivalry. If the arrest is just, you will have a season of unfortunate incidents. To see police on parole, indicates alarming fluctuations in affairs. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted ....
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Specialty Definition: British Police

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The British Police - Police services in the United Kingdom.

A law enforcement helicopter (Eurocopter EC135T), shared by the English police forces of Avon and Somerset, and Gloucestershire.
Larger version

History
While constables had existed since Saxon times the creation of a police force comparable to modern structures did not come about until the early 19th century, with the introduction of a nationwide system of local forces on a broadly common pattern (with some variation). However this had been foreshadowed in the late 18th century with the establishment of the Marine Police based in Wapping, although this was only a localised force with a limited remit.
In Britain in 1812, 1818 and 1822 a number of committees had examined the policing of London. Based on their findings the home secretary Robert Peel passed the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, introducing a more rigorous and less discretionary approach to law enforcement. The new Metropolitan Police Service, founded on September 29, was depersonalized, bureaucratic and hierarchical with the new police constables (US = patrol officers) instructed to prevent crime and pursue offenders. However in contrast to the more paramilitary police of continental Europe the British police were initially clearly civilian and their armament was limited to the truncheon, a fear of spy systems and political control also kept 'plain clothes' and even detective work to a minimum. The force was independent of the local government, through its commissioner it was responsible direct to the Home Office. The new constables were nicknamed 'peelers' or 'bobbies' after the home secretary.
Outside of the metropolitan area the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 and further legislation in 1839 and 1840 allowed counties to create their own constabulary, around thirty counties had done so before the County and Borough Police Act of 1856 made such forces mandatory and subject to central inspection. There were over 200 separate forces in England and Wales by 1860, while in Ireland a more centralized paramilitary force, the Royal Irish Constabulary, was created (see Royal Ulster Constabulary).
Within the Metropolitan Police a detective force was founded in 1842 and following the Turf Fraud scandal of 1877 it was reorganized into the C.I.D in 1878. A pension was guaranteed by the Police Act of 1890, previously it had been discretionary. The police became unionized during WW I and the strikes of 1918 and 1919 resulted in the Police Act of 1919, prohibiting trade unions but creating the Police Federation. However the fragmented nature of the police resisted change, there were still over 200 separate police forces before WW II and 117 before the mass reorganization of the Police Act of 1964 which created 49 larger forces covering several counties or large urban areas. These new forces were distanced from the public and operated with limited accountability.

Accountability
Except in Scotland a Police Authority, normally consisting of 3 magistrates, 9 local councillors and 5 independent people, is responsible for overseeing each local constabulary. They also have a duty under law to ensure that their community gets best value from their police force.

Use of Firearms
Unlike the police in other countries, the British police are noted for not being routinely armed, except in Northern Ireland, at airports, nuclear facilities, and on protection duties.
In fact, officers on night patrols in some London divisions were frequently armed with Webley revolvers (and, after the Battle of Stepney Webley semi-automatics) for over 50 years following the murder of two officers in 1884, though individual officers were able to choose whether to carry the weapons. The practice ended in July 1936, after which arms could be issued by a sergeant if there was a good reason, and if the officer had been trained.
The issue of routine arming was next raised after the 1952 Derek Bentley case, and again after the 1966 murder of three officers in London, following which around 17% of officers in London were authorised to carry arms. After the deaths of a number of members of the public in the 1980s, control was considerably tightened and many officers had their firearm authorisation revoked, and training for the remainder was greatly improved and later extended to include some training from the SAS. Currently around 7% of officers in London are trained in the use of firearms. Firearms are also only issued to an officer under strict guidelines.
In order to allow armed officers to rapidly attend an incident, weapons are now frequently carried in the secure armoury of patrolling Armed Response Vehicles (ARVs). ARVs were modelled on the Instant Response Cars introduced by the West Yorkshire Police in 1976, and were first introduced in London in 1991, when 132 armed deployments were made.
In a 1995 ballot amongst members of the Police Federation of England and Wales, over 75% of the vote was against routine arming. However the huge increase in gun crime since the late 1990s is seen as a major issue. For the first time since 1936, the routine carrying of firearms on normal police patrols was re-introduced in Nottingham in February 2000, in response to a number of gang related shootings on the St Ann's and Meadows estates.
The weapons carried routinely by ordinary police constables (US = patrol officers) are currently an extending baton (US = nightstick) and, in some forces, pepper sprays.

Recent Issues
Evidence of widespread corruption in the 1970s, serious urban riots and the police role in controlling industrial disorder in the 1980s, and the changing nature of police procedure made police accountability and control a major political football from the 1990s onwards.
The presence of Freemasons in the police also caused disquiet in the early 1990.

Current Issues

Racism
Despite attempts to end racism and institutional racism in the Police, especially since the 1993 murder of Stephen Lawrence, there have been ongoing problems.
On October 22 2003 5 police officers resigned and 3 were suspended after a BBC documentary revealed racism among recruits. In November 2003 allegations were made that police officers were members of the far-right British National Party.
The absence of a visible police presence on the streets is also frequently causes concern.

List of British Police Forces

England
The boundaries of the regions covered by the forces date from 1974, and were defined with reference to the local government areas of that time, so we use those in this list.

Avon and Somerset Constabulary - Avon and Somerset
Bedfordshire Police - Bedfordshire
Cambridgeshire Constabulary - Cambridgeshire
Cheshire Constabulary - Cheshire
City of London Police - City of London
Cleveland Constabulary - Cleveland
Cumbria Constabulary - Cumbria
Derbyshire Constabulary - Derbyshire
Devon and Cornwall Police - Devon and Cornwall
Dorset Police - Dorset
Durham Constabulary - Durham
Essex Police - Essex
Gloucestershire Constabulary - Gloucestershire
Greater Manchester Police - Greater Manchester
Hampshire Constabulary - Hampshire
Hertfordshire Constabulary - Hertfordshire
Humberside Police - Humberside
Kent County Constabulary - Kent
Lancashire Police - Lancashire
Leicestershire Constabulary - Leicestershire
Lincolnshire Police - Lincolnshire
Merseyside Police - Merseyside
Metropolitan Police - Greater London except for the City of London
Norfolk Constabulary - Norfolk
Northamptonshire Police - Northamptonshire
Northumbria Police - Northumberland
North Yorkshire Police - North Yorkshire
Nottinghamshire Police - Nottinghamshire
South Yorkshire Police - South Yorkshire
Staffordshire Police - Staffordshire
Suffolk Constabulary - Suffolk
Surrey Police - Surrey
Sussex Police - Sussex
Thames Valley Police - Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire
Warwickshire Police - Warwickshire
West Mercia Police - Shropshire, Hereford and Worcester
West Midlands Police - West Midlands
West Yorkshire Police - West Yorkshire
Wiltshire Police - Wiltshire

Scotland

Central Scotland Police
Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary
Fife Constabulary
Grampian Police
Lothian and Borders Police
Northern Constabulary
Strathclyde Police
Tayside Police

Wales

Dyfed Powys Police
Gwent Constabulary
North Wales Police
South Wales Constabulary

Northern Ireland

Police Service of Northern Ireland

See Also

Black and Asian Police Association
British Transport Police
Scotland Yard
Police Complaints Authority
Special Branch
International Criminal Police Organization - Interpol
Police - for general and international policing topics
UK topics

External Links

Association of Chief Police Officers
Police Guidelines
Association of Police Authorities
National Black Police Association
HM Inspectors of Constabulary
Government Site on Police Reform
British Police Slang and Acronyms
Chronology of British Policing
London Policing Museum
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "British Police."

