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Definition: Opening |
OpeningAdjective1. First or beginning; "the memorable opening bars of Beethoven's Fifth"; "the play's opening scene". Noun1. An open or empty space in or between things; "there was a small opening between the trees"; "the explosion made a gap in the wall". 2. A ceremony accompanying the start of some enterprise. 3. Becoming open or being made open; "the opening of his arms was the sign I was waiting for". 4. The first performance (as of a theatrical production); "the opening received good critical reviews". 5. The act of opening something; "the ray of light revealed his cautious opening of the door". 6. Opportunity especially for employment or promotion; "there is an opening in the sales department". 7. The initial part of the introduction; "the opening established the basic theme". 8. A possible alternative; "bankruptcy is always a possibility". 9. An aperture or hole opening into a bodily cavity; "the orifice into the aorta from the lower left chamber of the heart". 10. : a vacant or unobstructed space; "they left a small opening for the cat at the bottom of the door". 11. : an entrance equipped with a hatch; especially a passageway between decks of a ship. 12. : the first of a series of actions; "he memorized all the important chess openings". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "opening" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Building & Civil Engineering | The space between two weir piers. Source: European Union. (references) |
Electrical Engineering | The opening of a circuit-breaker by either manual or automatic control of protective devices. Source: European Union. (references) |
Finance | The period at the beginning of the trading session officially designated by the exchange during which all transactions are considered made "at the opening" Source: European Union. (references) |
Food & Agriculture | The mouth of a trap or pot usually designed so that escape is difficult. Source: European Union. (references) |
| The open end through which fish enter. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| A considerable open space, natural or artificial, in a forest or brushwood. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Industry | All groups must have large masses and clumps of fibers broken up. This is --. Source: European Union. (references) |
| The action of separating closely packed fibres from each other at an early stage in the processing of raw material into yarn. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| Covers the initial treatment given to raw cotton. . . the bale breaker and various picker machines perform the work. -- is concluded when the cotton lap is made ready for actual carding. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| In panel presses, the vertical distance between two adjacent platens when the press is fully opened. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Mechanical Engineering | The distance between the fixed and movable flow metering edges:i. e. in considering the valve opening account must be taken of the lap. Source: European Union. (references) |
Medicine | A mouth-like opening or pore or communication between cavities. Source: European Union. (references) |
Military & Defense | Expanding of the parachute canopy as it fills with air. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | A. A widening out of a crevice, in consequence of a softening or decomposition of the adjacent rock, so as to leave a vacant space of considerable width b. A short heading driven between two or more parallel headings or levels for ventilation. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The first moves, of a chess game, are the "opening moves", collectively referred to as "the opening". There are a number of openings, some defensive, and some offensive; some are tactical, and some are strategic; some openings focus on the center, and others focus on the flanks; some approaches are direct, and others are indirect. Opening theory is sufficiently complex that it can take many years of study to master.In tournament play, the moves of the opening are usually made relatively quickly. A new move in the opening, one that has not been played before, is said to be a "novelty".
For a list of openings as classified by the Encyclopedia of Chess Openings, see List of chess openings.
Aims of the opening
Although a wide variety of moves are played in the opening, the aims behind them are broadly speaking the same. First and foremost, the aim is to avoid being checkmated and avoid losing material, as in other phases of the game. However, assuming neither player makes a blunder in the opening, the main aims include:
In more general terms, many writers (for example, Reuben Fine in The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings) have commented that it is White's task in the opening to preserve and increase the advantage conferred by moving first, while Black's task is to equalise the game. Many openings, however, give Black a chance to play aggressively for advantage from the very start.
- Development: the pieces in the starting position of a game are not doing anything very useful. One of the main aims of the opening, therefore, is to put them on more useful squares where they will have more of a say in the game. To this end, knights are usually developed to f3, c3, f6 and c6 (or sometimes e2, d2, e7 or d7), and both player's e- and d-pawns are moved so the bishops can be developed (alternatively, the bishops may be fianchettoed with a manoeuvre such as g3 and Bg2). The more rapidly the pieces are developed, the better. The queen, however, it not usually played to a central position until later in the game, as it is liable to attack otherwise, when its value means it has to be moved, which can waste time.
- Control of the center: at the start of the game, it is not clear on which part of the board the pieces will be needed. However, control of the central squares allows pieces to be moved to any part of the board relatively easily, and can also have a cramping effect on the opponent. The classical view is that central control is best effected by placing pawns there, ideally establishing pawns on d4 and e4 (or d5 and e5 for black). However, the hypermodern school showed that it was not always necessary or even desirable to occupy the center in this way, and that too broad a pawn front could be attacked and destroyed, leaving its architect vulnerable: an impressive looking pawn center is worth little unless it can be maintained. The hypermoderns instead advocated controlling the centre from a distance with pieces, breaking down one's opponent center, and only taking over the center oneself later in the game. This leads to openings such as the Alekhine Defence - in a line like 1. e4 Nf6 2. e5 Nd5 3. d4 d6 4. c4 Nb6 5. f4 White has a formidable pawn center for the moment, but Black hopes to undermine it later in the game, leaving White's position exposed.
- Getting the king safe: in the middle of the board, the king is somewhat exposed. It is therefore normal for both players to castle in the opening, putting the king to the side of the board (and simultaneously developing one of the rooks).
- Maintaining a good pawn structure: this is perhaps not so important as the other aims, but it is something which should be borne in mind. A number of openings are based on the idea of giving one's opponent an inferior pawn structure. In the Winawer Variation of the French Defence (1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e5 c5 5. a3 Bxc3 6. bxc3), black gives up his pair of bishops (which, other things being equal, it is usually best to hang on to) and allows white more space, but damages white's pawn structure in compensation by giving him doubled c-pawns. Similarly, in the Nimzo-Indian Defence (1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4), the Classical Variation (4. Qc2) is specifically designed to avoid a similar fault in white's pawn structure (he can recapture on c3 with the queen rather than the b-pawn). (It should be noted that doubled pawns are not all negative for their holder: doubled pawns on one file mean a half-open adjacent file which can be used for an attack.)
Common openings
This section briefly lists a few of the more well-known chess openings, emphasizing common approaches to starting chess (currently or historically) and their purpose. Algebraic chess notation is used throughout.Since White always moves first, openings can be grouped according to White's first move. For the purposes of this section, openings will be grouped into the following categories:
Some of these openings are briefly described below. For a more comprehensive description of openings see the list of chess openings.
- White starts by playing "e4" (moving his King's pawn 2 spaces). This move has many strengths - it immediately works on controlling the center, and it frees two pieces (the Queen and a Bishop). This is a popular first move, leaving Black with two options:
- Black may choose to mirror White's move and reply with "e5" for the same reasons, leading to openings such as the Ruy Lopez, Giuoco Piano (including the Evans Gambit variant), and King's Gambit.
- Black can also try something other than mirroring White's "e4" move, leading to openings such as the Sicilian Defense, French Defense, Caro-Kann, Center Counter, and Pirc/Modern.
- White can start by moving the Queen's pawn to "d4". This leads to openings such as the Queen's Gambit, King's Indian Defense, Nimzo-Indian, Bogo-Indian, and Queen's Indian Defense, and Dutch Defense.
- White can start with some other move than "e4" or "d4", such as "c4", the English Opening, or "Nf3", after which things often turn into one of the d4 openings by a different move order (this is known as transposition), but which can also develop into unique openings of its own, such as the Réti Opening (after 1.Nf3 d5 2.c4, for example).
White Opens with "e4"
Ruy Lopez
(ECO codes C6 to C9)
The Ruy Lopez (also called the "Spanish" opening) starts with the moves
The Ruy Lopez is an old opening; it is named after Ruy Lopez, a 16th-century Spanish clergyman and chess enthusiast. He made a systematic study of this and other chess openings, which he recorded in a 150 page book. However, although it is named after him, this particular opening was known earlier; it is included in the Göttingen manuscript, which dates from 1490. Popular use of the Ruy Lopez opening did not develop, however, until the mid 1800s when Jaenisch, a Russian theoretician, "rediscovered" its potential. The opening is still in active use as the double king's pawn opening most commonly used in master play; it has been adopted by almost all players at some point in their careers.
