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Definition: Hemp |
HempNoun1. A plant fiber. 2. Any plant of the genus Cannabis; a coarse bushy annual with palmate leaves and clusters of small green flowers; yields tough fibers and narcotic drugs. 3. A rope that is used by a hangman to execute persons who have been condemned to death by hanging. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "hemp" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1599. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Satire | HEMP, n. A plant from whose fibrous bark is made an article of neckwear which is frequently put on after public speaking in the open air and prevents the wearer from taking cold. Source: Devil's Dictionary. |
Dream Interpretation | To dream of hemp, denotes you will be successful in all undertakings, especially large engagements. For a young woman to dream that some accident befalls her through cultivating hemp, foretells the fatal quarrel and separation from her friend. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted .... |
Food & Agriculture | A herbaceous plant, Cannabis sativa, native to Asia; its fibre, extracted from the stem, is used to make rope and stout fabrics. Source: European Union. (references) |
Literature | Hemp To have some hemp in your pocket. To have luck on your side in the most adverse circumstances. The phrase is French (Avoir de la corde-de-pendu duns sa poche), referring to the popular notion that hemp brings good luck. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Slang in 1811 | HEMP. Young hemp; an appellation for a graceless boy. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Cannabis Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Urticales Family: Cannabaceae Genus: Cannabis Species: sativa Binomial name Cannabis sativa Cannabis, the buds and leaves of which are also known as marijuana (archaic: marihuana; see street names below), is any of several different species of mildly hallucinogenic dioecious plants whose main active ingredient is Δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. Cannabis is a member of the family Cannabaceae, in the order Urticales which includes figs and nettles. It grows in most climates. The tough fiber of the cannabis plant is known as hemp and has various uses, including the manufacture of cloth, rope, and paper.
THC Content
Although the main psychoactive substance in cannabis is Δ-9-THC, the plant contains about 60 cannabinoids in total. The complexity of this mixture has led to much speculation as to why the effects of the plant can differ from the synthetically manufactured dronabinol.Although potency of a given variety of cannabis is highly subjective outside the laboratory environment, "Normal" herbal cannabis usually contains between 0.5% to 7% THC, although selective breeding and cultivation techniques (such as hydroponics) have produced varieties which some theorize having up to 25% THC content. The THC content is also affected by the sex of the plant, with female plants generating more THC-laden resin than their male counterparts. Sinsemilla (from the Spanish for "without seed") is derived from unpollinated female plants and has an even higher THC content.
Effects
Cannabis is psychoactive, meaning it affects the mind and/or behavior. Acute effects of marijuana consumption vary by individual, but generally include a subset of the following: mild euphoria or enhanced feelings of general well-being, stronger awareness of surroundings, increased acuteness of the senses, increased appetite (called the munchies) and especially a craving for sugar, sleepiness, increased interest in music and art, relaxation. Also common is a tendency to find humor in many more situations and events than one normally would. Most users intially experience mild to severe paranoia and panic, although this becomes less present as the user becomes used to the drug, and can be completely gone in some users. Users who are typically lazy or are already sleepy will often become drowsy and lethargic when high. Other effects in some users may include impaired motor and cognitive functions, paranoia, and short-term memory loss.
Anti-drug publicity campaigns would lead a person to believe that most cannabis users (and other drug users) are either violent and vindictive folks, or that they are lazy people who contribute little to society as a whole. While there are definitely cannabis users who are overly violent or lethargic, many pro-cannabis advocates point out that there are users of alcohol and tobacco (legal drugs) who exhibit many of the same traits, and that the negative actions of a few should not be extrapolated to represent an entire subset of the population -- just as there are people who drink alcohol every day while leading productive fullfilling lives, there are persons who use cannabis (and other illicit drugs) every day without letting their habits interfere with their responsibilities.
No fatal overdose due to cannabis use has ever been recorded in two millennia of medical history. One study found an LD50 of pure Δ-9-THC in milligrams/kilogram for mice and rats respectively as 481.9/666 orally; 454.9/372.9 intraperitoneally; and 28.6/42.47 intravenously. Assuming 100% efficiency in extracting THC from marijuana (in reality, extraction efficiency is nowhere near 100%), and high grade marijuana that was 6% THC by weight, a 68 kg (150 lb.) human would have to rapidly ingest almost 20 pounds of marijuana to achieve this dose, in which case a person would experience respiratory failure due to smoke inhalation long before actually overdosing on THC.
Although a mild tolerance of the drug can be built up, it is generally understood not to be physically addictive, and such tolerances tend to vanish within as little as a few days of abstinance. As with any substance however, some can build up a psychological dependence. There is some evidence linking long-term use to depression as well as aggravation of pre-existing mental conditions, although the cause and effect relationship between depression and substance abuse is not fully understood, and there is a possibility that drug use could be a result of depression and not the root cause.
