Virulence

Definitions: Virulence

Virulence

Noun

1. Extreme harmfulness (as the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease); "the virulence of the plague".

2. Extreme hostility; "the virulence of the malicious old man".

Date "virulence" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1749. (references)

Domain	Definitions
Health	The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. (references)
Medicine	The relative ability of an organism to produce disease. ; the capacity of any organism to produce disease in any stated host. Source: European Union. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Synonym: Virulence

Synonym: virulency (n). (additional references)

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Discourtesy	Churlishness; Adjective: spinosity, perversity; moroseness; (sullenness) a. sternness; Adjective: austerity; moodishness, captiousness; cynicism; tartness; Adjective: acrimony, acerbity, virulence, asperity.
Inexpedience	Noun: hurtfulness; Adjective:; virulence.
Malevolence	Uncharitableness; Adjective: incompassionateness; a; gall, venom, rancor, rankling, virulence, mordacity, acerbity churlishness; (discourtesy).
Physical Energy	Acrimony, acritude; causiticity, virulence; poignancy; harshness; Adjective: severity, edge, point; pungency.
Resentment	Pique, umbrage, huff, miff, soreness, dudgeon, acerbity, virulence, bitterness, acrimony, asperity, spleen, gall; heart-burning, heart-swelling; rankling.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Crosswords: Virulence

English words defined with "virulence": Cancerite, Culture fluid ♦ Death adder, Desperateness ♦ malice aforethought ♦ Septiferous ♦ virulency. (references)

Specialty definitions using "virulence": attenuated strain ♦ Bacterial Capsules, Biological Assay ♦ Giardiavirus ♦ Serial Passage ♦ VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGIST. (references)

Non-English Usage: "Virulence" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

Czech (virulence), French (scurrility, virulence).

Domain	Title
Books	Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: In Pursuit of Virulence Management (reference) Deadly Evolution: The Virulence of Viruses (reference) Genes and Proteins Underlying Microbial Urinary Tract Virulence - Basic Aspects and Applications (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Volume 485) (reference) Immunological and Molecular Aspects of Bacterial Virulence (reference) Methods in Enzymology, Volume 235: Bacterial Pathogenesis, Part A: Identification and Regulation of Virulence Factors (reference) (more book examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Molecular Basis of Viral Virulence.Credit: National Library of Medicine.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		Other E. coli have different virulence traits. (references)
		Similarly, substantial bird virulence of SLE virus has not been reported. (references)
		Will facilitate epidemiologic studies and possibly identification of other virulence factors. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

"Virulence" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Virulence" is used about 48 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	100%	48	49,194

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Language		Translations for "virulence"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Albanian		vrer (gall, venom), virulencë, egërsi (atrocity, bestiality, callousness, cruelty, ferocity, fierceness, furiosity, fury, ill-treatment, inclemency, rabidity, rabies, savagery, truculence). (various references)

Arabic		‏خبث (badness, evilness, foxiness, harmfulness, malevolence, malice, maliciousness, malignancy, malignity, offensiveness, slyness, viciousness, wickedness, wiliness), ‏الفوعة مقدار حدة الفيروس. (various references)

Bulgarian		сила (definition, drive, dynamism, effect, energy, feck, fiber, fibre, flush, force, forcefulness, forte, goodness, hardness, impetus, intension, intensity, inwardness, kick, lustiness, medium, might, mightiness, muscle, muscularity, nerve, pith, potency, power, prowess, punch, sinews, snap, stamina, strength, stringency, tenacity, thews, tuck, vehemence, verve, vigor, vigour, vim, vinegar, violence, virility, virtue, vis, volume, zap, zip), вирулентност, отровност (toxicity), злост (gall, malevolence, rancor, rancour), злоба (despite, devilry, grudge, malevolence, malice, malignancy, malignity, rancor, rancour, spite, spleen, venom). (various references)

Chinese		剧�' (Virulent). (various references)

Czech		virulence, zlovolnost, prudkost (effervescence, effervescency, ferocity, fierceness, impetuosity, intensity, rapidity, vehemence, viciousness, vigor, vigour, violence), krutost (atrocity, brutality, cruelty, severity, viciousness, wickedness), jedovatost (venom). (various references)

