Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Period |
PeriodNoun1. An amount of time; "a time period of 30 years"; "hastened the period of his recovery". 2. One of three periods of play in hockey games. 3. A stage in the history of a culture having a definable place in space and time; "a novel from the Victorian period". 4. The interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon. 5. A time of life characterized as a distinct phase; "Picasso's blue period"; "it was the happy period of my life". 6. The monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; "the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation"; "a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped"--Hippocrates; "the semen begins to appear in males and to be emitted at the same time of life that the catamenia begin to flow in females"--Aristotle. 7. A punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations; "in England they call a period a stop". 8. A unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed; "ganoid fishes swarmed during the earlier geological periods". 9. The end or completion of something; "death put a period to his endeavors"; "a change soon put a period to my tranquility". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "period" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
Note: Period \Pe"ri*od\, transitive verb. To put an end to. [Obsolete]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Aerospace | 1. The interval needed to complete a cycle. 2. = orbital period. 3. Specifically, the interval between passages at a fixed point of a given phase of a simple harmonic wave; the reciprocal of frequency.4. The time interval during which the power level (flux) of a reactor changes by a factor of e (2.718, the base of natural logarithms). (references) |
Electrical Engineering | The size of the minimum interval of the independent variable after which the same characteristics of a periodic phenomenon recur. Source: European Union. (references) |
Geography | Comets are classified into two groups: the short-period comets with -- of about seven years and orbits of small eccentricity. . Source: European Union. (references) |
Geological | The time interval required for one full cycle of a wave. (references) |
| The time between two successive wave crests. (references) | |
Language | Often used interjectionally at the end of a statement to indicate and emphasize that the statement is finished and complete without further qualification or discussion (not just unlucky in love, bu t unlucky, --). Source: European Union. (references) |
Mathematics | Used to describe regularities of recurrence in ordered series, sometimes rather vaguely. Strictly, the word should relate to a period in the mathematical sense, that is to say, a term u(t)has period omega if u(t+omega)= u(t)for all t; and if a series can be analysed into a sum of such functions, the corresponding set of omega's are the periods of the series. Source: European Union. (references) |
Medicine | The smallest value of the independent variable of a periodic quantity for which the quantity repeats itself. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | A. The geochronologic unit lower in rank than era and higher than epoch, during which the rocks of the corresponding system were formed. It is the fundamental unit of the worldwide geologic time scale b. A term used informally to designate a length of geologic time; e.g., glacial period c. The interval of time required for the completion of a cyclic motion or recurring event, such as the time between two consecutive like phases of the tide or a current d. The duration of one complete cycle of a periodic function; the reciprocal of the frequency of such a function. The independent variable is limited to time e.g., glacial period f. The time required for the power level of a reactor to change by thefactor 2.718, which is known as e. (references) |
Science | 1. Time required for a satellite to make one complete orbit. 2. A division of geologic time, delimited by full-scale withdrawal of the sea from land masses and by limited crustal, climatic, and volcanic upheaval in a localized area. Two or more periods are required to make up a geologic era, and each period is comprised of two or more geologic epochs. (references) |
Slang | Menstrual period. (references) |
Tips from 1870 | Usage: Period, Point. Do not use period for a point of time. Period implies extended time. Source: Slips of Speech. |
Transportation | The interval of time between the commencement of two identical successive cycles of the character of a rhythmic light. Source: European Union. (references) |
| The interval between successive commencements of the same phase. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work. This embodies all art forms, the sciences, and philosophies. Long ago, different nations or regions of the world would go through their own independent sequence of movements in culture, but as world communications have accelerated this geographical distinction has become less noteworthy. When cultural movements go through revolutions from one to the next, genres tend to get attacked and mixed up, and often new genres are generated and old ones fade. These changes are often reactions against the prior cultural form, which typically has grown stale and repetitive. An obsession emerges among the mainstream with the new movement, and the old one falls into neglect - sometimes it dies out entirely, but often it chugs along favored in a few disciplines and occasionally making reappearances (sometimes prefixed with "neo-").There is continual argument over the precise definition of each of these periods, and one historian might group them differently, or choose different names or descriptions. As well, even though in many cases the popular change from one to the next can be swift and sudden, the beginning and end of movements are somewhat subjective, as the movements did not spring fresh into existence out of the blue and did not come to an abrupt end and lose total support, as would be suggested by a date range. Thus use of the term "period" is somewhat deceptive. "Period" also suggests a linearity of development, whereas it has not been uncommon for two or more distinctive cultural approaches to be active at the same time. Historians will be able to find distinctive traces of a cultural movement before its accepted beginning, and there will always be new creations in old forms. So it can be more useful to think in terms of broad "movements" that have rough beginnings and endings. Yet for historical perspective, some rough date ranges will be provided for each to indicate the "height" or accepted timespan of the movement.
[NOTE: I'm including the sub-sections (the isms) *only* for organizational purposes since in most cases Wikipedia does not have articles on the various sections/periods/movements/whatever. Similarly for calling out the different cultural forms - art, architecture, philosophy, etc. I also think it is worthwhile to include short descriptions of each movement for similar reasons. The purpose of this page is to help get these areas of Wikipedia filled in - hopefully by folks more knowledgeable in the particular topics than I!]
Graeco-Roman - The Greek culture marked a departure from the other Mediterranean cultures that preceded and surrounded it. The Romans adopted Greek and other styles, and spread the result throughout Europe and the middle east. Together, Greek and Roman thought in philosophy, religion, science, history, and all forms of thought can be viewed as a central underpinning of Western culture, and is therefore termed the "Classical period" by some. Others might divide it into the Hellenistic period and the Roman period, or might choose other finer divisions.
Romanesque -- 11th & 12th centuries. A style (esp. architectural) similar in form and materials to Roman styles. Romanesque seems to be the first pan-European style since Roman Imperial Architecture and examples are found in every part of the continent.
- Classical architecture -- Classical sculpture -- Greek architecture -- Hellenistic architecture -- Ionic -- Doric -- Corinthian -- Stoicism -- Cynicism -- Epicurean -- Roman architecture -- Early Christian -- Neoplatonism
Gothic
- Romanesque architecture -- Ottonian Art --
Nominalism -- Can someone well versed in medieval history help figure out how/where this fits in? Rejects Platonic realism as a requirement for thinking and speaking in general terms.
- Gothic architecture -- Gregorian chant -- Neoplatonism
Humanism - 1500ish
Renaissance - use of light, shadow, and perspective to more accurately represent life. Because of how fundamentally these ideas were felt to alter so much of life, some have referred to it as the "Golden Age". In reality it was less an "Age" and more of a movement in popular philosophy, science, and thought that spread over Europe (and probably other parts of the world), over time, and affected different aspects of culture at different points in time. Very roughly, the following periods can be taken as indicative of place/time foci of the Renaissance: Italian Renaissance 1450-1550. Spanish Renaissance 1550-1587. English Renaissance 1588-1629.
Mannerism - anti-classicist movement that sought to emphasize the feeling of the artist himself.
Baroque - emphasizes power and authority, characterized by intricate detail and without the "disturbing angst" of Mannerism. Essentially is exaggerated Classicism to promote and glorify the Church and State. Occupied with notions of infinity.
- Mannerism/Art
Rococo
- Baroque art -- Baroque music
Neoclassical - 17th-19th centuries - severe, unemotional movement recalling Roman and Greek ("classical") style, reacting against the overbred Rococo style and the emotional Baroque style. It stimulated revival of classical thinking, and had especially profound effects on science and politics. Also had a direct influence on Academic Art in the 1800s. Beginning in the early 1600s with Cartesian thought (see Rene Descartes), this movement provided philosophical frameworks for the natural sciences, sought to determine the principles of knowledge by rejecting all things previously believed to be known about the world. In Renaissance Classicism attempts are made to recreate the classic artforms - tragedy, comedy, and farce.
Romanticism - 1770-1830 - Began in Germany and spread to England and France as a reaction to Neoclassicism. The notion of "folk genius", or an inborn and intuitive ability to do magnificent things, is a core principle of the Romantic movement. Nostalgia for the primitive past in preference to the scientifically minded present. Romantic heroes, exemplified by Napoleon, are popular. Fascination with the past leads to a resurrection of interest in the Gothic period. It did not really replace the Neoclassical movement so much as provide a counterbalance; many artists sought to join both styles in their works.
- Cartesian -- French neoclassicism 1630-1680.