The long-term effects of cannabis still need more study. One of the most important and widely shared concerns regarding cannabis is that its high tar content (especially when it is combined with tobacco, as is common in Europe) could lead to an increased risk of lung cancer. Pipes using water filtration, called bongs, are often believed to reduce lung damage by filtering out a portion of the smoke's tar, and lowering the temperature of the smoke.A recent report [1] indicated that marijuana's effects on the lungs are at least as serious as those of tobacco; it may be noted that most marijuana users use far lesser quantities, and that it is not necessarily smoked.
Medical use
Cannabis is infequently prescribed by doctors due to its legal status in most nations, but is most often prescribed as an appetite stimulant and pain reliever for terminal illnesses including cancer and AIDS. The medical use of cannabis is highly controversial and is dealt with in its own article. See medical marijuana.
Recreational use
Cannabis comes in several forms.
It is most commonly smoked, usually in a "joint" or "spliff". Other names include jacob, blunt (cigar hollowed out and filled with marijuana to replace the tobacco), hooter, doobie, grifo, and binge: the dried buds or leaves (sometimes mixed with tobacco) are rolled in paper or cigar wrapping and smoked much like a cigarette.
- Leaves, dried. ("shake")
- Flowering tops (buds) of female plants, dried ("bud," "marijuana"). Buds are more potent than leaves.
- Hashish ("hash") which is the secretion of the plant, usually dried and processed into blocks. When pressed into long, thin rectangular pieces this is called "charas".
- Oil ("honey oil," "hash oil") which is a concentrate usually involving a solvent-based extraction.
Other methods include using pipes or "bongs" (water pipes) and buckets to smoke the cannabis whilst cooling the smoke down and, in the case of bongs, removing some of the unwanted impurities/tar. Smoke escapes through a hole called a "carb". In addition, a drink called bhang can be prepared. See also hashish and hashish oil.
Cannabis is also cooked to make things such as Alice B. Toklas brownies, "space cake", "pot pie," and "hash brownies". However, the effects of ingested cannabis usually do not take effect for over 30 minutes (many times much longer), making it harder for users to regulate their consumption.
The seeds of the hemp plant are also eaten and roasted, as well as being used to make hemp seed oil. A few restaurants that specialize in food with hemp seeds in it have opened, and appeal mostly to a countercultural clientele base. These places are legal, but is precisely because roasted hemp seeds contain too little THC to get the diner high that they are legal.
Another method of ingestion is vaporization. Vaporization allows the Cannabis resins (THC and other cannabinoids) to be extracted into a vapor by heating without actually burning the plant material. This is advantageous because most of the toxic chemicals found in cannabis and tobacco smoke are byproducts of the combustion process. By heating the cannabis to about 190°C, the Cannabis resins are released into a vapor but the plant material is not actually burned. This vapor can then be inhaled and the effects of the drug will be felt as quickly as if it were smoked. Vaporization is an option for people concerned about the dangers associated with smoking.
Cannabis can also be taken by dissolving it in milk, which is in turn added to preparations of flavoring herbs (such as cloves, cinnamon, etc. They vary by region). THC is not water-soluble, so the cannabis must be steeped in a fatty substance such as melted butter, oil, cream, or milk. Such a preparation is referred to as "bhang" and is a traditional method of consumption in India and related countries.
Street Names
General names
For Cannabis: pot, haschisch, nugget, chronic, dank, dope, weed, bud ('lil green buddies/little green friends), grass, herb, indo, kind, ganja (traditional in Rastafarian religion), the Good Herb, green, Mary Jane, KB (Kind bud, killer bud), skunk, smoke, sticky-icky-icky (a Snoop Doggy Dogg coinage), whacko-tobacco, shwag (low-quality marijuana), Ted Nugent, tea, tampiko, moss, buddha, bomb, dee, rope, instaga, dagga, and many other names. Definitions of all these terms vary by region, and may vary in meaning according to context.For getting high: stoned, toking (up), zonked, baked, tore-up, buzzed, ripped, smashed, lit-up, lifted, faded, (solid) gone, toasted, blazed, blasted, wasted, basted, gonzo, or simply fucked up
Reefer has most often been used to refer to a marijuana cigarette, but sometimes to the substance itself. "Reefer" was common in the early 20th century, but is now usually only used humorously, often in reference to the then-serious now-comical 1930s film Reefer Madness, extremely exaggerating marijuana's effects, depicting a scenario of evil gangsters attempting to corrupt the youth of a small town with the evil weed.
Early 20th century terms
Mez, Muggles, gage, viper jive.