Los Angeles Police Department

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Los Angeles Police Department (usually known as the LAPD) is the police department of the City of Los Angeles, California. It is one of the largest law enforcement agencies in the world with over 9,000 officers and 3,000 civilian staff, covering an area of 467 miles² with a population of around 3.4 million. LAPD has had a rich and controversial history. The agency's exploits have been heavily fictionalized in Hollywood movies and television shows.
Compare Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department

History
The first specific Los Angeles police force was founded in 1853 as the Los Angeles Rangers, a volunteer force that assisted the existing County forces. The Rangers were soon succeeded by the Los Angeles City Guards, another volunteer group. Neither force was particularly efficient and Los Angeles became known for its violence, gambling and "vice".
The first paid force was not created until 1869 when a force of six officers under City Marshal William C. Warren were hired. Warren was shot by one of his officers in 1876 and to replace him the newly created Board of Police commissioners selected Jacob T. Gerkins, he was replaced within a year by saloon-owner Emil Harris, the second of fifteen Police Chiefs from 1876-89.
The first Chief to remain in office for any time was John M. Glass, appointed in 1889 he served for eleven years and was a driving force for increased professionalism in the force. By 1900 there were 70 officers, one for every 1,500 people, in 1903 with the start of the Civil Service this force was increased to 200, although training was not introduced until 1916. The rapid turnover of Chiefs was renewed in the 1900s as the office became increasingly politicized, from 1900 to 1923 there were sixteen different Chiefs. The longest lasting was Charles E. Sebastian who served from 1911-1915 before going on to become Mayor.
During WW I the force became involved with federal offenses and much of the force was organized into a special Home Guard. Post-war the department became highly corrupt along with much of the city government, this state lasted until the late 1930s. Two Police Chiefs, did work within a anti-corruption and reforming mandate, August Vollmer laid the ground for future improvements but served for only a single year. James E. Davis served from 1926-1931 and from 1933-1939, in his first term he fired almost a fifth of the force for bad conduct and instituted extended firearms training and also the dragnet system. In his second term Davis institued a "Red Squad" to attack Communists and their offices.
With the replacement of Mayor Frank L. Shaw the city gained a reformist Mayor in 1938 with Fletcher Bowron. He forced dozens of City commissioners out and over 45 LAPD officers. The modernizer Arthur C. Hohmann was made Chief in 1939. During the war the force was heavily depleted by the demands of the armed forces, new recruits were given only six weeks training (twelve was normal). Despite the attempts to maintain numbers the police could do little to control the 1943 Zoot Suit Riots.
In 1950 the LAPD gained a new Chief in William H. Parker. He served until his death in 1966, the longest period in office of any Chief. Fortunately for the LAPD Parker was an excellent leader, he reorganized the LAPD structurally but also in the demands he made of his force for honesty and discipline. The motto, "To Protect and to Serve" was introduced in 1955. During this period the LAPD set the standards of professionalism echoed in the contemporaneous TV series "Dragnet" and "Adam-12." The most serious challenge in this period was the 1965 Watts riots.
Parker was succeeded by Thomas Reddin in 1967. The outspoken Edward M. Davis became Chief in 1969, despite his occasional lapses he introduced a number of modern programs aimed at community policing as well as SWAT (1972); he retired in 1978.
The successor to Davis was Daryl F. Gates, he came into office just as Proposition 13 reduced the departments budget, cutting police numbers to under 7,000 in seven years just as drug and gang crime reached unprecedented highs. Gates retired in 1992 just after the Rodney King related rioting in April and the damaging Christopher Commission Report and was replaced by Willie L. Williams, the fiftieth Chief, the first black to hold the office and the first non-internal appointee for almost 40 years. In 1997, Williams was replaced by Bernard Parks, during whose term the LAPD was rocked by the Rampart Division corruption scandal. In 2002, William Bratton replaced Parks.
interim > Bernard C. Parks 1997 > interim > William J. Bratton 2002

External link

Official web site
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Los Angeles Police Department."

Metropolitan Police Service

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Metropolitan Police Service are the police of Greater London with the exclusion of the square mile of the City of London which has its own policing body. Popularly known as "The Met" the service was established on September 29, 1829 by the then Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel giving rise to the nicknames of "Peelers" or "Bobbies" for members of the force. The Metropolitan Police were the first official police force in the world. Its headquarters is at New Scotland Yard in Westminster, commonly known as Scotland Yard. Along with the Met and the City of London Police, Greater London is also policed by the British Transport Police (who are responsible for policing on the rail and tube systems and the Royal Parks Constabulary who patrol a number of London's major parks.
Until the middle of the 18th century there was no police force operating in London. General law and order was maintained by magistrates, volunteer constables, watchmen and where necessary the armed forces. If a victim of crime wished to pursue an offender they could employ a "thief taker" who earned a living from such payments and, in the case of notorious offenders, the rewards offered by the courts. The novelist Henry Fielding was appointed a magistrate in Westminster in 1748. His house at No. 4 Bow street had been established as a courtroom in 1739 by the previous owner Sir Thomas de Veil. Fielding brought together eight trustworthy constables, who came to be known as the Bow Street Runners, and gave them the authority to enforce the decisions of magistrates. Fielding's blind half brother Sir John Fielding (known as the "Blind Beak of Bow Street") succeeded his brother as magistrate in 1754 and refined the patrol into first truly effective police force for the capital.
By 1792 salaried constables were been paid by local magistrates and 1798 saw the establishment of the Marine Police a private body based in Wapping to organised primarily to police the docks and prevent the theft of cargo.
During the early 19th century, the industrial revolution saw London becoming a much larger city. It became clear that the system locally maintained constabulary was ineffective in the prevention and detection of crime amongst such a large population. In 1829, The Metropolitan Police Act was passed by the House of Commons. The act placed the policing of the capital directly under the control of the Home Secretary. The initial force consisted of around 1,000 men with instructions to patrol the streets within seven mile radius of Charing Cross in order to prevent crime and pursue offenders.
The head of the Metropolitan Police Service is the Commissioner. The post was first appointed jointly to Colonel Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. The post is currently held by Sir John Stevens.
The failure of the Met to properly investigate the 1993 racist murder of Stephen Lawrence severely damaged relations with the British Afro-Caribbean community, and lead to the Met being labled institutionally racist.

Police Numbers
The numbers of officers in the Met:
2003 - approximately 29,000
2001 - approximately 25,000 (London population 7,165,000)
1984 - approximately 27,000

See also

British Police
Police
UK topics
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Metropolitan Police Service."

Police

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

simple:Police
This article is about law enforcement organizations. There are also: The Police - pop music band and Police, Poland - a town in Poland.
The police are a government organisation who are charged with the responsibility for maintaining law and order. In Libertarian parlance, they are a means by which the state implements its monopoly on the use of force. The word is from French, and less directly from the Greek politeia, referring to government or administration. The word police was coined in France in the 18th century. The police may also be known as a constabulary, after constables, who were the first police officers.

Introduction
In most Western legal systems, the major role of the police is to prevent and investigate crimes, and if able to apprehend suspected perpetrators(s), to detain them, and inform the appropriate authorities. See criminal law.
Police are normally considered an emergency service and may provide a public safety function at large gatherings, as well as in emergencies, disasters, and search and rescue situations. To provide a prompt response in emergencies, the police often co-ordinate their operations with fire and medical services. In many countries there is a common emergency service number that allows the police, firefighters or medical services to be summoned to an emergency.
Police are also responsible for reporting minor offenses by issuing citations which typically may result in the imposition of fines, particularly for violations of traffic law. Police sometimes involve themselves in the maintenance of public order, even where no legal transgressions have occurred -- for example, in some Australian jurisdictions, people who are drunk and causing a public nuisance may be removed to a "drying-out centre" until they recover from the effects of the alcohol.
In many countries, particularly those with a federal system of government, there may be several police or police-like organisations, each serving different levels of government and enforcing different subsets of the applicable law. In the United States of America, for instance, there are typically police forces (city police, county sheriff, state trooper etc.) run by local and state authorities, as well as several federal law enforcement agencies (including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Secret Service), endowed with police or quasi-police roles. Police organisations have established the International Criminal Police Organization - Interpol to detect and fight trans-national crime and provide for international co-operation and co-ordination of other police activities, such as notifying relatives of the death of foreign nationals.
Police armament
In many jurisdictions, police officers carry firearmss in the normal course of their duties. In the United Kingdom and some other countries, police are not normally armed but are issued weapons in special situations. Police often have specialist units for handling armed offenders, and similar dangerous situations, and can often call on the military, sometimes including special forces like the SAS. They also can be equipped with non-lethal (also known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, shields, tear gas, pepper spray, rubber bullets, stun guns. The use of firearms or deadly force is typically a last resort only to be used when necessary to save human life, althoug some jurisdictions allow it use against fleeing felons and escaped convicts. Police officers often also carry handcuffs.

Police compared to Military
Although both the military and the police carry weapons, the equipment, training and tactics used are very different. Generally, the police use the minimal amount of force necessary to maintain order. The military is trained to defeat the enemy and is less concerned about potential collateral damage. In the US, the federal military is generally proscribed from enforcing the law by the Posse Comitatus Act, although state militias can serve police functions in some circumstances.
In some countries, the line between military and police can blur, especially in a military dictatorship or a country experiencing internal upheaval or war. The result is often the creation of paramilitary forces having mostly military training and mostly police equipment.

Difficult issues
Some police organizations, especially in multi-racial or multi-ethnic areas, may have be faced with a perception that racial profiling is occurring. Police organizations also must sometimes deal with the issue of police corruption. In the US, this is accomplished by having an independent or semi-independent organization investigate such as the FBI, internal affairs, or the Justice Department. Finally, in many places, the social status and pay of police is low leading to major problems with recruitment and morale.
For more information on extreme forms and various views of policing, see secret police, police state, corporate police state, thought police, and police brutality.