Realism - 1830-1905 - Ushered in by the Industrial Revolution and growing Nationalism in the world. Began in France. Attempts to portray the speech and mannerisms of everyday people in everyday life. Tends to focus on middle class social and domestic problems. Plays by Isben are an example. Naturalism is a more extreme version of Realism that followed it briefly. Impressionism, based on 'scientific' knowledge and discoveries concerns observing nature and reality objectively.
- Symbolism
Art Nouveau - 1880-1905 decorative, symbolic art
- Fauvism -- Post-impressionism -- Pre-Raphaelite
Modernism - 1880-1965 - Also known as the Avant-garde movement. Originating in the 19th century with Symbolism, the Modernist movement composed itself of a wide range of 'isms' that ran in constrast to Realism and that sought out the underlying fundamentals of art and philosophy. The Jazz age and Hollywood emerge and have their hey-days.
- Transcendentalism
Postmodernism - 1965-? - A reaction to Modernism, in a way, Postmodernism largely discards the notion that artists should seek pure fundamentals, often questioning whether such fundamentals even exist - or suggestion that if they do exist, they may be irrelevant. Exemplified by movements such as deconstruction, conceptual art, etc.
- Cubism -- Futurism -- Suprematism -- Dadaism -- Constructivism -- Surrealism -- Expressionism -- Existentialism -- Op Art -- Art Deco -- Bauhaus -- Neo-Plasticism -- Precisionism -- Abstract expressionism -- Pop Art -- Photorealism -- Minimalism -- Situationism
Superflat - late1990s-? - Suggested by Japanese artist Takashi Murakami. Followed by many young Japanese artists, such as Yoshitomo Nara. The first art movement originated by a Japanese. Murakami forms a collaborative group called "KaikaiKiKi."
- Postmodern philosophy -- Postmodern music
Neen - started May 2000 - Suggested by Greek artist Miltos Manetas who bought it's name from a Branding company. Followed by many international artists, architects and music composers such as Mai Ueda, Angelo Plessas, Gnac, Andreas Angelidakis, Yi Zhou, Rafael Rozentaal. The first art movement oriented towards the landscape of the computer screen.
Other isms to try to work into the above, if relevant:
idealism imagism mystic(ism) naturalism Sophist(s) Eclectic and Revival StylesSee also: periodization, History of philosophy, Critical theory, Cultural imperialism Given the technical innovations of the internet and the increasing use of computers in new ways, and the decreased emphasis on need for a commercial infrastructure to disseminate art, could we be on the verge of a new cultural movement? Increased emphasis on art as part of a system (e.g., in architecture) or in integrating several different disciplines into one work of art (e.g., involving the internet community as a prelude to a movie release, e.g. Babylon 5, Blair Witch, or A.I.)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Cultural movement."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A full stop or period, also called a full point, is the punctuation mark commonly placed at the end of several different types of sentences in English and several other languages. A period consists of a small dot placed at the bottom of a line of text, thus: "." In typed text, two spaces are generally placed after the full stop, as opposed to one space as after most other punctuation symbols.It is also used after abbreviations, such as Mr., Dr., Mrs., Ms. (In England, titles now tend to be given without a full stop. In the USA, the older usage is still adhered to.)
The same glyph is very often used, rather than a mid-line point, as a decimal point (or dot) in English-speaking countries. For example:
In computing, it is often used as a delimiter, also called "dot," for example in DNS lookups and file names. For example:
- 3.14159
In computer programming, the full stop corresponds to Unicode and ASCII character 46, or 0x2E.
- www.wikipedia.org
See also: period (rhetoric)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Full stop."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In geology, a period or age is a time span of many millions of years that are assumed to have had similar characteristics.See geologic timescale for a list of geologic Periods and Ages.
In general, the duration of Periods/Ages tends to get longer the further one travels into the past.
Geologic Period/Age boundaries are generally set at some distinct worldwide event such as a mass extinction. For example, the boundary between the Cretaceous Period and the Palaeogene Period is set at an extinction event that marked the demise of the dinosaurs and of many marine species.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Geologic period."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Maunder Minimum is the name given to the period roughly from 1645 to 1715 A.D., when sunspots became exceedingly rare, as noted by solar observers of the time. It is named after the later solar astronomer E.W. Maunder who discovered the dearth of sunspots during that period by studying records from those years. During one 30-year period within the Maunder Minimum, for example, astronomers observed only about 50 sunspots, as opposed to a more typical 40-50,000 spots.The Maunder Mininum coincided with the middle -- and coldest part -- of the so-called Little Ice Age, during which Europe and North America, and perhaps much of the rest of the world, were subjected to bitterly cold winters. Recently published data suggests that the Sun expanded during the Maunder Minimum and its rotation slowed. A larger and slower Sun, it is speculated, might also mean a cooler Sun that provides less heat to Earth. (Just why the Sun expands and contracts is still a mystery.)
Whether there is a causal connection between low sunspot activity and cold winters is the subject of ongoing debate. Some scientists believe that solar activity drives climate change more than carbon dioxide does (see global warming).
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Maunder Minimum."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The menstrual cycle is the periodic change in a woman's body that occurs every month between puberty and menopause and is related to reproduction. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long, but it can range from 21 to 35 days. It is controlled by hormones.
By convention, the onset of menstrual bleeding (menstruation or menses) marks the beginning of the cycle. Menstruation lasts for several days and is caused by the loss of the lining of the uterus. The uterus was ready to accept a fertilized ovum (egg), but none arrived, and so the lining (called endometrium) is expelled. Therefore, if menstrual bleeding occurs, a woman knows that she is not pregnant. During menstruation, women typically use tampons (plugs made from absorbent material and inserted into the vagina) or sanitary towels (worn outside the vagina) to prevent the soiling of clothes.
Then a new egg matures in the ovaries, and about at the middle of the cycle (14 days before beginning of the next menstrual bleeding), ovulation occurs, meaning that the egg is released by the ovary and enters the fallopian tube. In some women, ovulation is accompanied by a characteristic pain called Mittelschmerz which lasts for several hours. The egg (with a diameter of about 0.5 mm) then travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus, pushed along by movements of the lining of the tube. This trip takes about one day, and the egg is available to be fertilized during this period.
Sperm can live for up to 7 days inside a woman, so the second and the beginning of the third week of the cycle, before and shortly after ovulation, is the most fertile time with the highest likelihood of sexual intercourse leading to pregnancy. (It is important to note that pregnancy can occur from intercourse at any time during the menstrual cycle, even during menstruation.) Various natural family planning methods of birth control attempt to determine the precise time of ovulation in order to find the fertile and infertile days in the cycle.
In the meantime, the endometrium has started to grow again. If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the wall of the uterus and major changes take place, with the menstrual cycle being suspended for the length of the pregnancy. If no fertilization occurs, the endometrium is lost with bleeding and the cycle starts again.
About 50 millilitres of blood are lost during menstruation. The blood is prevented from clotting by an enzyme called plasmin contained in the endometrium. In most women, menstruation is preceeded or accompanied by various unpleasant symptoms caused by the involved hormones and by cramping of the uterus. Among these are abdominal pain, migraine headache, depression and irritability.
The main hormones involved in control of the menstrual cycle are oestrogen and progesterone. At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, the pituitary gland releases Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), signaling the immature follicles to grow in the ovaries. The follicle is a sac containing the egg. Oestrogen levels rise as the hormone is secreted by the developing follicles. During ovulation, the follicle and the ovary's wall burst, releasing the egg; oestrogen levels are maximal. After ovulation, both oestrogen and progesterone are secreted by the corpus luteum which developed from the burst follicle and remained in the ovary. Once the corpus luteum dies, hormone levels fall which causes the ejection of the endometrium with menstruation. These two hormones are also the main ingredients of most birth control pills.
All of a woman's eggs are present in the ovaries at the time of birth. An estimated 250,000 to 400,000 immature eggs exist in each ovary. Only a small fraction of them ever develop into mature eggs.
Even though there are two ovaries, normally only one egg will be produced per period. Which ovary "wins" is essentially random; there is no left/right coordination involved. As the level of the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) increases, it stimulates the production of a follicle, the follicle secretes inhibin, which shuts off the FSH, preventing more follicles from developing. So each month, it depends on whether the left or right ovary is the lucky one to produce the first follicle.
The terms "menstruation" and "menses" come from the Latin mensis (month) from Greek mene (moon) in reference to the fact that the lunar month is also approximately 28 days long. There is no connection between lunar months and menstrual periods however, as is shown by the fact that the great apes have menstrual cycles that vary from 29 days in orangutans to 37 days in chimpanzees.