Danish		virulens. (various references)

Dutch		virulentie. (various references)

Farsi		واگیری , تندی (Acerbity, Acrimony, Discourtesy, Ginger, Heat, Impetuosity, Kick, Pace, Pungency, Rapidity, Rigor, Speed, Vehemence, Velocity, Violence), تلخی (Gall, Poignancy), زهرگینی , خصومت (Enmity). (various references)

Finnish		virulentia, virulenssi, taudinaiheuttamiskyky, taudinaiheuttajanpahanlaatuisuus, taudinaiheuttajan pahanlaatuisuus. (various references)

French		virulence. (various references)

German		Virulenz, Giftigkeit (poisonousness, toxicity, venomousness). (various references)

Greek		μοχθηρία (malice, maliciousness, malignancy, mischief), φαρμακερότησ, φαρμακερότητα, λοιμiκότητα, λοιμογόνος δύναμη, λοιμοτοξικότητα, τοξικότητα (toxicity). (various references)

Hebrew		ארסיות (poisoning, poisonousness, venenosity). (various references)

Hungarian		fertõzõképesség, ártalmasság (destructiveness, hurtfulness, insalubrity). (various references)

Indonesian		kebisaan (poisoned). (various references)

Italian		virulenza (infectivity). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		悪性 (evil nature, lewdness, licentiousness, malignancy, malignant, pernicious), �'性 (toxic, toxicity, virulent). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		どくせい (toxic, toxicity, virulent), あくせい (bad voice, evil speaking, malignancy, malignant, misgovernment, pernicious). (various references)

Manx		nieunaght (poisonousness), myskid (ill will, implacability, malevolence, malice, rancorousness, resentfulness, resentment, spite, spiteful hatred, viciousness, vindictiveness), gallverg (bitter enemy, ferocity, sarcasm, spite, spiteful hatred, virulent anger). (various references)

Pig Latin		irulencevay

Portuguese		virulência. (various references)

Romanian		virulenţã. (various references)

Russian		ядовитость (poisonousness, toxicity), вирулентность, злоба (animosity, despite, devilry, grudge, malevolence, malice, rancor, rancour, spite, venom, viciousness). (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		virulencija, zaraznost (infectiousness). (various references)

Spanish		virulencia (viciousness). (various references)

Swedish		virulens, kraft (drive, energy, force, impact, impetus, intensity, kick, lustiness, might, pith, pizzazz, potency, power, sinew, strength, vigor, vigour, vim, virtue), häftighet (ferocity, impetuosity, intensity, vehemence, violence), giftighet (poisonousness, toxicity, venom), etter (poison, venom). (various references)

Turkish		zehirlilik (venomousness), kin (animosity, animus, antagonism, despite, enmity, gall, grudge, hate, hatred, hostility, ill feeling, malevolence, malignity, rancor, rancour, resentment, revenge, spite, venom, venomousness), keskinlik (acridity, acuity, acuteness, bite, bitter, bitterness, edge, intension, keenness, mordacity, mordancy, penetration, piquancy, poignancy, pointedness, pungency, quickness, sharpness, tartness, trenchancy), düşmanlık (animosity, animus, antagonism, bad blood, dead set, enmity, feud, hatred, hostility, opposition, venom, war), şiddet (acuteness, edge, fierceness, force, forcefulness, harshness, heaviness, impetuosity, impetus, intenseness, intension, intensity, keenness, lustiness, rigor, rigour, rough stuff, severity, sharpness, smartness, sting, stringency, tempest, vehemence, violence), öldürücülük (deadliness). (various references)

Ukranian		вірулентність, отруйність (toxicity), злостивість. (various references)