Policing Structures
Most police forces contain subgroups whose job it is to investigate particular types of crime.
In most Western police forces, perhaps the most significant division is between "uniformed" police and detectives. Uniformed police, as the name suggests, wear uniforms, and their jobs involve overt policing operations, traffic control, and more active crime response and prevention. Detectives, by contrast, wear normal clothing and their job is to more passively investigate serious crimes, usually on a longer-term basis. Generally, the work of detectives is regarded as more prestigious within the police organization (though some of the specialised uniformed squads are also high in status).
Specialised groups exist within the branches either for dealing with particular types of crime (for instance, traffic policing, murder, or fraud) or because of particular specialised skills they have (for instance, diving, operating helicopters, bomb squad, and so on). Most larger jurisdictions also retain specially-trained quasi-military squads armed with small arms for the purposes of dealing with particularly violent situations. These are sometimes called SWAT teams.

Various police agencies

European Union Police Mission to Bosnia-Herzegovina
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
The People's Republic of China's People's Armed Police
Italian Carabinieri
Japanese National Police Agency
Philippine Constabulary
Spanish security forces
Swedish National Police Board
United Nations Mission in Kosovo
United Kingdom
British Police
Metropolitan Police Service (Scotland Yard)
Special Branch
US:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
United States Secret Service
New York City Transit Police
Los Angeles Police Department

For concepts, see also:

arrest
bailiff
beat
booking
crime
courts
detective
gendarmerie
highway patrol
interrogation
law
military police
private investigator
ranger
sheriff
secret police
security guard

Police methods, services, and tactics

Amber Alert
all points bulletin
sigalert
Neighborhood Watch

Ethical issues related to police

speed trap
sting operation
racial profiling
police oppression

Notable historical police personalities

Joe Arpaio
Wyatt Earp
Izzy Einstein
Aida D. Fariscal
Daniel Faulkner
Louis Freeh
Mark Fuhrman
Darryl F. Gates
Doc Holliday
J. Edgar Hoover
Elisha Keeney
Ray Kelly
Bat Masterson
Charles Moose
Eliot Ness
Robert Peel
Allan Pinkerton
Jeffrey Postell
Frank Serpico
Sam Steele
David Toma
John Varrone
Eugène François Vidocq
August Vollmer
Joseph Wambaugh

For fictional accounts of police work, see also: Crime fiction.

External links

Law Enforcement News
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Police."

Police, Poland

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Police (German: Politz), is a town in Pomerania, north-western Poland with 34,500 inhabitants (1995).
Capital of the of Police County in West Pomeranian Voivodship (since 1999), previously in Szczecin Voivodship (1975-1998).

Population

1950: ? inhabitants
1960: 8,900 inbabitants
1970: 12,800 inbabitants
1975: 17,600 inbabitants
1980: 24,800 inbabitants
1990: 34,400 inbabitants
1995: 34,500 inbabitants
2000: ? inbabitants
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Police, Poland."

Royal Ulster Constabulary

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) was the police force in Northern Ireland from 1922 to 2001. Founded on June 1, 1922 out of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) the force was responsible for law enforcement and anti-terrorism in Northern Ireland. At its peak the force had around 8500 officers with a further 4500 reserve, including the controversial B Specials.
The RUC was controversial throughout its existence. To unionists, the majority community, the police force was seen as the defenders of the Northern Irish state, which had an entirely unionist-dominated system of government. To Irish nationalists, the RUC was seen as the law and order arm of a Northern Irish state they refused to give allegiance to. The RUC faced allegations of improper behaviour by some nationalists and republicans, who accused it of police brutality and political bias. Some unionists accused it of not being tough enough of terrorists. Throughout its existence nationalist political leaders urged members of the nationalist community not to join the RUC. Republicans were accused of intimidating nationalists who wished to join it. For various reasons the police force was overwhelmingly protestant and unionist in membership. Social Democratic and Labour Party MP and critic of the force Seamus Mallon, who later served as Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, claimed the RUC was "97% protestant and 100% unionist."
Almost 300 officers died and over 7300 were injured during the Troubles (mid-1960s to late 1990s), often by attacks by the Provisional IRA. The force was awarded the George Cross by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of British Prime Minister Tony Blair in the run up to its replacement by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) in 2001.
History
The RUC officially came into existence on June 1, 1922. The forces new headquarters was established at the Atlantic Buildings, in Belfast, and Charles Wickham was the first Inspector General. The force was largely identical to the RIC - with the duty of law enforcement and counter-terrorism. Like the RIC, in contrast to Great Britain, all members of the new force were allowed to carry arms.
The new RUC was then immediately involved in the sectarian rioting and assassinations in Belfast and Londonderry. However as the 1920s progressed violence soon fell sharply away and was only briefly revived by the economic downturn of the 1930s, although the Irish Republican Army kept its hand in with sporadic bombing campaigns in Northern Ireland and Great Britain. During World War II the main concern of the RUC was smuggling from Éire (called before 1937 the Irish Free State and from 1949 the Republic of Ireland) and the enforcement of wartime regulations. In April 1943 women were allowed to join the force.

Policing in a divided society
Policing a divided society such as in Northern Ireland proved difficult, as each community (nationalist and unionist) used different symbols and had different attitudes towards the institutions of the state. To Northern unionists, the state had full legitimacy, as did its institutions, its parliament, the Crown amd as its police force. Northern nationalists however viewed the Northern Irish state as sectarian, anti-catholic, anti-nationalist and an invalid creation that had partitioned the island of Ireland against their will to create a pro-union electoral majority. As policing is by definition upholding law and order of the existing institutional structures, it is not surprising that that the RUC became closely identified with the state, through its largely protestant and unionist membership, its use of the word 'Royal' in the title and its use of flags and emblems of the northern state and the United Kingdom, in which Northern Ireland was a region. Nevertheless, the RUC did initially attract some Roman Catholic members. However IRA attacks on Catholics who joined the RUC, and the perception that the police force was "a protestant force for a protestant people" meant that Catholic participation in the Royal Ulster Constabulary always remained disproproportionally small in terms of the Catholic percentage of the overall Northern Irish population.
Post-war brought about the gradual improvement in the lot of the constables, interrupted only by terrorist activities. The IRA's 'short campaign' of 1957-62 killed seven RUC officers. The force was streamlined in the 1960s, a new headquarters was opened at Knock in Belfast and a number of rural barracks were closed, in 1967 the forty-two hour working week was introduced.

The Troubles
The rise of civil rights protests at the end of the decade marked the beginning of The Troubles. The RUC found itself being perceived as being pro-unionist when it found itself confronting marchers protesting at the gerrymandering of local governmental electoral wards. The existence of its own paramilitary wing, the B Specials, proved highly controversial, with the latter unit seen as much more anti-catholic and anti-nationalist than the RUC, which unlike the B Specials still attracted Catholic recruits. The pressure on the RUC, and in particular the discrediting of the B Specials, led to the British Army being called in in August 1969, to support the civil administration. Initially the army was welcomed by catholic nationalists in preference to the RUC and in particular the B Specials. However heavy handed army behaviour, most notably on Bloody Sunday (when thirteen people were shot dead in the aftermath of a civil rights march) soon saw the minority catholic population turn against the Army. The high level of civil disturbance led to a review of the RUC, headed by Lord Hunt. Most of the recommendations of the report were accepted - the force was reorganized to bringing it into line with other UK police forces with 12 Divisions and 39 Sub-Divisions, with British rank and promotion structure and the creation of a Police Authority. All military-style duties were handed over to the new Ulster Defence Regiment, which replaced the B Specials, and which in turn would be replaced, amid allegations that it too was sectarian, by the Royal Irish Regiment.
The first RUC casualty of the new disorder was in October 1969, the first clear victims of a campaign by the new Provisional IRA (a breakaway from the Official IRA) were in August 1970. From then until 1994 a further 193 RUC and 101 RUC Reserve members were killed and over 7000 injured.
David Trimble, Nobel Peace Prize co-winner and leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, admitted that Northern Ireland in the past had been a "cold house for catholics". The Belfast Agreement produced a wholescale reorganisation of inter-community, governmental and policing systems, including a power-sharing executive with David Trimble and the nationalist SDLP's Seamus Mallon (later replaced by by new party leader Mark Durkan) as co-chairmen. The perceived bias, and the clear lack of catholics and nationalists, in the RUC meant that as part of the Good Friday Agreement (1998) there was a fundamental policing review. The review was headed by former British Conservative Party minister under Margaret Thatcher, Chris Patten and published in September 1999. It recommended a wholescale reorganisation of policing, with the replacement of the Royal Ulster Constabulary with a new police force that would contain people from both communities and which would adopt neutral systems, flags and emblems. The new Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) in November 2001. Before its replacement, the RUC was awarded the George Cross, a rarely awarded honour. As part of the change, the new police force dropped the word 'Royal' and adopted a new badge that included both the crown and the harp, two symbols each with an identification to one or other community.