A regular menstrual cycle as described here only occurs in the higher primates. Females of other mammalian species go through certain episodes called "estrus" or "heat" in each breeding season. During these times, ovulation occurs and females are receptive to mating, a fact advertised to males in some way. If no fertilization takes place, the endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus and no menstrual bleeding occurs.
See also:
- premenstrual stress syndrome (PMS or premenstrual syndrome)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Menstrual cycle."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The orbital period is the time it takes a planet (or another object) to make one full orbit.
There are two main kinds of orbital periods of objects orbiting the sun:
- The sidereal period is the time that it takes the object to make one full orbit around the sun, relative to the stars. This is considered to be an object's true orbital period.
- The synodic period is the time that it takes for the object to reappear at the same spot in the sky, relative to the sun, as observed from Earth. This is the time that elapses between two successive conjunctions with the sun and is the object's apparent orbital period. The synodic period differs from the sidereal period since Earth itself revolves around the sun.
Relation between sidereal and synodic period
Copernicus devised a mathematical formula to relate a planet's sidereal period with its synodic period.
Using the abbreviations
During the time S, the Earth moves over an angle of (360°/E)S (assuming a circular orbit) and the planet moves (360°/P)S.
- P = planet's sidereal period
- S = planet's synodic period
- E = the sidereal period of Earth
Let us consider the case of an inferior planet, i.e. a planet that will complete one orbit more than Earth before the two return toe the same position relative to the sun.
and using algebra we obtain
- (360°)/P)S = (360°/E)S + 360°
For a superior planet one derives likewise:
- 1/P = 1/E + 1/S
- 1/P = 1/E - 1/S
Related topics
- sidereal time
- sideral year
- synodic month
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Orbital period."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Oscillation is a repeated (temporal) variation in some measure. For example, a weight hanging on a string attached to a fixed point is a pendulum, and when disturbed from its resting position it will move in an oscillating manner.
Oscillations can be structured or random. Further, structured oscillations can be periodic, which is defined as a variation that is exactly repeated after the period length. Mathematically, perhaps the most fundamental periodic oscillating function is the sine together with its dual, the cosine. Periodic signals are most often analysed by Fourier analysis which gives the amount of information on each frequency component of the signal. A sinusoidal oscillation is known in mechanics as simple harmonic motion.
Typical oscillating physical systems are the Moon orbiting around the Earth, electrical oscillation in a radio receiver or transmitter, sound waves and ripples on the surface of water.
- see also: Harmonic oscillator, Vibration
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Oscillation."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A period is an arbitrary interval of time. The word is applied to many different concepts:
Further meanings less connected with time:
- generally, in science, the time taken for one complete cycle of an alternating quantity. The period of oscillation of a wave is the time taken for the wave to complete one wavelength. Period is the reciprocal of the frequency. See amplitude, wavelength.
- in astronomy, Copernicus used period to refer to the time it takes a planet to complete one orbit. See orbital period.
- in mathematics, the period of a function is the length of the interval over which it repears. See periodic function.
- in geology to identify named timespans such as the Cretaceous Period or the Neogene Period. Periods are generally longer than Epochs and shorter than Eras. The term Age is sometimes used more or less interchangeably with Period. See geologic period and geologic timescale to put this in perspective.
- the word period is often used in to refer to discrete portions of human history, which are also often called ages or eras (see also era). Historical periods include the following: Prehistory, Stone age, Bronze Age, Ice age, Iron Age, Ancient history, Middle Ages, Dark age, Golden age, Edwardian period, Elizabethan era, Victorian era, Information Age, Little Ice Age, Viking Age, The Age of Reason
- Period is also used in a more vague fashion by interior decorators and designers in the form of 'period' decorating, or 'period' furniture, which may be from any historical period, or even 'old-fashioned'.
- in rhetoric, refers to well-balanced sentences: see period (rhetoric)
- in writing, a period is another name for the full stop punctuation sign: "."
- a colloquial term for menstruation.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Period."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Period is a rhetorical term, used to describe unusually impressive, well-balanced, and stately sentences. Strictly speaking, a periodic sentence is a sentence whose opening clauses do not express a complete thought until the main clause, which typically comes at the end. The preceding clauses are often many, and exhibit parallel constructions and other rhetorical balancing devices. The overall effect should be of a slow sentence building to a climax. An example from Jeremy Taylor's Holy Living and Holy Dying illustrates how these sentences can be used to great effect:
Observe how each bracketed clause is incomplete without the closing clause, which contains the main verb fell. Observe also how the several clauses in the sentence play against one another, reinforcing each other with parallel structures and internal assonance.
- [But so have I seen a Rose newly springing from the clefts of its hood], [and at first it was fair as the Morning], [and full with the dew of Heaven], [as a Lambs fleece]; [but when a ruder breath had forced open its virgin modesty], [and dismantled its too youthful and unripe retirements], [it began to put on a darknesse], [and to decline its softnesse], [and the symptomes of a sickly age]; [it bowed the head], [and broke its stalk], [and at night having lost some of its leaves], [and all of its beauty], [it fell into the portion of weeds and outworn faces].
Periodic sentences are common in Greek and Latin writers such as Cicero, who is generally considered to be the Western world's master in this rhetorical device. English writers whose works are famous for their well-crafted periodic sentences include:
- Sir Thomas Browne
- Edward Gibbon
- Samuel Johnson
- Jeremy Taylor
- Thomas de Quincey
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Period (rhetoric)."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a row of the table.
The number of electron shells an atom has determines what period it belongs to. Each shell is divided into different subshells, which as atomic number increases are filled in roughly this order:
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p 8s 5g 6f 7d 8p ...Hence the structure of the periodic table. Since the outermost electrons determine chemical properties, those tend to be similar within periodic table groups.
Elements adjacent to one another within a group have similar physical properties, despite their significant differences in mass. Elements adjacent to one another within a period have similar mass but different properties.
See also:
- Period 1 element
- Period 2 element
- Period 3 element
- Period 4 element
- Period 5 element
- Period 6 element
- Period 7 element
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Periodic table period."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Periodization is the attempt to categorize or divide historical time into discrete named blocks.Periodization is a complex problem in history. History is in fact continuous, and so all systems of periodization are to some extent arbitrary. It is nevertheless necessary to divide up history in order to make sense of the past and to articulate changes over time. Furthermore different nations and cultures experience different histories, and so will require different models of periodization. Periodizing labels are being challenged and redefined all the time. Thus an historian may claim that 'there was no such thing as the Renaissance', while others will defend the concept.
The reasons for this are complex. Periodizing blocks will inevitably overlap, or even seemingly contradict one another. Furthermore, certain periodizing concepts only apply in specific conditions. Some have a cultural usage (such the ' Romantic period'), others refer to historical events ('the Inter War years: 1918-1939'), yet others are defined by decimal numbering systems ('the 1960s', 'The Seventeenth Century'). Others are named from influential or talismanic individuals (the Victorian period, the Elizabethan period, the Napoleonic Era).
Some of these usages will also be geographically specific. This is especially true of periodising labels derived from individuals or ruling elites: such as the Jacksonian era in America, or the Meiji era in Japan, or the Merovingian period in France. Cultural terms may also have a limited reach. Thus the concept of the 'Romantic Period' maybe meaningless outside of Europe and of Europe-influenced cultures. Likewise, the '1960s', though technically applicable to anywhere in the world according to Common Era numbering, only has the specific cultural connotations that it does in some countries. For this reason it may be possible to say such things as 'the 1960s never occurred in Spain'. This would mean that the sexual revolution, counter-culture, youth rebellion and so on never developed during that decade in a conservative Roman Catholic culture and under Franco's fascist regime. Likewise it is possible to claim, as the historian Arthur Marwick has, that the '1960s' began in the late 1950s and ended in the early 1970s. His reason for saying this is that the cultural and economic conditions that define the meaning of the period covers more than the accidental fact of a 10 year block beginning with the number 6. This extended usage is termed the 'long 1960s'. This usage derives from other historians who have adopted labels such as the 'Long Eighteenth Century' to reconcile arbitrary decimal chronology with meaningful cultural and social phases. Eric Hobsbawn has also argued for what he calls the 'Short Twentieth Century' - encompassing the period from the First World War through to the end of the Cold War.
Similar problems attend other labels. Is it possible to use the term 'Victorian' outside of Britain? It sometimes is used if it is thought that its connotations usefully describe the politics, culture and economic conditions characteristic of the last two-thirds of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless periodizing terms often have negative or positive connotations which may affect their usage. This would include 'Victorian', which is often used negatively to suggest sexual repression, class conflict, heavy industry and so on. Other labels such as 'Renaissance' have strongly positive characteristics. As a result, these terms will sometimes be extended in meaning. Thus the 'English Renaissance' is virtually identical in meaning to the 'Elizabethan period'. However the Carolingian Renaissance is said to have occurred during the reign of the Frankish king Charlemagne. There is a space of approximately seven hundred years between these two 'Renaissances'.
