Federation

The Emergence of the Commonwealth of Australia

After European settlement Australia was originally a number of separate British colonies, eventually six in all. These colonies had their own laws, and applied customs duties at the borders between them, which was a significant impediment to Australia's overall economic development. The movement for Federation developed in the late nineteenth century, proposing that Australia's six colonies join together as one federation of several states and territories (it was envisaged that New Zealand might join). A constitutional convention was called, which adopted a constitution based on a combination of the British (monarchy, parliamentary system of Government) and American (federalism) and other models. This constitution was then approved by the voters in each of the six states. (At the time only men could vote.) It was then passed as an act of the British Parliament, the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900. The act entered into force on January 1 1901, at which point the Commonwealth of Australia came into being.

The earliest state in the region was that of the Kievan Rus. In the later Middle Ages it was the Muscovy principality that developed into an empire that from the 15th century onward slowly grew eastward into Asia. Under the tsars, Russia then became a major European power as Imperial Russia modernised and expanded westward from the 18th century onward. However, at the start of the 20th century Russia's power was declining and growing dissatisfaction amongst the population, combined with the military failure during World War I led to the Russian Revolution in 1917 that was followed by the proclamation of the Soviet Union under Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, and the Russian Civil War, in which the Communist or Red forces defeated the Czarist or White forces.

Lenin suffered a series of debilitating strokes which lead to his death in 1924. After a brief power struggle, leadership of the Soviet Union was consolidated by the dictator Joseph Stalin. Stalin's brutal reign would claim millions of lives, as known or suspected political opponents and military officers were executed or exiled to Siberia during the Great Purges of the 1930s, also known in Russia as Ezhovschina.

Following the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany during World War II, the Soviet Union would also develop into a dominant world power during the Cold War, functioning as the main ideological adversary to the United States. The two engaged in a lengthy geopolitical struggle by proxy for control of the hearts and minds of the Third World following the 1956 Suez Crisis. The Soviets created the Warsaw Pact to oppose NATO, and the two sides engaged in a lengthy and expensive arms race to stockpile more nuclear weapons than the other had. In the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev nearly triggered a war with the United States when he placed offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba. The Soviets also ignited the space race by launching Sputnik, the first satellite to orbit the Earth, and Col. Yuri Gagarin, the first human to orbit the Earth.

By the late 1980s, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev implemented reforms such as glasnost and perestroika, but these measures were unable to prevent the collapse of the Soviet Union after a failed military coup in 1991. The Russian Soviet Federal Republic declared its independence on August 24 of that year as the Russian Federation. Russia, as the Soviet Union's primary successor state, has since sought to maintain its global influence, but has been hampered by economic difficulties.

The Russian Federation is a federative democracy with a president, directly elected for a four-year term, who holds considerable executive power. The president, who resides in the Kremlin, nominates the highest state officials, including the prime minister, who must be approved by parliament. The president can pass decrees without consent from parliament and is also head of the armed forces and of the national security council.

Russia's bicameral parliament, the Federative Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of an upper house known as the Federative Council (Soviet Federatsii), composed of 178 delegates serving a four-year term (two are appointed from each of the 89 subdivisions), and a lower house known as the State Duma (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), comprised of 450 deputies also serving a four-year term, of which 225 are elected by direct popular vote from single member constituencies and 225 are elected by proportional representation from nation-wide party lists.

The Russian Federation consists of a great number of different political subdivisions, making a total of 89 consituent components. There are 21 republics within the federation that enjoy a high degree of autonomy on most issues and these correspond to some of Russia's ethnic minorities. The remaining territory consists of 49 provinces known as oblasts and 6 regions (krays), in which are found 10 autonomous districts and 1 autonomous oblast. Beyond these there are two federal cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Recently, seven extensive federal districts (four in Europe, three in Asia) have been added as a new layer between the above subdivisions and the national level. All are listed here by these federal districts, with the republics marked by a *:

Provisional list, see Talk:Russia for more.

