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Definition: Mortar |
MortarNoun1. A muzzle-loading high-angle gun with a short barrel that fires shells at high elevations for a short range. 2. Used as a bond in masonry or for covering a wall. 3. A bowl-shaped vessel in which substances can be ground and mixed with a pestle. Verb1. Plaster with mortar. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "mortar" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Chemical Industry | Deep, heavy bowl of wood, marble, ceramics, in which spices, herbs, etc. , are crushed or ground by hand with pestle. Source: European Union. (references) |
Bible | Mortar (Heb. homer), cement of lime and sand (Gen. 11:3; Ex. 1:14); also potter's clay (Isa. 41:25; Nah. 3:14). Also Heb. 'aphar, usually rendered "dust," clay or mud used for cement in building (Lev. 14:42, 45). Mortar for pulverizing (Prov. 27:22) grain or other substances by means of a pestle instead of a mill. Mortars were used in the wilderness for pounding the manna (Num. 11:8). It is commonly used in Palestine at the present day to pound wheat, from which the Arabs make a favourite dish called kibby. Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary. |
Building & Civil Engineering | Artificial conglomerate of fine grains clustered together by a binder. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | A. The receptacle beneath the stamps in a stamp mill, in which the dies are placed, and into which the rock is fed to be crushed b. A vessel in which rock is crushed by hand with a pestle for sampling orassaying. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Mortar is a material used in masonry to fill the gaps between blocks in construction and bind the blocks together -- these can be stone, brick, breezeblocks (cinder blocks) etc. It is a mixture of sand, a powdered adhesive and water that is applied as a paste and then dries hard.The earliest known mortar was used by the ancient Egyptians, and was made from gypsum. This form was essentially a mixture of plaster and sand, and was quite soft.
Lime mortar, using quicklime, CaO, was discovered about 4000 BC, about the time the great Egyptian pyramids were built. Lime, CaO3, is heated to release CO2 as a gas, leaving behind CaO. When later mixed with water it forms hydrated, or slaked, lime, which releases heat and slowly dries to a solid Ca(OH)2. The slaked lime is normally fairly plastic and therefore easy to work with. Over time the slake reacts with CO2 in the air to re-form back into CaO3, releasing water in the process. Lime mortars were used thoughout the world, notably by the Roman Empire buildings throughout Europe and Africa.
Cement mortars were first developed by the Roman Empire but did not become widespread in Europe until the 18th century, and did not fully replace lime mortar until about 1930. Lime mortar was slower to harden, but more flexible, making it more compatible with soft old bricks. Cement mortar is less permeable, harder, and more suitable for use with hard modern bricks.
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A mortar is a military weapon into which is dropped a mortar shell, which is then fired in a high ballistic trajectory. Modern mortars consists of a simple tube; however, early mortars were very short, very thick cannons, and some required transport on railroad cars. Mortars are often portable by infantry and can be used as a small-scale substitute for artillery.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Mortar."