Because of these various positive and negative connotations, some periods are luckier than others regarding their names, but this can lead to problems such as the ones outlined above. The word Renaissance, meaning 'rebirth', though in English commonly known by its French name, was created by an Italian poet still perceived as belonging to the beginnings of the period, Petrarch. Its dominant usage still refers to the cultural changes that occurred in Italy, and which culminated in what is termed the High Renaissance, at around 1500. This concept applies dominantly to the visual arts, referring to the work of Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci. Secondarily it is applied to other arts, but it is disputed whether it is useful to describe a phase in economic, social and political history. Most professional historians (defined as paying members of organizations devoted to the propagation of history in higher education, like the American Historical Association) now refer to the historical 'period' commonly known as The Renaissance as the Early Modern period. There has been no substantive change in the courses taught or books published to correspond to the change in period nomenclature. But this in part reflects differences between social history and cultural history.
The term Middle Ages also derives from Petrarch. He was comparing his own period to the Ancient or Classical world, seeing his time as a time of rebirth after a dark intermediate period, the Middle Ages. The idea that the Middle Ages was a 'middle' phase between two other large scale periodizing concepts - Ancient and Modern - still persists. Smaller periodizing concepts such as Dark Ages occur within it. Both 'Dark Ages' and 'Middle Ages' still have negative connotations - the latter especially in its Latin form 'Medieval'. However other terms, such as Gothic architecture, used to refer to a style typical of the High Middle Ages have largely lost the negative connotations they initially had, only to acquire others (see Gothic)
The Gothic and the Baroque were both named during subsequent stylistic periods when the preceding style was unpopular. The word "Gothic" was applied as a pejorative term to all things Northern European and, hence, barbarian, by Italian writers during the 15th and 16th centuries. The word "baroque" (probably) was used first in late 18th century French about the irregular natural pearl shape and later about an architectural style perceived to be "irregular" in comparison to the highly regular Neoclassical architecture of that time. Subsequently these terms have become purely descriptive, and have largely lost negative connotations. However the term 'Baroque' as applied to art (for example Rubens) refers to a much earlier historical period than when applied to music (Handel, Bach). This reflects the difference between stylistic histories internal to an art form and the external chronological history beyond it.
In many cases people living through a period are unable to identify themselves as belonging to the 'period' that historians may later assign to them. This is partly because they are unable to predict the future, and so will not be able to tell whether they are at the beginning, middle or end of a period. Another reason may be that their own sense of historical development may be determined by religions or ideologies that differ from those used by later historians.
It is important to recognise the difference between self-defined historical periods, and those which are later defined by historians. At the beginning of the 20th Century there was a general belief that culture, politics and history were entering a new era - that the new century would also be a new 'era' in human experience. This belief was repeated at the beginning of the 21st Century, though in a very different way. Other cultural and historical phases have only been described many years, or even centuries, later.
See also:
- cultural movement
- List of time periods
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Periodization."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The period of a wave is the time the full wave takes to pass a given point. The period, T and the frequency f obey the following relation,
where f is the frequency of the wave, measured in seconds-1 (or Hertz) and T is the period, measured in seconds.
- ,
Since
where v is the wave speed, measured in metres/second (m/s) and λ is the wavelength, measured in metres (m), we have the following relation for T:
- ,
Usage of period versus frequency
As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean waves, tend to be described by period rather than frequency. Short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency or wavelength instead of period. These commonly used conversions are listed below:
Frequency: 1 mHz (10-3) 1 Hz (100) 1 kHz (103) 1 MHz (106) 1 GHz (109) 1 THz (1012) Period (time): 10 s (103) 1 s (100) 1 ms (10-3) 1 µs (10-6) 1 ns (10-9) 1 ps (10-12)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Wave period."
Synonyms: PeriodSynonyms: catamenia (n), flow (n), full point (n), full stop (n), geological period (n), historic period (n), historical period (n), menses (n), menstruation (n), period of time (n), point (n), stop (n), time period (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Cessation | Intromit, interrupt, suspend, interpel; intermit, remit; put an end to, put a stop to, put a period to; derail; turn off, switch off, power down, deactivate, disconnect; bring to a stand, bring to a standstill; stop, cut short, arrest, stem the tide, stem the torrent; pull the check-string, pull the plug on. |
Dead stop, dead stand, dead lock; finis, cerrado; blowout, burnout, meltdown, disintegration; comma, colon, semicolon, period, full stop; end; death. | |
Elegance | Verb: point an anVerb: point an antithesis, round a period. |
End | Noun: end, close, termination; desinence, conclusion, finis, finale, period, term, terminus, endpoint, last, omega; extreme, extremity; gable end, butt end, fag-end; tip, nib, point; tail; (rear); verge; (edge); tag, peroration; bonne bouche; bottom dollar, tail end, rear guard. |
Indication | Keyboard symbols, printing symbols; red letter, italics, sublineation, underlining, bold font; jotting; note, annotation, reference; blaze, cedilla, guillemets, hachure; quotation marks, double quotes,"", parentheses, brackets, braces, curly brackets, arrows, slashes; left parenthesis, "("; right parenthesis, ")"; opening bracket, ""; left curly brace, "{"; right curly brace, "}"; left arrow, ""; right arrow, ""; forward slash, "/"; backward slash, "\"; exclamation point, "!"; commercial at, "@"; pound sign, "#"; percent sign, "%"; carat, "^"; ampersand, "&"; asterisk, ""; hyphen, "-"; dash, "-", "_"; em dash, "--"; plus sign, "+", equals sign, "="; question mark, "?"; period, "."; semicolon, ";", colon, ":"; comma, ","; apostrophe, "'"; single quote, "'"; tilde, "~". |
Interval | Period; interim (time). |
Neverness | Adverb: never, ne'er; at no time, at no period; on the second Tuesday of the week, when Hell freezes over; on no occasion, never in all one's born days, nevermore, sine die; in no degree. |
Period | Noun: period, age, era; second, minute, hour, day, week, month, quarter, year, decade, decenniumm lustrum, quinquennium, lifetime, generation; epoch, ghurry, lunation, moon. |
Posteriority | Adverb: subsequently, after, afterwards, since, later; at a subsequent, at a later period, at a later date; next, in the sequel, close upon, thereafter, thereupon, upon which, eftsoons; from that time, from that moment; after a while, after a time; in process of time. |
Regularity of recurrence Periodicity | Rota, cycle, period, stated time, routine; days of the week; Sunday, Monday; months of the year; January; feast, fast; Christmas, Easter, New Year's day; Allhallows, Allhallowmas, All Saints' Day; All Souls', All Souls' Day; Ash Wednesday, bicentennial, birthday, bissextile, Candlemas, Dewali, groundhog day, Halloween, Hallowmas, Lady day, leap year, Midsummer day, Muharram, woodchuck day, St. Swithin's day, natal day; yearbook; yuletide. |
Term | Noun: term, rank, station, stage, step; degree; scale, remove, grade, link, peg, round of the ladder, status, position, place, point, mark, pas, period, pitch; stand, standing; footing, range. |
Time | Noun: time, duration; period, term, stage, space, span, spell, season; the whole time, the whole period; space-time; course; snap. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Even those who arrange and design shrubberies are under considerable economic stress in this period in history (Monty Python and the Holy Grail; writing credit: Graham Chapman; John Cleese) I missed my period! (City Slickers; writing credit: Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel, and Billy Crystal) But there would still be that 10 minute period. (Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me; writing credit: Mike Myers) This is yet another example of the late neoclassical baroque period. And as I always say, if it's not baroque, don't fix it (Beauty and the Beast; writing credit: Roger Allers; Kelly Asbury) Wrong, a long time ago we knew each other for a short period of time; you don't know anything about me. It was easy back then (The Big Chill; writing credit: Barbara Benedek; Lawrence Kasdan) | |