- 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5
At the most basic level, white's third move attacks the knight which defends the e5 pawn attacked by the f3 knight. However, the pawn is not in fact in any danger: if the white tries to win it with, for example, 3... a6 4. Bxc6 dxc6 5. Nxe5 black can just win it back with 5... Qd4. 3. Bb5 is still a good move, however: it develops other pieces, prepares castling, and sets up a potential pin against black's king.
White generally directs pressure on Black's e-pawn and tries to prepare for a pawn on d4. The most usual reply is 3... a6, attacking White's bishop. After that, White can back up (4. Ba4) or exchange pieces (4. Bxc6). See Ruy Lopez for more details.
Giuoco Piano
(ECO Codes C51 to C54)
"Giuoco Piano" it Italian for "Quiet Game", and by the standards of the 19th century when the opening was most popular, it is indeed quiet. However, several lines can be quite violent. It starts as:
White's third move hits black's weak f7 square (weak because it is defended only once, and by the king at that), and simultaneously discourages black's d5.
- 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5
A normal move now would be 4. c3, preparing d4. If White instead replies 4. d3, you have the Guioco Pianissimo ("The Quietest Game"), which can often become very passive.
If White instead plays 4. b4?!, you have the Evans Gambit, in which White offers a pawn in order to gain time to build a good centre: the normal continuation is 4... Bxb4 5. c3 Ba5 6. d4.
Two Knights Defence
A rather more aggressive way for black to meet 3. Bc4 than the Giuoco Piano, the Two Knights Defence begins
White can reply quietly with 4. d3 (when play sometimes transposes to the Giuoco Pianissimo), or can continue aggressively with 4. Ng5. The usual reply is 4... d5, although 4... Bc5 (the Wilkes Barre Variation) is a complicated alternative.
- 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6
Latvian Gambit
An aggressive gambit by Black develops after
The opening is rarely seen and generally thought to be unsound. See Latvian Gambit for details.
- 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 f5
King's Gambit
(ECO Code C3)
This opening was the most popular opening in the 19th century. White offers a pawn in exchange for rapid development. It is now rarely seen at the master level, it being generally thought that black can obtain a reasonable position by giving back the gambited pawn at the right moment.
A natural following move is 2... exf4, accepting the gambit.
- 1. e4 e5 2. f4
Sicilian Defense
The Sicilian starts as:
The Sicilian is the most popular response to 1. e4 at master level. Black immediately fights for the center, but by attacking from the c-file (instead of mirroring White's move) he creates an asymmetrical position that leads to lots of complicated positions. Typically, white has an inititative on the King side while black obtains counterplay on the Queen side, particularly on the c file after the exchange of Black's c pawn for White's d pawn.
- 1. e4 c5
Black can adopt a variety of set-ups, among them the Dragon variation, which begins
- 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 g6:
In this variation, Black fianchettos a bishop on the h8-a1 diagonal. This is called the "Dragon" variation because Black's pawn structure is supposed to look like a dragon. Another reason for the name could be that a very aggressive middlegame usually develops following opposite side castling.
Another popular system is the Najdorf, which begins
- 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6:
White plays a variety of moves here, including 6. Bg5, 6. Be2 and 6. Be3.
Black can adopt a number of other set-ups, including the Scheveningen (1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 e6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6) and the Sveshnikov (1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e5), which as of 2003 is very fashionable at the top level.
To avoid giving black this choice of systems, white can adopt a number of so-called "anti-Sicilian" lines, including 2. Nc3 (the Closed Sicilian), 2. c3 (the Alapin Sicilian), 2. d4 cxd4 3. c3 (the Morra Gambit), lines with an early f4 (the Grand Prix Attack) and various lines with an early Bb5.
French Defense
(ECO Codes C0 and C1)
In the French Defense, Black lets White have more control over the center in exchange for a solid position and chances of a counter-attack later in the game. The French Defense starts
Games generally involve jockeying for position. The center usually becomes closed after white plays e5 (a move which arises in most variations), two competing pawn chains arise, and each player tries to outflank the other. Black tries to play the freeing moves c5 or f6. Black's queen Bishop often becomes trapped and useless, and is known as the "French Bishop".
- 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5
3. e5 is the Advance Variation, 3. Nd2 is the Tarrasch Variation, 3. Nc3 Bb4 is the Winawer variation, and 3. Nc3 Nf6 leads to the Steinitz, Classical and Burn variations. See French Defense for more details.
Caro-Kann
The Caro-Kann is similar to the French defense - Black lets White build an "ideal" pawn center with pawns at d4 and e4, but then breaks it up. The Caro-Kann starts out
The main line of the Caro-Kann is
- 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5
Black gets to eliminate one of White's central pawns and because he has not played e6 does not have the hemmed in c8-bishop of the French Defense (on the other hand, he has not opened a line to develop the f8-bishop). However, Black's pieces end up with more of a passive defensive role, so players of this opening are often looking for White to make a mistake (however slight).
- 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4
Common continuations after the above line are 4... Bf5 (the Classical Variation), 4... Nd7 (intending 5... Nf6 6. Nxf6 Nxf6) which is sometimes known as the Karpov system, and 4... Nf6 5. Nxf6 after which black can play safely with 5... exf6 or more riskily with 5... gxf6.
White can vary early on in a number of ways, including the Advance Variation (3. e5) and the Panov-Botvinnik Attack (3. exd5 cxd5 4. c4).
Center Counter
The Center Counter starts out as
It is also called the Scandinavian Defence. A common continuation is 2. exd5 Qxd5, though 2... Nf6 is also possible.
- 1. e4 d5
Pirc/Modern
The Pirc and the Modern Defences are both based around black playing d6, g6 and Bg7. The main difference is that in the Modern, Black delays playing Nf6. Both systems are introduced with the moves
This is a relatively new opening. In the 1930s this was considered inferior, but by the 1960s it was found to be quite playable. Black lets White take the center with the view to undermining and ruining White's "wonderful" position. This opening is tricky to play and correct play of it is counter-intuitive (immediate center control is not a goal, since Black is trying to undermine that control).
- 1. e4 d6 or
- 1. e4 g6
White Opens with "d4"
Queen's Gambit
Now we look at openings that begin "1. d4". The Queen's Gambit starts with:
White offers up a pawn in exchange for rapid development. His aim is to tempt Black's center pawn away and thus make c4 and e4 accessible for his own forces. Black can accept the gambit with dxc4 (the Queen's Gambit Accepted) or can decline with 2... e6 (the Orthodox Defence) or 2... c6 (the Slav Defence) - if black plays both e6 and c6 it is known as the Semi-Slav. Less commonly, Black plays 2... Nc6 (the Chigorin Defense), 2... e5 (the Albin Counter-Gambit) or 2... Nf6 (the Marshall defence).
- 1. d4 d5 2. c4
King's Indian Defense
(ECO codes E6 to E9)
This is a "hypermodern" opening, where Black lets White take the center with the view to later ruining White's "wonderful" position. It's a risky opening, which has been a favourite of aggressive players such as Kasparov and Fischer.
Black often continues with d6 and e5, and attacks on the king-side, while white attacks on the queen-side.
- 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7
The main variations of the King's Indian are the Classical, the Samisch, the Averbakh and the Four Pawn Attack.
Nimzo-Indian, Bogo-Indian, and Queen's Indian Defense
All of these "Indian" defenses start with:
The Nimzo-Indian continues with 3. Nc3 Bb4. In the Nimzo-Indian, White tries to create a pawn center and mass his pieces behind behind them for attack.
- 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6
The Bogo-Indian is 3. Nf3 Bb4+ and the Queen's Indian is 3. Nf3 b6.
Dutch Defense
The Dutch defense starts as:
The Dutch defense is an aggressive counterplay by Black. Black immediately begins to move toward White's kingside in an attempt to crush White. However, it also creates weaknesses in Black's position from the beginning - this move of the f-pawn weakens Black's defenses and doesn't help develop pieces.
- 1. d4 f5
White Opens with Something Other Than "e4" or "d4"
English Opening
The English opening is a "flank" maneuver. It starts very differently:
Here White hopes to control the center by first gaining support on the side. Common responses for Black are e5 (which can lead to positions similar to the Sicilian defense but with opposite colors) or c5. White has the option of opening the game early with d4, or to prepare with a fianchetto of the king's bishop (g3 and Bg2).
