Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Veneer

Definitions: Veneer

Veneer

Noun

1. Coating consisting of a thin layer of superior wood glued to a base of inferior wood.

2. An ornamental coating to a building.

Verb

1. Cover with veneer, as of furniture.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "veneer" was first used: 1702. (references)



Specialty Definitions: Veneer

DomainDefinitions

Building & Civil Engineering

The thin layers of wood are called --. This veneer is made by revolving straight logs in a large veneer-cutting lathe. Source: European Union. (references)

Dream Interpretation

To dream that you are veneering, denotes that you will systematically deceive your friends, your speculations will be of a misleading nature. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted ....

Food & Agriculture

Il "veneer", conosciuto anche come innesto alla maiorchina modificato, ha riscosso ovunque un grande successo ed è lar-gamente utilizzato in Florida, India, Pakistan, Portorico ed Israele; è una tecnica originaria della Florida dove si pra-tica dal 1941. Source: European Union. (references)

Geological

A thin, widespread layer of sediment covering an older surface. (references)

Industry

A single sheet of veneer, or several sheets laid side by side with adjoining edges that may or may not be glued, forming one layer in a piece of plywood. Source: European Union. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top     

Synonyms: Veneer

Synonyms: facing (n), veneering (n). (additional references)

Top     

Synonyms within Context: Veneer

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Covering

Verb: cover; superpose, superimpose; overlay, overspread; wrap; encase, incase; face, case, veneer, pave, paper; tip, cap, bind; bulkhead, bulkhead in; clapboard.

Veneer, facing; overlay; plate, silver plate, gold plate, copper plate; engobe; ormolu; Sheffield plate; pavement; coating, paint; varnish; (resin) a; plating, barrel plating, anointing; Verb: enamel; epitaxial deposition, vapor deposition; ground, whitewash, plaster, spackel, stucco, compo; cerement; ointment; (grease).

Deception

Whited sepulcher, painted sepulcher; tinsel; paste, junk jewelry, costume jewelry, false jewelry, synthetic jewels; scagliola, ormolu, German silver, albata, paktong, white metal, Britannia metal, paint; veneer; jerry building; man of straw.

Layer

Verb: slice, shave, pare, peel; delaminate; plate, coat, veneer; cover.

Ornament

Garnish, polish, varnish, French polish, veneer, japanning, lacquer.

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Top     

 

.

Crosswords: Veneer

English words defined with "veneer": Astronium fraxinifoliumburlCross-bandedFineergoncalo alvesScaleboard, Slatttrue tulipwood, tulipwoodVeneer moth, Veneered, veneeringwhite poplar, whitewoodyellow poplar. (references)
Specialty definitions using "veneer": ASSEMBLY INSPECTORBACK FEEDER, PLYWOOD LAYUP LINE, BACK SHEET, BACK-ROLL LATHE, band-saw marker, BAND-SAW OPERATOR, BARKER OPERATOR, basket-factory machine hand, basket-machine operator, boat wrapper, book match, BREAK-OFF WORKER, Brick Veneercentre bâti, CLAMP REMOVER, clipper offbearer, CLIPPER, AUTOMATIC, cold-press operator, core feeder, CORE FEEDER, PLYWOOD LAYUP LINE, CORE LAYER, PLYWOOD LAYUP LINE, CORE STOCK, CORE-COMPOSER FEEDER, CORE-COMPOSER-MACHINE TENDER, CREW LEADER, GLUING, cross-band, CROSSBANDS, crotch graindecorative veneer, defect cutter, DOOR CORE ASSEMBLER, drop clipper, dry-clipper tenderEDGE BANDER, HAND, EDGE BANDER, MACHINE, EDGE-BANDING-MACHINE OFFBEARER, EDGE-GLUE-MACHINE TENDERface layer, FACE SHEET, face veneerGLUE SPREADER, VENEER, GLUER-AND-WEDGER, glue-spreader operator, GREEN-CHAIN OFFBEARERhogshead head-matcher, horizontal gap, HOT-PLATE-PLYWOOD-PRESS OPERATOR, hot-plate-press operator, HYDRAULIC-PRESS OPERATORinner ply, inspector and patch workerjointed veneerKERFER-MACHINE OPERATORLAMINATING-MACHINE OPERATOR, lathe log, LOG COOKER, LUMBER HANDLER, lumber piler, lumber puller, lumber racker, LUMBER SORTER, lumber sorter, machine, lumber stacker, lumber stickernosebar gapopen defect, outer-plyparts inspector, PATTERN MARKER II, peeler baulk, peeler log, platen-drier operator, plywood log, pressure-bar gap, putty-and-patch workerQUALITY CONTROL INSPECTORrepaired plywood, ROTARY LATHE, rotary-slicing-machine operator, rotary-veneer-machine operatorSAMPLE MAKER, VENEER, saw-cut veneer, sawn veneer, SHAPING MACHINE TENDER, SHEET TURNER, SLAT-BASKET MAKER, MACHINE, slicing machine, SORTER OPERATOR, splicer matcher, SPLICER OPERATOR, STACKER TENDER, STAVE-MACHINE TENDER, steam-vat tender, STOCK-PARTS INSPECTOR, straight-slicing-machine operator, SUPERVISOR, DRYING, SUPERVISOR, GREEN END DEPARTMENT, SUPERVISOR, SAWMILL, SUPERVISOR, SHUTTLE VENEERING, SUPERVISOR, VENEER. (references)

