Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Nitrogen |
NitrogenNoun1. A common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless inert diatomic gas; constitutes 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume; a constituent of all living tissues. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "nitrogen" was first used: 1794. (references) |
Etymology: Nitrogen \Ni`tro*gen\, noun. [Latin expression nitrum natron -gen: compare to the French expression nitrog[`e]ne. See Niter.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Agriculture | An element found in the air and in all plant and animal tissues. For many crops, nitrogen fertilizer is essential for economic yields. However, nitrogen can also be a pollutant when nitrogen compounds are mobilized in the environment (e.g., leach from fertilized or manured fields), are discharged from septic tanks or feedlots, volatilize to the air, or are emitted from combustion engines. As pollutants, nitrogen compounds can have adverse health effects (see nitrate and air pollution) and contribute to degradation of waters (see eutrophication). (references) |
Chemistry | Neutral gaseous element causing neither oxidation nor reduction, used as an atmosphere in high-temperature operations in semiconductor device processes, used to fill hermetically-sealed device encapsulations containing voids. Source: European Union. (references) |
| Chemical element:atomic number 7. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Health | An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. (references) |
Mining | Colorless, tasteless, odorless, relatively inert element. Symbol, N. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the air, by volume. From this inexhaustible source it can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. Used in the production of ammonia and nitric acid, as a blanketing medium in the electronics industry, as a refrigerant, in annealing stainless steel, in drugs, and for forcing crude oil from oil wells. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
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| General | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Name, Symbol, Number | Nitrogen, N, 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | nonmetals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | 15 (VA), 2 , p | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density, Hardness | 1.2506 kg/m3(273K), NA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | colorless | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic weight | 14.0067 amu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 65 (56) pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 75 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| van der Waals radius | 155 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [He]2s2s22p3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| e- 's per energy level | 2, 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states (Oxide) | ±3,5,4,2 (strong acid) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State of matter | gas (__) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 63.14 K (-345.75 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 77.35 K (-320.17 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar volume | 13.54 ×1010-3 m3/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 2.7928 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 0.3604 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vapor pressure | __ Pa at __ K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound | 334 m/s at 298.15 K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 3.04 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | 1040 J/(kg*K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical conductivity | __ 106/m ohm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 0.02598 W/(m*K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st ionization potential | 1402.3 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd ionization potential | 2856 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd ionization potential | 4578.1 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4th ionization potential | 7475.0 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5th ionization potential | 9444.9 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6th ionization potential | 53266.6 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7th ionization potential | 64360 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Most Stable Isotopes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| SI units & STP are used except where noted. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nitrogen is a non-metal, with an electronegativity of 3.0. It has five electrons in its outer shell, so is trivalent in most compounds. Pure nitrogen is an unreactive colorless diatomic gas at room temperature, and comprises about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It condenses at 77 K and freezes at 63 K. Liquid nitrogen is a common cryogen.
The greatest single commercial use of nitrogen is as a component in the manufacture of ammonia via the Haber process. Ammonia is subsequently used for fertilizer production and to produce nitric acid. Nitrogen is used as an inert atmosphere in tanks of explosive liquid storage tanks, during production of electronic parts such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits, and is used in the manufacture of stainless steel. Nitrogen is used as a coolant both for the immersion freezing of food products and for transportation of foods, for the preservation of bodies and reproductive cells (sperm and egg), and for the stable storage of biological samples in biology.
The salts of nitric acid include some important compounds, for example potassium nitrate, or saltpeter, and ammonium nitrate. The former compound is a component of gunpowder, the latter important in fertilizer. Nitrated organic compounds, such as nitroglycerin and trinitrotoluene, are often explosives.
Nitric acid is used as an oxidizer in liquid fueled rockets. Hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives find use as rocket fuels.
Nitrogen in its liquid state (often referred to as LN2) is often used in cryogenics. Liquid nitrogen is produced by distillation from liquid air. At atmospheric pressure, nitrogen condenses at -195.8 degrees Celsius. (-320.4 degrees Fahrenheit).