- 1. c4
If White does play d4, then the English can transpose into either the Queen's Gambit or an Indian Defense.
Classification of chess openings
Various classification schemes for chess openings are in use. The ECO scheme is given on the page List_of_chess_openings.
References
- How to Play the Opening in Chess. 1993. Raymond Keene and David Levy. ISBN 0-8050-2937-0.
- The Encyclopedia of Chess Openings - This is a very technical advanced work in 5 volumes published by Chess Informant of Belgrade. http://www.sahovski.com/ It analyzes openings used in tournament play and archived in Chess Informant since 1966. Instead of the traditional names for the openings, it has developed a unique coding system that has also been used by other chess publications.
- Batsford Chess Openings 2. 1989, 1994. Garry Kasparov and Raymond Keene. New York, New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
- A Beginner's Garden of Chess Openings by David A. Wheeler http://www.dwheeler.com/chess-openings
- Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
- Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick De Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Chess opening."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In poker, the act of making the first non-zero bet in a betting round is called opening the round. On the first betting round, it is also called opening the pot. Some games may have special rules about opening a round that may not apply to other bets (for example, they may have a betting structure that specifies different allowable amounts for opening than for other bets, or they may require a player to hold certain cards to open).The term is also used to describe a category of poker game in which some cards held by individual players are visible to all other players, either by being dealt face up or by being exposed during play (but before showdown). Most forms of stud poker are open poker (blind stud games are an exception). Most forms of draw poker, in contrast, are closed games because no player's cards are seen until showdown (draw games with a rollout are an exception). Most community card games like Texas hold'em are considered closed as well, because the only cards exposed before showdown belong to everyone; the individual players' cards are never seen until showdown.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Open (poker)."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Open-source computer software is software whose source code is either in the public domain or, more commonly, is copyrighted by one or more persons/entities but licensed to all according to an open-source license. Such a license grants permission to use and redistribute the software, as well as to modify its source code and distribute modified versions, with at most minor restrictions (such as a requirement to preserve the authors' names and copyright statement in the code).
These are rights for users of the software. An open-source license itself does not necessarily require that the software, or its source, initially has to be freely (in both senses of the word) available on the Internet. Most popular open-source software is, however.
The term open source in common usage may also refer to any software with publicly available source code, regardless of its license, but this usage provokes strong disapproval from the open source community. Examples of such "disclosed source" software include some versions of Solaris and PGP.
"Open source" and "Free software"
In the strict definition, the term "open source" is distinct from "free software," and it should only be applied to software that meets the terms of the Open Source Definition (see also the Free Software Foundation's (FSF) Free software definition). The decision to adopt the term "open source", suggested by Christine Peterson of the Foresight Institute, was based partly on the confusion caused by the dual meaning of the word "free"; the FSF intended the word to mean "free speech, not free beer," but nevertheless, free software came to be associated with zero cost, a problem which was exacerbated by the fact that a great deal of it is, in fact, free of charge. It was hoped that the usage of the newer term "open source" would eliminate such ambiguity, and would also be easier to "market" to business users (who might mistakenly associate "free software" with anti-commercialism). Since its introduction, however, the "open source" label has been criticized for fostering an ambiguity of a different kind: that of confusing it for mere availability of the source, rather than the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute it.
The Free Software Definition is slightly more restrictive than the Open Source Definition; as a consequence of this, free software is open source, but open source software may or may not be "free." In practice, nearly all open-source licenses also satisfy the FSF's free-software definition, and the difference is more a matter of philosophical emphasis. (One of the few counter-examples was an early version the Apple Public Source License, which was considered open source but not free because it did not allow private modified versions; this restriction was later removed.) For instance, software distributed under both the GPL and BSD licenses are considered both free and open source (the original BSD License had terms legally incompatible with the GPL, but this practical difficulty is a separate issue from its free-ness). Confusion about the distinctions between free and open source software is the source of some misunderstanding, particularly in the mass media where the two terms are often applied interchangeably.
The open source movement
The open-source movement is a large movement of programmers and other computer users to give easy access to computer software. It grew out of the Free software movement, and the line between the two is somewhat blurry. Mostly, the Free software movement is based upon political and philosophical ideals (sometimes referred as hacker culture), while open source proponents tend to focus on rather pragmatic matters. Both groups assert that this more open style of licensing allows for a superior software development process, and therefore that pursuing it is in line with rational self-interest. Free software advocates, however, would argue that "freedom" is a paramount merit that one should prefer (or at least weigh heavily) even in cases where proprietary software has some superior technical features.
Proponents of the open source development methodology claim that it is superior in a number of ways to the closed source method. Stability, reliability, and security are frequently cited as reasons to support open source. One successful application of the open source model is the Linux operating system, which is renowned for its stability and security characteristics. Among the works that explore and justify open source development is a series of works by Eric S. Raymond which includes The Cathedral and the Bazaar and Homesteading the Noosphere.
Open source advocates point out that as of the early 2000s, at least 90 percent of computer programmers are employed not to produce software for direct sale, but rather to design and customize software for other purposes, such as in-house applications. According to advocates, this statistic implies that the value of software lies primarily in its usefulness to the developer or developing organization, rather than in its potential sale value, and that consequently there is no compelling economical reason to keep source code secret from competitors.
Open Source advocates
- Bruce Perens, Eric Raymond, Linus Torvalds, Paul Vixie, Alan Cox, Tim O'Reilly
- Russell Pavlicek, author of the book Embracing Insanity
Projects and Organizations
- Debian, FreeBSD, Mozilla, NetBSD, OpenBSD, OpenOffice.org, Open Source Initiative, OSDN, Slackware
Companies Involved in Open Source Development
- Apple, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Red Hat, Sun Microsystems
Examples of Open Source Licenses
For a more extensive list, see Open source license.
- BSD license, GNU General Public License, GNU Lesser General Public License, MIT License, Apache Software License, Mozilla public licence
Examples of Open Source Software
For a more extensive list, see List of open-source software packages.
- Apache, Linux, BSD, Mozilla, GNU Emacs, TeX, VIM, XFree86, the GIMP, PHP, Zope, KDE, Gnome, OpenOffice.org
Related topics
See also: Halloween documents, Open Cola, SourceForge, GNU Savannah, Open Law project, Gift economy
- Richard Stallman is a central figure in the rival (but cooperative) free software movement, which has a significantly different philosophical basis; Stallman does not want his name associated with the term open source.
- open content for non-programming open source projects
External links
- EU-funded report on the use of open-source software
- Open Source HealthCare Alliance
- Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution - an online book containing essays from prominent members of the open source community
- Open Source Initiative OSI - a list of available licenses
- The Institutional Design of Open Source Programming: Implications for Addressing Complex Public Policy and Management Problems
- The Asian Open Source Center - has a lot of information on open source in Asia, much of it stored in a Wiki similar to Wikipedia
- W3C Open Source Software
- A Case Against Open Source, by Mathias Strasser, 2001, from Stanford Technology Law Review
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Open source."