Names for potent or otherwise good marijuana (or cannabis strains)
(Cross)breeds of plants White widow (light green-white in appearance), C99, AK-47 (Sativa/Indica cross), Bubblegum (very sticky), JuicyFruit, Orange Bud and Blueberry (product smells or tastes somewhat like its name); G-13 (developed at the University of Washington); Thunderfuck, Northern-lights (these two natives of Alaska), purple haze, kush, Thai or Thai stick (the legitimate product is indica from Thailand or US Grown of Thai seed, the buds being long and treelike in appearance, often with string wrapped in a spiral pattern for the purpose of holding the bud together). The term Thai stick is also used for imitation marijuana.It should be noted that (in part due to the illegal status of cannabis) many lies about origin and THC content are perpetuated by dishonest sellers to boost sales or justify high prices; for example common marijuana with buds appearing somewhat treelike will often be labeled "thai stick" by a dealer, at which point the price may increase from 50% to 200% or more.
History
The use of cannabis is thought to go back at least 5000 years. Neolithic archaeology grounds in China include cannabis seeds and plants. The first known mention of cannabis was in a Chinese medical text of 2737 BC. It was used as medicine throughout Asia and the Middle East to treat a variety of conditions. In India particularly, cannabis was associated with Shiva.
Cannabis was well known to the Scythians. Germans have grown hemp for its fibers--used to make nautical ropes and material for clothes--since ancient times. In the Elbing Prussian vocabulary from around 1350, hemp is recorded as knapis (derived from cannabis). Large fields of hemp along the banks of the Rhine are featured in 19th century copper etchings.
The hemp plant has to be soaked to harvest the fiber. This liquid was used as a drink. In today's Germany there are bars that serve hemp beer and hemp wine (edit: while this may be true those drinks will not contain any THC because as a drug cannabis is still outlawed in Germany and only so-called "industrial hemp" that doesn't contain any THC may be grown for production of fibers and said drinks).
Cannabis was used medicinally in the western world (usually as a tincture) around the middle of the 19th century. It was famously used to treat Queen Victoria's menstrual pains, and was available from shops in the US. By the end of the 19th century its medicinal use began to fall as other drugs such as aspirin took over.
Until 1937, consumption and sale of marijuana was legal in most American states. In some areas it could be openly purchased in bulk from grocers or in cigarette form at newstands, though more and more of them had begun to outlaw it. In that year Federal law made possession or transfer of marijuana illegal without the purchase of a by-then incriminating tax stamp throughout the United States (contrary to the advice of the American Medical Association at the time); legal opinions of time held that the federal government could not outlaw it entirely.
Congress' decision was based in part on testimony derived from articles in the newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst, who was heavily interested in DuPont Inc. Some analysts theorize DuPont wanted to boost declining post-war nylon sales, and wished to eliminate hemp fiber as competition. Many argue that this seems unlikely given DuPont's lack of concern with the legal status of cotton, wool, and linen; although it should be noted that hemp's textile potential had not yet been largely exploited, while textile factories already had made large investments in equipment to handle cotton, wool, and linen. Even more inflammatory and biased were the accusations by that period's US 'drug czar' Henry Anslinger. Anslinger felt that the drug provoked murderous rampages in previously-solid citizens, charges not borne out under closer scrutiny. Anslinger went on to say that "it makes darkies feel equal to white men," a plaint typical of much of the anti-drug rhetoric of the time, which for example emphasised opium's role in promoting Anglo-Chinese miscegenation. He told the married men in the audience: "Gentlemen, it will make your wives want to have sex with a Black man!" Anslinger also popularized the word marihuana for the plant, using a Mexican derived word (believed to be derived from a Brazilian Portuguese term for inebriation) in order to associate the plant with increasing numbers of Mexican immigrants, creating a negative stereotype which many Americans still believe to this day.
Cannabis has a prominent religious role in the Rastafarian religion.
Although it has probably been used as a recreational drug thoughout its history, it first came to prominence in the jazz scene during the late 1920s and 30s (Louis Armstrong being its most prominent [and life-long] devotee), its use taking off in the 1960s.
It is now the most widely used illicit drug in the world.
Death penalty for cannabis usage or trafficking
As of 2003, only a minority of countries still include the death penalty in their legal system. Several of those which still have the death penalty have either carried it out or legislated it for cannabis usage or trafficking.In Malaysia, Mustaffa Kamal Abdul Aziz, 38 yrs old, and Mohd Radi Abdul Majid, 53 yrs old, were executed at dawn on January 17, 1996, for the trafficking of 1.18 kilograms of cannabis. [1] Under Malaysia's anti-drug laws, the death penalty is mandatory for trafficking certain drugs. Anyone found in possession of at least 15 grams of heroin, 1,000 grams of opium or 200 grams of cannabis is presumed to be guilty (until proven innocent) of trafficking in the drug. This reverses the usual presumption of innocence of internationally recognised norms of law.
The Philippines introduced stronger anti-drug law (including the death penalty) in 2002 [1]
In 1996 in the USA, Newt Gingrich planned to introduce a mandatory death penalty for a second offense of smuggling 50 grams of marijuana into the USA, in the proposed law H.R. 4170. It seems that proposed law failed, so that, under the 1994 crime act, the threshold for sentencing a death penalty in relation to marijuana is the involvement with the cultivation or distribution of 60,000 marijuana plants (or seedlings) or 60,000 kilograms of marijuana.