Clever | Don't put a question mark where God put a period. (references; author: unknown) Death is not a period but a comma in the story of life. (references; author: unknown) Doing a thing wrong for a long period of time gives it the superficial appearance of being right. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Period of Adjustment (1962) The Period of the Jew (1915) Osobennosti natsionalnoj okhoty v zimnij period (2000) Period Living (1999) 8th Period (1996) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Pharmacist is preparing cd4, which is a new treatment for AIDS and ARC (AIDS-related complex). cd4 is administered intravenously by a syringe pump, in the foreground, which is programmed to infuse cd4 over a 24-hour period. cd4 acts like a decoy and blocks the cd4 receptors on the t4 cell, thus preventing the HIV virus from infecting the cell. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer). |  | 1) A temporary administration building for M.D. Anderson was set up in 1940 in this converted residence known as "the oaks" on the former Baker Estate near downtown Houston. 2) biochemistry and biology laboratories were set up in late 1942 by five scientists using this one-time stable and carriage house on the old Baker Estate. The first patients were seen in other converted residential quarters starting in March, 1944. 3) the permanent home for University of Texas M.D. Anderson hospital began taking shape in the early 1950s in the newly designated Texas Medical Center, which only a few years earlier had been "way out in the woods". 4) M.D. Anderson's first seven-story structure was opened for patient care on March 19, 1954. This initial building contained 310 beds, which were phased into use over a five-year period, along with facilities for cancer research and educational activities. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | After the incubation period of 2-6 days, symptoms of the plague appear including severe malaise, headache, shaking chills, fever, and pain and swelling, or adenopathy, in the affected regional lymph nodes, also known as buboes. Credit: CDC. |  | The incubation period for Ebola HF ranges from 2 to 21 days with abrupt onset of illness, characterized by fever, headache, joint and muscle aches, sore throat, and weakness, followed by diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Credit: CDC. |
 | This mosaic of Mercury was taken by the Mariner 10 spacecraft during its approachon 29 March 1974. The mosaic consists of 18 images taken at 42 s intervals duringa 13 minute period when the spacecraft was 200,000 km (about 6 hours prior to closestapproach) from the planet. Credit: NASA. |  | Weasel traveling over frozen lake during spring melt period. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
 | Photo #2. Compare this cross-section to the previous image. Notice the greater width of the outer band. This is because the first cross-section was from a bluefin tuna caught in June while the second was from a tuna caught in November. The wider area represents a long period of high food intake during summer/ autumn months. These images are greatly magnified. Credit: Fisheries. |  | Roy's dam before the restoration during a high flow period. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
 | A typical school of the surgeon fish, Acanthurus olivaceus, grazing on algae during the time when filamentous algae were abundant. This period occurred soon after placement of the pipes and the red and green filamentous algae were replace with blue-green algae at a later stage. Credit: The Coral Kingdom. |  | A mixed school of surgeon fish grazing on algae during the time when filamentous algae were abundant. This period occurred soon after placement of the pipes and the red and green filamentous algae were replaced with blue-green algae at a later stage. Credit: The Coral Kingdom. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Hallview 2" by Slivester Chua Commentary: "Several photos taken during the resting period of around 20 mins. All lights off and concentrating on the only window that is providing sunlight." | "Ancient egyptian bust" by Stella Reese Commentary: "This ancient egyptian bust in the Berlin egyptian museum looks like its from the Art Deco period." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Play | Caption |
 | Classical period piano work featuring melody and chordal accompaniment. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Author | Quotation |
A.p. Herbert | The critical period in matrimony is breakfast-time. |
Jean Cocteau | When a work of art appears to be in advance of its period, it is really the period that has lagged behind the work of art. |
Karl W. Humboldty | It is continued temperance which sustains the body for the longest period of time, and which most surely preserves it free from sickness. |
President John F. Kennedy | Dante once said that the hottest places in hell are reserved for those who in a period of moral crisis maintain their neutrality. |
Ralph Waldo Emerson | The arts and inventions of each period are only its costume, and do not invigorate men. |
Soren Kierkegaard | During the first period of a man's life, the danger is not to take the risk. |
V. S. Pritchett | Well, youth is the period of assumed personalities and disguises. It is the time of the sincerely insincere. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Magna Carta | 1215 | It shall be lawful in future for anyone (excepting always those imprisoned or outlawed in accordance with the law of the kingdom, and natives of any country at war with us, and merchants, who shall be treated as if above provided) to leave our kingdom and to return, safe and secure by land and water, except for a short period in time of war, on grounds of public policy- reserving always the allegiance due to us. (reference) |
US Constitution | 1791 | Clause 7: The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. (reference) |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | But even in the domain of literature the old cries of the restoration period had become impossible. (reference) |
The Emancipation Proclamation | 1862 | Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-In-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for supressing said rebellion, do, on this 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the first day above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States the following, to wit: Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Palquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebone, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Northhampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. (Abraham Lincoln) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Within the same period the personnel of these arsenals will be dismissed. (reference) |
Winston S. Churchill | 1946 | When I stand here this quiet afternoon I shudder to visualize what is actually happening to millions now and what is going to happen in this period when famine stalks the earth. ("Iron Curtain" Speech) |
John F. Kennedy | 1961 | To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required--not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. (reference) |
Miranda v. Arizona | 1966 | The privilege against self-incrimination, which has had a long and expansive historical development, is the essential mainstay of our adversary system, and guarantees to the individual the "right to remain silent unless he chooses to speak in the unfettered exercise of his own will," during a period of custodial interrogation as well as in the courts or during the course of other official investigations. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
A Christmas Carol | Dickens, Charles | After a short period of blank astonishment, in which the old man with the pipe had joined them, they all three burst into a laugh |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | She had flourished during the period between the early days of Massachusetts and the close of the seventeenth century |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | The Ciceronian period, hardly sufficient upon Verres, would lose its edge upon Caligula |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | His soul traversed a period of desolation in which the sacraments themselves seemed to have turned into dried up sources |
King Richard III | Shakespeare, William | There wanteth now our brother Gloucester here To make the blessed period of this peace |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | We may not arrive at our port within a calculable period, but we would preserve the true course |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Trimester — A period of 3 months. (references) | |
Incubation period is 1 to 4 weeks. (references) | ||
But I am worried about the long recovery period. (references) | ||
Business | The health card validity period is one year. (references) | |
There is no charge during the experimental period. (references) | ||
Warranty period is two years or 20,000 Kilometers. (references) | ||
Children | Iraq | In contrast mortality rates for children under 5 years old in the Kurdish-controlled north dropped in the period between 1994 and 1999. The Special Rapporteur criticized the Government for "letting innocent people suffer while [it] maneuvered to get sanctions lifted." Had the Government not waited 5 years to adopt the oil-for-food program in 1996, he stated in October 1999, "millions of innocent people would have avoided serious and prolonged suffering." For the 8th, the Government held 3-week training courses in weapons use, hand-to-hand fighting, rappelling from helicopters, and infantry tactics for children between 10 and 15 years of age. (references) |
Japan | Through March police investigated 51 cases of child abuse, in which 20 adults were arrested, an increase of 30.8 percent over the previous year for the same period. (references) | |
Japan | Since April 1999, operators of pornographic home pages and suppliers of pornographic images have been required to register with local safety commissions and not to offer such pages to persons under the age of 18. According to the National Police Agency, the police arrested 108 persons between January and June for patronizing teenage prostitutes and child pornography, double the number for the same period in 2000. However, teenage prostitution and dating for money continues to be a concern. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Korea | Asylum seekers are given 90-day extensions of their temporary stay permits while their applications are under review and legally are not able to work during this period. (references) |
