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Definition: Patriotism |
PatriotismNoun1. Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "patriotism" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1749. (references) |
Etymology: Patriotism \Pa"tri*ot*ism\, noun. [Compare to the French expression patriotisme.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Satire | PATRIOTISM, n. Combustible rubbish read to the torch of any one ambitious to illuminate his name. In Dr. Johnson's famous dictionary patriotism is defined as the last resort of a scoundrel. With all due respect to an enlightened but inferior lexicographer I beg to submit that it is the first. Source: Devil's Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Generally, any selfless act that directly benefits the nation is considered patriotic. Perhaps the clearest example is the act of risking death in battle. However, many other less dramatic beneficial acts, such as performing the backup work needed to keep a military force functioning, or looking out for the morale of soldiers, are also considered patriotic.
In addition, symbolic acts are also often considered to be patriotic. Such acts would include displaying the national flag, singing the national anthem, participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic bumper sticker on one’s vehicle, or any other way of publicly proclaiming one’s allegiance to the nation.
The line between the two kinds of patriotic act is blurred by the fact that some people feel that in committing an act of symbolic patriotism, they are raising the determination or morale of their fellow citizens, who then will be more likely or able to commit acts that benefit the nation directly.
Levels of patriotism vary across time and among nations. Typically, patriotic acts and feelings are greater during wartime or when the nation otherwise under external threat. It is less well understood why nations vary in their levels of patriotic feeling. Among modern societies, many have observed a difference between the United States, where symbolic patriotic expression is highly prevalent, and the nations of Western Europe, where symbolic patriotic expression certainly exists but plays a less important role.
Different people have different opinions about whether patriotism is morally good. Often, these opinions vary according to what sort of patriotism is involved.
Some instances of patriotism induce almost universal admiration. To give just one of many possible examples, in 1940, a number of Dutch soldiers gave their lives in a hopeless cause attempting to defend the Netherlands from invading Nazi armies. This act would be considered by almost everyone to be a clear case of selfless, admirable patriotism.
On the other hand, many of the invading Nazi soldiers doubtless felt, too, that they were engaged in a patriotic act, in this case on behalf of the German nation. Many of them had been indoctrinated in a form of unquestioning patriotism during their teenage years, while they were members of the Hitler Youth. Very few people today, even in Germany, would consider the unprovoked German attack on Holland to have been justified, and to the extent that patriotism facilitated it, then patriotism could considered, in this case, a bad thing. More generally, throughout history, various governments have invoked patriotic feelings to support military aggression, arbitrary imprisonment of aliens, and even murder, acts considered evil by most individuals.
In addition, many politicians have exploited patriotism in attacking their opponents, by calling them traitors. In the view of many, this kind of attack debases political discussion, because it appeals to a visceral negative emotion (that is, angry patriotism), rather than to the voters’ reasoned views on what is good for their country. A commonly cited example of the danger inherent in the political exploitation of patriotism is the case of Adolf Hitler, who rose to power (terminating democracy in Germany for many years) in part by accusing the existing government of treason for having signed the armistice that ended the First World War.
The unpleasant history of the ways that patriotic feelings have been put to use has led some individuals to be skeptical about the idea of patriotism in general. A famous remark of Samuel Johnson, "patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel," can be taken to express this view.
It can often be difficult to determine whether in admiring a particular act of patriotism, we are admiring patriotism itself, or rather the selflessness that patriotism often inspires. Returning to an example given above (the German invasion of Holland), we can ask whether any particular self-sacrificing Dutch soldier actually experienced the emotion of patriotism (that is, devotion to the Dutch national state) while he fought. It is possible that some of these soldiers fought because they hated Fascism, because they did not want to appear to be cowards, or because they felt that a soldier always ought to do his duty.
It seems possible, in fact, that there are two meanings for the phrase “patriotic act”. In the broad sense, a patriotic act is any selfless act that benefits the nation, irrespective of motivation; in the narrow sense, a patriotic act is a selfless act that is specifically motivated by patriotic feelings.