Central Russia: (actually in the extreme west) Belgorod Oblast Bryansk Oblast Ivanovo Oblast Kaluga Oblast Kostroma Oblast Kursk Oblast Lipetsk Oblast Moscow Moscow Oblast Oryol Oblast Ryasan Oblast Smolensk Oblast Tambov Oblast Tver Oblast Tula Oblast Vladimir Oblast Voronesh Oblast Yaroslavl Oblast Russian Far East: Amur Oblast Jewish Autonomous Oblast (Jewish Autonomous Republic) Kamchatka Oblast Autonomous district of the Koryaks Khabarovsk Region (Khabarovsk Krai) Magadan Oblast Autonomous district of Chukota Maritime Province (Primorsky Krai) Sakha * Sakhalin Oblast Urals Federal District: (north of Kazakhstan) Kurgan Oblast Sverdlovsk Oblast Tyumen Oblast Autonomous district of the Khants and Manses Autonomous district of the Yamal-Nenzes Chelyabinsk Oblast Privolzhsky District (Wolga District): (northwest of Kazakhstan) Bashkortostan * Chuvashia * Kirov Oblast Mari El * Mordovia * Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Orenburg Oblast Pensa Oblast Perm Oblast Autonomous district of the Komi-Permyaks Samara Oblast Saratov Oblast Tatarstan * Udmurtia * Ulyanovsk Oblast

Northern Caucasus: (in the extreme southwest, between Ukrain and Kazakhstan) Adygeya * Astrakhan Oblast Chechnya (declared independence in 1991; 2 wars with Russia, 1994-1996 and 1999-present. Most countries do not recognize Chechen independence. c.f.) * Dagestan * Ingushetia * Kabardino-Balkaria * Kalmykia * Karachay-Cherkessia * Krasnodar Region North Ossetia-Alania * Stavropol Region Rostov Oblast Volgograd Oblast Northwestern Russia: Arkhangelsk Oblast Autonomous district of the Nenzes Kaliningrad Oblast Leningrad Oblast Karelia * Komi * Murmansk Oblast Novgorod Oblast Pskov Oblast Saint Petersburg Vologda Oblast Siberian Federal District: (west of the Far East) Altay * Altai Region Buryatia * Chita Oblast Autonomous district of the Agin Buryats Irkutsk Oblast Autonomous district of the Ust-Ordinsk Buryats Khakassia * Kemerovo Oblast Krasnoyarsk Region (Krasnoyarsk Krai) Autonomous district of the Taimyrs Autonomous district of the Evenks Novosibirsk Oblast Omsk Oblast Tomsk Oblast Tuva *

The Russian Federation stretches across much of the north of the supercontinent Eurasia and as such knows a great variety of landscapes and climates. Most of the landscape consists of vast plains, both in the European part and the Asian part that is largely known as Siberia. These plains are predominantly steppe to the south and heavily forested to the north, with tundra along the northern coast. Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the Caucasus (containing Mount Elbrus, Russia's highest point at 5,633 m) and the Altai, and in the eastern parts, such as the Verkhoyansk Range or the volcanoes on Kamchatka. Notable are the more central Ural Mountains that form the primary divide between Europe and Asia.

Russia has an extensive coastline of over 37,000 km along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as inland seas such as the Baltic, Black and Caspian Seas. Smaller bodies of water are part of the oceans; the Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea are part of the Arctic, whereas the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan belong to the Pacific Ocean. Major islands found in them include Novaya Zemlya, the Franz-Josef Land, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel, the Kurile Islands and Sakhalin.

Many great rivers flow across the plains into the oceans and seas. In Europe these are the Volga, Don, Kama, Oka and the Northern Dvina, while several other rivers originate in Russia but flow into other countries, such as the Dniepr and the Western Dvina. In Asia are found the Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei, Angara, Lena and Amur rivers. Major lakes include Lake Baikal, Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega.

• List of cities in Russia

Economy

A decade after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia is still struggling to establish a modern market economy and achieve strong economic growth. Russia saw its economy contract for five years, as the executive and legislature dithered over the implementation of reforms and Russia's industrial base faced a serious decline.

Russia achieved a slight recovery in 1997. The 1998 financial crisis culminated in the August depreciation of the ruble, a debt default by the government, and a sharp deterioration in living standards for most of the population. The economy subsequently has rebounded, growing by an average of more than 6% annually in 1999-2002 on the back of higher oil prices and a weak ruble.

This recovery, along with a renewed government effort in 2000 and 2001 to advance lagging structural reforms, have raised business and investor confidence over Russia's prospects in its second decade of transition. Russia remains heavily dependent on exports of commodities, particularly oil, natural gas, metals, and timber, which account for over 80% of exports, leaving the country vulnerable to swings in world prices.