Related articles
- Health issues related to use of cannabis
- Legal status of cannabis
- Drugs policy of the Netherlands
- Amsterdam
- Medical marijuana
- Marijuana Parties
- hemp
- Grow-op
External links
Drug Information
- UK National drugs helpline factsheet ( http://www.ndh.org.uk/facts_cannabis.html )
- American Council for Drug Education factsheet ( http://www.acde.org/common/Marijana.htm )
- UN Drug control and Prevention factsheet ( http://www.undcp.org/report_1998-10-01_1_page003.html )
- Good Drugs Guide
History
- The Emperor Wears No Clothes ( http://www.jackherer.com/chapters.html )
- Smokedot.org's take of the history of criminalisation ( http://smokedot.org/story/2001/7/2/35918/10894 )
Advocacy
- Pro-cannabis
- Jack Herer
- NORML ( http://www.norml.org )
- The Cannabis Information Network ( http://www.marijuana-hemp.com )
- Cannabis.com ( http://www.cannabis.com )
- Anti-cannabis
- The Anti-Drug ( http://theantidrug.com/drug_info/drugs_marijuana.html )
Misc
- Smoking device used for tasting Cannabis ( http://www.magicspherevalve.com )
- WHO report on Cannabis health effects ( http://hyperreal.info/~emes/WHO/ )
- UK Panoroma programme on medical trials ( http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/.../1625124.stm)
trade fair CannaTrade 2003, [1]
Federal Bureau of Narcotics poster used in the late 1930s and 1940s
For the 1990s rapper, see Canibus.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Cannabis."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a member of the Cannabaceae family, a small group of herbaceous plants. Hemp most likely originated in Central Asia. It is one of the oldest cultivated plants, and has probably been cultivated in China for over 4500 years.
Varieties
There are broadly three groups of Hemp varieties being cultivated today:
Until its rediscovery in the late 1980s, the use of hemp for fibre production had declined sharply over the past decades, but hemp still occupied an important place amongst natural fibres as it is strong, durable and unaffected by water. The main uses of hemp fibre were in rope, sacking, carpet, nets and webbing. A hemp clothing industry was reborn in the West in 1988, and hemp is being used in increasing quantities in paper manufacturing. The cellulose content is about 70%.
- Varieties primarily cultivated for their fibre, characterized by long stems and little branching
- Varieties grown for seed from which hemp oil is extracted
- Varieties grown for medicinal or narcotic purposes. The resin, known variously as hashish, ganja or bhang, is obtained from the dried inflorescences, leaves and stems. A nominal if not legal distinction is often made between hemp, with concentrations of narcotic far too low to be useful for that purpose, and marijuana.
Major hemp producing countries
From the 1950s to the 1980s the Soviet Union (now Russia) was the world's largest producer (300.000 hectares in 1970). The main production areas were in the Ukraine, the Kursk and Orel regions of Russia, and near the Polish border.
Other important producing countries were China, the former Yugoslavia, Romania, Poland, France and Italy.
Canada, Britain, and Germany all resumed commercial production in the 1990s. British production is mostly used as bedding for horses; other uses are under development. The largest outlet for German Fibre is composite automotive panels. Companies in Canada, UK, USA and Germany among many others are processing hemp seed into a growing range of food products and cosmetics; many traditional growing countries still continue with textile grade fibre production.
Harvesting the fibre
Smallholder plots are usually harvested by hand. The plants are cut at 2 to 3 cm above the soil and left on the ground to dry. Mechanical harvesting is now common, using specially adapted cutter-binders or simpler cutters.
The cut hemp is laid in swathes to dry for up to four days. This was traditionally followed by retting, either water retting whereby the bundled hemp floats in water or dew retting whereby the hemp remains on the ground and is affected by the moisture in dew moisture, and by moulds and bacterial action. Modern processes use steam and machinery to separate the fibre, a process known as thermo-mechanical pulping.
A new future for hemp?
In the last decade hemp has been widely promoted as a crop for the future. This is in particular stimulated by new technologies which make hemp suitable for industrial paper manufacturing, use as a renewable energy source (biofuel), and the use of hemp derivatives as replacement for petrochemical products.
The increased demand for health food has stimulated the trade in hempseed while hemp oil is increasingly being used in the manufacturing of bodycare products.
Jessie Ventura was a vocal proponent of hemp cultivation while governor of Minnesota, though agricultural policymakers within his administration felt that hemp cultivation could not compete economically with crops such as corn and soybeans.
The THC debate
Hemp contains delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the actual psychoactive ingredient found in hashish. THC is present in all hemp varieties to some extent. In varieties grown for medicinal or narcotic use, THC levels reach 20-30%. In hemp varieties for seed or fibre use, these levels are between 0.0% and 1.5%, which is far too low to obtain any narcotic effect and low enough to make THC extraction extremely difficult or uneconomic. In fact, one would need to smoke 10 tons (8 tonnes) to achieve a narcotic effect.