Returning to the Dutch example one more time, we can imagine two soldiers, equally brave and self-sacrificing. The first soldier is motivated by a narrow-minded, chauvinistic preference for all things Dutch. The second cares nothing for the Dutch nation as such, but has carefully studied Fascism and has a deep commitment to save the world from its perceived evils. Many people might well admire the second soldier more than the first, even though he could be considered the less patriotic of the two.
The example illustrates the point that patriotism embodies two things: selflessness, which virtually everyone admires, plus a belief that we owe a greater allegiance to our fellow citizens than to foreigners. It is the latter ingredient of patriotism that is controversial. An opposing concept that many people favor is that of a universal human community, expressed for instance in the idealistic phrase “Alle Menschen werden Brüder” (“all people become brothers”) sung in Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony.
The question of whether we are more like brothers with our countrymen than with other people arises constantly in practical life. For instance, immigration laws are based on the principle that the citizens of a country, merely by accident of birth, have an automatic entitlement to live in it, but foreigners do not. Little consensus currently exists about how, in formulating policies, we should weigh loyalties within a nation against loyalties to all of our fellow humans.
In his article "Is patriotism a virtue?", the philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre addresses this question in a particularly subtle way. He first notes that most contemporary conceptions of morality insist on a kind of impartial blindness to accidental traits like national origin in the just treatment of our fellow humans—and therefore, that patriotism is inevitably not moral under these conceptions. MacIntyre goes on, however, to construct a sophisticated alternative conception of morality that would be compatible with patriotism.
Why do so many people experience intense patriotic feelings? One explanation that has been proposed is that such feelings result, in the long run, from kin selection. The distant ancestors of humanity almost certainly lived in small groups of genetically related individuals. Feelings of intense loyalty to one's own group might have led individuals to take actions that were poorly justified on grounds of self-interest, but helped the group as a whole. Since genes tended to be shared by the entire group, and cooperation likely was critical to group survival, a propensity to experience feelings of loyalty to the group was probably favored by natural selection. This idea was expressed by Charles Darwin in 1871 as follows:
Today, of course, the feelings of intense patriotism that grip (for example) many Americans cannot possibly be supported in the evolutionary sense by kin selection, since Americans form a huge and genetically very diverse population. Yet the forces believed to have created human nature, and hence these feelings, were in effect over a period of many millenia, during which time all human societies were very small. Evidently, there was nothing to stop the feeling of group loyalty from carrying over, without biological purpose, from small groups to large.
The political rhetoric associated with patriotism often compares the nation to a family, as in, for instance, the terms “Fatherland,” “Mother Russia,” or the patriotic words Shakespeare places in the mouth of Henry V:
The kin selection theory of patriotism is not universally accepted, and the following paragraphs list some alternative points of view.
Among biologists, some believe that the quantitative conditions needed to make kin selection effective in small human societies were not met. The controversy hinges on what numerical values are to be plugged into the (generally accepted) equations of W. D. Hamilton that govern kin selection.
Further afield, there are individuals who accept the theory of evolution in general but reject efforts to invoke it in the explanation of human behavior. Such people would be likely to emphasize the great malleability of the human character, including the apparent possibility of creating patriotism through the instruction of youth, as in the Hitler Youth example above.
Still other people would reject the kin selection theory of patriotism simply because they reject the theory of evolution on which it depends. Often such individuals rely instead on religious beliefs to understand why the human character is the way it is. From this point of view, one possible account of patriotism would be that God has permitted individual people to become either good or evil (a consequence of the doctrine of free will), and that patriotism is simply a natural behavior of good people.
In fact, historically, patriotic feeling has very often been linked to religion. At various points in history, particularly in time of war, various relations of religion and patriotism have prevailed.
In one variant, patriotic participants in a war acknowledge that the enemy worships the same god, but judge that this god is on their own side, thus providing the external justification for patriotism noted just above. This is perhaps a fair characterization of the attitude of many of the participants in the American Civil War or most of the fronts of the First World War. Another variant is for each side to worship different gods, acknowledge that the other side’s god exists, and believe that their own god is superior. This may have characterized the conflicts between the ancient Israelites and their Canaanite opponents, as narrated in the Old Testament. Yet another version of religious patriotism is the belief that a god or set of gods is on one’s side, and that the god or gods of the other side simply do not exist. This view often characterized the beliefs of the European powers during the colonialist period, when their armies often fought against pagan opponents.