The Stephens Inquiry into alleged police collusion with loyalist killers
On 18 April 2003 a report on alleged RUC collusion with loyalist paramilitaries in the late 1980s by Britain's top policeman, Sir John Stevens produced what Sir John called evidence of "serious shortcomings highlighting collusion". In particular police and army involvement in the murder of nationalist solicitor Pat Finucane, long alleged by nationalists, and Adam Lambert, a young protestant mistaken for a catholic, was confirmed. According to Sir John,

I . . . believe the RUC investigation of Pat Finucane's murder should have resulted in the early arrest and detection of his killers. I conclude there was collusion in both murders and in the events surrounding them. . . My inquiries have highlighted collusion, the wilful failure to keep records, the absence of accountability, the withholding of intelligence and evidence and the extreme of agents of agents being involved in murder.

These serious acts and omissions have meant that people have been killed or seriously injured. Informants and agents were allowed to operate without effective control and to participate in terrorist crimes.

Nationalists were known to be targeted but they were not properly warned of protected. Important evidence was neither exploited nor preserved.

The SLDP leader Mark Durkan responded by saying he was "shocked but not surprised" by the report. He said:

Nationalists have an equal right to life. None of the security forces vindicated it. . . This represents a betrayal of the nationalist community.

The SLDP demanded to know how much of the collusion was known by former chief constables of the RUC, notably Sir Hugh Annesley and Sir Ronnie Flanagan, both of whose periods in office as chief constable or at a senior management level covered the timespan of the collusion. The SDLP also demanded to know if then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Tom King and then British prime minister Margaret Thatcher was aware.
Stephens also alleged attempts by elements in the army and police force had during his twelve year inquiry to sabotage his work. Nationalists continue to demand a full public sworn inquiry into the events surrounding the Finucane murder, and in particular to examine what role if any elements of the RUC Special Branch and units of the British Army had in enabling loyalist paramilitaries to murder catholics and nationalists. David Trimble, the leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, called for a parliamentary inquiry into the collusion, while nationalists demanded a full public inquiry. (It was notable how, in the aftermath of Stevens' report, everyone from the media to British politicians, the unionist UUP and the nationalist SLDP and Sinn Féin, all dropped the previous reference to alleged collusion and referred simply to collusion which in the aftermath of Stevens' shock report was accepted by all as a fact.)
It is notable that the new first Chief Constable of the PSNI, Hugh Orde, before his appointment, served at a senior level within the Stevens Inquiry team. He has insisted that the errors and the collusion within the RUC documented in the Stevens Report (the third issued by Sir John Stevens) will not be allowed to happen under the new police service.

See also
Police Service of Northern Ireland, Royal Irish Constabulary, Dublin Metropolitan Police, Án Garda Siochána, the Stevens Report, British Police, UK topics
External link

http://www.ruc.police.uk/, which now redirects to http://www.psni.police.uk/
Details of the Stevens Report (Number 3) are to be found on The Irish Times website on www.ireland.com
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Royal Ulster Constabulary."

Abbreviations & Acronyms: Police

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
Entry	Source	Expression	Field
POPCRU	English	Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union	N/A
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Synonyms: Police

Synonyms: constabulary (n), law (n), police force (n), patrol (v). (additional references)

Synonyms by domain: policed (public administration).

Synonyms within Context: Police

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Alarm	Noun: alarm; alarum, larum, alarm bell, tocsin, alerts, beat of drum, sound of trumpet, note of alarm, hue and cry, fire cross, signal of distress; blue lights; war-cry, war-whoop; warning; fogsignal, foghorn; yellow flag; danger signal; red light, red flag; fire bell; police whistle.
Judge	Noun: judge; justice, justiciar, justiciary; chancellor; justice of assize, judge of assize; recorder, common sergeant; puisne judge, assistant judge, county court judge; conservator of the peace, justice of the peace; J.P.; court; (tribunal); magistrate, police magistrate, beak; his worship, his honor, his lordship.
Jurisdiction	Officer, bailiff, tipstaff, bum-bailiff, catchpoll, beadle; policeman, cop, police constable, police sergeant; sbirro, alguazil, gendarme, kavass, lictor, mace bearer, huissier, bedel;officer, bailiff, tipstaff, bum-bailiff, catchpoll, beadle; policeman, cop, police constable, police sergeant; sbirro, alguazil, gendarme, kavass, lictor, mace bearer, huissier, bedel; tithingman.
	Judge; tribunal; municipality, corporation, bailiwick, shrievalty; lord lieutenant, sheriff, shire reeve, shrieve, constable; selectman; police, police force, the fuzz; constabulary, bumbledom, gendarmerie.
Prison	Bolt, deadbolt, bar, lock, police lock, combination lock, padlock, rail, wall, stone wall; paling, palisade; fence, picket fence, barbed wire fence, Cyclone fence, stockade fence, chain-link fence; barrier, barricade.
Tribunal	Assize, eyre; wardmote, burghmote; barmote; superior courts of Westminster; court of record, court oyer and terminer, court assize, court of appeal, court of error; High court of Judicature, High court of Appeal; Judicial Committee of the Privy Council; Star Chamber; Court of Chancery, Court of King's or Queen's Bench, Court of Exchequer, Court of Common Pleas, Court of Probate, Court of Arches, Court of Admiralty; Lords Justices' court, Rolls court, Vice Chancellor's court, Stannary court, Divorce court, Family court, Palatine court, county court, district court, police court; sessions; quarter sessions, petty sessions; court-leet, court-baron, court of pie poudre, court of common council; board of green cloth.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Crosswords: Police

English words defined with "police": German police dog ♦ police academy, police blotter, police boat, Police commissioner, Police court, police detective, police dog, police headquarters, Police inspector, Police jury, Police justice, police lieutenant, Police magistrate, Police offenses, police office, police officer, police precinct, police state, Police station, police van, police wagon ♦ Royal Canadian Mounted Police ♦ secret police. (references)

Specialty definitions using "police": code police, COMMANDER, POLICE RESERVES, COMMANDING OFFICER, POLICE ♦ POLICE ACADEMY PROGRAM COORDINATOR, POLICE AIDE, POLICE ARTIST, police captain, senior, POLICE CLERK, POLICE INSPECTOR I, POLICE INSPECTOR II, police inspector, chief, POLICE LIEUTENANT, COMMUNITY RELATIONS, POLICE LIEUTENANT, PATROL, POLICE OFFICER II, POLICE OFFICER, CRIME PREVENTION, POLICE OFFICER, SAFETY INSTRUCTION, police radio dispatcher, Police Support Group Headquarters and Training Wing, POLICE SURGEON ♦ SECRETARY OF POLICE, STATE-HIGHWAY POLICE OFFICER, superintendent, police, SWITCHBOARD OPERATOR, POLICE DISTRICT. (references)

Etymologies containing "police": Polity. (references)

Non-English Usage: "Police" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

Albanian (policewoman), Czech (rack, shelf), French (Bobby, constabulary, police, police force), German (insurance policy, policy).

Modern Usage: Police

Domain	Usage
Screenplays	Well the bloody police must have heard it all the way to bloody Salisbury (Sleuth; writing credit: Anthony Shaffer) Or it may be the police to tell me they've found her dead (The Sweet Hereafter; writing credit: Atom Egoyan) I don't have to. You'd be busting in on the Chief of Police just up the hall (The Sting; writing credit: David S. Ward) I'll take care of the police. (Terminator 2: Judgment Day; writing credit: James Cameron; William Wisher Jr.) I think someone better call the police. (Rush Hour 2; writing credit: Jeff Nathanson)
Lyrics	Running from tha Police, that's right (Dear Mama; performing artist: 2Pac) Trapped on a short leash paroled the police files (Butterfly; performing artist: Crazy Town) And I heard the police playin' with their guns (Do Ya; performing artist: Electric Light Orchestra) So I'm signin' CDs while police fingerprint me (Sing For The Moment; performing artist: EMINEM) We got in trouble with the police man (AM Radio; performing artist: Everclear)
Clever	Police Begin Campaign to Run Down Jaywalkers (references; author: unknown) Enfields Couple Slain; Police Suspect Homicide (references; author: unknown) We live in a society where pizza gets to your house before the police. (references; author: unknown) A man has reached middle age when he is cautioned to slow down by his doctor, instead of by the police. (references; author: unknown) A police recruit was asked during the exam, "What would you do if you had to arrest your own mother?" He said, "Call for backup. (references; author: unknown)
Tongue Twisters	The Leith police dismisseth us. (references; author: unknown)
Movie/TV Titles	Police Woman (1974) The Police Story (1973) Parents and Police Pot (1972) Un officier de police sans importance (1972) Matlock Police (1971)
Song Titles	De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da (performing artist: The Police) Don't Stand So Close To Me (performing artist: The Police) Every Breath You Take (performing artist: The Police) Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic (performing artist: The Police) King Of Pain (performing artist: The Police)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Commercial Usage: Police