On October 9, 2001, the US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) ruled that even traces of THC in products intended for food use would be illegal as of February 6, 2002. This Interpretive Rule would have ruled out the production or use of hempseed or hempseed oil in food use in the USA, but the rule was stayed on March 7, 2002. On March 21, 2003, the DEA issued a nearly identical Final Rule which was stayed on April 16, 2003. Such stubbornness against a chemical widely thought to be less addictive or harmful than legal nicotine or alcohol leads some to suspect ulterior motives such as protection of the synthetic-fibre, wood pulp, petrochemical, and pharmochemical industries. (see conspiracy theory) The position has been an occasional embarrassment to the US government, as when they ignored their own laws and arguments and grew it large-scale in Kentucky and Wisconsin for World War II.class="external">[1
The presence of THC in hemp varieties and the fear that THC could be extracted from industrial hemp for illegal purposes has hampered the development of hemp in many countries. Since the early 1990s, however, countries including Canada, Australia, the UK, and Germany have allowed experimental hemp plantings and some commercial scale production. Plant breeders are working on the development of new varieties which are low in THC.
Hemp Cultivation
From the 1881 Household Cyclopedia
The soils most suited to the culture of this plant are those of the deep, black, putrid vegetable kind, that are low, and rather inclined to moisture, and those of the deep mellow, loamy, or sandy descriptions. The quantity of produce is generally much greater on the former than on the latter; but it is said to be greatly inferior in quality. It may, however, be grown with success on lands of a less rich and fertile kind by proper care and attention in their culture and preparation.
In order to render the grounds proper for the reception of the crop, they should be reduced into a fine mellow state of mould, and be perfectly cleared from weeds, by repeated ploughings. When it succeeds grain crops, the work is mostly accomplished by three ploughings, and as many harrowings: the first being given immediately after the preceding crop is removed, the second early in the spring, and the last, or seed earth, just before the seed is to be put in. In the last ploughing, well rotted manure, in the proportion of fifteen or twenty, or good compost, in the quantity of twenty-five or thirty-three horse-cart loads, should be turned into the land; as without this it is seldom that good crops can be produced. The surface of the ground being left perfectly flat, and as free from furrows as possible; as by these means the moisture is more effectually retained, and the growth of the plants more fully promoted.
It is of much importance in the cultivation of hemp crops that the seed be new, and of a good quality, which may in some measure be known by its feeling heavy in the hand, and being of a bright shining color.
The proportion of seed that is most commonly employed, is from two to three bushels, according to the quality of the land; but, as the crops are greatly injured by the plants standing too closely together, two bushels, or two bushels and a half may be a more advantageous quantity.
As the hemp plant is extremely tender in its early growth, care should be taken not to put the seed into the ground at so early a period, as that it may be liable to be injured by the effects of frost; nor to protract the sowing to so late a season as that the quality of the produce may be effected. The best season, on the drier sorts of land in the southern districts, is as soon as possible after the frosts are over in April; and, on the same descriptions of soil, in the more northern ones, towards the close of the same month or early in the ensuing one.
The most general method of putting crops of this sort into the soil is the broadcast, the seed being dispersed over the surface of the land in as even a manner as possible, and afterwards covered in by means of a very light harrowing. In many cases, however, especially when the crops are to stand for seed, the drill method in rows, at small distances, might be had recourse to with advantage; as, in this way, the early growth of the plants would be more effectually promoted, and the land be kept in a more clean and perfect state of mould, which are circumstances of importance in such crops. In whatever method the seed is put in, care must constantly be taken to keep the birds from it for some time afterwards.
This sort of crop is frequently cultivated on the same piece of ground for a great number of years, without any other kind intervening; but, in such cases, manure must be applied with almost every crop, in pretty large proportions, to prevent the exhaustion that must otherwise take place. It may be sown after most sorts of grain crops, especially where the land possesses sufficient fertility, and is in a proper state of tillage.
As hemp, from its tall growth and thick foliage, soon covers the surface of the land, and prevents the rising of weeds, little attention is necessary after the seed has been put into the ground, especially where the broadcast method of sowing is practised; but, when put in by the drill machine, a hoeing or two may be had recourse to with advantage in the early growth of the crop.
In the culture of this plant, it is particularly necessary that the same piece of land grows both male and female, or what is sometimes denominated simple hemp. The latter kind contains the seed.
When the grain is ripe (which is known by its becoming of a whitish-yellow color, and a few of the leaves beginning to drop from the stems); this happens commonly about thirteen or fourteen weeks from the period of its being sown, according as the season may be dry or wet (the first sort being mostly ripe some weeks before the latter), the next operation is that of taking it from the ground; which is effected by pulling it up by the roots, in small parcels at a time, by the hand, taking care to shake off the mould well from them before the handsful are laid down. In some districts, the whole crop is pulled together, without any distinction being made between the different kinds of hemp; while, in others, it is the practice to separate and pull them at different times, according to their ripeness. The latter is obviously the better practice; as by pulling a large proportion of the crop before it is in a proper state of maturity, the quantity of produce must not only be considerably lessened, but its quality greatly injured by being rendered less durable.