Under any of these circumstances, religion can provide a satisfactory account to its believers for what otherwise would be a paradox, namely, that both sides in a conflict can feel patriotic at the same time. The idea would be that the other side is in fact fighting against God’s will, and thus can be considered to be engaged in a false kind of patriotism.
Levels of patriotism in all nations have varied through history, and it is an intriguing puzzle for historians why this should be so.
It is tempting to think that democratic government is a cause of patriotism. For instance, it could be imagined that the military forces of Ancient Greece succeeded in fending off much larger numbers of attacking Persians because ancient Persia was a despotism, whereas many of the Greeks lived in democracies, which gave them a sense of solidarity and hence of patriotism. Similarly, it is often thought that the French Revolution, by freeing the French of the yoke of monarchy, set off a great surge of patriotism that led to the great (if ultimately temporary) success of the French armies in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
This theory cannot be entirely true, since there have been many states that had tyrannical systems of government but nonetheless had very high levels of patriotism. Two have already been mentioned here: early 19th-century France (after Napoleon had made himself emperor) and Nazi Germany.
Patriotism can be both for or against the current government of a nation. Supporters of the current government may hold the opinion that patriotism implies support of one's government and its policies, and that opposition to the government's policies amounts to treason. But in other instances, rebellion against a corrupt or tyrannical government may be justified as an act needed to save the nation, and thus is likewise motivated by patriotism.
Patriotism is sometimes associated with ethnocentrism, i.e. the belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own people, however this may be defined. However, in the case of ethnocentrism, the people in question need not form a nation, but can be a smaller or larger unit. Moreover, the term ethnocentrism is generally used negatively, whereas the term patriotism is quite often used positively.
It is also sometimes problematic to distinguish between patriotism and nationalism, as some people tend to use nationalist as a near-synonym for patriot. However, nationalism (but not patriotism) also has a particular meaning, expressing a desire among a people to form an independent nation.
The word chauvinism denotes a narrow-minded and thoughtless but impassioned dedication to a particular cause, and thus is always used negatively. The cause can be of any kind (hence the widespread use of the phrase male chauvinism), but the term can also refer to national chauvinism; that is, a negative characterization of patriotism.
Lastly, the word jingoism is similar to patriotism, but it can only be used negatively, to denote a variety of patriotism deemed to be aggressive and thoughtless.
Other Wikipedia articles:
Philosophy:
Patriotic acts
The ethics of patriotism
Patriotism and other forms of selflessness
Patriotism vs. universal brotherhood
Patriotism and kin selection
Since Darwin’s time, evidence for kin selection has been observed among many species that live in small groups. Frequently, animals in such species have been observed taking actions that risk their own lives but benefit the safety of the group as a whole (an example is the issuance of a warning call against predators, an act which directs the predator’s attention to the individual who gave it). Moreover, it is documented that the members of such groups typically are indeed related, and thus share a tacit interest in the long-term success of each other’s genetic endowment.
In the kin-selection account of patriotism, this kind of metaphor might be viewed as seeking to focus the natural feelings people have towards kin onto the nation as a whole.Patriotism and religion
Patriotism and history
Patriotism and politics
Patriotism and its near-synonyms
Resources
Books:
History:
Biology:
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Patriotism."