Lebanon | Security agents followed Kassir during the period in which his passport was confiscated. (references) | |
Kuwait | After this 24-hour period, a court order is required if the husband still wishes to prevent his wife from leaving the country. (references) | |
Economic History | Norway | In the 2000-2001 period, therefore, Norway's inflation rate is set to remain about one percentage point higher than that of the Euro Zone. (references) |
Pakistan | Letters of credit should provide for negotiation of documents within a period not exceeding 30 days from the date of shipment. (references) | |
Mexico | Likewise, each tender includes a specific period of time for participants to ask questions. (references) | |
Human Rights | Barbados | This unit usually is created, by law, for a specific period of time and purpose on the authority of the Governor General and remains under the control of the police. (references) |
Singapore | The CLA comes up for renewal every 5 years; it was strengthened and extended for another 5 years in April 1999. Under its provisions, the Minister for Home Affairs may order preventive detention, with the concurrence of the Public Prosecutor, for an initial period of 1 year, and the President may extend detention for additional periods up to 1 year at a time. (references) | |
Barbados | A joint unit with the BDF also was active during the year, including during the annual "Crop Over" carnival period. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Australia | In addition the 2001-02 federal budget allocated a further $27.5 million (A$53.9 million) over a 4-year period for programs under this initiative. (references) |
Minorities | Romania | Legionnaire (an extreme nationalist, anti-Semitic, pro-Nazi group) books from the interwar period continued to be published. (references) |
Kenya | Members of the coastal Bajuni, Mijikenda, and Digo communities accused the Government of denying them their rights to land, and of favoring members of inland "up-country" ethnic groups, who migrated to the coast largely during the period when Kenyatta was president. (references) | |
Political Economy | EL SALVADOR | Within a period of no more than two years, the dollar is expected to completely replace the colon, which is no longer being printed. (references) |
EL SALVADOR | Of the total exports of $1.97 billion for the eight month period, the maquilas account for $1.1 billion. (references) | |
EL SALVADOR | Coffee export earnings for January-August 2001 totaled $102 million, about $163 million less than for the same period in 2000. (references) | |
Political Rights | Sri Lanka | The right to change the government was last exercised in December parliamentary elections in which the United National Front, a coalition of parties led by the United National Party (UNP), won a majority in Parliament for the next 6-year period. (references) |
Malaysia | The opposition also has stated that the short official campaign period gives an advantage to the incumbent ruling coalition. (references) | |
Azerbaijan | An election law passed prior to the November 2000 voting period incorporated most, but not all OSCE/ODIHR recommendations. (references) | |
Trade | Argentina | Repayment is usually between twelve and fifteen years, including a grace period of three to five years. (references) |
Peru | As a condition for disbursement of a trade-sector loan from the Inter-American Development Bank, the government agreed to phase out the surcharges over a three-year period ending in 1997. The government began reducing the surcharges in increments in April 1994, and in July 2001 this system was replaced by a "price band system" similar to one used by the Andean Community. (references) | |
Peru | For the June-August 2001 period, accounts were insured for 68,174 new sols, about $19,480 at current exchange rates. (references) | |
Travel | Denmark | If an American visitor plans to stay in Denmark for a period of more than three months, or if they have already been resident in Denmark or one of the other Scandinavian countries for the last nine months, he or she must apply for both residence and work permits before arriving in Denmark. (references) |
Denmark | School summer vacation is from about June 20 to about August 8 and generally, business is slow in that period with many executives out and some companies closed. (references) | |
Qatar | The months from October through April are generally considered the best period for foreign business representatives to visit Qatar. (references) | |
Women | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Over a 6-month period, the man had hit and kicked his wife, hit her in the head and damaged her eyes, and pushed her into a stove causing burns to her hands and legs. (references) |
Slovenia | Although both sexes have the same average period of unemployment, women are found more often in lower paying jobs. (references) | |
South Africa | In a MRC study of 1,800 working men in the Western Cape Province over a 10-year period, 22 percent reported forcing their wives or girlfriends to have sex. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Qatar | The law prescribes a 48-hour workweek with a 24-hour rest period, although most government offices follow a 36-hours-per-week work schedule. (references) |
Korea | Labor laws also provide for a flexible hours system, under which employers can require laborers to work up to 48 hours during certain weeks without paying overtime, so long as average weekly hours for any given 2 week period do not exceed 44. If a union agrees to a further loosening of the rules, management may ask employees to work up to 56 hours in a given week. (references) | |
Brazil | After a period of 3 months, their documents usually were returned and they were able to return to Brazil. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | YEAR, n. A period of three hundred and sixty-five disappointments. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
John McCain | Well, I think it obviously caused all issues to recede in importance, at least for a period of time while we got our nation geared up for this struggle that we are involved in. |
Laura Schlessinger | That, they couldn't tell me. But the police officer said they didn't believe that she died immediately, but they believe that she wasn't with her faculties for whatever small period of time she was alive because she didn't pick up the phone or anything. |
Mary Tyler Moore | Oh, they had a lot of conflicts. They were always making up. But that's like a family. You know, there was never anything that couldn't be fixed within a very short period of time. |
Michael Chertoff | That's correct. And a lot of people consider him to be the kind of brains or the philosopher behind bin Laden's organization. He is a physician, he's from Egypt, he is someone who has been a radical terrorist for a long period of time. |
Queen Rania of Jordan | I'm not quite aware of the details. But I think that our foreign minister most probably will be seeing Chairman Arafat in the next period, at least. |
Rush Limbaugh | I told you that a more logical pairing, which history will ultimately reflect, would be the Bush/Clinton period. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
John Adams | 1797-1801 | Coming from all parts of the Union at this critical and interesting period, the members must be fully possessed of the sentiments and wishes of our constituents. |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | Our peace with the several states on the coast of Barbary appears as firm as at any former period and as likely to continue as that of any other nation. |
John Quincy Adams | 1825-1829 | That period having already expired, the state of mutual interdiction has again taken place. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | Each period of our national history has had its special challenges. |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | This is the best record of overall price stability of any comparable period of recovery since the end of World War II. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | Most important of all, in this period, the United States has reemerged into the fullness of its self-confidence and purpose. |
Richard Nixon | 1969-1974 | After a period of confrontation, we are entering an era of negotiation. |
Gerald Ford | 1974-1977 | In that period, this Nation and its partners built new institutions, new mechanisms of mutual support and cooperation. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | You and I, as individuals, can, by borrowing, live beyond our means, but for only a limited period of time. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | We are in a period of great transition, great hope, and yet great uncertainty. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Period" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.96% of the time. "Period" is used about 24,273 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.96% | 24,264 | 360 |
| Adverb (general) | 0.03% | 8 | 124,375 |