Top     

Modern Usage: Veneer

DomainUsage

Lyrics

Your veneer is wearing thin and cracking ("Bittersweet Me"; performing artist: R.E.M.)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top     

Commercial Usage: Veneer

DomainTitle

References

  • The 2000 Import and Export Market for Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees in Oceana (reference)

  • The 2001 Report on Softwood Veneer and Plywood: World Market Segmentation by City (reference)

  • The 2001 Long-Run Global Growth Prospects for Softwood Veneer and Plywood: A Physioeconomic Perspective (reference)

  • The 2002 World Forecasts of Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees Export Supplies (reference)

  • The 2003 World Forecasts of Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees Export Supplies (reference)

    (more reference examples)

  

Books

  • The 2000 Import and Export Market for Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees in The Middle East [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] (reference)

  • The Fine Hardwood Veneer Industry in the United States: 1838-1990 (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Music

  

High Tech

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top     

Photo Album: Veneer

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

Brick veneer houses. Greenhills, Ohio.Credit: Library of Congress.

Veneer mill. Newport, Vermont.Credit: Library of Congress.

Veneer mill. Morrisville, Vermont.Credit: Library of Congress.

Logs for veneer mill at Morrisville, Vermont.Credit: Library of Congress.

Veneer wood mill. Morrisville, Vermont.Credit: Library of Congress.

Veneer wood mill. Morrisville, Vermont.Credit: Library of Congress.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top     

Non-Fiction Usage: Veneer

SubjectTopicQuote

Business

Canada's building products industry is best noted for commodities like lumber, plywood, shingles, veneer, and particleboard. (references)

Russian conifer plywood and veneer, if produced to the Japanese quality standards and in substantial quantities, can become highly marketable in Japan. (references)

There is also an increased interest locally to develop OSB (Oriented Strand Board), and LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber), and other special lumber products manufacturing, but high start-up costs combined with financial challenges makes these plans hardly realistic, at least for the next 2 years. (references)

Economic History

Portugal

Also hardwood veneer accounted for $ 4 million. (references)

Portugal

Tropical hardwood, logs, veneer, pallets, staves, etc. (references)

Taiwan

Local production is focused on plywood manufacturing using imported veneer. (references)

Minorities

Bulgaria

Often cloaked in a veneer of "patriotism," intolerance of the religious beliefs of others was widespread. (references)

Trade

Philippines

The DENR allows the importation of wood materials (including logs and lumber, plywood and veneer, poles and piles) by a holder of Timber License Agreement (TLA), Industrial Forest Management Agreement (IFMA), Wood Processing Plant Permit (WPPP) or Certificate of Registration (CR) as furniture manufacturer, agent, contractor, or dealer of logs and lumber; provided that the holder shall have his TLA, IFMA, WPPP or CR registered with the Philippine Wood Producers Association (PWPA) and subsequently stamped by the Office of the Regional Executive Director/DENR as a valid Authority to Import. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Top     

Usage Frequency: Veneer

"Veneer" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.39% of the time. "Veneer" is used about 163 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (singular)99.39%16224,580
Lexical Verb (infinitive)0.61%1339,140
                    Total100.00%163N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Top     

Expression: Veneer

Expressions using "veneer": decorative veneer face veneer jointed veneer sawn veneer top veneer trimmed veneer veneer moth veneer sheet. Additional references.