Domain	Title
Books	The Police, Public Order and the State: Policing in Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Irish Republic, the Usa, Israel, South Africa, and China (reference) Aero and Officer Mike: Police Partners (reference) BULGARIA: CHILDREN of BULGARIA -- POLICE VIOLENCE (reference) Apparently suffering from mental disorder; an examination of the exercise of police power under s. 10 of the Mental Health Act of Ontario (reference) Short of Merger: Countywide Police Resource Pooling (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Police Administrators Journal (reference) Allo Police (reference) Women Police (reference) Chief Of Police (reference) Michigan Police Chiefs Newsletter (reference) (more periodical examples)

Theater & Movies	Patlabor 1 - Mobile Police (reference) (more DVD examples; more video examples)

Music	The Very Best of... Sting & the Police (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

High Tech	Police Quest Collection: The 4 Most Wanted (reference) Dominion Tank Police Part 2 (reference) Chase H.Q. Secret Police (reference) Police Quest: SWAT 2 (reference) G Police 2: Weapons of Justice (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Image Slideshow: Police

Photo Album: Police

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Measuring the base - note police protection Triangulation party of E. O. Heaton. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		Taping across intersection St. Nicholas and Amsterdam Avenue Note police protection. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
	Police massed to stop potential demonstrations near the Presidential Palace in downtown Lima, Peru. Credit: Small World.		Miles Hill speaks with Oregon State Police (a reminder not to pick wildflowers in parks, natural preserves, etc.). Credit: Terry Tuttle.
	"A female demonstrator offers a flower to military police on guard at the Pentagon during an anti-Vietnam demonstration." By S.Sgt. Albert R. Simpson, Arlington, Virginia, October 21, 1967. Credit: National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer.		U. S. Army Hospital Number 30, Royat, France. : Kitchen police in the Grand Hotel. Credit: National Library of Medicine.
	U.S. Army. Base Hospital No.33, Portsmouth, England. : Quarters occupied by the Military Police. Credit: National Library of Medicine.		View of the building's main entrance, at the foot of 18th Street, seen looking south from across Constitution Avenue, NW, on 26 June 1947. Dark automobile in the left center has U.S. Park Police markings. Taxicab in the center belongs to the American Cab Company. Credit: NAVY.
	Photographed circa 1917. This tug was acquired by the Navy on 12 October 1917, renamed USS Nahant (SP-1250) on 30 October 1917 and commissioned on 1 December 1917. She was loaned to the New York police force from 24 February 1920 to 1928. Stricken on 27 September 1928, she was sold on 24 December 1928. Credit: NAVY.		Jefferson Market Police Court, Sixth Ave. near 8th St., New York, N.Y. Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

Digital Photo Gallery: Police


"Police 2" by Paolo Bosani Commentary: "Polizia in stazione a Roma Termini."	"Police Barrier" by Scott Ratcliffe Commentary: "Police barrier to block off a street in New York with a streetfair going on."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

Sounds Captioned with "Police".

Play	Caption	Play	Caption
	Police siren and fire truck horn.		Female dispatcher's police radio call.
	Fire truck starting and driving, blowing the horn to notify cars, and following a police car with its siren on.		European police siren.
	European police siren.		Female dispatcher's police radio call.
	Police whistle.		Police whistle.
	Blowing police whistle once.		Short burst of a police whistle.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Familiar Quotations: Police

Author	Quotation
Georg C. Lichtenberg	A good metaphor is something even the police should keep an eye on.
Julius Wilhelm Zincgref	Laws and police regulations can be compared to a spider's web that lets the big mosquitoes through and catches the small ones.
Quentin Crisp	However low a man sinks he never reaches the level of the police.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Historic Usage: Police

Author	Date	Quotation
Treaty of Versailles	1919	No impediment shall be placed on the movement of persons or vessels other than those arising out of police, customs, sanitary, emigration or immigration regulations and those relating to the import or export of prohibited goods. (reference)
Winston S. Churchill	1946	In these States control is enforced upon the common people by various kinds of all-embracing police governments. ("Iron Curtain" Speech)
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.	1963	Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. (Delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1937)
Miranda v. Arizona	1966	Illinois, stressed the need for protective devices to make the process of police interrogation conform to the dictates of the privilege. (reference)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Use in Literature: Police

Title	Author	Quote
Les Miserables	Hugo, Victor	He felt that the police was somewhere near by in ambush, awaiting the signal agreed upon, and all ready to stretch out its arm.
Grapes of Wrath	Steinbeck, John	State police got it in hand
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Non-Fiction Usage: Police

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		A flu shot can be given to anyone who wants to avoid the flu (persons >6 months of age). Persons who provide important community services (such as police, fire department personnel, emergency medical services) should consider getting a flu shot so that those services are not disrupted during a flu outbreak. (references)
		Anyone who wants to lower their chances of getting the flu (the shot can be administered to children as young as 6 months) can get a flu shot. Persons who provide essential community services (such as police, firemen, etc.) should consider getting a flu shot to minimize disruption of essential activities during flu outbreaks. (references)
Business		Armed villagers surrounded the police. (references)
		In the melee, police shot and killed one protester, Marcos Olmedo. (references)
		Without such alliances, it is difficult to get effective police response. (references)
Children	Greece	Police apprehended 20 adults, identified as parents. (references)
	Ethiopia	The unwanted infants of these young girls usually are abandoned at hospitals, police stations, welfare clinics, and adoption agencies. (references)
	Guatemala	A similar press report on July 2 reported that police apprehended "baby stealers" who allegedly tried to buy, and then steal the baby of a mother as she was leaving the hospital. (references)
Civil Liberties	Tunisia	Many handed out photocopied photos of Bensedrine captioned "Free Sihem Bensedrine." Some attempted to paste these signs inside the courthouse in the presence of police who removed them without further incident. (references)
	Macedonia	The army and police set up many checkpoints on roads and in villages in the northern and eastern parts of the country, which restricted freedom of movement for some persons, especially young ethnic-Albanian males. (references)
	Tunisia	Minister of Human Rights, Communications, and Relations with the Chamber of Deputies Slaheddine Maaoui announced publicly in April that the police agent who was responsible for Cherif's assault had been suspended and punished. (references)
Discrimination	Mexico	The consensus among gay rights groups is that the police fail to investigate these crimes seriously. (references)
	Mexico	Gay rights groups claim that the police in Monterrey demonstrated a pattern of abuse of gay men, lesbians and transvestites. (references)
Economic History	Sudan	The introduction of Public Order Police to enforce Shari'a law resulted in the arrest and treatment under Shari'a law of southerners and other non-Muslims living in the north. (references)
Human Rights	Nicaragua	Some peace commission members initially reported that soldiers, rural police, and local residents sometimes misunderstood their efforts at advocacy on behalf of jailed criminals, interpreting them as challenges to law enforcement officials' authority. (references)
	Nicaragua	Voluntary police do not receive a salary from the state, and do not receive any professional training. (references)
	Nicaragua	Due to sustained criticism of voluntary police for their involvement in human rights violations, in August 2000, former chief of police Franco Montealegre approved a new police statute terminating the employment of all voluntary police in Managua. (references)
Indigenous People	Canada	Disputes over land claims, self-government, treaty rights, taxation, duty-free imports, fishing and hunting rights, and alleged harassment by police continued to be sources of tension on reserves. (references)
	Indonesia	In late September 2000, new National Police Chief Suryo Bimantoro ordered all Papuan independence flags to be taken down. (references)
	Australia	Indigenous groups charge that police harassment of indigenous people, including juveniles, is pervasive and that racial discrimination among police and prison custodians persists. (references)
Minorities	Bulgaria	To address the serious underrepresentation of ethnic Turks and Roma in the ranks of the police agencies, the new Interior Ministry has reserved 20 to 30 places in the police academy for minority candidates. (references)
	Cape Verde	More than 20 cases involving the desecration of Catholic churches have been reported to the police over the years. (references)
	Peru	Similarly, police rarely act on complaints of crimes against Afro-Peruvians. (references)
Political Economy	Mozambique	The PIC, PRM, and PIR legally are under the control of the civilian Government; however, at times local police have acted in contravention of the guidelines established by the civilian authorities. (references)
	Solomon Islands	However, since the June 2000 takeover of Honiara by Malaitan militants, the police force has become factionalized and has not functioned as an effective institution. (references)
	Solomon Islands	One faction, the paramilitary Police Field Force (PFF), primarily has been directed by militant Malaitans rather than the Police Commissioner. (references)
Political Rights	Togo	The elections proceeded and virtually the only candidates to run were those from the RPT. In February 1999, the Council of Ministers passed a decree requiring security forces to vote 3 days before the general population, and some 15,000 military, gendarmes, police, customs officials, and firemen voted on March 18, 1999. Opposition party members of the National Electoral Commission stated that the special voting procedures for security forces violated the Electoral Code because they occurred before the end of campaigning, and that the vote count occurred 72 hours after the vote instead of immediately afterwards. (references)
	Czech Republic	The 1991 Lustration (vetting) Law, continued to bar many former Communist Party officials, members of the People's Militia and suspected secret police collaborators from holding a wide range of elective and appointive offices, including senior appointive positions in the Government state-owned companies, academia, and the media. (references)
	Ukraine	Presidential candidate Yevhen Marchuk reported that police ordered a meeting with voters evacuated in Luhansk in August 1999, citing an anonymous bomb threat. (references)
Trade	China	The Tiananmen Sanctions of 1990 are still in effect and sharply curtail U.S. exporter opportunities to sell crime control equipment to China's police agencies and defense electronics equipment to the Chinese military. (references)
	El Salvador	Arms for personal defense or hunting may be imported, but are strictly controlled by the police and Ministry of Defense based on a special law that also controls the sale to the public and to private security companies. (references)
	Peru	The Peruvian government adopted the WTO Customs Valuation Code for 50% of the tariff codes on January 1, 2000, and the remaining half on April 1, 2000. Some observers believe the PSI regime has helped police the clearance process, and supported its retention even after the adoption of the new valuation regime. (references)
Travel	Spain	The Spanish police may grant additional three month stays in Spain for exceptional circumstances. (references)
	Spain	Before the initial period of temporary residence expires, one may apply for an extension at any Spanish police station. (references)
	Vietnam	Visitors to Vietnam are required to stay in hotels or authorized guesthouses, or can stay with foreign friends as long as they register with the local police. (references)
Women	India	In such cases, police procedures require that an officer of deputy superintendent rank or above conduct the investigation and that a team of two or more doctors perform the postmortem procedures. (references)
	Cote d'Ivoire	If discussions are not successful, the committee refers the matter to the police and the justice system. (references)
	Mexico	Many police also are inexperienced in these areas and unfamiliar with appropriate investigative techniques, although some have received training on these issues. (references)
Worker Rights	Nigeria	Guinean authorities reportedly arrested 15 Nigerian trafficking suspects in the case, including a former police commissioner of Edo State. (references)
	Romania	Due to personnel changes within the police and training, police largely acknowledged that Romania is a country of origin for trafficked victims and have become more aware of the problem. (references)
	Nigeria	Police attempts to stem the trafficking of persons are inadequate and frequently focus on the victims of trafficking, who often are subjected to lengthy detention and public humiliation upon repatriation. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Spoken Usage: Police