Synonyms: OpeningSynonyms: curtain raising (n), first step (n), gap (n), hatchway (n), initiative (n), opening move (n), opening night (n), orifice (n), porta (n), possibility (n), possible action (n), scuttle (n). (additional references) |
| Antonyms: closing (adj), shutting (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Beginning | Noun: beginning, commencement, opening, outset, incipience, inception, inchoation; introduction; (precursor); alpha, initial; inauguration, debut, le premier pas, embarcation, rising of the curtain; maiden speech; outbreak, onset, brunt; initiative, move, first move; narrow end of the wedge, thin end of the wedge; fresh start, new departure. |
Indication | Keyboard symbols, printing symbols; red letter, italics, sublineation, underlining, bold font; jotting; note, annotation, reference; blaze, cedilla, guillemets, hachure; quotation marks, double quotes,"", parentheses, brackets, braces, curly brackets, arrows, slashes; left parenthesis, "("; right parenthesis, ")"; opening bracket, ""; left curly brace, "{"; right curly brace, "}"; left arrow, ""; right arrow, ""; forward slash, "/"; backward slash, "\"; exclamation point, "!"; commercial at, "@"; pound sign, "#"; percent sign, "%"; carat, "^"; ampersand, "&"; asterisk, ""; hyphen, "-"; dash, "-", "_"; em dash, "--"; plus sign, "+", equals sign, "="; question mark, "?"; period, "."; semicolon, ";", colon, ":"; comma, ","; apostrophe, "'"; single quote, "'"; tilde, "~". |
Interval | Noun: interval, interspace; separation; break, gap, opening; hole; chasm, hiatus, caesura; interruption, interregnum; interstice, lacuna, cleft, mesh, crevice, chink, rime, creek, cranny, crack, chap, slit, fissure, scissure, rift, flaw, breach, rent, gash, cut, leak, dike, ha-ha. |
Occasion | Nick of time; golden opportunity, well timed opportunity, fine opportunity, favorable opportunity, opening; clear stage, fair field; mollia tempora; fata Morgana; spare time; (leisure). |
Noun: {ant. } timeliness, occasion, opportunity, opening, room; event (eventuality); suitable season, proper season, suitable time, proper time; high time; opportuneness; Adjective: tempestivity. | |
Opening | Opening; aperture, apertness; hiation, yawning, oscitancy, dehiscence, patefaction, pandiculation; chasm; (interval). |
Opening; Verb: aperient. | |
Passage | Noun: passage, transmission; permeation; penetration, interpenetration; transudation, infiltration; endosmose exosmose; endosmosis; intercurrence; ingress; egress; path; conduit; opening; journey; voyage. |
Reasoning, | Argument; case, plaidoyer, opening; lemma, proposition, terms, premises, postulate, data, starting point, principle; inference; (judgment). |
Space | Spare room, elbow room, house room; stowage, roomage, margin; opening, sphere, arena. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Opening |
| English words defined with "opening": Gill opening ♦ opening night. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "opening": bale opening ♦ official opening, opening ceremony, opening furrows ♦ reefed opening shock factor ♦ single opening, spurious opening. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "opening": Stenting. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Opening" is also a word in the following language with English translations in parentheses. Dutch (aperture, breach, gap, jaws, maw, opening). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | That has to be the best conversational opening I've ever heard (A Room with a View; writing credit: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. based on the novel by E.M. Forster.) There is an opening for a job away from all this back-breaking work, in my new villa (Schindler's List; writing credit: Steven Zaillian) Now you start opening up your personal life to me and tell me your husband won't be home for hours (The Graduate; writing credit: Calder Willingham) You take the good, you take the bad, you take them both and there you havemy opening statement (Family Guy; writing credit: Dolores Payás) Now. Tomorrow morning I'm opening the seal (Buffy the Vampire Slayer; writing credit: Doreen Spicer) | |
Lyrics | OPening their eyeballs eyeballs (Goody Two Shoes; performing artist: Adam Ant) The perfect opening line (Hottie; performing artist: Ashley Ballard) If there's a chance of it opening up (An Innocent Man; performing artist: Billy Joel) Last night they loved you, opening doors and pulling some strings, angel (Golden Years; performing artist: DAVID BOWIE) Still oversea, could it be the whole world opening wide (A View to a Kill; performing artist: Duran Duran) | |
Clever | Digital Wisdom: Affirm brain online before opening mouth.com. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Grand Opening of Walt Disney World (1971) Opening Speech (1960) Hollywood Opening Night (1951) Opening Day (1938) The Opening Night (1927) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
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Theater & Movies | |||
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High Tech |
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Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Locks at Pacific end of Panama Canal. View from ship of opening gates. Ship is moved forward and stopped by cables attached to small electric locomotives on tracks. Credit: CDC. |  | Opening in bottom of plane for K-1 camera Used on Mississippi Delta mapping project. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Molokini Island, a crescent atoll, is rim of volcanic crater opening to north Shore of Kahoolawe is visible in upper right. Over Alalakeiki Channel. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | The 15th Avenue Bridge opening to allow the NOAA Ship RONALD H. BROWN passage into Lake Union. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | Acoustic sensors used with net mensurations system -- sensors measure depth and opening of trawl net. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |  | The TERRA NOVA -- "In the pack - a lead opening up." In: "Scott's Last Expedition ....", 1913. Dodd, Mead, and Company. New York. Volume I. Page 48. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
 | For reasons not completely understood, in some years the anti-cyclone is less powerful than normal. The weaker winds it produces fail to draw cold waters up to the ocean's surface, thus opening the way for warm, nutrient-poor tropical waters. These changes in water temperature and climatic conditions are known as "El Nino". Credit: Fisheries. |  | A mine opening, adit. Note the highly contaminated acidic mine drainage coming from the left. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
 | An adit or mine opening at Blackbird Mine. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | Figure 7. E. von Petersen's photometer. Left: device before opening. Middle: device during exposure. Right: device after closing. This device was invented in 1886 by Eugen von Petersen, an engineer at the Naples zoological station. The design follows the specifications of Carl Chun. The first test of this ins trument was by Carl Chun off Capri in 250 meters water depth. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
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| "Flower Opening" by Peter E. Leonard Commentary: "A new flower just about to open. Free to use for any purpose, however I would appreciate credit for the photo. ©2003 Peter E. Leonard." | "Opening" by Radek Siechowicz Commentary: "Opening." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Play | Caption | Play | Caption |
 | The opening of the "Moonlight Sonata" composed by Beethoven. | | A woodwind quintet excerpt playing an opening to a minuet. |
| A short minuet opening played on a harpsichord composed by Mozart. | | A film score style opening featuring a harp. |
| Opening metal locker. | | Opening horizontal blinds with string pulley. |
| Opening a rusty mailbox. | | Opening a mason jar. |
| Opening a pressured can of soda. | | Opening metal lighter. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Fuller | The frost is God's plough which he drives through every inch of ground in the world, opening each clod, and pulverizing the whole. |
Ronald Reagan | Politics is just like show business. You have a hell of an opening, coast for a while, and then have a hell of a close. |
William Shakespeare | I durst not laugh for fear of opening my lips and receiving the bad air. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | China, restored to the full exercise of her sovereign rights in the above areas, declares her intention of opening them to international residence and trade. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | Their subjects in general were such as belong to an opening acquaintance |