Synonyms: MortarSynonyms: howitzer (n), trench mortar (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Arms | Gun, piece; firearms; artillery, ordnance; siege train, battering train; park, battery; cannon, gun of position, heavy gun, field piece, mortar, howitzer, carronade, culverin, basilisk; falconet, jingal, swivel, pederero, bouche a feu; petard, torpedo; mitrailleur, mitrailleuse; infernal machine; smooth bore, rifled cannon, Armstrong gun, Lancaster gun, Paixhan gun, Whitworth gun, Parrott gun, Krupp gun, Gatling gun, Maxim gun, machine gun; pompom; ten pounder. |
Connection | Cement, glue, gum, paste, size, wafer, solder, lute, putty, birdlime, mortar, stucco, plaster, grout; viscum. |
Materials | Noun: material, raw material, stuff, stock, staple; adobe, brown stone; chinking; clapboard; daubing; puncheon; shake; shingle, bricks and mortar; metal; stone; clay, brick crockery; compo, composition; concrete; reinforced concrete, cement; wood, ore, timber. |
Pulverulence | Mill, arrastra, gristmill, grater, rasp, file, mortar and pestle, nutmeg grater, teeth, grinder, grindstone, kern, quern, koniology. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Then all we'll have left to call our own is death---that barren mound of earth that serves as paste and mortar to cover our bones. (Executive Action; writing credit: Dalton Trumbo) Before the mortar of his seal Has a chance to congeal The cup is dashed from his lips The flame is snuffed a-borning He's brought to wrack and ruin in his prime. (Mary Poppins; writing credit: P.L. Travers; Bill Walsh) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
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Music |
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Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
![]() | Map of Fort Jackson, Louisiana, showing the effects of indirect mortar fire by mortar boats positioned by Coast Surveyors working with Captain David Dixon Porter. This map was printed as a commemorative copy on the occasion of the 150th Anniversary of the formation of the Survey of the Coast. Credit: Treasures of the Library. | ![]() | At a Mississippi River area port, circa 1862-65. Note: The original caption identified location and date as Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in July 1862. However, the presence of a mortar boat (at right) indicates that either the date is later or the location is above Vicksburg if the photo was taken in 1862. Credit: NAVY. |
![]() | Moored at Memphis, Tennessee, with her awnings up, during the Civil War. Note mortar boats alongside Essex, also with awnings deployed, and small building atop the bluff, toward the left, marked "Pittsburgh COAL", with the Pittsburgh Coal Company's castle symbol between "CO" and "AL". Credit: NAVY. | ![]() | Communist troops during military exercise in Laos, small mortar launchers in foreground. Credit: Library of Congress. |
![]() | Mortar dictator. Credit: Library of Congress. | ![]() | Fort Pulaski, Ga. Dismounted mortar. Credit: Library of Congress. |
![]() | Petersburg, Va. The "Dictator," a 13-inch mortar, in position. Credit: Library of Congress. | ![]() | Mortar battery on Cay Smith, Santiago. Credit: Library of Congress. |
![]() | Aiming a Mortar, in Jacksons Connecticut battery. Credit: Library of Congress. | ![]() | View of 8 in. Mortar in Captain Dow's Battery. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | It was quite recent, the lines were white in the old black mortar, a tuft of nettles at the foot of the wall was powdered with fresh fine plaster. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | The single-family home segment of the housing market in Argentina is clearly and heavily dominated by traditional building systems using concrete , brick and mortar. (references) | |
They fear that a faulty wire coupled with leaky pipes could result in fire hazards which would be disastrous in dry-wall and wood houses, but would have only minor structural effects in brick and mortar or concrete dwellings. (references) | ||
Economic History | Australia | The dot com collapse of last year has meant that traditional bricks and mortar companies are not as obliged to race into the adoption of Internet commerce applications as they would have (if the dot com business paradigm had proven to be sustainable and successful). (references) |
Human Rights | Lebanon | On June 29, Hizballah attacked Sheb'a Farms with mortar and rockets, wounding one Israeli soldier. (references) |