After being thus pulled, it is tied up in small parcels, or what are sometimes termed baits.
Where crops of this kind are intended for seeding, they should be suffered to stand till the seed becomes in a perfect state of maturity, which is easily known by the appearance of it on inspection. The stems are then pulled and bound up, as in the other case, the bundles being set up in the same manner as grain, until the seed becomes so dry and firm as to shed freely. It is then either immediately threshed out upon large cloths for the purpose in the field, or taken home to have the operation afterwards performed.
The hemp, as soon as pulled, is tied up in small bundles, frequently at both ends.
It is then conveyed to pits, or ponds of stagnant water, about six or eight feet in depth, such as have a clayey soil being in general preferred, and deposited in beds, according to their size, and depth, the small bundles being laid both in a straight direction and crosswise of each other, so as to bind perfectly together; the whole, being loaded with timber, or other materials, so as to keep the beds of hemp just below the surface of the water.
It is not usual to water more than four or five times in the same pit, till it has been filled with water. Where the ponds are not sufficiently large to contain the whole of the produce at once, it is the practice to pull the hemp only as it can be admitted into them, it being thought disadvantageous to leave the hemp upon the ground after being pulled. It is left in these pits four, five, or six days, or even more, according to the warmth of the season and the judgment of the operator, on his examining whether the hempy material readily separates from the reed or stem; and then taken up and conveyed to a pasture field which is clean and even, the bundles being loosened and spread out thinly, stem by stem, turning it every second or third day, especially in damp weather, to prevent its being injured by worms or other insects. It should remain in this situation for two, three, four, or more weeks, according to circumstances, and be then collected together when in a perfectly dry state, tied up into large bundles, and placed in some secure building until an opportunity is afforded for breaking it, in order to separate the hemp. By this means the process of grassing is not only shortened, but the more expensive ones of breaking, scutching, and bleaching the yarn, rendered less violent and troublesome.
After the hemp has been removed from the field it is in a state to be broken and swingled, operations that are mostly performed by common laborers, by means of machinery for the purpose, the produce being tied up in stones. The refuse collected in the latter process is denominated sheaves, and is in some districts employed for the purposes of fuel. After having undergone these different operations, it is ready for the purposes of the manufacturer.
See also: Cannabis
External links
- Dr. Dave's Hemp Archives
- Hemp Industries Association
- Global Hemp Resources
- North American Industrial Hemp council
- alt.hemp FAQ
- A history of the Marihuana Tax Act
- Kentucky Hemp Outfitters' Library
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Hemp."
Synonyms: HempSynonyms: cannabis (n), hangman's halter (n), hangman's rope (n), hempen necktie (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Bane | Albany hemp, arsenious oxide, arsenious acid; bichloride of mercury; carbonic acid, carbonic gas; choke damp, corrosive sublimate, fire damp; hydrocyanic acid, cyanide, Prussic acid, hydrogen cyanide; marsh gas, nux vomica, ratsbane. |
Filament | Wire, string, thread, packthread, cotton, sewing silk, twine, twist, whipcord, tape, ribbon, cord, rope, yarn, hemp, oakum, jute. |
Intemperance | Bhang, hashish, marijuana, pot, hemp, grass; opium, cocaine, morphine, heroin; LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide; phencyclidine, angel dust, PCP; barbiturates; amphetamines, speed. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Made of hemp. (Sealab 2021; writing credit: John J. Miller; Adam Reed) They planted traditional college foliage: ivy, trees, hemp (Futurama; writing credit: Lance Smith; Carl Colpaert) After using the silken rope never again be content with the hemp. (Kind Hearts and Coronets; writing credit: Roy Horniman; Robert Hamer) | |
Lyrics | We in that sunshine state with a bomb ass hemp beat (California Love; performing artist: 2 PAC) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Saga of Hemp Brown (1958) Hemp for Victory (1943) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | USS VINCENNES in pack ice - Captain Charles Wilkes commanding On the Antarctic shelf, Wilkes sounded with copper wire in 400 fathoms First use of wire instead of hemp sounding line Copper too ductile and would break - gave up on idea. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | A group of volunteers, on site, place a hemp blanket and plant Willow and Red Oiser Dogwood on the banks of the restored areas. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