Hyphenated Usage

Beginning with "veneer": veneer-presses, veneer-thin.

Ending with "veneer": walnut-veneer.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top     

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Veneer

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

stone veneer

256

veneer

231

wood veneer

164

brick veneer

155

sliced veneer

24

veneer door

23

cut rotary veneer

22

tooth veneer

22

panel raised veneer

19

component veneer

19

door panel raised veneer

19

laminated lumber veneer

16

porcelain veneer

16

maple veneer

14

oak veneer

12

cultured stone veneer

12

veneer repair

12

thin brick veneer

12

rock veneer

11

teak veneer

11
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top     

Modern Translations: Veneer

Language Translations for "veneer"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Albanian

  

rimesoj, rimeso, lustër i jashtëm, i jap një lustër (varnish). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏كسا بقشرة خشبية, ‏مظهر خادع (fallacy, show), ‏قشرة خشبية, ‏طبقة خارجية للوقاية, ‏أخفى عيبا تحت مظهر خادع. (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

фурнир, външен блясък (flash, flashiness, gilt, gloss, vanity), облицовка (coat, facing, lining, onlay, overlay, paneling, panelling, revetment, tiling), облицовам с фурнир, замазка (mastic, paste), замазвам (gloss, gloss over, lute, seal, slur over, smarm, smooth out, soft pedal, stifle, varnish), лъскавина (brightness, gloss, glossiness, luster, lustre, polish, sheen, shine, varnish), лустро (gloss, luster, lustre, polish, top dressing, varnish), придавам външен блясък на, покривам с фурнир, политура (glaze, glazing, gloss, polish, varnish). (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

表面饰板. (various references)

   

Czech

  

pozlátko (façade, gilt, gloss, gold leaf, tinsel, varnish), patina, obklad (application, compress, lining), obkládat dýhami, nátìr (coating, overlay, paint, varnish), dýhovat, dýha. (various references)

   

Danish

  

lag (bed, coat, course, lag, layer, level, ply, round, seam, sheath, sheet, slab, stratum, streak, tier, veneer sheet), finerplade (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), finerlag (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), finere, finer (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), finér (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

laag (abject, base, bed, coating, course, deep, dressing, lamina, layer, level, low, nasty, ply, sheath, sheet, storey, story, stratum, veneer sheet, vile, wash), fineren (veneering), fineerlaag (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), fineerhout (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), fineerblad (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), fineer (marquetry), blad fineer (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet). (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

چوب مخصوص روکش مبل وغیره , لایه نازک چوب , جلاء , روکش زدن به , روکش (Blanket, Casing, Coat, Plate, Slip). (various references)

   

Finnish

  

viilu (furrow slice, layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet, worked strip). (various references)

   

French

  

placage (veneer sheet, veneering). (various references)

   

German

  

Furnier (layer, marquetry, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), furnieren. (various references)

   

Greek 

  

καπλαμάς (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet). (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

ללב", לבי" (plywood), עץ לבו" (plywood). (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

furnér (panelling, plywood), borítólemez. (various references)

   

Indonesian

  

fineer. (various references)

   

Italian

  

strato del compensato (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), sogliato (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), sfogliato (layer, peeled veneer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), plis (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), piallaccio (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), Innesto alla maiorchina modificato o "veneer", impiallacciatura (veneering), impiallacciare, foglio da impallaciatura (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), foglio (foil, folio, layer, leaf, piece, ply, sheet, sheet of paper, slab, tissue (obsolete), veneer sheet), foglia (layer, leaf, ply, ruck, sheet, veneer sheet). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

薄板 (laminate), 化粧張り , ベトナ 戦争 (Bedouin, Vietnam war), 上張り (coat, face). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