The greatest challenge facing the Russian economy is how to encourage the development of SME (small and medium sized enterprises) in a business climate dominated by oligarchs and a large dysfunctional banking system. Many of Russia's banks are owned by entrepreneurs or oligarchs, who often use the deposits to lend to their own businesses.

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank have attempted to kick-start normal banking practices by making equity and debt investments in a number of banks, but with very limited success.

The recent arrest of Russia's most successful businessman Mikhail Khodorkovsky on charges of fraud and corruption in relation to the large-scale privatisations organised under President Yeltsin has caused many foreign investors to worry about the stability of the Russian economy. Most of the large fortunes currently prevailing in Russia seem to be the product of either acquiring government assets particularly cheaply or gaining concessions from government cheaply. The United States Government has expressed concern at the "selective" application of the law against individual businessmen.

Russia is fairly sparsely populated due to its enormous size; population is densest in the European part of Russia, in the Ural Mountains area, and in the south-eastern part of Siberia. The Russian Federation is home to many different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. Over 80% of the population is ethnically Russian; the remainder includes Bashkirs, Chechens, Chuvashes, Cossacks, Evenkis, Germans, Ingushes, Inuit, Jews, Kalmyks, Karelians, Koreans, Mordvins, Ossetians, Taimyrs, Tatars, Tuvans, Yakuts and still others.

The Russian language is the only official state language, but the individual republics have often made their native language co-official next to Russian. Cyrillic alphabet is the only official script, which means that these languages must be written in Cyrillic in official texts. The Russian Orthodox Church is the dominant Christian religion in the Federation; other religions include Islam, various Protestant faiths, Roman Catholicism, Buddhism and Judaism.

See also: Demographic crisis of Russia

• List of famous Russians
• Russian literature
• Russian poets
• Music of Russia

Miscellaneous topics

• Anti-Semitism in Russia and the Soviet Union
• Communications in Russia
• Foreign relations of Russia
• Law of the Russian Federation
• Military of Russia
• Tourism in Russia
• Transportation in Russia
• Postage stamps and postal history of Russia

External links

The Federation mainly evolved from Earth history and in 2043 the Third World War (between the United States of America and a successor state of the USSR called the Eastern Coalition) erupted. It lasted for ten years and 600 million people perished in the nuclear war. In 2053 a uneasy truce was signed. Around this time Zefram Cochrane began his construction of the first warp capable vessel of humanity, the Phoenix.

On April 5 2063 at 11:15 Cochrane made humanity's first warp flight. His warp signatures were detected by a Vulcan survey ship which landed in the evening and made First Contact with humanity. The Vulcans repaired the nuclear damage done to Earth and Zefram Cochrane inaugurated an era of peace in which poverty and disease would become non-existent. In the years after 2063 most of Earth's remaining states were disbanded, most notably the United States. Cochrane's warp design was applied to all Earth spacecraft and human colonies were formed at Mars and beyond.

Exploration of space gradually continued and in 2150 Earth was finally united when Australia surrendered its independence. In 2151, an Earth organization known as Starfleet Command launched an exploratory vessel NX-01 Enterprise, to boldly go where no man has gone before.

In 2158 the USS Balboa encountered the xenophobic Romulans and humanity's first interstellar war followed. Although on the brink of victory, the Romulan Star Empire suffered its greatest defeat ever in the Battle of Cheron in 2160. The Romulans signed a peace treaty establishing the Romulan Neutral Zone.

In 2345 the Romulan Star Empire launched an assault on the Klingon outpost at Narendra III but the attack was thwarted by the USS Enterprise-C under the command of Captain Rachel Garrett (in an alternate timeline none of this happened and this had unforeseen consequences). Although the Enterprise-C was lost with all hands the Klingons saw its destruction to save them as a brave and honourable deed and relations were significantly improved.

In 2365, the Federation had first formal contact with the Borg (previous accounts of the Borg were sketchy at best), who soon later threatened the existence of the Federation, at the Battle of Wolf 359. Other events of this era include the Klingon Civil War, the meeting of the Q, and various time travel incidents.

But some Federation colonists were opposed to the agreement and formed the Maquis, a rebel movement who resisted the Cardassians in the area.

By the 29th Century, the Federation explores time as it once did space.

By the 31st century, indications are that the Federation no longer exists. One location on Earth had a statue in its honor.