Alice in Wonderland | Carroll, Lewis | This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | At the sound of Fauchelevent opening the door, Jean Valjean turned |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | The guards went to and fro opening, closing, locking, unlocking the doors |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | The truck driver gnawed down the stick of gum slowly, opening his jaws and lips wide with each bite |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | I took the purse, and opening it, poured all the gold into his palm |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Stool leaves the body through this opening. (references) | |
This is a small foam pad you place over the urethra opening. (references) | ||
The stool goes into a bag attached to the opening in the abdomen. (references) | ||
Business | It also favored the opening of the local loop to competition. (references) | |
Opening to the outside remains central to China's development. (references) | ||
Many large retail stores have recently been opening on Sundays. (references) | ||
Children | Morocco | The members adopted the "Marrakech Declaration," pledging to "promote, protect, and consecrate girls in Africa." On October 31, Princess Lalla Hasna presided at the official opening of the SOS Children's Village south of Casablanca, the third one to open in Morocco. (references) |
Civil Liberties | Ukraine | Unregistered groups are prohibited from opening bank accounts, acquiring property, or entering into contracts. (references) |
Ukraine | This status is necessary to own property or carry out many economic activities, such as publishing religious materials or opening bank accounts. (references) | |
Economic History | Djibouti | Opening a local bank account is compulsory. (references) |
Sweden | Opening up a call center? - consider Sweden. (references) | |
Brazil | Brazil has witnessed a significant market opening in recent years. (references) | |
Human Rights | Fiji | The HRC has received 290 requests for assistance since its opening. (references) |
Iran | However, news reports indicated that 15 defendants pled guilty during the opening stages of the trial. (references) | |
Israel and the occupied territories | The tapes showed an Israeli border guard getting out of his vehicle, adjusting his weapon, and opening fire at chest level. (references) | |
Minorities | Lebanon | In August 1999, the Fatah faction of the PLO expanded its operations in the Ain al-Hilwah refugee camp by opening security offices and hiring personnel to maintain order in the camps. (references) |
Moldova | After delaying its opening and threatening to keep it closed, separatist authorities allowed the Romanian Language School (Latin alphabet) in Tiraspol to open in 1999 without restriction from the authorities. (references) | |
Georgia | During April and May, following the opening of a criminal case against Mkalavishvili, Basilists continued their attacks against members of Jehovah's Witnesses, which included several cases in which peaceful religious gatherings in Tbilisi, Rustavi, and other locales were broken up and Jehovah's Witnesses were beaten with sticks and clubs. (references) | |
Political Economy | PHILIPPINES | Those foreign banks are limited to opening six branches each. (references) |
ALGERIA | Now only three months separate the issuance of the RFP and the opening of the bids. (references) | |
SOUTH AFRICA | In its first year, it has handled over sixty merger cases and is playing a significant role in opening the economy. (references) | |
Political Rights | Tanzania | Voting irregularities during the 2000 elections included the late arrival and absence of ballots, and the late opening of polling stations. (references) |
Bahrain | On October 2, at the opening of the 10th session of the Consultative Council (Majlis Al-Shura), the Amir stated that the country would become a constitutional monarchy, with a government based on separation of powers, majority rule, and minority rights. (references) | |
Trade | Mexico | Most Mexican distributors ask for opening account to pay for imported goods. (references) |
Travel | Romania | Hotels sometimes have doctors on call, and more private clinics are opening each year. (references) |
Vietnam | Major cities have also seen a boom in the opening of mini-hotels oriented toward the business client and long-term guest. (references) | |
Zimbabwe | Despite the progress in decontrolling and opening up the economy during the early 1990's, red tape, bureaucracy, and at times corruption, are still formidable obstacles to doing business. (references) | |
Women | Congo | Women are required by law to obtain their spouse's permission before engaging in routine legal transactions, such as selling or renting real estate, opening a bank account, accepting employment, or applying for a passport. (references) |
Brazil | The IACHR recommended that the perpetrator be prosecuted and the victim compensated, and that the Government "continue and expand the reform process...to end the condoning by the State of domestic violence against women." In March state authorities in Rio de Janeiro responded to the rise in reported violence against women by opening an integrated center for support to women victims of violence or discrimination. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Pakistan | For example, mines often only have one opening for entry, egress, and ventilation. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Bill Maher | We are opening a new front in the war on terrorism. American troops are headed to the Philippines to disrupt a Muslim rebel group there and get them back to doing what they should be doing, making Nikes for Americans. |
Rosie O'Donnell | Sunday, the Tony awards, first on PBS, then on CBS. This will be the stage I make my big singing opening number. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
George Washington | 1789-1797 | A reinforcement of the existing provisions for discharging our public debt was mentioned in my address at the opening of the last session. |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | If immediately begun, they may be in readiness for service at the opening of the next season. |
James Monroe | 1817-1825 | The actual condition of the public finances more than realizes the favorable anticipations that were entertained of it at the opening of the last session of Congress. |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | New markets are opening for our commodities and a more extensive range for the employment of our ships. |
Calvin Coolidge | 1923-1929 | We stand at the opening of the one hundred and fiftieth year since our national consciousness first asserted itself by unmistakable action with an array of force. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Standing here, one faces a magnificent vista, opening up on this city's special beauty and history. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Opening" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 56.80% of the time. "Opening" is used about 4,548 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 56.8% | 2,583 | 3,533 |
| Lexical Verb (-ing form) | 43.03% | 1,957 | 4,395 |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 0.15% | 7 | 133,076 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.02% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 4,548 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes names derived from the word "opening". | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Meaning |
| Baal-peor | N/A | Biblical | Master of the opening |
| Beth-peor | N/A | Biblical | Opening |
| Chios | N/A | Biblical | Opening |
| Jiphtah | N/A | Biblical | Opening |
| Jiphthael | N/A | Biblical | God opening |
| Nephthoah | N/A | Biblical | Opening |
| Paarai | N/A | Biblical | Opening |
| Peor | N/A | Biblical | Opening |
| Pethahiah | N/A | Biblical | The Lord opening |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
| |||
Expressions using "opening": bale opening ♦ be opening up ♦ bud opening ♦ Counter opening ♦ Gill opening ♦ nonautomatic extraction opening ♦ official opening ♦ opening a credit ♦ opening address ♦ opening balance ♦ opening balance sheet ♦ opening bid ♦ opening ceremony ♦ opening credits ♦ opening day ♦ opening entries ♦ opening furrows ♦ opening gambit ♦ opening hymn ♦ opening line ♦ opening machine ♦ opening move ♦ opening night ♦ opening of an account ♦ opening of an exhibition ♦ opening picker machine ♦ opening price ♦ opening rein ♦ opening situation ♦ opening speech ♦ opening time ♦ opening wide ♦ porous opening ♦ reefed opening shock factor ♦ screen opening ♦ spherical opening ♦ sprue opening ♦ spurious opening ♦ stair opening ♦ wide opening. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "opening": opening-bat, opening-credits, opening-day, opening-night, opening-out, opening-round, opening-time, opening-up. | |