Russia | For example, in December 2000, seven students were killed when Russian forces fired mortar rounds on Groznyy State Pedagogical Institute. (references) | |
Political Economy | Israel and the occupied territories | Nearly 2,000 terror attacks, including suicide bombings, drive-by shootings, mortar and grenade attacks, and stabbings took place during the year in the West Bank, Gaza, and Israel proper. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | INK, n. A villainous compound of tannogallate of iron, gum-arabic and water, chiefly used to facilitate the infection of idiocy and promote intellectual crime. The properties of ink are peculiar and contradictory: it may be used to make reputations and unmake them; to blacken them and to make them white; but it is most generally and acceptably employed as a mortar to bind together the stones of an edifice of fame, and as a whitewash to conceal afterward the rascal quality of the material. There are men called journalists who have established ink baths which some persons pay money to get into, others to get out of. Not infrequently it occurs that a person who has paid to get in pays twice as much to get out. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Mortar" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 97.25% of the time. "Mortar" is used about 472 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 97.25% | 459 | 12,771 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 1.69% | 8 | 124,375 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 1.06% | 5 | 157,705 |
| Total | 100.00% | 472 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "mortar": asphaltic mortar ♦ ballistic mortar ♦ bricks and mortar ♦ cementitious mortar ♦ Diamond mortar ♦ Gauged mortar ♦ lean mortar ♦ mortar and pestle ♦ mortar bed ♦ mortar board ♦ mortar boat ♦ mortar fire ♦ mortar mixer ♦ mortar piece ♦ mortar vessel ♦ pneumatic mortar ♦ pneumatically applied mortar ♦ spread mortar ♦ trench mortar. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "mortar": mortar-bearing, mortar-board, mortar-bombed, mortar-flashes, mortar-rich. | |
Ending with "mortar": bedding-mortar, re-mortar, Stone-mortar. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "mortar"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | mortajë, tretësirë ndërtimi, thuk, solucion ndërtimi, solucion gëlqere, llaç (plaster, sop, stucco), havan. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | ملاط (lute, luting), مدفع الهاون, هاون, قصر (abridge, become shorter, brevity, castle, chateau, contract, court, fragility, limit, limitation, mansion, narrowness, palace, reduction, restriction, shorten, shortness, smallness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | хоросан (roughcast), хаван (pounder), мортира, минохвъргачка (mine-thrower, trench mortar). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 臼 , 灰浆. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | minomet, malta (Grout, Malta), spojovat maltou, hmoždíř. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | morter, mørtel, salutkanon, kanon (cannon). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | mortier (morter), vijzel (jack). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | pistujo. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Farsi | هاون داروسازی , هاون (Pounder), ساروج کردن (Concrete), خمپاره , شفته (Vexatious), باخمپاره زدن . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | kranaatinheitin, kalkkilaasti, huhmar. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | mortier (lean mortar, mortarboard, morter). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | mörtel (morter, stucco), mörser. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | κονίασμα (plaster), κονίαμα (filler), όλμοσ, όλμος εκτόξευσης κροτίδων, όλμος (shell), γουδί, λάσπη (alluvium, cement, clay, mire, mud, ooze, puddle, silt, slab, slime, slosh, sludge), ασβεστώνω (calcimine, plaster, whitewash), ασβεστοκονίαμα, ολμοβόλο (howitzer). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | מלט (cement), מכתשת (pothole), מכתש (cavity, crater, hollow), מ"וכ" (saddle, seat), מר'מ", לטיח (coat, daub, plaster, render), לר'ום במר'מ", חומר (compound, element, ingredient, material, matter, sermon, stuff, subject, substance), כותש, טיח (plaster). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | mozsárágyú (howitzer), mozsár, habarcs (Grout), vakolat (daub, pargeting, plaster, plastering), malter, aknavető. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | mortir, senjata lengkung, cobek. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | mortaio, malta (Malta), calcina (slaked lime). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 臼 , 迫' , すり鉢 , モリブデン酸アンモニウ (ammonium molybdate, guinea pig, malt, malt whisky, marmotte, Moldavia, molybdenium, morgue, morphine), 搗き臼 , 漆食 (plaster, stucco), 漆喰 (plaster, stucco), "鉢 , "り鉢 , 乳鉢 , "臼 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | すりばち (earthenware mortar), モルタル , しっくい (plaster, stucco), きゅうほう (former fief, old country, old law, old method, urgent report or message), つきうす, にゅうばち, にゅうはち, からうす, はく'きほう. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 박격포. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | plaastyr (parget, plaster), mortyr slaaik, morteyr, mortar, ceau bleaystanyn. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | ortarmay almofariz, morteiro (howitzer), gral, argamassa (bond, cement, cob, daub, grout, morter, parget, plaster, pug). (various references) mortar, mojar, piuliţã (female screw, internal screw, nut, screw-nut), piuã micã. (various references) ступка (pounder, poundes, stamp), ступа, строительный раствор, мортира, миномет (minethrower, mine-thrower, trench mortar), известковый раствор (calcimine, whitewash). (various references) mortar. (various references) minobacač (mine-thrower), malter (plaster), avan. (various references) mortero (mine-thrower, pan). (various references) murbruk (plaster), mortel, mörsare. (various references) sıva yapmak, havan (Muller), harç ile sıvamak, harç (daub, fees, Grout, plaster, tabby, tax). (various references) minomяot (r). (various references) ступка (pounder), ступа, скріпляти вапняним розчином, обстрілювати з міномета, міномет (mine-thrower). (various references) vữa. (various references) morter, cymrwd (plaster). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Sumerian | 3100 BCE-2500 BCE | gum. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | mortarium, pila, pilae, pilam, pilis. (various references) |
| Avestan | 200-600 | hâvana. (various references) |
| Middle French | 1400-1600 | mortier. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Proverbs Chapter 27, Verse 22 |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Si contuderis stultum in pila quasi tisanas feriente desuper pilo non auferetur ab eo stultitia eius |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | If thou bete togidere a fool in a morter, as hoolid barli smytende there vp on the pestel; shal not ben take awei fro hym his folie. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar among wheat with a pestle, yet will not his foolishness depart from him. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Though thou shouldst bray a fool in a mortar among wheat with a pestle, yet his foolishness will not depart from him. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | Even if a foolish man is crushed with a hammer in a vessel among crushed grain, still his foolish ways will not go from him. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Proverbs Chapter 27, Verse 22 |
| Cebuano | ¶ Bisan pa ikaw magadugmok sa usa ka buang sa usa ka lusong pinaagi sa usa ka alho lakip sa linubok nga trigo, Apan ang iyang binuang dili gayud mobiya gikan kaniya. |
| Chinese | 雖 " 杵 、 將 愚 妄 人 與 " 碎 的 麥 子 一 同 搗 在 臼 中 、 他 的 愚 妄 還 是 離 不 了 他 。 |
| Croatian | Da bezumnika stuèeš tuèkom u stupi, ne bi ga ostavila ludost njegova. |
| Danish | Om du knuste en Dåre i Morter med Støder midt imellem Gryn, hans Dårskab veg dog ej fra ham. |
| Dutch | Al stiet gij den dwaas in een mortier met een stamper, in het midden van het gestoten graan, zijn dwaasheid zou van hem niet afwijken. |
| Finnish | Survo hullua huhmaressa, petkelellä surveitten seassa: ei erkane hänestä hänen hulluutensa. |
| French | Quand tu pilerais l`insensé dans un mortier, Au milieu des grains avec le pilon, Sa folie ne se séparerait pas de lui. |
| German | Wenn du den Narren im Mörser zerstießest mit dem Stämpel wie Grütze, so ließe doch seine Narrheit nicht von ihm. |
| Hungarian | Ha megtörnéd is a bolondot mozsárban mozsártörõvel a megtört gabona között, nem távoznék el õ tõle az õ bolondsága. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Sekalipun orang bodoh dipukul sekeras-kerasnya, tak akan lenyap kebodohannya. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Jikalau kiranya orang bodoh ditumbuk dalam lesung bersama-sama dengan segala beras sekalipun, maka tiada juga bodohnya akan bercerai dari padanya. |