Vietnamese		tính chất độc (unhealthfulness, virulency), tính độc hại tính hiểm ác (virulency), tính độc địa (virulency, virus). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Derivations
	Words beginning with "virulence": virulences. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Virulence" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Kirilenko. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "virulence" (pronounced vi"ruluns)
5	-u l u n s	ambivalence, ambulance, benevolence, equivalence, excellence, insolence, nonviolence, opulence, pestilence, petulance, prevalence, turbulence, vigilance, violence.
4	-l u n s	balance, condolence, counterbalance, imbalance, parlance, resemblance, semblance, silence, surveillance, unbalance, Valence.
3	-u n s	abeyance, abhorrence, absence, abstinence, abundance, acceptance, accordance, acquaintance, acquiescence, adherence, admirations, admittance, adolescence, affluence, allegiance, alliance, allowance, ambiance, ambience, annoyance, appearance, appliance, arrogance, ascendance, assistance, assurance, attendance, audience, avoidance, belligerence, beneficence, bioscience, brilliance, cadence, capacitance, chrominance, circumference, clairvoyance, Clarence, clearance, coexistence, cognizance, coherence, coincidence, coinsurance, comeuppance, competence, compliance, concurrence, conference, confidence, confluence, conformance, congruence, connivance, conscience, consequence, consistence, continuance, contrivance, convalescence, convenience, convergence, conveyance, correspondence, countenance, counterintelligence, credence, dalliance, decadence, Defeasance, deference, defiance, deliverance, dependence, deterrence, deviance, difference, diligence, disallowance, disappearance, discontinuance, disobedience, dissidence, dissonance, distance, disturbance, divergence, dominance, ebullience, elegance, eloquence, emergence, eminence, endurance, entrance, essence, evanescence, evidence, existence, expedience, experience, extravagance, exuberance, flamboyance, Florence, forbearance, fragrance, furtherance, governance, grievance, guidance, hindrance, ignorance, immanence, imminence, impatience, impedance, importance, impotence, imprudence, inadvertence, incidence, incoherence, incompetence, incontinence, inconvenience, independence, indifference, inductance, indulgence, inexperience, inference, influence, inheritance, innocence, insignificance, insistence, instance, insurance, intelligence, interdependence, interference, intolerance, intransigence, invariance, irrelevance, irreverence, issuance, jurisprudence, licence, license, luminance, luminescence, maintenance, malfeasance, negligence, neuroscience, noncompliance, noninterference, nuisance, obedience, observance, obsolescence, occurrence, omnipotence, omnipresence, ordinance, Ordnance, overabundance, overconfidence, overdependence, overreliance, patience, penance, performance, permanence, persecutions, perseverance, persistence, phosphorescence, pittance, precedence, predominance, preeminence, preference, preponderance, prescience, presence, prominence, protuberance, provenance, Providence, province, prudence, pseudoscience, quintessence, radiance, reappearance, reassurance, recalcitrance, recognizance, reconnaissance, recurrence, reemergence, reference, reinspections, reinsurance, relevance, reliance, reluctance, remembrance, reminiscence, remittance, repentance, residence, resilience, resistance, resonance, resurgence, reticence, reverence, riddance, science, senescence, sentence, sequence, severance, significance, submergence, subservience, subsidence, subsistence, substance, sustenance, teleconference, temperance, tolerance, transcendence, transference, transience, utterance, variance, vehemence, vengeance, videoconference.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "c-e-e-i-l-n-r-u-v"
	-1 letter: culverin, vernicle.
	-2 letters: cervine, incurve, leucine, livener, lucerne, nervule, recline, veinule.
	-3 letters: ceiler, clever, crenel, culver, envier, eviler, evince, leucin, levier, lierne, liever, lucern, lunier, nuclei, reline, relive, revile, unlive, unreel, unveil, veiler, veiner, velure, venire, venule.
	-4 letters: cline, creel, cruel, curie, curve, elver, enure, ervil, incur, inure, lever, levin, lieve, liner, liven, liver.
	Words containing the letters "c-e-e-i-l-n-r-u-v"
	+1 letter: virulences.
	+2 letters: virulencies.
	+3 letters: surveillance, uncoercively, unreflective.
	+4 letters: countervailed, lucrativeness, reclusiveness, surveillances, ultraviolence, unserviceable.
	+5 letters: overindulgence, ultraviolences, undiscoverable.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.