ベニヤ , うすいた (laminate), うわばり (coat, face, finishing coat of paper), けしょうばり. (various references)

   

Korean 

  

니어. (various references)

   

Manx

  

keiltyn (conceal, concealment, cover, cover up, disguise, dissimulate, dissimulation, harbour, hide, renege, shelter, sneak, suppress, suppression, veil), follaghtyn (burke, conceal, concealment, disguise, hide, mask, muffle), cur aachrackan er, aachrackan, aachoodagh. (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

eneervay

   

Portuguese

  

verniz máscara, placagem (layer, pancakes, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), madeira folheada, folheado de madeira (layer, ply, sheet, veneer sheet), folheado (foliate, sliced), folha (block, break, field, foil, folio, gazette, layer, leaf, magazine, manyplies, nappe, newspaper, omasum, periodical, plot, ply, psalterium, sheath, sheet, sheet metal, sheet steel, slab, thin sheet, third stomach, tin, veneer sheet), camada superficial, aparência (air, appearance, aspect, complexion, expression, exterior, external, garb, guise, likewise, look, make, perspective, semblance, shell, shew, show, sight, stalking horse, surface, view). (various references)

   

Romanian

  

spoialã (gloss, smattering, varnish, whitewashing), spoi (gild, silver, tin, varnish, whiten, whitewash), smalţ (enamel, glaze, varnish), smãlţui (anneal, enamel, varnish), poleialã (foil, gilding, tinsel, varnish), polei (brighten, fill, glazed frost, surface), placa (metal, tackle, wash), lustru (gloss, glossiness, luster, lustre, lustrum, polish, shallowness, shine, varnish), furnirui, furnir, emaila (enamel, glaze, varnish), email (enamel, varnish), cãptuşealã din cãrãmidã aparentã. (various references)

   

Russian 

  

фанерный, шпон (interline, slug), наружный слой (skin). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

s glazurom, s furnirom, glazura (cake ice, frosting, glaze, topping, varnish), furnir. (various references)

   

Spanish

  

chapa (border, chappa, framboesia, layer, line pan, pan, plate, ply, sheet, sheet iron, tag, veneer sheet, warp). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

fernissa (dope, lacquer, varnish), fanera, faner (veneers). (various references)

   

Turkish

  

yaldızlamak (gild), yaldız (gilding, gilt), sırlamak (enamel, glaze, silver, varnish, vitrify), kaplamak (back, bestrew, canopy, carpet, case, clothe, coat, cover, encrust, envelop, face, fair, film, film over, fleece, hang, incrust, infest, line, overgrow, overlap, overspread, overwhelm, plate, recap, revet, sheathe, sheet, shield, smother in, smother with, suffuse, take, thread, upholster, wreathe), kaplama tahtası, gösteriş (affectation, array, blazon, blazonry, dash, display, flashiness, flourish, frill, furbelows, gaiety, glitter, glossiness, ostentation, panache, parade, pomposity, pretension, pride, put on, shew, show, show off, showiness, showing off, splendidness, splurge, swank, vanity, veneering), döşemek (appoint, floor, furnish, inlay, lay down, spread, upholster), cilalamak (apply polish, blanch, burnish, finish, furbish, give a polish, gloss, luster, polish, shine, surface, varnish, wax), cila (chaser, dope, finish, finishing, glaze, glazing, gloss, luster, lustre, polish, polisher, polishing, rubbing varnish, shine, varnish, veneering, wax), örtbas etmek (blanket, cloak, compound, conceal, cover up, explain away, gloss, gloss over, gloze, gloze over, hugger mugger, huggermugger, hush, hush up, keep smth. quiet, obscure, palliate, paper, sink, smother up, suppress, sweep under the carpet, wash out, whitewash). (various references)

   

Turkmen 

  

faner (r) (plywood). (various references)

   

Ukranian 

  

шпон (skillet), обшивати фанерою, наліт показного, надавати зовнішнього блиску. (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

vỏ ngo i, bề ngo i (aspect, exterior, face, glossy, outside, seeming, superficies). (various references)

   