Nitrogen (Latin nitrum, Greek Nitron meaning "native soda", "genes", "forming") is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air. That there was a fraction of air that did not support combustion was well known to the late 18th century chemist. Nitrogen was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley, who referred to it as burnt air or dephilogisticated air. Nitrogen gas was inert enough that Antoine Lavoisier referred to it as azote, which stands for without life.
Compounds of nitrogen were known in the Middle Ages. The alchemists knew nitric acid as aqua fortis. The mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids was known as aqua regia, celebrated for its ability to dissolve gold.
Nitrogen is the largest single component of the Earth's atmosphere (78.1% by volume) and is acquired for industrial purposes by the fractional distillation of liquid air..
Compounds that contain this element have been observed in outer space. Nitrogen-14 is created as part of the fusion processes in stars. Nitrogen is a large component of animal waste (for example, guano), usually in the form of urea, uric acid, and compounds of these nitrogenous products.
The main hydride of nitrogen is ammonia (NH3) although hydrazine (N2H4) is also well known. Ammonia is somewhat more basic than water, and in solution forms ammonium ions (NH4+). Liquid ammonia in fact slightly amphiprotic and forms ammonium and amide ions (NH2-); both amides and nitride (N3-) salts are known, but decompose in water. Singly and doubly substituted compounds of ammonia are called amines. Larger chains, rings and structures of nitogen hydrides are also known but virtually unstable.
Other classes of nitrogen anions are azides (N3-), which are linear and isoelectronic to carbon dioxide. Another molecule of the same structure is dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), or laughing gas. This is one of a variety of oxides, the most prominent of which are nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which both contain an unpaired electron. The latter shows some tendency to dimerize and is an important component of smog.
The more standard oxides, dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), are actually fairly unstable and explosive. The corresponding acids are nitrous (HNO2) and nitric acid (HNO3), with the corresponding salts called nitrites and nitrates. Nitric acid is one of the few acids stronger than hydronium.
Nitrogen is an essential part of amino and nucleic acids which makes nitrogen vital to all life. Legumes like the soybean plant, can recover nitrogen directly from the atmosphere because their roots have nodules harboring microbes that do the actual conversion to ammonia in a process known as nitrogen fixation. The legume subsequently converts ammonia to nitrogen oxides and amino acids to form proteins.
There are two stable isotopes: N-14 and N-15. By far the most common is N-14 (99.634%), which is produced in the CNO cycle in stars. The rest is N-15. Of the ten isotopes produced synthetically, one has a half life of nine minutes and the remaining isotopes have half lives on the order of seconds or less.
Biologically-mediated reactions (e.g., assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification) strongly control nitrogen dynamics in the soil. These reactions almost always result in N-15 enrichment of the substrate and depletion of the product. Although precipitation often contains subequal quantities of ammonium and nitrate, because ammonium is preferentially retained by the canopy relative to atmospheric nitrate, most of the atmospheric nitrogen that reaches the soil surface is in the form of nitrate. Soil nitrate is preferentially assimilated by tree roots relative to soil ammonium. Notable Characteristics
Applications
History
Occurrence
Compounds
Biological Role
Isotopes
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Nitrogen."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| NICE | English | Nitrogen Cycling in Estuaries | Environment |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonym: NitrogenSynonym: atomic number 7 (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Cold | Freezing mixture, dry ice, liquid nitrogen, liquid helium. |
Physical Insensibility | Anaesthetic agent, opium, ether, chloroform, chloral; nitrous oxide, laughing gas; exhilarating gas, protoxide of nitrogen; refrigeration. |
Refrigerator | Freezing mixture, ice, ice cubes, blocks of ice, chipped ice; liquid nitrogen, dry ice, dry ice-acetone, liquid helium. |