Synonym: PatriotismSynonym: nationalism (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Philanthropy | Patriotism, civism, nationality, love of country, amor patriae, public spirit. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Patriotism |
| English words defined with "patriotism": chauvinism ♦ Incivism ♦ jingoism ♦ superpatriotism ♦ ultranationalism. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "patriotism": Cato ♦ FOOL ♦ ITCH ♦ Rome's best Wealth is Patriotism. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Patriotism" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Romanian (patriotism), Swedish (patriotism). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | And I want to know what it says to you that in the past seven weeks, 59% of Americans have begun to question your patriotism. (The American President; writing credit: Aaron Sorkin) Lisa, I'm Faith Crowley, Patriotism editor of Reading Digest. (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge) Patriotism and Collectivism are used to make the majority serve the few. (The Gate of Heavenly Peace; writing credit: John Crowley) Since this is an emergency, all robots will now have their patriotism circuits activated. (Futurama; writing credit: Lance Smith; Carl Colpaert) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Patriotism (1918) The Birth of Patriotism (1917) Patriotism (1915) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | United American. Patriotism, charity, harmony.Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Arpeggio and patriotism.Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Woodrow Wilson just finished painting "currency reform" and "patriotism" on the trunk of sleeping G.O.P. elephant while beside him sits a "partisanship" knife.Credit: Library of Congress. |  | The parricide A sketch of modern patriotism.Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Where President Warren G. Harding sleeps in New Shrine of Patriotism, Marion Cemetery.Credit: Library of Congress. |  | The Liberty Loan is the cash register of patriotism Has Uncle Sam rung up your bond purchase yet? / / The Colonial Press, Philadelphia.Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Play | Caption |
 | Star Spangled Banner; Francis Scott Key; American; America; patriotism. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Arthur Schopenhauer | Patriotism, when it wants to make itself felt in the domain of learning, is a dirty fellow who should be thrown out of doors. |
Denis Diderot | Patriotism is an ephemeral motive that scarcely ever outlasts the particular threat to society that aroused it. |
Edith | Patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness toward anyone. |
Edith Cavell | I realize that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness towards anyone. |
Henry Bolingbroke | Patriotism must be founded on great principals and supported by great virtue. |
Henry James | I think patriotism is like charity -- it begins at home. |
Samuel Johnson. | Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel. |
Tacitus | Patriotism is a praiseworthy competition with one's ancestors. |
William James | For morality life is a war, and the service of the highest is a sort of cosmic patriotism which also calls for volunteers. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | I do admire your patriotism. |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | Patriotism is a maggot in their heads. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Economic History | Bangladesh | Traditionally, the country's poorly paid civil servants have regarded business people as exploitative, and regard themselves as having a near monopoly on economic acumen and patriotism. (references) |
Political Economy | China | The Party's authority rests primarily on the Government's ability to maintain social stability, appeals to nationalism and patriotism, Party control of personnel, media, and the security apparatus, and the continued improvement in the living standards of most of the country's citizens. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | ITCH, n. The patriotism of a Scotchman. J J is a consonant in English, but some nations use it as a vowel -- than which nothing could be more absurd. Its original form, which has been but slightly modified, was that of the tail of a subdued dog, and it was not a letter but a character, standing for a Latin verb, jacere, "to throw," because when a stone is thrown at a dog the dog's tail assumes that shape. This is the origin of the letter, as expounded by the renowned Dr. Jocolpus Bumer, of the University of Belgrade, who established his conclusions on the subject in a work of three quarto volumes and committed suicide on being reminded that the j in the Roman alphabet had originally no curl. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Rush Limbaugh | But it won't be long before tax increases are on the table and your patriotism is going to be linked to your willingness to support a hike or a cancellation. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
George Washington | 1789-1797 | Satisfied that if any circumstances have given peculiar value to my services they were temporary, I have the consolation to believe that, while choice and prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not forbid it. |
John Adams | 1797-1801 | To enable me to maintain this declaration I rely, under God, with entire confidence on the firm and enlightened support of the national legislature and upon the virtue and patriotism of my fellow citizens. |