Ending with "opening": border-opening, re-opening, season-opening. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "opening"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | vrimë (aperture, bore, dump, ear, excavation, eye, eyehole, eyelet, gap, hole, leak, mesh, mortise, mouth, notch, notching, nozzle, open, orifice, Peck, perforation, pinhole, prick, puncture, recession, rent, shell-hole, slit, slot, tear, vent, venthole), vend i lirë, shans (chance, fortuity, hap, hazard, hit, look in, luck, odds, opportunity, possibility, prayer), pjesë e parë, i parë (aboriginal, early, first, foremost, former, front, headmost, initial, maiden, original, premier, primary, primitive, progenitor), hyrje (access, accession, adit, aisle, barrier, door, entrance, entry, front door, gate, gateway, hall, hallway, incoming, induction, inflow, inflowing, ingoing, ingress, inlet, input, intake, intromission, lead in, porch, portal, preamble, preface, prelude, proem, prolegomena, prologue, throat), hapje (aperture, disclosure, dissection, inauguration, open, orifice, rift, span, spreading, stretch, tablet, tabloid, troche, vent, venthole), fillor (early, elementary, primary), fillim (beginning, breaking, coming-in, commencement, cradle, dawn, inception, incipience, initiation, lead off, offset, onset, origin, origination, outset, prime, rise, river head, seed, send off, set out, start, term), ceremoni përurimi, çarje (break, breaking, cleavage, cleft, cut, dissection, fissure, fracture, gap, gulf, incision, orifice, rent, rift, slash, split, splitting, wedge). (various references) | |
Arabic | فتحة (aperture, breach, gap, manhole, niche, orifice, overture, porthole, slash, slit, slot, vent), فجوة (aperture, breach, break, cavity, chamber, chasm, crack, crevasse, crevice, discontinuity, fissure, gap, hiatus, hole, lacuna), كوة (aperture, hole, loophole, louver, scuttle, skylight, small window), مدخل (access, door, doorway, entrance, entry, entryway, gate, gateway, hallway, inlet, introduction, preface, start, vestibule, way in), واسع الفم, حفلة الإ فتتاح, إفتتاح (inauguration, setting up, start), إستهلال (inception, initiation, overture, prologue, serve), ثغرة (cavity, hiatus, lacuna), بداية (beginning, commencement, conception, inception, onset, origination, outbreak, outset, start, starter, starting, threshold). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | отвърстие (hole, issue, orifice, osculum), дефиле (defile, gap, pass, ravine), дупка (cavity, chamber, delve, dump, earth, gap, hole, hutch, leak, mesh, perforation, pit, pore, rent, scoop, tear, vent), премиера (first night, premiere), пръв (first, foremost, leading, maiden, major, premier, primordial), начален (auroral, elemental, embryo, inceptive, incipient, infantile, initial, initiative, initiatory, introductory, original), начало (abc, basis, beginning, dawn, debut, forepart, genesis, inception, incipience, infancy, initiation, kick off, lead off, offset, onset, origin, origination, outset, prime, principle, proem, rise, rudiment, set out, source, start), отпушване (unstopping), дебют (debut), отвор (aperture, eye, hole, mesh, mortise, mouth, nose, orifice, perforation, port, vent), удобен случай (chance, occasion, opportunity), откриване (detection, discovery, explication, finding, lead off, revelation), вакантна служба (vacancy job), вакантно място (vacancy), встъпителен (entrance, exordial, inaugural, introductory, precursory, prefatory, prelusive, preparatory), горска поляна (glade), клисура (couloir, defile, draw, gap, gorge, narrow, neck, notch, ravine), разслабителен (aperient, laxative, purgative), сечище (clearing, slash), отваряне (undoing). (various references) | |
Chinese | 豁 (clear, crack, exempt, liberal-minded, open, play Chinese finger game, sacrifice, slit, stake all), 竅 (intelligence), 揭幕 , 开头. (various references) | |
Czech | otvor (aperture, bore, gap, hole, orifice, vent), otevírací, zahájení (initiation, start), vhodná příležitost, premiéra (first night, premiere), prùlom (breach, breakthrough, rupture), poèátek (beginning, inception, incipience, lead off, onset, origin, origination, outset, prime, rise, set out), poèáteèní (inceptive, incipient, initial, original, rudimentary), úvodní (introductory, prefatory), úvod (guide, introduction, outset, preface, preliminary, prelude). (various references) | |
Danish | åbning (aperture, mouth). (various references) | |
Dutch | opening (aperture, breach, gap, jaws, maw), mond (aperture, mouth), gat (aperture, backside, cave, cavity, hole, rump). (various references) | |
Esperanto | malfermo, eko (beginning, commencement, inception, outset, start), aperturo (aperture). (various references) | |
Faeroese | op (aperture, breach, gap), munni (aperture), hol (aperture, cave, cavity, hole). (various references) | |
Finnish | suu (aperture, entrance, lip, mouth, muzzle, outlet), aukko (aperture, blank, breach, break, gap). (various references) | |
Flemish | openingsuren (opening hours). (various references) | |
French | ouverture (pot opening), orifice (opening mouth), début. (various references) | |
French Canadian | d'ouverture. (various references) | |
Frisian | iepening (aperture). (various references) | |
Galician | apertura. (various references) | |
German | Eröffnung (at the opening, disclosure, inauguration, initiation, institution, Lancing, launch, publishing, revelation), Öffnung (aperture, orifice), Loch (aperture, can, cavity, clink, dump, gap, hole, hovel, jug, leak, notch, pit, pocket, pool, puncture), lichtung (clearing, glade), eröffnen (disclose, inaugurate, initiate, institute, lance, open, publish, reveal, to open, unclose, unfold), öffnend (unbolting, unclosing). (various references) | |
Greek | άνοιγμα (aperture, gap, hatch, leak, orifice, sinus). (various references) | |
Hebrew | מפלש (culvert, tunnel), פתיחה (beginning, foreword, onset), פתחה (access, gateway, scuttle), פתח (aperture, door, doorway, entrance, entry, gateway, hatch, hole, intake, manhole, mouth, portal, porthole, prise), פותה (foolish, hole for a hinge, naןve, pudenda, silly, simple, vagina, vulva), פקיחה, פער (disparity, gap), פרצה (breach, gap, loophole, vent), חשוף (bare, bareness, exposed, exposure, laying bare, naked, stripped, uncovered), התחלה (beginning, commencement, inception, onset, outset, start), הפתחות. (various references) | |
Hungarian | rés (aperture, chink, cranny, crevice, fissure, flaw, gap, hiatus, hole, leak, missing link, mortice, mortise, pool, rift, Rive, scupper, slit, slot, split), nyitható, nyitás, nyílás (aperture, gap, hatch, hatchway, hiatus, lip, mouth, muzzle, orifice, placket, placket-hole, port, recess, slit, sluice outlet, spread, vent), munkalehetőség (chance, job, possibility of employment, possibility of work), megüresedett állás, kiinduló-, kezdõ-, alkalom (break, chance, expedience, expediency, handle, occasion, opportunity, peg, slant, time). (various references) | |
Indonesian | pembukaan (dismantling, exposure, inauguration), bukaan (cut away drawing, opener). (various references) | |
Irish | oscailt (open, to open). (various references) | |
Italian | apertura (aperture, gap, gape, hole, inlet, leak, mouth, openness, orifice, slot, span, spread, vent), pertugio (hole), orificio (mouth, orifice), luce (glare, light, span, window). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 販路 (market, outlet), 扉 (door). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | まくあけ (beginning), はんろ (market, outlet), はたらきぐち (employment, position, situation), もよおし (auspices, event, festivities, function, holding, social gathering), オープニング , かいじょう (an upper floor, assembly hall, capitulation, circular, circulating letter, factorial, maritime, massive, meeting place, the grounds, upstairs), かいせつ (commentary, diffraction, establishment, explanation, marine snow), かいつう (open), とびら (door), まくあき (beginning, raising of the curtains), すきま (crack, crevice, gap), くち (mouth, orifice), くちあけ (beginning, broaching, first sale, start), しんかい (deep-sea), しゅうしょくぐち (employment, position), きりくち (cut end, section, slit), くうげき (aperture, gap, vacant space), しぎょう (carrying out, commencement, enforcing, execution, start of work, this business or profession), ふたあけ (beginning). (various references) | |
Korean | 개통. (various references) | |
Manx | toshiaght (beginning, bow, bow of ship, captain, captain of team, commencement, curtain-raiser, dawn, dawning, fore, forefront, forepart, forestalling, genesis, getaway, inception, initiation, lead, origin, outset, preliminary, start, stem, threshold, threshold of pain etc, vanguard), fosley (answer, answer door, broach as cargo; overture, broach; overture, burst, develop, disclose, disillusion, explode, introduction, lane, lane in ice field, open, open out, open up, orifice, passage, placket hole, slit, strike out, unbosom, unclench, unhook, unhook as clothing), doarlish (breach, break, gap). (various references) | |
Papiamen | apertura (aperture). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | openingay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | abertura (access, bay, breach, cage, candor, candour, chink, gap, hack, highroad crossing, hole, jaws, loophole, maw, openness, overture, passage, rent, rift, slit, splay, stoma, vent, window, yawn), boca (aperture, beginning, entrance, gob, jaw, jaws, kisser, lips, maw, mouth, mouthpiece, orifice, outfall, socket, stoma). (various references) | |