Speaker	Phrase(s)
Billy Martin	Until we find Chandra or until we find out what happened to Chandra, I know that Dr. and Mrs. Levy will never feel that the police or anybody has done enough. They want their daughter back, so they're not pleased.
Cary Goldstein	The only thing I do know is that we have been telling the police, Marge in particular told the police, about a botched attempt that Bonny had told us about, when Caldwell, Blake and Bonny were out in the desert camping.
Dennis Miller	We want police chases, mudslides, and world leaders caught on tape having sex with their daughter's piano teacher.
Lin Wood	Never worked for the Ramseys. Never received a dime form the Ramseys. He worked for the Boulder police department and he's been working the case on his own since then.
Nancy Grace	Unfortunately, as soon as the high moments of the investigation cease, the interest will be gone. The only people interested at that point will be the family and a few dedicated police officers.
Rudolph Giuliani	You got it. It's a police officer has been shot, fire fighter has been burned, some terrible tragedy has occurred, a plane has crashed.
Rush Limbaugh	John Muhammad, who police arrested along with another man in the sniper case, served as a security guard at the Million Man March.
Samantha Geimer	I might consider not calling the police after everything the press and the police and the judge put me through.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Speeches: Police

Speaker	Term	Phrase(s)
Lyndon B. Johnson	1963-1969	The idea of a national police force is repugnant to the American people.
Jimmy Carter	1977-1981	This program is essential to the continued ability of our local governments to provide essential police, fire and sanitation services.
Ronald Reagan	1981-1989	I urge the House to follow the Senate and enact proposals permitting use of all reliable evidence that police officers acquire in good faith.
Bill Clinton	1993-2001	Stephen Bishop is the police chief of Kansas City.
George W. Bush	2001-2005	Stronger police and fire departments will mean safer neighborhoods.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Usage Frequency: Police

"Police" is generally used as a noun (plural) -- approximately 98.75% of the time. "Police" is used about 27,825 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (plural)	98.75%	27,479	305
Noun (proper)	0.97%	271	17,854
Lexical Verb (base form)	0.13%	37	56,631
Lexical Verb (-s form)	0.1%	28	65,706
Lexical Verb (infinitive)	0.03%	9	117,287
Total	100.00%	27,825	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Name Usage Frequency: Police

The following table summarizes the usage of "police" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified.

Name	Usage/Gender	Usage per 100 million Persons	Rank in USA
Police	Last name	400	21,983
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Expressions: Police

Expressions using "police": aliens police ♦ call the police ♦ chief of police ♦ city police ♦ code police ♦ cordon of police ♦ county police ♦ criminal police ♦ European Police Chiefs Operational Task Force ♦ german police dog ♦ give up to the police ♦ highway police ♦ maritime police ♦ metropolitan police ♦ military police ♦ mounted police ♦ police academy ♦ police action ♦ police authorities ♦ police blotter ♦ police boat ♦ police captain ♦ police car ♦ police chief ♦ police commissioner ♦ police constable ♦ police cordon ♦ police corps ♦ police court ♦ police custody ♦ police department ♦ police detective ♦ police district ♦ police dog ♦ police escort ♦ police force ♦ police headquarters ♦ police inspector ♦ police interrogation ♦ police intervention ♦ police investigation ♦ police jury ♦ police justice ♦ police lieutenant ♦ police lineup ♦ police magistrate ♦ police man ♦ police matron ♦ police offenses ♦ police office ♦ police officer ♦ police officers ♦ police official ♦ police power ♦ police precinct ♦ police presence ♦ police protection ♦ police raid ♦ police record ♦ police sergeant ♦ police squad ♦ police state ♦ police station ♦ police superintendent ♦ Police Support Group Headquarters and Training Wing ♦ police trap ♦ police van ♦ police wagon ♦ police whistle ♦ police work ♦ railway police ♦ report smb. to the police ♦ report to the police ♦ riot police ♦ river police ♦ Royal Canadian Mounted Police ♦ rural police ♦ secret police ♦ security police ♦ surrender to the police ♦ the police were called ♦ traffic control police ♦ traffic police ♦ united nations police observer. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
	Beginning with "police": police-based, police-black, police-blue, police-box, police-car, police-chief, police-community, police-control, police-court, police-crime, police-detective, police-dominated, police-escorted, police-force, police-free, police-gangs, police-general, police-horse, police-inspired, police-issue, police-keeping, police-man, police-military, police-officer, police-officers, police-oriented, police-picket, police-public, police-recorded, police-related, police-run, police-sergeant, police-service, police-social, police-speak, police-state, police-station, police-stations, police-style, police-training, police-type, police-who, police-woman, police-y.
	Ending with "police": anti-police, ex-police.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Police

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day	Expression	Frequency per Day
police	5,256	police uniform	493
police scanner	2,185	los angeles police department	486
police fashion	1,549	police report	483
new york police department	1,451	chicago police department	463
police car	1,405	toronto police	425
police auction	1,361	live police scanner	398
police job	1,283	police code	394
government police state	1,033	fraternal order of police	367
police officer	945	military police	362
new york police department blue	876	pennsylvania state police	335
police equipment	859	state police	334
police record	848	police brutality	325
police department	818	kentucky state police	313
police badge	664	maryland state police	309
police supply	605	houston police department	304
the police	595	chicago police	302
michigan state police	587	ontario provincial police	292
police academy	571	chief of police	278
illinois state police	508	police scanner frequency	266
virginia state police	494	pa state police	264
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Modern Translation: Police

Language		Translations for "police"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Afrikaans		polisie. (various references)

Albanian		polici (constabulary, fuzz, gendarmerie, gendarmery, policy), patrulloj (patrol), ruaj (bear, conserve, cure, enshrine, guard, hold, hug, keep, lay up, maintain, preserve, protect, put by, reserve, retain, safeguard, save, secure, shield, spare, spin out, tend, ware, watch, watch over), mbaj nën kontroll. (various references)