| Total | 100.00% | 24,273 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "period": accounting period ♦ Alabama period ♦ alluvion period ♦ alluvium period ♦ amortization period ♦ Anesthesia Recovery Period ♦ anomalistic period ♦ apprehensive period ♦ base period ♦ boulder period ♦ bright period ♦ burning period ♦ Calippic period ♦ Cambrian period ♦ Canadian period ♦ carboniferous period ♦ carry forward into subsequent period ♦ Catskill period ♦ Chalk period ♦ Champlain period ♦ Chemung period ♦ childbearing period ♦ class period ♦ classical period ♦ completed period ♦ consolidated period ♦ credit period ♦ cretaceous period ♦ crisis period ♦ critical burning period ♦ Critical Period (Psychology) ♦ critical storm period ♦ date or time or period format code ♦ date or time or period value ♦ delay period ♦ Devonian period ♦ dictation period ♦ Dionysian period ♦ distributed income for period ♦ dormant period ♦ duty period ♦ epoch or period ♦ fallow period ♦ fertile period ♦ final period ♦ financial period ♦ first period ♦ flight duty period ♦ for a long period ♦ for a period of two years ♦ free period ♦ full period ♦ G2 period ♦ gap 2 period ♦ general unloading period ♦ geological period ♦ Gestation period ♦ given period ♦ given period of time ♦ glacial period ♦ grace period ♦ growing period ♦ Hamilton period ♦ historic period ♦ historical period ♦ ignition period ♦ inca period ♦ incubation period ♦ initial unloading period ♦ intercount dormant period ♦ intervening period ♦ Intraoperative Period ♦ Julian period ♦ jurassic period ♦ lactation period ♦ latency period ♦ Latency Period (Psychology) ♦ latent period ♦ Laurentian period ♦ lower Carboniferous period ♦ lunar time period ♦ lunch period ♦ Medieval Warm Period ♦ menstrual period ♦ Missippian period ♦ monthly period ♦ Neonatal period ♦ Niagara period ♦ notice period ♦ of the period ♦ orbit period ♦ Ordovician period ♦ oriskany period ♦ overtime period ♦ peak commute congestion period ♦ peak period ♦ peak period volume ♦ pennsylvanian period ♦ period averages ♦ period between seasons ♦ period costume. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "period": period-by-period, period-costumes, period-derivative, period-doubling, Period-hocazade, period-instrument, period-one, period-particularly, period-style, period-two. | |
Ending with "period": holding-period, long-period, mid-period, multi-period, one-period, short-period, single-period, sub-period, time-period. | |
Containing "period": long-period investment. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
period | 815 | baroque period | 70 |
missed period | 367 | cat gestation period | 66 |
irregular period | 281 | spotting between period | 63 |
best damn sports show period | 225 | menstral period | 59 |
menstrual period | 213 | picasso blue period | 57 |
late period | 173 | jurassic period | 53 |
pregnancy and period | 153 | womens period | 53 |
romantic period | 111 | sex during period | 51 |
renaissance period | 111 | painful period | 50 |
period during pregnancy | 101 | period spotting | 50 |
fourth period | 98 | blue period | 49 |
girl period | 95 | missing period | 48 |
bleeding between period | 94 | medieval period | 47 |
pregnant period | 91 | period costume | 45 |
dog gestation period | 84 | woman period | 44 |
victorian period | 80 | light period | 42 |
period sex | 78 | before period spotting | 42 |
ovulation period | 76 | abnormal period | 42 |
heavy period | 75 | gestation period | 42 |
period pregnant while | 74 | classical period | 41 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "period"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | punt (dot, point, spot). (various references) | |
Albanian | pjesë loje (half, stanza), pikë (apoplexy, article, bead, blob, clause, count, Dot, drop, full stop, globule, installation, leak, match point, pip, pitch, point, score, spot, touch), periudhë (bout, chapter, date, day, epoch, hitch, hour, inning, innings, phase, run, season, span, stage, streak, stretch, term, tide, time, tour, vintage), periodë (cycle, menses, monthlies), stad (stadium), menstruacion (menstruation, periodicity, periods), mbarim (closure, conclusion, date, death, end, ending, expiration, finality, finish, leaving, Omega, tag, tail end, termination), kohë (date, day, distance, hour, sand, season, term, time, weather, when, while), epokë (age, chapter, cycle, day, epoch, era, time), afat (date, term). (various references) | |
Arabic | حصة دراسية, دورة (circle, cycle, inning, rotation, turning, twirl), دورة الطمث, أمد (duration, limit), المدة أو الدورة, جملة تامة, عدد دائر (periodic), عصر (age, compress, compressing, crush, date, eon, epoch, era, press, ream, squeeze, strain, time, update, wring), عهد (ally, covenant, date, epoch, era, pact, pledge, promise, rule, testament, time), درس (case, classes, consideration, din into, elaborate, examine, excogitate, go over, instruction, learn, learning, lecture, lesson, profess, read, read up, reading, study, talk over, teach, think out, tutor, view), حصة (allocation, allotment, class, class period, cut, dividend, lesson, lot, part, percentage, portion, proportion, quantum, ration, share, slice, whack), دور (role, round, turn), حقبة, نقطة (dab, dot, fleck, full stop, item, locus, mark, point, pt, speck, speckle, spot, topic), مدة (duration, interval, term, time, while), مرحلة (degree, grade, juncture, lap, phase, point, stage, step), فترة (epoch, era, interval, phase, qualifying period, season, spell, stage, term, time, while), فترة التذبب, فترة التعاقب, فترة الحضانة, زمن (season, time). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | стилен (stylish), характерен за даден период, час (hour, time), точка (article, entry, fleck, full stop, item, pip, point, stop), край (about, abutment, border, by, close, closing, conclusion, country, curtains, death, dissolution, edge, end, ending, extremity, fag end, finale, finality, finish, flange, hem, issuance, issue, land, last, limb, limit, list, margin, off, on, outskirts, over, parts, past, point, quietus, region, rim, stop, surcease, tail, term, terminal, termination, truce, ultima thule, verge, wind up), век (age, centenary, centennial, century, cycle, epoch), менструация (courses, flow, flowers, menses, menstruation, monthlies, term), ера (era), епоха (age, chapter, date, epoch, era), предел (bound, limit, line, margin, pale, peg, precinct, radius, verge), период (age, circle, cycle, date, epoch, phase, repetend, season, spell, term, time), пауза на края на период. (various references) | |
Chinese | 期間 (period of time, time, time period), 屆 (arrive at, to become due), 代 (age, dynasty, era, generation, geological era, replace, substitute), 季 (season), 季節 (season, time), 句號 , 年代 (a decade of a century, age, era), 歷時 (to last, to take), 學時 (class hour), 期间 (Duration), 課時 (class), 時 (hour, O'clock, season, time, when), 時代 (age, epoch, era), 時候 (length of time, moment, time), 時期 (a period in time or history, phase, time), 時間 (time), 紀 (age, discipline, era, order, record), 週期 (cycle), 期 (a period of time, phase, stage, term, time, to hope). (various references) | |
Czech | perioda, vìtrná perioda, teèka (Dot, full stop, point, spot, stop, whit), období (epoch, phase, season, spell, stage, term), menstruace (menses, menstruation, periods), lhùta (date, deadline, reprieve, term, time), hodina (class, hour), epocha (epoch, stage), doba (age, date, epoch, space, spell, term, tide, time, times, while), údobí (era, span). (various references) | |
Danish | punkt (dot, point, spot), periode (cycle, period of a rhythmic light). (various references) | |
Dutch | periode (cycle begin, phase). (various references) | |
Esperanto | punkto (dot, point, spot), periodo. (various references) | |
Farsi | کمال (Accomplishment, Amplitude, Integrity, Maturity, Perfection, Prime, Sophistication), روزگار (Time, World), ایست (Caesura, Cease, Cessation, Close, Halt, Interval, Standstill, Stay, Stoppage, Suspension), جمله کامل , طمث , عصر (Afternoon, Age, Epoch, Era), حد (Confine, Deal, Extent, Limit, Margin, Mark, Measure, Precinct, Provenance, Quantity, Tract), وقت (Hour, Time), گردش (Canter, Circuit, Gyration, Hike, Jaunt, Meander, Movement, Operation, Progress, Promenade, Race, Rev, Roll, Stroll, Trip, Twirl, Wrest), دوران مربوطبه دوره بخصوصی , قاعده زنان , پایان جمله , نتیجه غاءی (Ultimaratio), نوبت (Heat, Inning, Shift, Tour, Turquoise), نقطه درجه , مدت (Duration, Interval, Length, Life, Outage, Patch, Stretch, Term, Time, Tract, Usance), موقع (Occasion, Room, Situation, Term), مکث (Breather, Halt, Letup, Pause, Stay), منتهادوره , پایان (Cessation, Close, End, Godspeed, Limit, Point, Sequel, Terminal), گاه (Time). (various references) | |
Finnish | piste (dot, full stop, mark, point, spot), jakso (cycle, phase, section, sequence, series, succession). (various references) | |
French | période (fundamental period, half-life period, orbital period, period of a rhythmic light, period of revolution, periodic wave), point. (various references) | |
German | Periode (cycle, interlude, menstruation, repetend, spell), Punkt (dot, full stop, item, Mark, pinpoint, point, pt, punctilio, spot), Zeitraum (lapse, period of time, space, space of time, span, stretch). (various references) | |
Greek | περίοδος (season). (various references) | |
Hawaiian | afat. (various references) | |
Hebrew | מחזור האשה, תקופה (age, cycle, epoch, era, season, space, stage, streak, term, time), פרק זמן (space, spell), עת (age, era, season, term, time), עונת הוסת, עונה (cohabitation, season, term), דרך נשים (menstruation), סוף פסוק (full stop). (various references) | |
Hungarian | pont (bang, chalk, coign of vantage, Dot, full stop, item, jot, just, pip, place, plumb, point, right, speckle, spot, stalling point), korszak (age, cycle, epoch, era, storm and stress, time), korabeli (contemporary). (various references) | |
Indonesian | titik (cusp, dot), masa (epoch, era, season, tense, term), kala (epoch, era, time), jaman (epoch), habis perkara. (various references) | |
Irish | ré (age). (various references) | |