James Monroe | 1817-1825 | The arrangement should be such as to put at the command of the Government the ardent patriotism and youthful vigor of the country. |
John Quincy Adams | 1825-1829 | This new element of prosperity to that part of our agricultural industry which is occupied in producing the first article of human subsistence is of the most cheering character to the feelings of patriotism. |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | In conclusion, fellow citizens, allow me to invoke in behalf of your deliberations that spirit of conciliation and disinterestedness which is the gift of patriotism. |
Zachary Taylor | 1849-1850 | I shall look with confidence to the enlightened patriotism of that body to adopt such measures of conciliation as may harmonize conflicting interests and tend to perpetuate that Union which should be the paramount object of our hopes and affections. |
Abraham Lincoln | 1861-1865 | Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm reliance on Him who has never yet forsaken this favored land are still competent to adjust in the best way all our present difficulty. |
Benjamin Harrison | 1889-1893 | Let those who would die for the flag on the field of battle give a better proof of their patriotism and a higher glory to their country by promoting fraternity and justice. |
Dwight Eisenhower | 1953-1961 | Patriotism means equipped forces and a prepared citizenry. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Patriotism" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.25% of the time. "Patriotism" is used about 268 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.25% | 266 | 18,071 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.75% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 268 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "patriotism": super-patriotism, ultra-patriotism. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "patriotism"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | patriotizëm, atdhetari (nationalism). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | وطنية, حب الوطن. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | родолюбие, патриотизъм. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 爱国心, 愛國 (love of country, patriotic). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | patriotismus, vlastenectví (nationalism), láska k vlasti. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | vaderlandsliefde, patriottisme. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | patriotismo. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | isänmaanrakkaus, isänmaallisuus. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | patriotisme. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Patriotismus. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | πατριωτισμόσ, φιλογένεια (phylogeny), φιλοπατρία. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | א"בת "מול"ת. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | hazaszeretet, hazafiasság (nationalism), patriotizmus. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | patriotisme. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | patriottismo. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 祖国愛 , パチンコ台 (glassed-over arcade, pachinkomachine, pack, package, package media, package program, package tour, packaging, Packard, packing, pad, paddle, paddling, paddock, Panama, Panamax, Panasert hole, panavision, pap, passage, passenger, passing, passion, passionate, passive, passive smoking, passive solar house, passive sonar, pat, patch, patch test, patchwork, pate, patent, pathos, patio, patrol, patrol car, patron, patting, priest, puck, putt, putting, putting green, putty, rotating warning light similar to the one on a "patokaa."), 憂国 , 愛国心 , 愛国主義 , 愛国 , 国 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | パトリオティズ , そ"くあい, ほう"く (information, report, report given to deity or nobility), あい"くしゅぎ, あい"くし", あい"く (grief, lamentation, mourning), ゆう"く (deep ravine, evening, evening hour, glen). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 국 (Patriotic). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | graih cheerey. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | atriotismpay patriotismo (citizenship, nationality, patristic), patriótico (patriotic, patristic). (various references) patriotism. (various references) патриотизм (nationalism). (various references) patriotizam, rodoljublje. (various references) patriotismo. (various references) patriotism, fosterlandskärlek. (various references) yurtseverlik (public spirit), vatanseverlik (public spirit). (various references) патріотизм (nationalism, nationality). (various references) lòng yêu nước. (various references) gwladgarwch. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "patriotism": patriotisms. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "patriotism": superpatriotism. (additional references) | |
Words containing "patriotism": superpatriotisms. (additional references) | |
| |
"Patriotism" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: partiotism, patiotism, patrioticm, patriotisme, patriotizm, patrotism. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "patriotism" (pronounced pā"trēuti'zum) |
| 6 | -u t i' z u m | astigmatism, conservatism, corporatism, despotism, diamagnetism, dogmatism, egotism, electromagnetism, ergotism, favoritism, ferromagnetism, helotism, hypnotism, magnetism, nepotism, pragmatism, rheumatism, separatism. |