Freezer, deep freeze, dry ice freezer, liquid nitrogen freezer, refigerator-freezer. | |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Clever | Nitrogen is not found in Ireland because it is not found in a free state. (references; author: unknown) What common everyday occurrence is composed of 59% nitrogen, 21% hydrogen, and 9% dioxide? A fart. (references; author: unknown) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | The liquid nitrogen will preserve a specimen from a patient with VHF.Credit: CDC. |  | In order to preserve various specimens for long periods of time, scientists often make use of the extremely cold temperatures offered by liquified nitrogen.Credit: CDC. |
 | Deer pea is a common marsh plant that plays an important role in nitrogen cycling.Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Immersing specimen material in liquid nitrogen to preserve for future studies.Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
 | Storing sample material in a vile prior to storing in liquid nitrogen.Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |  | Plate 5. Knudsen apparatus for the determination of the nitrogen and oxygen levels in sea water. Model with three burettes.Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
 | Figure 22. Chemical elements that are dissolved in sea water. Major elements are sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, silicon, carbon, sulfur, oxygen, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Minor elements are titanium, nitrogen, phosphorus , arsenic, boron, rubidium, cesium, lithium, strontium, barium, zinc, copper, silver, gold, aluminum, lead, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel.Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Crop consultant draws a soil sample early in the crop year to test nitrogen availability in the soil. This late spring nitrogen test is meant to decide whether and how much nitrogen the growing crop needs for optimum production; only the amount of nitroge.Credit: Lynn Betts. |
 | Nitrogen being applied to growing corn in a contoured, no-tilled field in Hardin County. Applying smaller amounts of nitrogen several times over the growing season rather than all at once at or before planting helps the plants use the nitrogen rather than.Credit: Lynn Betts. |  | To measure nitrogen runoff in the Pacific northwest, plant physiologist Steve Griffith collects water samples from a monitor well inside the riparian zone near the Calapooya River. P.Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Brian Prechtel.. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Blood urea nitrogen (BUN). (references) | |
Healthy kidneys remove creatinine and urea nitrogen from the blood. (references) | ||
Urea nitrogen (yoo-REE-uh NY-truh-jen) also is produced from the breakdown of food protein. (references) | ||
Business | China will import phosphate and potash fertilizer and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer as supplements. (references) | |
Best prospects exist for analyzing equipment, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) controls, and odor control equipment. (references) | ||
While China began to reduce the importation of nitrogen fertilizer from 1997, it has not badly hurt U.S. exports of fertilizer products. (references) | ||
Economic History | Nicaragua | The most significant imports are urea 46 percent nitrogen (fertilizer), fungicides, herbicides, and compound formula fertilizers. (references) |
Trinidad | The higher production level is a direct consequence of the coming on stream of two new plants by Farmland Misschem and PCS Nitrogen. (references) | |
Czech Rep | The main issues are nitrogen and phosphorus removal (biological treatment) and the EU requirement for sewage systems and WWT plants for all towns with more than 2,000 inhabitants. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Nitrogen" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Nitrogen" is used about 834 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 834 | 8,427 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| USA | Terra Nitrogen Company, L.P. |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "nitrogen": blood urea nitrogen ♦ liquid nitrogen ♦ liquid nitrogen freezer ♦ nitrogen balance ♦ Nitrogen Compounds ♦ nitrogen cycle ♦ Nitrogen Dioxide ♦ Nitrogen Fixation ♦ nitrogen fixation gene ♦ nitrogen gas ♦ Nitrogen Isotopes ♦ nitrogen mustard ♦ Nitrogen Mustard Compounds ♦ nitrogen narcosis ♦ nitrogen oxide ♦ Nitrogen Oxides ♦ nitrogen pentoxide ♦ nitrogen peroxide ♦ Nitrogen Radioisotopes ♦ nitrogen tetroxide ♦ nitrogen trap ♦ nitrogen trichloride ♦ protoxide of nitrogen. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "nitrogen": nitrogen-based, nitrogen-bearing, nitrogen-containing, nitrogen-filled, nitrogen-fixer, nitrogen-fixers, nitrogen-fixing, nitrogen-free, nitrogen-loving, nitrogen-mediated, nitrogen-methane, nitrogen-oxide, nitrogen-processing, nitrogen-rich, nitrogen-sparing, nitrogen-xxxx. | |