Italian | periodo (age, cycle, lapse, phase, run, season, span, spell, stage, term, time), punto (dot, full stop, pip, pitch, point, quick, score, scratch, spot, stitch, stop, suspicion). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 週期 (cycle), 終止符 (end, full stop), ピストン輸送 (ice axe, periodic, PHS portable phone, piccolo, pick, picking, pickoff play, pickup service, pilaf, pile, Pilgrim Fathers, pill, pilling, pipette, piranha, pit, pit stop, pitch, pitcher, pitcher's mound, pitching, pitching machine, pitchout, Pithecanthropus erectus, pivot, pizza, pizzicato, Pulitzer, pure, pure malt, puree, purist, Puritan, pyramid, pyramid selling, pyrine, shuttle, splashing sound, stilt), 時期 (season, time), 時代 (epoch, era), 時代 (epoch, era), 期限 (term), 期間 (term), 期 (time), 年代 (age, date, era), 休止符 (full stop, rest), 句点 (full stop), 周期 (cycle), 切り (all there is, bounds, closing sentence, end, limits, only, place to leave off, since). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ピリオド , ピリ , きかん (already published, boiler, engine, facility, feedback, flagship, gauge, hunger and cold, instrument, key, mainstay, mechanism, mirror, nucleus, organ, paragon, pattern, quarterly, repatriation, return, returning to one'sship, term, trachea, wonderful sight, your letter), きり (all there is, auger, bounds, closing sentence, drill, end, fog, limits, mist, only, paulownia tree, place to leave off, since), しゅうしふ (end, full stop), きゅうしふ (full stop, rest), しゅうき (autumn, autumnair, bad smell, closing, cycle, death anniversary, ending, fall, religious regulations, stink), ねんだい (age, date, era), きげん (A.D., beginning, era, humour, mood, origin, rise, temper, term), くてん (full stop, Japanese character set row and column index), じだい (epoch, era, land rent, subserviency to the stronger, the next era), じき (abandonment, at once, being straight, chance, cheerfulness, china, correctness, despair, desperation, direct, frankness, honesty, in person, just, magnetism, near by, next period, next term, night duty, opportunity, porcelain, season, seasons, self-recording, simplicity, soon, time, writing oneself), き (10th in rank, 6th in rank, chest, chronicle, coffer, crude, deed, lean on, mood, plan, pure, raw, rest against, rice tub, rule, season, season word or phrase, sixth sign of the Chinese calendar, skill, spirit, table, tenth sign of the Chinese calendar, that, timber, time, tree, undiluted, wood, yellow). (various references) | |
Korean | 기간 (mainstay). (various references) | |
Manx | traa (duration, occasion, tempo, time), slane lhiettal (full stop), lane-scuirr, amm (age, epoch, puberty), abbyrt (dialect, expression, phrase, sentence). (various references) | |
Norwegian | punkt (dot, item, point, spot). (various references) | |
Papiamen | punto (dot, point, spot), periodo. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | eriodpay.(various references) | |
Polish | punkt (dot, point, spot), kropka (dot, point, spot). (various references) | |
Portuguese | período (cycle, date, epoch, phase, run, season, spell, term, time, tract). (various references) | |
Romanian | punct (article, degree, Dot, extent, full stop, item, locality, Mark, node, point, speck, spot, station), perioadã (age, cycle, date, day, distance, epoch, era, lapse, repetend, season, stadium, stage, streak, term, tide, time), menstruaţie (lunation, menses, menstruation, monthly), ciclu (circle, course, cycle, round, series), de epocã, epocã (aeon, age, date, day, epoch, era, time), erã (era), etapã (journey, lap, phase, run, stage), şi cu asta am terminat, lecţie (class, lesson, lore, school, session, task, teaching, tuition), vorbire retoricã, secol (age, centennial, century), stil (build, diction, form, language, manner, order, pencil, penmanship, style, stylus, way, writing), timp (age, beat, course, cycle, date, day, distance, epoch, era, hour, length, season, tense, term, time, weather, while), veac (age, century, epoch, eternity, time), interval de timp (spell, stretch). (various references) | |
Russian | эпоха (age, epoch), точка (full stop, point, point of congelation, whet), тайм (half), круг (circle, compass, cycle, disc, disk, gyre, lunge, ring, rondure, tour), время (amount of time, close season, closed season, cockcrow, cock-crow, morrow, spell, time, time-of-day, while), промежуток времени (distance, interim, lapse), период;точка, период (continuance, date, day, phase, season, spell, stage, tide, time). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | poluvreme (half time), period (age, time, while), termin (term), tačka (act, center, centre, clause, count, dot, fix, full stop, item, number, pip, point), razdoblje (epoch, times), menstruacija (menstruation, monthlies), doba (era), deo (cut, parcel, part, piece part, portion, share), čas (class, hour, moment). (various references) | |
Spanish | punto (degree, Dot, fleck, full stop, issue, pip, plank, point, polka dot, speck, speckle, spot, stop, the point), período (lapse, leg, stretch, term, time, tour), periodo (period of a rhythmic light). (various references) | |
Swahili | muda. (various references) | |
Swedish | period (circle, interlude, spell, term), tid (age, day, days, epoch, season, space, span, term, time, while), termin (semester, session, term), skede (era, phase). (various references) | |
Thai | สมัยประวัติศาสตร์ (history period), ยุคน้ำแข็ง (glacial period). (various references) | |
Turkish | periyot, tam cümle, süre (bout, continuance, duration, interval, length, notice, respite, run, screen time, space, span, stretch, term, time, while), regl (bleeding, courses, flow, menses, menstrual, menstruation, menstruous, mounthly courses, the curse), nokta (Dot, fleck, full point, full stop, macula, particular, pinpoint, point, post, speck, speckle, spot, stop, tittle), devre (bout, chukker, circuit, cycle, half, session, term), devir (age, alienation, assignation, assignment, cession, circle, circulation, circumvolution, currency, cycle, disposal, epoch, era, Eyre, grant, gyration, release, Rev, revolution, rotation, rounder, spin, take over, transfer, transference, turnover), ders saati, dönemsel, dönem (circle, date, day, epoch, semester, session, spell, term), dönüm (turn), belli bir döneme ait, aybaşı (first days of a month, flow, menses, menstrual, menstruation, menstruous, the curse), adet (bleeding, consuetude, convention, courses, custom, element, fashion, flow, fragment, groove, habit, item, menses, menstruation, mounthly courses, mounthly periods, number, numeral, particle, praxis, routine, sum, the usual thing, total, tradition, usage, use, wont), çağ (age, epoch, era, time, times). (various references) | |
Turkmen | smena (r) (shift), dцwьr (epoch). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | стадія (phase, point, stage), належний до певного періоду, епоха (age, date, day, epoch), період (age, cycle, date, day, hour, spell). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | thời kỳ (streak), thời gian thời đại, quần áo (attire, clothing, costume, fig, habiliment, issue, vestiture), mang tính chất thời đại, kỳ, kỷ, giai đoạn. (various references) | |
Welsh | cyfnod, cyfadran (faculty), atalnod (point, punctuation mark, stop). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | periodos. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | aetas, aetate, aetatem, aetates, aetatis, circuitu, circuitum, circuitus, periodus. (various references) |
| Avestan | 200-600 | ýava. (various references) |
| Medieval Latin | 700-1500 | periodus. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "period": periodic, periodical, periodically, periodicals, periodicities, periodicity, periodid, periodids, periodization, periodizations, periodontal, periodontally, periodontics, periodontist, periodontists, periodontologies, periodontology, periods. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "period": photoperiod, subperiod. (additional references) | |
Words containing "period": antiperiodic, aperiodic, aperiodically, aperiodicities, aperiodicity, photoperiodic, photoperiodically, photoperiodism, photoperiodisms, photoperiods, quasiperiodic, quasiperiodicities, quasiperiodicity, subperiods, thermoperiodicities, thermoperiodicity, thermoperiodism, thermoperiodisms. (additional references) | |
| |
"Period" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: epriod, eriot, paido, Pairoj, pario, pariody, Peeroo, perado, Perdido, pereon, perfido, perfo, Peribo, perico, Pericom, perid, peridot, perinde, Perino, perio, perioc, periode, periodo, periof, Perion, periosd, permoid, pernod, perod, peroid, perried, perriot, Perrodin, Perunov, pierid, Pierion, Piriou, Pirjo, praod, Preaud, preeo, prelod, Prezold, Prihoda, Priok, Pterois, pterygoid. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "period" (pronounced pi"rēud) |
| 5 | -i" r ē u d | myriad. |
| 3 | -ē u d | Iliad. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: dopier. | |
| Words within the letters "d-e-i-o-p-r" | |
-1 letter: doper, pedro, pored, pride, pried, redip, riped, roped. | |
-2 letters: dire, doer, dope, dore, dorp, drip, drop, ired, oped, peri, pied, pier, pore, prod, redo, repo, ride, ripe, rode, rope. | |
-3 letters: die, dip, doe, dor, ire, ode, ope, ore, ped, per, pie, pod, poi, pro, red, rei, rep, rid, rip, rod, roe. | |
-4 letters: de, do. | |
| Words containing the letters "d-e-i-o-p-r" | |
+1 letter: diopter, dioptre, leporid, percoid, peridot, periods, peroxid, podgier, proteid, provide. | |
+2 letters: depictor, diaspore, diopters, dioptres, dipteron, disposer, disprove, droopier, dropsied, dropsies, implored, imported, improved, inpoured, leporids, overpaid, parodied, parodies, pediform, percoids, peridots, periodic, periodid, peroxide, peroxids, piedfort, porridge, presidio, prisoned, profiled, profited, promised, propined, proteide, proteids, provided, provider, provides, pyrenoid, recopied, riposted, spheroid, topsider, trophied. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Sounds 10. Quotations: Familiar 11. Quotations: Historic 12. Quotations: Fiction | 13. Quotations: Non-fiction 14. Quotations: Spoken 15. Quotations: Speeches 16. Usage Frequency | 17. Expressions 18. Expressions: Internet 19. Translations: Modern 20. Translations: Ancient | 21. Derivations 22. Rhymes 23. Anagrams 24. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