| Italian | Anche se tu pestassi lo stolto nel mortaio tra i grani con il pestello, non scuoteresti da lui la sua stoltezza. |
| Maori | ¶ Ahakoa i tukua e koe te wairangi ki te tuki i roto i te kumete i waenga i nga witi pepe, e kore tona whakaarokore e riro. |
| Norwegian | Om du støter dåren i morteren med støteren midt iblandt grynene, så viker hans dårskap allikevel ikke fra ham. |
| Portuguese | Ainda que pisasses o insensato no gral entre grãos pilados, contudo não se apartaria dele a sua estultícia. |
| Rumanian | Pe nebun chiar dacq l-ai pisa cu pisqlogul kn piuq, kn mijlocul grqunyelor, nebunia tot n`ar iewi din el. - |
| Russian | фПМЛЙ ЗМХ ПЗП Ч УФХ Е ЕУФПН ЧНЕУФЕ У ЪЕТОПН, ОЕ ПФ"ЕМЙФУС ПФ ОЕЗП ЗМХ ПУФШ ЕЗП. |
| Swedish | Om du stötte den oförnuftige mortel med en stöt, bland grynen, så skulle hans oförnuft ändå gå ur honom. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "mortar": mortarboard, mortarboards, mortared, mortaring, mortarless, mortars, mortary. (additional references) | |
| |
"Mortar" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Fortar, marlar, martar, martor, matar, merter, Mirar, Moktar, moltar, momtar, Morarji, Morat, Morcar, mordar, morha, moritura, morituri, Morkar, mormaor, mormark, mortam, mortary, mortat, morte, Morter, Mortham, Mortier, morto, mortor, Morvah, mostar, motar, Mottard, mrtar, Murar, murtar, Murtaz, Murter, Murtra, myrtar, Norstar. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "mortar" (pronounced mô"rter) |
| 4 | -ô" r t er | Courter, exporter, importer, porter, quarter, reporter, shorter, sorter, supporter, transporter. |
| 3 | -r t er | barter, Carter, charter, darter, garter, headquarter, hindquarter, martyr, nonstarter, Sartor, smarter, starter, tartar, Tarter. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-m-o-r-r-t" | |
-1 letter: amort, armor. | |
-2 letters: atom, mart, moat, mora, mort, orra, rato, roam, roar, rota, taro, tora, torr, tram. | |
-3 letters: arm, art, mar, mat, moa, mor, mot, oar, oat, ora, ort, ram, rat, rom, rot, tam, tao, tar, tom, tor. | |
-4 letters: am, ar, at, ma, mo, om, or, ta, to. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-m-o-r-r-t" | |
+1 letter: mortars, mortary. | |
+2 letters: cremator, migrator, moratory, mortared, mortuary, motorcar, rearmost, reformat, tramroad. | |
+3 letters: aerometer, arboretum, barnstorm, barometer, barometry, cormorant, cremators, crematory, earthworm, formatter, heartworm, imperator, macerator, marrowfat, martyrdom, migrators, migratory, moderator, moratoria, mortaring, mortgager, mortgagor, motorcars, numerator, preformat, rainstorm, reformate, reformats, rotameter, ruminator, tambourer, temporary, terraform, tramroads, transform. | |
+4 letters: aerometers, antireform, arboretums, astrometry, astronomer, barnstorms, barometers, barometric, brainstorm, camorrista, camorristi, comparator, cormorants, crematoria, cryptogram, earthmover, earthworms, enumerator, formatters, formulator, heartworms, imperators, ironmaster, lacrimator, macerators, marathoner, marrowfats, martyrdoms, masterwork, meliorator, meritocrat, moderators, moratorium, mortarless, mortgagers, mortgagors, mortuaries, numerators, overmaster, overmature, permafrost, preformats, prodromata, radiometer, radiometry, rainstorms, reformates, remortgage, rotameters, ruminators, stereogram, stratiform, tambourers, terminator, terraforms, thermogram, threadworm, transforms, trichromat, ultramicro, variometer. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4D 6F 72 74 61 72 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)-- --- .-. - .- .-. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001101 01101111 01110010 01110100 01100001 01110010 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)M o r t a r |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004D 006F 0072 0074 0061 0072 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)478184866784 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Fiction | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Usage Frequency 11. Expressions 12. Expressions: Internet | 13. Translations: Modern 14. Translations: Ancient 15. Bible Trace 16. Derivations | 17. Rhymes 18. Anagrams 19. Orthography 20. Bibliography |
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