Ending with "nitrogen": Carbon-Nitrogen, high-nitrogen, liquid-nitrogen, low-nitrogen, sulphur-nitrogen. | |
Containing "nitrogen": Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases, Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases with Glutamine as Amide-N-Donor, Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
nitrogen | 316 |
liquid nitrogen | 260 |
nitrogen cycle | 221 |
nitrogen generator | 59 |
blood urea nitrogen | 53 |
nitrogen oxide | 48 |
urea nitrogen | 37 |
nitrogen dioxide | 26 |
nitrogen fertilizer | 24 |
nitrogen tank | 23 |
cream ice liquid nitrogen | 22 |
nitrogen pcs | 22 |
nitrogen gas | 21 |
nitrogen fixation | 21 |
cycle diagram nitrogen | 20 |
buy liquid nitrogen | 19 |
nitrogen regulator | 15 |
nitrogen fixing bacterium | 14 |
nitrogen cylinder | 13 |
nitrogen narcosis | 12 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "nitrogen"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | azotik (azotic, nitrogenous), azot. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | نتروجين, غاز النتروجين. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | азотен (azotic, nitric, nitrogenous), азот. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 淡 (diluted, fresh, indifferent, insipid, light in color, tasteless, weak), 氮氣 , 氮", 氮 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | dusík. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | nitrogen (azote), kvælstof (azote), E941. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | stikstof (azote). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | nitrogeno, azoto. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Faeroese | køvievni. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Farsi | نیتروژن , ازت . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | typpi (E941). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | azote. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Stickstoff (azote, E941). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | άζωτο (E941). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | ח קן. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | nitrogén (nitrogenous). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | zat lemas. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Irish | nítrigin. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | azoto (azote, E941). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | ' . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | ちっそ. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 질소 (Nitric). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | neetrageen. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Papiamen | nitrógeno. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | itrogennay nitrogênio (azote), nitrogénio (azote), E941 (E941), azoto (azote, E941, nitrogen oxide), azotito. (various references) nitrogen, azot (azote). (various references) азот (azote). (various references) azotni (nitric, nitrogenous), azot. (various references) nitrógeno (azote, E941). (various references) kväve (E941). (various references) ไนโตรเจน. (various references) azot (nitrogenous). (various references) azot (r). (various references) азот (azote). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | nitron. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "nitrogen": nitrogenase, nitrogenases, nitrogenous, nitrogens. (additional references) | |
Words containing "nitrogen": nonnitrogenous. (additional references) | |
| |
"Nitrogen" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: fibrogen, Microgen, nichrome, nitorgen, Nitrigen, Nitrigin, nitrogeno, nurofen. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "nitrogen" (pronounced nī"trujun) |
| 6 | -t r u j u n | estrogen. |
| 5 | -r u j u n | hydrogen, origin. |
| 4 | -u j u n | antigen, carcinogen, glycogen, halogen, oxygen, pathogen, plasminogen. |
| 3 | -j u n | allergen, bludgeon, burgeon, collegian, contagion, curmudgeon, dudgeon, dungeon, engine, gudgeon, imagine, legion, margin, neurosurgeon, pigeon, region, religion, smidgen, sturgeon, surgeon, trudgen, virgin. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-g-i-n-n-o-r-t" | |
-1 letter: genitor, intoner, negroni, renting, ringent, rontgen, ternion. | |
-2 letters: engirt, eringo, ginner, goiter, goitre, ignore, intern, intone, intron, norite, noting, orient, region, tinner, toeing, tonger, tonier, toning, tonner, trigon. | |
-3 letters: ergot, genro, giron, goner, griot, groin, inert, ingot, inner, inter, intro, irone, niter, niton, nitre, nitro, nonet, noter, reign, renig, renin, tenon, tenor, tiger, tigon, tinge, toner, tonne, trigo, trine, trone. | |
-4 letters: ergo, gent, gien, girn, giro, girt, goer, gone, gore, grin, grit, grot, inro, into, iron, neon, nine, nite, noir, none, nori, note, ogre, rein, rent, ring, riot, rite, rote, roti, tern, tier, tine, ting, tire, tiro, tone, tong, tore, tori, torn, trig, trio. | |