Arabic		‏حفظ النظام (marshalling), ‏حافظ على الأمن, ‏تنظيم المجتمع, ‏تجند في الشرطة, ‏ضبط (accuracy, adjust, check, control, dam, detect, exactitude, frame, govern, inspect, measure, monitor, preciseness, precision, punctuality, regularize, regulate, regulation, rightness, school, set, setting, square, strictness, test, tune, tuning), ‏شرطة (constabulary), ‏دخل الشرطة. (various references)

Asturian		oficial de policía (police officer), comisaría (police station). (various references)

Basque		polizia. (various references)

Bemba		kapokola (police officer). (various references)

Blackfoot		iyinnakiikoan (police officer). (various references)

Bulgarian		чистота и ред, контролирам (command, control, monitor, preside, regulate, superintend), почистване (cleaning, cleanup, dressing, scrub), полицейски, полицаи, полиция (constabulary), поддържам ред с полиция, поддържам ред и чистота, поддържам ред. (various references)

Catalan		comissaria (police-station). (various references)

Cebuano		presinto sa kapulisan (police station), opisyal sa pulis (police officer). (various references)

Chamorro		polisia (police officer), estasión polisia (police station). (various references)

Chinese		警察 (policeman, policewoman). (various references)

Czech		policie (constabulary), opatřit policií, kontrolovat (audit, check, control, examine, handle, inspect, monitor, oversee, rein, screen), chránit (defend, guard, patronize, preserve, protect, screen, shade, shelter, shield, ward), řídit policií. (various references)

Danish		politistation (police-station). (various references)

Dutch		politie. (various references)

Ecuadorian Quechua		chapaccunapac huasi (police station), chapac (police officer). (various references)

Esperanto		polico. (various references)

Faeroese		løgregla. (various references)

Farsi		پاسبان (Constable, Cop, Guard, Johnny, Policeman), اداره شهربانی , بوسیله پلیس اداره وکنترل کردن . (various references)

Finnish		poliisi (policeman). (various references)

French		police (police force). (various references)

Frisian		polysje (policeman). (various references)

German		Polizei (police force, police station). (various references)

Greek		αστυνομία (constabulary, the police). (various references)

Hebrew		משטרתי, משטרה (constabulary), לשטר (patrol). (various references)

Hungarian		körletrend. (various references)

Icelandic		löggæzlulið, löggæzla. (various references)

Indonesian		polisi (constable, cop). (various references)

Inuktitut		pukiqtalik (police officer, police station). (various references)

Irish		garda (guard). (various references)

Italian		polizia (police force). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		巡査 (policeman). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		ポリス (township), さつ (butcher, counter for books, diminish, kill, murder, note, paper money, reduce, remain, slice off, split, spoil, stay, temple, volume), けいさつ, じゅんさ (policeman). (various references)

Kongo		fulu kia ba polisi (police station). (various references)

Korean		경찰. (various references)

Macedonian		policiska stanica (police station), policaec (police officer). (various references)

Malay		polisi, polis. (various references)

Manx		poleenyn (police force, the fuzz), meoiryn shee (constabulary, police force). (various references)

Maori		piriihimana (police officer). (various references)

Norwegian		politi. (various references)

Occitan		polícia. (various references)

Papago		chi-lihhi (police officer). (various references)

Papiamen		komisario (chief of police). (various references)

Pig Latin		olicepay.(various references)

Portuguese		polícia (bobby, bull, constable, constabulary, cop, crusher, patrolman, police force, police officer, policeman, policewoman, slop), polícias. (various references)

Portuguese Brazilian		polícia. (various references)

Provencal		oficièr de polícia (police officer), comissariat de polícia (police station). (various references)

Romanian		poliţist (Bobby, constable, cop, copper, ferret, minion of the law, officer, patrolman, peace officer, peeler, policeman), poliţie militarã, poliţie (constabulary), poliţişti, pãzi ordinea în. (various references)

Romansch		post da polizia (police station). (various references)

Romany		cshooryalì (police station). (various references)

Ruanda		uwucungera umutekano (police officer), kubacungera umutekano (police station). (various references)

Russian		обеспечивать полицией, нести полицейскую службу, наряд (array, attire, detail, fig, finery, garb, getup, rig), полицейский (constable, copper, cops, gumshoe, jemadar, patrolman, patrolmen, peeler, police constable, police officer, policeman, policemen, police-officer, redcap, runner, slop, speed-cop, traffic cop, traffic manager, traffic officer), полицейские силы (constabulary), полиция полицейский, полиция (constabulary, law, police body). (various references)

Samoan		tagata faafeiloai (police officer), ofisa o leoleo (police station). (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		policija (constabulary, fuzz, police force, police office), održavati poredak, održavanje reda, nadgledanje (monitoring, supervising), milicija (militia, police force, police office), čistiti (clean). (various references)

Sotho		mapolesa (the police). (various references)

Spanish		policía (bloodhound, bobby, constabulary, cop, Dick, fuzz, military force, officer, patrolman, peeler, police force, police officer, policeman, shadow). (various references)

Sranan		komsarsi (chief of police). (various references)

Swedish		polis (bobby, cop, copper, flatfoot, fuzz, police officer, policeman). (various references)

Turkish		polislerle güvenliği sağlamak, polis (bluebottle, Bobby, bull, cop, copper, flatfoot, flattie, fuzz, patrolman, peeler, policeman, policewoman, rozzer, the force, the heat), polís, zabita, zabıta (constabulary, the fuzz), yönetmek (administer, administrate, boss, captain, celebrate, chair, command, conduct, direct, edit, govern, head, lead, oversee, preside, produce, rule, run, run the show, steer, supervise), nöbet (attack, bout, guard duty, ictus, invasion, paroxysm, post, sentry, sentry go, spell, tour, turn, turn of duty, turn of work, watch), kontrol altında tutmak (keep a tight rein on, keep under control, stake in, stake out), inzibat, garnizonu temiz tutmak, güvenliği sağlamak, güvenliği sağlama, emníyet. (various references)

Ukrainian		контролювати (check, command, control, monitor, rule, superintend, supervise), наведення порядку, підтримувати порядок, прибирання (cleaning, riddance, sweeping), поліція (constabulary), поліцейські. (various references)

Vietnamese		những người công an, cảnh sát (constable, limb, peace-officer, policeman, policer-officer). (various references)

Welsh		heddlu (police force). (various references)

Zulu		iphoyisa (policeman). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Ancestral Language Translations: Police

Language	Period	Translations
Greek	700 BCE-300 CE	polis. (various references)
Latin	500 BCE-Modern	politia. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Bible Trace: Police

Language	Date	Source	John Chapter 19, Verse 6
Greek (transliterated)	250 BC	Septuagint	Ote oun eidon auton oi arciereiV kai oi uphretai ekraugasan legonteV staurwson staurwson legei autoiV o pilatoV labete auton umeiV kai staurwsate egw gar ouc euriskw en autw aitian
Latin	405	Vulgate	Cum ergo vidissent eum pontifices et ministri clamabant dicentes crucifige crucifige dicit eis Pilatus accipite eum vos et crucifigite ego enim non invenio in eo causam
Old English	990	West Saxon	Witodlice þa þa biscoppes & þa þeigneshine ge-seagen; þa cleopedan hyo andcwæðen. Hoh hine hog hine. Ða cwæð pilatus to heom. Nime ge hine and hoð. icne finde nenne gelt on hym.
Middle English	1395	Wyclif	But whanne the bischopis and mynystris hadden seyn hym, thei crieden, and seiden, Crucifie, crucifie hym. Pilat seith to hem, Take ye hym, and crucifie ye, for Y fynde no cause in hym.
Renaissance English	1526	Tyndale	When the hye Prestes and ministres sawe him they cryed sayinge: crucify him crucify him. Pylate sayde vnto them. Take ye him and crucify him: for I fynde no cause in him.
Jacobean English	1611	King James	When the chief priests therefore and officers saw him, they cried out, saying, Crucify him, crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Take ye him, and crucify him: for I find no fault in him.
Victorian English	1833	Webster	When therefore the chief priests and officers saw him, they cried out, saying, Crucify him, crucify him. Pilate saith to them, Take ye him, and crucify him: for I find no fault in him.
Basic English	1964	Ogden	So when the chief priests and the police saw him they gave a loud cry, To the cross! to the cross! Pilate said to them, Take him yourselves and put him on the cross: I see no crime in him.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Matched Bible Translations: Police