 | Beware smoking indian hemp destroys life. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | School girls in native dress, upper garment made of hemp gauze, Philippine Islands. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Victory food from American waters. At sunset fishermen mend nets torn by rocks on the ocean floor. A shortage of linen twine and Manila hemp needed for nets is only one of the war-time difficulties fishermen today must face. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Stack of hemp grown on George Erickson's farm near Seneca, Illinois. He was induced to raise this crop on promise of a market for it. It is now rotting. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Make the most of the India hemp seed and sow it everywhere. Credit: Library of Congress. | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | Cloth made from the nettle is worth as much as that made from hemp. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Marijuana is a green or gray mixture of dried, shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. (references) | |
Economic History | Kyrgyzstan | The main crops are cotton, hemp, tobacco, vegetables, and fruit. (references) |
Belarus | Potatoes, flax, hemp, sugarbeets, rye, oats, and wheat are the chief agricultural products. (references) | |
Ecuador | Trade: Exports--$4,845 million: petroleum , bananas, shrimp, coffee, cacao, hemp, wood, fish, cut flowers. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | LINEN, n. "A kind of cloth the making of which, when made of hemp, entails a great waste of hemp." -- Calcraft the Hangman. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Hemp" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 91.18% of the time. "Hemp" is used about 68 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 91.18% | 62 | 42,755 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 5.88% | 4 | 175,879 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 1.47% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Noun (proper) | 1.47% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 68 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "hemp" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Hemp | Last name | 130 | 56,750 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
Expressions using "hemp": african bowstring hemp ♦ African hemp ♦ Ambary hemp ♦ Bastard hemp ♦ bimli hemp ♦ bog hemp ♦ Bombay hemp ♦ Bowstring hemp ♦ brown Indian hemp ♦ Canada hemp ♦ carl hemp ♦ Ceylon bowstring hemp ♦ coarse hemp fabric ♦ Colorado River hemp ♦ deccan hemp ♦ Fimble hemp ♦ hemp agrimony ♦ hemp fabric ♦ hemp family ♦ hemp nettle ♦ hemp plant ♦ hemp rope ♦ hemp willow ♦ Hibiscus hemp ♦ indian hemp ♦ Manila hemp ♦ manila hemp fibre ♦ manilla hemp ♦ matamoros hemp ♦ mexican hemp ♦ New Zealand hemp ♦ Queensland hemp ♦ Rosella hemp ♦ sisal hemp ♦ St.Helena hemp ♦ Sunn hemp ♦ tampico hemp ♦ true hemp ♦ water hemp. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "hemp": hemp-dressing, hemp-factory, hemp-fibre, hemp-seed, hemp-seed-colored, hemp-seed-coloured. | |
Containing "hemp": diesel-and-hemp-smelling. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
hemp | 1,171 | hemp rope | 51 |
hemp necklace | 309 | hemp shoes | 48 |
hemp jewelry | 302 | braiding hemp | 48 |
make hemp necklace | 264 | hemp make | 45 |
hemp clothing | 183 | hemp fabric | 41 |
make hemp jewelry | 169 | hemp bead | 37 |
instructions for hemp necklace | 158 | hemp jewelry instructions | 35 |
planet hemp | 141 | hemp hat | 34 |
making hemp necklace | 137 | hemp pattern | 30 |
hemp product | 123 | hemp clothes | 30 |
hemp bracelet | 123 | braid hemp | 30 |
make hemp bracelet | 101 | hemp design | 29 |
hemp bag | 100 | hemp jewelry pattern | 28 |
hemp seed oil | 93 | hemp instructions | 28 |
hemp necklace pattern | 78 | hemp plant | 27 |
hemp knots | 70 | hemp van | 27 |
hemp oil | 68 | industrial hemp | 27 |
hemp seed | 62 | hemp fest | 26 |
making hemp jewelry | 57 | hemp paper | 26 |
hemp picture | 56 | hemp twine | 25 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "hemp"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | kërp (cannabis, marihuana), drogë e nxjerrë nga kërpi. (various references) | |
Arabic | قنب, حشيش نبات, خيوط القنب. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | хашиш (bang, cannabis, grass, hash, hasheesh, hashish), коноп. (various references) | |
Chinese | 麻 (numb, pins and needles, tingling, to bother), 縕 (generative force, mysterious, orange color, vague), 小麻, 大麻 (marijuana). (various references) | |
Czech | marihuana (indian hemp, marihuana, marijuana), konopí (cannabis). (various references) | |
Danish | hamp til spinding (true hemp), hamp (ambari hemp, Deccan hemp, Java jute, kenaf, true hemp). (various references) | |
Dutch | hennep (true hemp). (various references) | |
Esperanto | kanabo. (various references) | |
Faeroese | hampur. (various references) | |
Farsi | مزدگیاه , کنف (Marijuana), حشیش (Kef, Marijuana), بنگ (Hashish, Kef). (various references) | |
Finnish | hamppu (true hemp). (various references) | |
French | chanvre (true hemp). (various references) | |
Frisian | himp. (various references) | |
German | hanf (hempseed). (various references) | |
Greek | κάνναβισ, κάναβισ, καννάβι (true hemp). (various references) | |