| 5 | -t i' z u m | absolutism, autism, baptism, defeatism, elitism, Irredentism, leftism, pietism, statism, vigilantism. |
| 4 | -i' z u m | abolitionism, absenteeism, activism, adventurism, agrarianism, alcoholism, altruism, amateurism, anachronism, aneurism, animism, antagonism, aphorism, atavism, atheism, authoritarianism, barbarism, bilingualism, bolshevism, boosterism, botulism, cannibalism, capitalism, catechism, centralism, chauvinism, classicism, collectivism, colonialism, commercialism, communism, consumerism, counterterrorism, creationism, criticism, cronyism, cubism, cynicism, dandyism, deism, determinism, diastrophism, dimorphism, Druidism, dualism, dwarfism, dynamism, egalitarianism, egoism, embolism, emotionalism, empiricism, entrepreneurialism, environmentalism, eroticism, escapism, ethnocentrism, euphemism, evangelism, expansionism, expressionism, extremism, factionalism, fanaticism, fascism, fatalism, federalism, feminism, fetishism, feudalism, formalism, fundamentalism, futurism, geotropism, gnosticism, gradualism, hedonism, heroism, hooliganism, humanism, idealism, illusionism, imperialism, impressionism, incrementalism, individualism, intellectualism, internationalism, interventionism, isolationism, isomorphism, jingoism, journalism, legalism, lesbianism, liberalism, lyricism, mannerism, masochism, materialism, mechanism, mercantilism, mesmerism, metabolism, methodism, microorganism, militarism, minimalism, modernism, monasticism, monetarism, monism, monotheism, moralism, multiculturalism, multilateralism, mutualism, mysticism, narcissism, nationalism, nativism, naturalism, negativism, neutralism, nihilism, obstructionism, opportunism, optimism, organism, ostracism, overoptimism, pacifism, paganism, parallelism, parkinsonism, parochialism, pastoralism, paternalism, perfectionism, pessimism, pharisaism, plagiarism, pluralism, polymorphism, polytheism, populism, positivism, professionalism, protectionism, provincialism, puritanism, racialism, racism, radicalism, realism, recidivism, relativism, republicanism, revisionism, romanticism, sadism, satanism, sectarianism, secularism, sensationalism, sexism, skepticism, socialism, stoicism, supernaturalism, surrealism, symbolism, synergism, territorialism, terrorism, theism, tokenism, totalitarianism, tourism, truism, unionism, vandalism, vegetarianism, voluntarism, volunteerism, voyeurism. |
| 3 | -z u m | bosom, careerism, chasm, cytoplasm, enthusiasm, iconoclasm, ism, microcosm, neoplasm, orgasm, phantasm, prism, sarcasm, schism, spasm. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-i-i-m-o-p-r-s-t-t" | |
-1 letter: imitators, parotitis. | |
-2 letters: atropism, imitator, optimist, pastromi, patriots, tritomas. | |
-3 letters: airpost, amorist, armpits, atomist, impairs, imparts, impasto, imports, mispart, patriot, protist, simitar, topmast, tritoma, tropism. | |
-4 letters: aorist, ariosi, aristo, armpit, artist, impair, impart, import, impost, moirai, optima, otitis, ottars, pastor, patios, patois, porism, primas, primos, prosit, rapist, ratios, ripost, satori, spirit, stator, strait, strati, stript, stroma, tapirs, tarots, traits, tramps, tripos, tromps. | |
-5 letters: airts, amirs, amort, aport, astir, atoms, atrip, impis, iotas, mairs, maist, marts, matts, mitis, mitts, moats, moira, moist, moras, morts, motts, omits, ostia, ottar, pairs, paris, parts, patio, pimas, pitas, ports, posit, prams, praos, prats, prima, primi, primo, prims, prism, proas, proms, prost, psoai, ramps, ratio, ratos, riots, roams, roast, romps, rotas, rotis, sapor, simar, sitar, smart, spait, spirt, sport, sprat, sprit, stair, stamp, start, stirp, stoai, stoat, stoma, stomp, stopt, storm, strap, stria, strip, strop, tamis, tamps, tapir, tapis, taros, tarot, tarps, tarsi, tarts, tipis, tiros, titis, toast, toits, topis, toras, torii, torsi, torts, trait, tramp, trams, traps, trapt, trims, trios, trips, trois, tromp, trots. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-i-i-m-o-p-r-s-t-t" | |
+1 letter: patriotisms. | |
+2 letters: impartations, impetrations, importations, trampolinist. | |
+3 letters: comparativist, primatologist, protactiniums, temporalities, trampolinists. | |
+4 letters: comparativists, premeditations, primatologists, reimportations, temporizations. | |
+5 letters: extemporisation, hypopituitarism, multipolarities, nonimportations, preformationist, preterminations, promotabilities, reimplantations, superpatriotism. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)50 61 74 72 69 6F 74 69 73 6D |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).--. .- - .-. .. --- - .. ... -- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010000 01100001 01110100 01110010 01101001 01101111 01110100 01101001 01110011 01101101 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)P a t r i o t i s m |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0050 0061 0074 0072 0069 006F 0074 0069 0073 006D |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)50678684758186758579 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Sounds | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Spoken | 13. Quotations: Speeches 14. Usage Frequency 15. Expressions 16. Expressions: Internet | 17. Translations: Modern 18. Derivations 19. Rhymes 20. Anagrams | 21. Orthography 22. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