Language	John Chapter 19, Verse 6
Cebuano	Sa pagkakita kaniya sa mga sacerdote nga punoan ug sa mga polis, sila misinggit nga nanag-ingon, "Ilansang mo siya sa krus! Ilansang mo siya sa krus!" Si Pilato miingon kanila, "Kuhaa ninyo siya ug kamoy maglansang kaniya sa krus, kay wala akoy nakitang ikasumbong batok kaniya."
Croatian	I kad ga ugledaše glavari sveæenièki i sluge, povikaše: "Raspni, raspni!" Kaže im Pilat: "Uzmite ga vi i raspnite jer ja ne nalazim na njemu krivice."
Danish	Da nu Ypperstepræsterne og Svendene så ham, råbte de og sagde: "Korsfæst! korsfæst!" Pilatus siger til dem: "Tager I ham og korsfæster ham; thi jeg finder ikke Skyld hos ham."
Dutch	Als Hem dan de overpriesters en de dienaars zagen, riepen zij, zeggende: Kruis Hem, kruis Hem; Pilatus zeide tot hen: Neemt gijlieden Hem en kruist Hem; want ik vind in Hem geen schuld.
Finnish	Kun siis ylipapit ja palvelijat näkivät hänet, huusivat he sanoen: "Ristiinnaulitse, ristiinnaulitse!" Pilatus sanoi heille: "Ottakaa te hänet ja ristiinnaulitkaa, sillä minä en löydä hänessä mitään syytä".
French	Lorsque les principaux sacrificateurs et les huissiers le virent, ils s`écrièrent: Crucifie! crucifie! Pilate leur dit: Prenez-le vous-mêmes, et crucifiez-le; car moi, je ne trouve point de crime en lui.
German	Da ihn die Hohenpriester und die Diener sahen, schrieen sie und sprachen: Kreuzige! Kreuzige! Pilatus spricht zu ihnen: Nehmt ihr ihn hin und kreuzigt ihn; denn ich finde keine Schuld an ihm.
Hungarian	Mikor azért látják vala õt a papifejedelmek és a szolgák, kiáltozának, mondván: Feszítsd meg, feszítsd meg! Monda nékik Pilátus: Vigyétek el õt ti és feszítsétek meg, mert én nem találok bûnt õ benne.
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari	Ketika imam-imam kepala dan pengawal-pengawal itu melihat Yesus, mereka berteriak, "Salibkan Dia! Salibkan Dia!" Pilatus berkata kepada mereka, "Ambillah Dia, dan salibkan olehmu sendiri, saya tidak menemukan satu kesalahan pun pada-Nya."
Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama	Serta segala kepala imam dan segala hamba pun nampak Dia, berteriaklah mereka itu sekalian sambil katanya, "Salibkanlah, salibkanlah Dia!" Maka kata Pilatus kepada mereka itu, "Kamu ambillah Dia, dan salibkanlah Dia! Karena aku ini tiada mendapat salah pada-Nya."
Italian	Al vederlo i sommi sacerdoti e le guardie gridarono: «Crocifiggilo, crocifiggilo!». Disse loro Pilato: «Prendetelo voi e crocifiggetelo; io non trovo in lui nessuna colpa».
Maori	A, no te kitenga o nga tohunga nui ratou ko nga katipa i a ia, ka karanga ratou, ka mea, Ripekatia, ripekatia. Ka ki a Pirato ki a ratou, Tangohia atu ia e koutou, ripekatia: kahore hoki i mau i ahau tetahi he ona.
Norwegian	Da nu yppersteprestene og tjenerne fikk se ham, ropte de: Korsfest, korsfest! Pilatus sier til dem: Ta I ham og korsfest ham! for jeg finner ingen skyld hos ham.
Rumanian	Cknd L-au zqrit preoyii cei mai de seamq wi aprozii, au knceput sq strige: ,,Rqstignewte -l! Rqstignewte -l!`` ,,Luayi -L voi wi rqstigniyi -L``, le -a zis Pilat, ,,cqci eu nu gqsesc nicio vinq kn El.``
Russian	лПЗДБ ЦЕ ХЧЙДЕМЙ еЗП РЕТЧПУЧСЭЕООЙЛЙ Й УМХЦЙФЕМЙ, ФП ЪБЛТЙЮБМЙ: ТБУРОЙ, ТБУРОЙ еЗП! рЙМБФ ЗПЧПТЙФ ЙН: ЧПЪШНЙФЕ еЗП ЧЩ, Й ТБУРОЙФЕ; ЙВП С ОЕ ОБИПЦХ Ч оЕН ЧЙОЩ.
Shuar	Israer-patri uuntrisha suntarsha Jesusan iisar ataksha ataksha kakantar untsumainiak "Krúsnum jakati" tiarmiayi. Piratusha "Atum Júkiirum Máatarum. Ni tunaarin penké Wáittsujai" Tímiayi.
Spanish	Cuando le vieron los principales sacerdotes y los guardias, gritaron diciendo: --¡Crucifícale! ¡Crucifícale! Les dijo Pilato: --Tomadlo vosotros y crucificadle, porque yo no hallo ningún delito en él.
Swahili	Makuhani wakuu na walinzi walipomwona wakapaaza sauti: "Msulubishe! Msulubishe!" Pilato akawaambia, "Mchukueni basi, ninyi wenyewe mkamsulubishe, kwa maana mimi sikuona hatia yoyote kwake."
Swedish	Då nu översteprästerna och rättstjänarna fingo se honom, skriade de: "Korsfäst! Korsfäst!" Pilatus sade till dem: "Tagen I honom, och korsfästen honom; jag finner honom icke skyldig till något brott."
Uma	Nto'u imam pangkeni pai' topojaga mpohilo Yesus, kamejeu' -rami ra'uli': "Parika' -imi! Parika' -imi!" Na'uli' Pilatus: "Ane doko' niparika' -i, ala' -imi, niparika' moto-imi-koiwo, apa' aku', uma-kuna kuruai' kasalaa' -na."
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Derivations & Misspellings: Police

Derivations
	Words beginning with "police": policed, policeman, policemen, polices, policewoman, policewomen. (additional references)
	Words ending with "police": antipolice, nonpolice. (additional references)
	Words containing "police": unpoliced, valpolicella, valpolicellas. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Police" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Doliche, Olice, Opaldce, Pagliuca, palice, Palika, Pavlicek, pelic, pelice, pelike, perlice, pholic, pilce, Pilic, plice, pliec, plike, Ploce, Pohive, polac, Polaca, polack, polcie, poldie, poleac, polece, polic, policem, Policey, Polich, polici, Policia, policie, Policoro, poliece, Polikon, polire, poliuce, polizei, pollice, pollicem, pollicle, Poloc, poltice, Polybe, Polycel, polycye, pomice, popiwek, potice, publice, Publicke, pudica, puice, Pulacayo, pulik. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Rhyming with "Police"

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "police" (pronounced pulē"s)
3	-l ē" s	fleece, lease, release.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Anagrams: Police

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "c-e-i-l-o-p"
	-1 letter: oleic.
	-2 letters: ceil, clip, clop, coil, cole, cope, epic, lice, lipe, loci, lope, pice, pile, plie, pole.
	-3 letters: cel, cep, col, cop, ice, lei, lie, lip, lop, oil, ole, ope, pec, pic, pie, poi, pol.
	-4 letters: el, li, lo, oe, op, pe, pi.
	Words containing the letters "c-e-i-l-o-p"
	+1 letter: compile, peloric, pinocle, polemic, policed, polices.
	+2 letters: alopecia, alopecic, calliope, capriole, clupeoid, compiled, compiler, compiles, complice, complied, complier, complies, compline, epibolic, epicotyl, epifocal, helicopt, leprotic, leptonic, lipocyte, petrolic, phenolic, picoline, picomole, pinochle, pinocles, poetical, polemics, policies, pollices, polyenic, popsicle, poultice, replicon, upcoiled.
	+3 letters: alopecias, calliopes, caprioled, caprioles, clupeoids, coliphage, compilers, complices, compliers, complines, coprolite, coverslip, epicotyls, episcopal, epsilonic, helicopts, lipocytes, micropyle, mycophile, necropoli, nonpolice, pedocalic, pedologic, phenolics, picolines, picomoles, pinochles, pitchpole, plethoric, polemical, policeman, policemen, polygenic, polymeric, popsicles, porcelain, poulticed, poultices, precocial, precoital, proleptic, pronuclei, recompile, replicons, scapolite, slipcover, stockpile, supercoil, unpoliced.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern

5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Images: Digital Art

9. Sounds
10. Quotations: Familiar
11. Quotations: Historic
12. Quotations: Fiction

13. Quotations: Non-fiction
14. Quotations: Spoken
15. Quotations: Speeches
16. Usage Frequency

17. Names: Frequency
18. Expressions
19. Expressions: Internet
20. Translations: Modern

21. Translations: Ancient
22. Bible Trace
23. Abbreviations
24. Acronyms

25. Derivations
26. Rhymes
27. Anagrams
28. Bibliography

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.