Hebrew | ק בוס. (various references) | |
Hungarian | kender (cannabis). (various references) | |
Indonesian | rami. (various references) | |
Italian | canapa (cannabis, marihuana, marijuana). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 麻 (flax, linen), 亜麻 (flax, linen). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | なわ (rope), あま (amah, bitch, fisherman, flax, linen, maid, nun, woman shell diver), あさ (flax, linen, morning). (various references) | |
Korean | 대마. (various references) | |
Manx | snaie kennipey (pack-thread). (various references) | |
Norwegian | hamp. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | emphay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | linho (line, linen), corda para enforcar, cnhamo (hemp plant), cânhamo (true hemp). (various references) | |
Romanian | pânzã sau fibrã de cânepã, cânepã. (various references) | |
Russian | конопля;пенька, конопля (cannabis), гашиш (hasheesh, hashish, roach, weed), пенька. (various references) | |
Scottish | cainb. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | konoplja (cannabis). (various references) | |
Spanish | cáñamo (bang, bhang, hemp plant). (various references) | |
Swedish | hampa, cannabis (cannabis). (various references) | |
Thai | กัญชา, ปอ (kenaf). (various references) | |
Turkish | haşhaş (hash, hasheesh, hashish, marihuana, marijuana, opium poppy, poppy), marihuana (grass), kenevir (cannabis), kendir (cannabis, hempen), esrar (cabala, cabbala, dope, enigma, grass, hash, hasheesh, hashish, hay, joint, junk, marihuana, marijuana, mary jane, maryjane, mystery, pot, secrets, tea, weed). (various references) | |
Turkmen | kenep. (various references) | |
Ukrainian | конопля, гашиш (bang, hasheesh, hashish, keif), прядиво. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | dây thắt cổ. (various references) | |
Welsh | cywarch. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Sumerian | 3100 BCE-2500 BCE | gu. (various references) |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | kannabis. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | cannabis, Cannabis sativa. (various references) |
| Sanskrit | 300 BCE-Modern | bangha. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Daniel Chapter 3, Verse 46 |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Et non cessabant qui inmiserant eos ministri regis succendere fornacem naptha et stuppa et pice et malleolis |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | And thei ceesiden not, the ministris of the kyng, that sente hem, for to tende the fourneis with napte, herdis of hemp, or flaxe, and pitche, and kittyngus of vynes. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Daniel Chapter 3, Verse 46 |
| Croatian | Kraljeve sluge koje ih bijahu bacile u peæ neprestano poticahu oganj zemnim uljem, smolom, kuèinama i vinjagom, |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "hemp": hempen, hempie, hempier, hempiest, hemplike, hemps, hempseed, hempseeds, hempweed, hempweeds, hempy. (additional references) | |
| |
"Hemp" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Ehem, ehm, ehp, emp, emph, epm, haemo, hamb, hamp, Hampi, Hcem, heem, heip, Hemba, hemd, heme, heml, hemm, Hemmo, hemn, hempe, hempi, hempt, hemy, hemz, heom, hepb, hermp, herp, heup, Heym, hgmp, hiem, himb, himo, himp, himpy, hme, homp, humpa, humpff, hvem, khemp, Khempo, memp, nem, shemp. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "hemp" (pronounced he"mp) |
| 3 | -e" m p | Kemp, temp. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-h-m-p" | |
-1 letter: hem, hep, peh. | |
-2 letters: eh, em, he, hm, me, pe. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-h-m-p" | |
+1 letter: hemps, hempy. | |
+2 letters: hamper, hempen, hempie, humped, imphee, phenom, phlegm, phloem, tempeh. | |
+3 letters: apothem, bethump, champed, champer, chapmen, chomped, chomper, chumped, empathy, hampers, hempier, humphed, humpier, impeach, imphees, megilph, morphed, nymphae, nymphet, pemphix, phellem, phenoms, phlegms, phlegmy, phloems, phoneme, shipmen, shopmen, tempehs, thumped, thumper, whimper, whomped, whumped. | |
+4 letters: amphorae, apothegm, apothems, bethumps, camphene, camphine, camphire, champers, chompers, empathic, emphases, emphasis, emphatic, ephemera, euphuism, grapheme, grumphie, hampered, hamperer, headlamp, helpmate, helpmeet, hemipter, hempiest, hemplike, hempseed, hempweed, hepatoma, homeport, homespun, humpiest, humpless, hyphemia, hypoderm, hypogeum, mateship, megilphs, mephitic, mephitis, mesophyl, metaphor, misshape, morpheme, morphine, murphies, neomorph, nephrism, nymphean, nymphets, oompahed, pamphlet, phellems, philomel, phimoses, phonemes, phonemic, phyllome, pitchmen, prehuman, samphire, seraphim, sheepman, sheepmen, shipmate, shipment, shlumped, shrimped, shrimper, teraphim, thumpers, whimpers. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Fiction | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Usage Frequency 11. Names: Frequency 12. Expressions | 13. Expressions: Internet 14. Translations: Modern 15. Translations: Ancient 16. Bible Trace | 17. Derivations 18. Rhymes 19. Anagrams 20. Bibliography |
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