Romanian | oroficiu, ocazie fericitã, luminiş (clearance, glade), şansã (cast, chance, fortune, liberty, luck, luckiness, question), cãscãturã (gap), chei (embankment, fountain, gap, gorge, jetty, levee, mole, pier, quay, wharf), de început (early, inceptive, initial, initiative), de deschidere (inaugural), deschidere (aperture, bay, beginning, commencement, loop, span, spread), deschizãturã (aperture, breach, eyehole, gap, hole, loophole, louver, mouth, orifice, out, slit, vent), gaurã (aperture, burrow, cave, cavity, den, earth, eyelet, gap, hole, hollow, loop, orifice, pink, vent), inaugural (inaugural, maiden), inaugurare (inauguration, initiation), interspaţiu (Interspace), început (beginning, commencement, dawn, dayspring, entrance, first, germ, go off, head, head line, inchoation, lead off, morning, outset, setting in, source, spring, start, starter, starting), luminã (culture, glare, glim, glow, illumination, light, lighting, lightness, lucidity, luminous energy, perspective, side light, span, twinkle), trecãtoare (gorge, notch, pass), parte introductivã (premise), pas (channel, foot, footmark, footprint, footstep, gate, gorge, leap, move, pace, pass, pitch, remove, step, stride, tread, walk), poianã (break, glade), post liber, post vacant (vacancy), premierã (first night, premiere), prilej fericit, spaţiu liber (blank), spaţiu neapãrat, loc neapãrat. (various references) | |
Russian | расщелина (cleft, crack, crevice, fissure), раскрытие (disclosure, discovery, show-up), вступительный (admission, exordial, inaugural, initiation, introductory, prefatory, prelusive), возможность (capabilities, chance, enablement, eventuality, feasibility, occasion, opportunities, opportunity, position, possibility, pot luck, potential, potentiality, resource, room, turn), вакансия (avoidance, vacancy), открытие (detection, disclosure, discovery, finding), открывать открытие, отверстие (aperture, breach, break, ear, gab, gap, hiatus, hole, orifice, slot, vent, ventiduct), начало (beginning, breaking, commencement, cradle, go off, go-off, inception, incipience, kick off, leader, onset, origin, origination, outbreak, outset, prime, proem, set out, start), апертура (aperture, orifice), исходный (departure, initial, of reference, parent, presumptive), дебют (debut). (various references) | |
Scottish | beul (mouth). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | otvor (aperture, gape, hatch, hole, mouth, orifice, port, scuttle, vent, ventage), otvaranje (opening gambit, overture), odušak (spiracle, vent), zjap (hole), uvodni (initiatory, introductory, precursory, prelusive), upražnjeno mesto (vacancy), radno mesto (situation, work), proplanak (clearing, glade, lawn), početni (exordial, inceptive, inchoate, incipient, initial, maiden), čistina. (various references) | |
Spanish | abertura (aperture, break, crack, gap, placket, rent, slit, vent), entrada (access, accession, admission, admittance, audience, beginning, crowd, deposit, door, doorway, down payment, entrée, entrance, entrance hall, entry, gate, gate money, gateway, house, income, influx, injection, inlet, innings, input, intake, lead, lead in, mouth, porch, portal, receipts, right of entry, tackle, takings, ticket, way in), claro (apparent, break, bright, bright interval, broad, celestial, clean-cut, clear, clear-cut, clearing, clearly, crystal clear, dainty, definite, direct, discharged, distinct, evident, fair, gap, glade, it is clear, light, lightsome, liquid, obvious, of course, pellucid, plain, precise, rift, sure, thin, transparent, unshadowed, weak), brecha (breach, crevasse, gap, gash, hole). (various references) | |
Swedish | öppning (aperature, aperture, gap, inlet, interstice, mouth, orifice, passage, slot), lucka (blank, counter, door, gap, hatch, hatchway, hiatus, hole, Lacuna, scuttle, shutter, slot, wicket, window), glugg (aperture, hole), gap (abyss, chasm, gap, gape, gulf, jaws, maw, mouth, muzzle, precipice, yawn). (various references) | |
Tahitian | matarara'a. (various references) | |
Thai | โอกาส (occasion, room, scope), ส่วนแรก, การเปิด, ตอนเริ่มต้น, ตำแหน่งงานที่ว่าง, รอยโหว่. (various references) | |
Turkish | kapı (door, entrance, entry, gate, gateway, hatchway, portal), kadro açığı, fırsat (break, chance, facility, occasion, opportunity, show, turn), eleman açığı, delik (aperture, bore, cavity, den, hole, hollow, mortice, mortise, perforation, port, prick, prison, slot, stir, vent, ventage, venthole), ağiz (aperture, blade, mouth), ağız (accent, beak, beestings, brim, brink, chop, cutting edge, debouchment, dialect, edge, embouchure, gob, jaw, jaws, keen edge, kisser, lip, mouth, muzzle, oral, orifice, outlet, potato trap, stoma, trap, vent, ventage), açma (clearance, disclosure, inauguration, spreading, undoing), açiklik (aperture, room, space), açılma (burst, clarification, dehiscence, deploy, deployment, dilatation, dilation, divergence, divergency, effusion, effusiveness, evolution, expanse, expansiveness, fade in, fading, recrudescence, spreading, thaw), açılış (inaugural, inauguration), açık yer (the open), açık alan (agora, concourse, range), açış. (various references) | |
Turkmen | aзylyю. (various references) | |
Ukrainian | виставка мод в університеті, перший (arch-, first, one, original, premier, primary, prime, primus, virgin), перша вистава, початок (authorship, beginning, breaking, commencement, cradle, dawn, dawning, day-spring, first, inception, incipience, morning, mother, onset, origin, original, origination, outset, prime, proem, prolog, prologue, set out, start, starting, womb), початковий (a.b.c., arch-, archetypal, basic, elemental, inceptive, inchoate, inchoative, incipient, infant, initial, initiative, initiatory, institutional, original, originary, primary, prime, primordial, protoplastic), поруб у лісі, прем'єра (premiere), прохід у горах, просіка (break through, cut through, swath), підготовча виробка, нагода (chance, circumstance, handle, occasion), отвір (air gap, aperture, bore, boring, breach, break, canal, clearance, embrasure, gape, hole, mesh, mouth, open, orifice, ostiole, perforation, port, ventage, window), дебют (debut), вихідний, ущелина (couloir, crevice, defile, hope, notch, nullah, pass, purgatory, ravine, rift), вакансія (avoidance, vacancy), відкривання, відкриття конференції, відкриття сезону, вступ (accedence, accession, admission, entry, exordium, foreword, induction, introduction, overture, prelude, prelusion, prodrome), вступний (exordial, inaugural, inductive, initiative, introductory, prefatorial, prefatory, prelusive, prodromic), галявина (clearing, lawn), шпарина, щілина (air space, aperture, chap, chink, chop, cleft, crack, cranny, notch, peep), розколина (break, chink, cleft, crevasse, crevice, split), слушний випадок (chance), вихід на поверхню. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sự khai mạc, sự bắt đầu (commencement, inchoation, initiation, outset), mở đầu (inceptive, initiatory, preliminary, prelusive), lỗ sự mở, khe hở (play, slit, windage), khai mạc, hoàn cảnh thuận lợi việc chưa có người làm, dịp tốt, chức vị chưa có người giao, bắt đầu (inceptive, inchoative, initiative, initiatory). (various references) | |
Welsh | agoriadol (inaugural), agoriad (act of opening, key), agorfa (aperture, orifice, vent). (various references) | |
Yucatec | hool (aperture, hole), chi' (aperture, border, brim, brink, edge, edging, fringe, mouth, rim). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Sumerian | 3100 BCE-2500 BCE | buru. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | adapertione, ansa, ansae, ansam, ansas, apertura, aperturas, foramen, foramen, foraminis, foris, os, os, oris, porus. (various references) |
| Old French | 900-1400 | overture. (various references) |
| Modern Latin | 1500-Modern | stoma. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Acts Chapter 12, Verse 14 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Kai epignousa thn fwnhn tou petrou apo thV caraV ouk hnoixen ton pulwna eisdramousa de aphggeilen estanai ton petron pro tou pulwnoV |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Et ut cognovit vocem Petri prae gaudio non aperuit ianuam sed intro currens nuntiavit stare Petrum ante ianuam |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | And whanne sche knewe the vois of Petre, for ioye sche openyde not the yate, but ran in, and telde, that Petre stood at the yate. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | And when she knew Peters voyce she opened not the entrey for gladnes but ran in and told how Peter stode before the entrey. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | And when she knew Peter's voice, she opened not the gate for gladness, but ran in, and told how Peter stood before the gate. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | And when she knew Peter's voice, she opened not the gate for gladness, but ran in, and told that Peter stood before the gate |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | And hearing the voice of Peter, in her joy she went running, without opening the door, to say that Peter was outside. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Acts Chapter 12, Verse 14 |