-5 letters: ego, eng, eon, erg, ern, gen, get, gie, gin, git, gor, got, inn, ion, ire, net, nit, nog, nor, not, one, ore, ort, reg, rei, ret, rig, rin, roe, rot, teg, ten, tie, tin, toe, tog, ton, tor. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-g-i-n-n-o-r-t" | |
+1 letter: enrooting, mentoring, nitrogens, orienting. | |
+2 letters: bethorning, concerting, concreting, constringe, converting, countering, dethroning, enthroning, generation, grindstone, interorgan, networking, outearning, outgrinned, portending, protending, recounting, refronting, reignition, remounting, renovating, resonating, shortening, stringendo, tormenting, tourneying. | |
+3 letters: ancestoring, antiforeign, centimorgan, cointerring, constringed, constringes, countersign, denigration, exonerating, generations, germination, grindstones, incongruent, integration, interloping, interposing, interrobang, necrotizing, networkings, nitrogenase, nitrogenous, nonintegral, orientating, ornamenting, outlearning, outpreening, overhunting, overturning, personating, preignition, reanointing, rebuttoning, recognition, reignitions, renotifying, reobtaining, reorienting, resignation, shortenings, trypsinogen. | |
+4 letters: androgenetic, antiestrogen, antireligion, centimorgans, cogeneration, concentering, concertgoing, concertizing, concretizing, congregating, congregation, conjecturing, consecrating, constringent, contravening, copartnering, copresenting, countersigns, countersuing, degeneration, denigrations, disorienting, emargination, encountering, energization, foretokening, generational, germinations, heterodyning, ignorantness, impregnation, integrations, interfolding, interlocking, interrobangs, interworking, introjecting, introverting, inventorying, misorienting, nitrogenases, nonbreathing, nonirrigated, nonoperating, nonstrategic, octogenarian, orienteering, outnumbering, overcounting, overhuntings, overnighting, overplanting, overprinting, overthinking, overtraining, precognition, preignitions, prenotifying, reappointing, recognitions, reconnecting, recontacting, recontouring, reconverting, reconvicting, reenthroning, regeneration, remoistening, remonetizing, renominating, resignations, sonneteering, truncheoning, trypsinogens, undercoating, ungenerosity, unstoppering, urinogenital, volunteering. | |
+5 letters: aggiornamento, anthropogenic, antiestrogens, antiforeigner, argumentation, cogenerations, concentrating, concertgoings, confederating, congregations, consternating, controverting, counteracting, counterfiring, countermining, countermoving, counterposing, countersigned, decarbonating, decontrolling, degenerations, degranulation, demonstrating, disconcerting, downrightness, emarginations, energizations, fictioneering, fragmentation, frontogenesis, genitourinary, germanization, grandiloquent, housetraining, hydrogenating, hydrogenation, impersonating, impregnations, incongruently, incongruities, intercropping, intercrossing, interiorising, interiorizing, interpolating, interregional, interrogating, interrogation, interworkings, introgressant, introgression, introspecting, milliroentgen, misgovernment, nitroglycerin, nonfigurative, nonintegrated, nonreflecting, nonregulation, nonvegetarian, octogenarians, organogenetic, orientalizing, orienteerings, outgeneraling, outrebounding, overextending, overindulgent, overinflating, overingenuity, overstraining, overwintering, peregrination, precautioning, precognitions, preconcerting, predominating, premoistening, prenominating, preportioning, pretensioning, reconnoitring, rediscounting, regenerations, regimentation, rehypnotizing, reinoculating, reintegration, reintroducing, remonstrating, rencountering, renegotiating, renegotiation, reorientating, repositioning, sonneteerings, subgeneration, transgression, underclothing, undercoatings, undercounting, undershooting. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4E 69 74 72 6F 67 65 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)-. .. - .-. --- --. . -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001110 01101001 01110100 01110010 01101111 01100111 01100101 01101110 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)N i t r o g e n |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004E 0069 0074 0072 006F 0067 0065 006E |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)4875868481737180 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Non-fiction | 9. Usage Frequency 10. Names: Company Usage 11. Expressions 12. Expressions: Internet | 13. Translations: Modern 14. Translations: Ancient 15. Abbreviations 16. Acronyms | 17. Derivations 18. Rhymes 19. Anagrams 20. Orthography | 21. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