| Albanian | Dhe, kur njohu zërin e Pjetrit, nga gëzimi nuk e hapi derën, por rendi brenda dhe njoftoi se Pjetri ndodhej para derës. |
| Cebuano | Ug sa naila niya ang tingog ni Pedro, sa iyang kalipay wala niya maablihi ang pultahan, kondili midalagan hinoon siya sa sulod ug iyang gitaho nga si Pedro didto sa pultahan nagtindog. |
| Croatian | Kad prepozna Petrov glas, od radosti i ne otvori vrata, nego utrèa i javi da je Petar pred vratima. |
| Danish | Og da hun kendte Peters Røst, lod hun af Glæde være at åbne Porten, men løb ind og forkyndte dem, at Peter stod uden for Porten. |
| Dutch | En zij de stem van Petrus bekennende, deed van blijdschap de voorpoort niet open, maar liep naar binnen en boodschapte, dat Petrus voor aan de voorpoort stond. |
| Finnish | ja tunnettuaan Pietarin äänen hän ilossansa ei avannut eteistä vaan juoksi sisään ja kertoi Pietarin seisovan portin takana. |
| French | Elle reconnut la voix de Pierre; et, dans sa joie, au lieu d`ouvrir, elle courut annoncer que Pierre était devant la porte. |
| German | Und als sie des Petrus Stimme erkannte, tat sie das Tor nicht auf vor Freuden, lief aber hinein und verkündigte es ihnen, Petrus stünde vor dem Tor. |
| Hungarian | És megismervén a Péter szavát, örömében nem nyitá meg a kaput, hanem befutván, hírül adá, hogy Péter áll a kapu elõtt. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Langsung ia mengenal suara Petrus. Karena gembiranya, ia cepat-cepat masuk kembali tanpa membuka pintu, lalu memberitahukan kepada orang-orang di situ bahwa Petrus ada di luar. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Serta dikenalnya suara Petrus, lalu tiadalah jadi ia membuka pintu itu karena sukacita, melainkan berlarilah masuk memberitahu, bahwa Petrus ada berdiri di muka pintu. |
| Italian | Riconosciuta la voce di Pietro, per la gioia non aprì la porta, ma corse ad annunziare che fuori c'era Pietro. |
| Maori | A, no ka mohio ia ki te reo o Pita, kihai i uakina te tatau i te hari, heoi oma ana ki roto, ki te korero kei te tatau a Pita e tu ana. |
| Norwegian | og da hun kjente Peters røst, blev hun så glad at hun ikke åpnet porten, men løp inn og fortalte at Peter stod utenfor |
| Portuguese | e, reconhecendo a voz de Pedro, de gozo não abriu o portão, mas, correndo para dentro, anunciou que Pedro estava lá fora. |
| Rumanian | A cunoscut glasul lui Petru: wi de bucurie, kn loc sq deschidq, a alergat knlquntru sq dea de veste cq Petru stq knaintea poryii. |
| Russian | Й, ХЪОБЧ ЗПМПУ рЕФТБ, ПФ ТБДПУФЙ ОЕ ПФЧПТЙМБ ЧПТПФ, ОП, ЧВЕЦБЧ, ПВЯСЧЙМБ, ЮФП рЕФТ УФПЙФ Х ЧПТПФ. |
| Shuar | Tura jeari, Pitru chichamen anturak ti shiir Enentáimsamiayi. Túmak Wáitin urattsuk ikiuki, init matsatainian Werí "Pítiur taa Wáitiniam wajaawai" Tímiayi. |
| Swahili | Huyo msichana aliitambua sauti ya Petro akafurahi mno, hata badala ya kuufungua ule mlango, akakimbilia ndani na kuwaambia kwamba Petro alikuwa amesimama nje mlangoni. |
| Swedish | Och när hon kände igen Petrus' röst, öppnade hon i sin glädje icke porten, utan skyndade in och berättade att Petrus stod utanför porten. |
| Uma | Na'epe-hawo libu' Petrus-di to hi mali wobo' -e. Nakeni kagoe' -na, uma-idi kaliliu mpobea wobo', lala' lau-idi nculii' hilou hi rala tomi mpo'uli' -raka doo-na: "Petrus-hanale to hi wobo' toe-e ria!" |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "opening": openings. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "opening": preopening, reopening. (additional references) | |
Words containing "opening": reopenings. (additional references) | |
| |
"Opening" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: oeming, oeningen, omenoni, openning, op'ning, pening, Poyning, tokenyng. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "opening" (pronounced ō"puning) |
| 6 | ō" p u n i ng | reopening. |
| 5 | -p u n i ng | cheapening, dampening, deepening, happening, ripening, sharpening. |
| 4 | -u n i ng | apportioning, abandoning, auctioning, auditioning, awakening, bargaining, battening, beckoning, blackening, bludgeoning, brightening, broadening, burdening, burgeoning, captioning, cautioning, championing, christening, coarsening, commissioning, conditioning, cushioning, darkening, deadening, deafening, decommissioning, determining, disciplining, disheartening, disillusioning, enlightening, envisioning, examining, fashioning, fastening, fattening, flattening, freshening, frightening, functioning, gardening, glistening, hardening, hastening, heartening, heightening, imagining, imprisoning, jettisoning, leavening, lengthening, lessening, lightening, likening, listening, loosening, maddening, malfunctioning, margining, mentioning, motioning, orphaning, pardoning, partitioning, petitioning, poisoning, positioning, provisioning, questioning, quickening, rationing, reasoning, reawakening, reckoning, reconditioning, reexamining, repositioning, ruining, saddening, sanctioning, seasoning, sectioning, shortening, sickening, siphoning, slackening, softening, stationing, stiffening, straightening, strengthening, summoning, sweetening, thickening, threatening, tightening, toughening, unquestioning, vacationing, weakening, whitening, widening, worsening. |
| 3 | -n i ng | abstaining, adjoining, adjourning, aligning, ascertaining, assigning, attaining, awning, ballooning, banning, beginning, bemoaning, binning, boning, branning, brining, Browning, burning, campaigning, caning, Canning, careening, cartooning, chaining, chaperoning, churning, cleaning, cloning, clowning, cocooning, coining, combining, complaining, concerning, condoning, confining, conning, constraining, containing, convening, Corning, couponing, crooning, crowning, cunning, dawning, declining, defining, demeaning, Denning, designing, detaining, dining, Dinning, discerning, disdaining, divining, donning, Downing, draining, droning, drowning, Dunning, Durning, earning, enjoining, entertaining, evening, explaining, fanning, fawning, feigning, fining, finning, frowning, gaining, ginning, governing, greening, grinning, groaning, gunning, headlining, honing, Horning, housecleaning, impugning, inning, intertwining, intervening, intoning, ironing, jawboning, joining, Kenning, leaning, learning, lightning, lining, loaning, machining, maintaining, Manning, meaning, midmorning, mining, moaning, morning, mourning, obtaining, opining, ordaining, outlining, overrunning, overtraining, overturning, owning, panning, penning, pertaining, phoning, pining, pinning, planning, postponing, preening, preplanning, pruning, quarantining, raining, realigning, reassigning, reclining, redefining, redesigning, redlining, refining, refraining, regaining, reigning, reining, rejoining, relearning, remaining, rerunning, resigning, restraining, retaining, retraining, returning, rezoning, running, scanning, screening, shining, shunning, signing, sinning, spanning, spawning, spinning, spurning, staining, stoning, straining, streamlining, stunning, sunning, sustaining, swooning, tanning, telephoning, thinning, toning, training, tuning, turning, twining, underlining, undermining, underpinning, unreasoning, Vining, waning, warning, weaning, whining, wining, winning, yawning, yearning, zoning. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-g-i-n-n-o-p" | |
-1 letter: epigon, pigeon. | |
-2 letters: genip, gipon, opine, oping, pengo, penni, pingo, pinon. | |
-3 letters: gien, gone, neon, nine, none, nope, open, pein, peon, pine, ping, pion, pone, pong. | |
-4 letters: ego, eng, eon, gen, gie, gin, gip, inn, ion, nip, nog, one, ope, peg, pen, pie, pig, pin, poi. | |
-5 letters: en, go, in, ne, no, oe, on, op. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-g-i-n-n-o-p" | |
+1 letter: deponing, openings. | |
+2 letters: phoneying, poignance, pollening, pondering, reopening, sapogenin, weaponing. | |
+3 letters: desponding, enveloping, expounding, pensioning, pepsinogen, pigeonwing, pioneering, poignances, portending, preopening, propending, protending, reopenings, responding, sapogenins, sponginess, unpeopling. | |
+4 letters: chaperoning, copingstone, empoisoning, interloping, interposing, kinescoping, megaphoning, necropsying, nonspeaking, outpreening, outspending, pepsinogens, personating, petitioning, pigeonwings, plasminogen, poignancies, postweaning, preignition, promenading, ropedancing, sphingosine, stenotyping, subpoenaing, telephoning, trypsinogen. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Sounds 10. Quotations: Familiar 11. Quotations: Historic 12. Quotations: Fiction | 13. Quotations: Non-fiction 14. Quotations: Spoken 15. Quotations: Speeches 16. Usage Frequency | 17. Names: Derived from 18. Expressions 19. Expressions: Internet 20. Translations: Modern | 21. Translations: Ancient 22. Bible Trace 23. Derivations 24. Rhymes | 25. Anagrams 26. Bibliography |
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