Welsh

  

argaen. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Top     

Ancestral Language Translations: Veneer

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Latin500 BCE-Modern

bratteas, lammina, lamminae, lamminam, lamminas, lamminis, nebula, nebulae, nebulam, nebulas. (various references)

Middle French1400-1600

fornir. (various references)

French1500-Modern

fournir. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Top     

Derivations & Misspellings: Veneer

Derivations

Words beginning with "veneer": veneered, veneerer, veneerers, veneering, veneerings, veneers. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Veneer" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Enefer, Jenever, reneer, vanea, vaneer, vaner, veena, veener, veerer, veiner, vendere, vene, venee, veneen, veneert, vener, venere, venerel, venez, venier, vennear, venner, venuer, veny, viener, Vihear, vinier, voner. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Top     

Rhyming with "Veneer"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "veneer" (pronounced vuni"r)
5v u n i" rsouvenir.
4-u n i" rauctioneer, bioengineer, conventioneer, domineer, electioneer, engineer, mutineer, pioneer, reengineer.
3-n i" rnear, Rainier, sneer.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Top     

Anagrams: Veneer

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Direct Anagrams: evener.

Words within the letters "e-e-e-n-r-v"

-1 letter: nerve, never, reeve.

-2 letters: erne, even, ever, neve, veer.

-3 letters: ere, ern, eve, nee, ree, rev, vee.

-4 letters: en, er, ne, re.

 Words containing the letters "e-e-e-n-r-v"
 

+1 letter: enfever, eveners, revenge, revenue, unreeve, veneers.

 

+2 letters: enervate, enfevers, everymen, everyone, overkeen, overseen, overween, revehent, revenged, revenger, revenges, revenued, revenuer, revenues, reverend, reverent, unevener, unreeved, unreeves, veneered, veneerer, venerate, venereal, veneries, vergence, versemen, whenever.

 

+3 letters: breakeven, denervate, enervated, enervates, enfevered, evergreen, intervene, nerveless, nevermore, overeaten, overweens, prevented, preventer, reconvene, reengrave, relevance, retentive, revengers, revenuers, reverence, reverends, revetment, severance, supervene, unreserve, veneerers, veneering, venerable, venerated, venerates, veniremen, vergences, vicereine.

 

+4 letters: advertence, anteverted, averseness, breakevens, cleverness, denervated, denervates, divergence, endeavored, enfevering, evergreens, everywomen, fervencies, generative, heavenlier, interleave, intervened, intervener, intervenes, interweave, inveterate, irreverent, lavendered, maneuvered, maneuverer, overbeaten, overextend, overseeing, overweened, prevalence, prevenient, preventers, preventive, reconceive, reconvened, reconvenes, reconveyed, reengraved, reengraves, reinvented, reinvested, rejuvenate, relevances, replevined, revealment, revengeful, reverenced, reverencer, reverences, reverently, revetments, revilement, servicemen, severances, severeness, supervened, supervenes, unbeliever, undeserved, unrelieved, unreserved, unreserves, unrevealed, unreviewed, veneerings, vespertine, vicegerent, vicereines, virescence, whensoever.

 

+5 letters: adverseness, advertences, averageness, bereavement, convergence, deliverance, deliverymen, depravement, divergences, diverseness, eigenvector, endeavoured, enumerative, erosiveness, exonerative, foreverness, governesses, gravenesses, hereinabove, interleaved, interleaves, interveners, interviewed, interviewee, interviewer, interweaved, interweaves, invernesses, irrelevance, irreverence, maneuverers, nervelessly, nervinesses, nonbeliever, overcleaned, overearnest, overextends, overfeeding, overintense, overlearned, overrefined, overseeding, overspender, oversweeten, overtnesses, overweening, penetrative, persevering, preconceive, prevalences, preventable, preventible, preventives, provenience, reconceived, reconceives, reconverted, reinnervate, reinterview, rejuvenated, rejuvenates, relevancies, rereviewing, restiveness, retentively, revealments, reverberant, reverencers, reverencing, reverential, reversioner, revilements, servileness, unbelievers, undelivered, underserved, unperceived, unreceptive, unrecovered, venturesome, verboseness, vicegerency, vicegerents, vinedresser, virescences, volunteered.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

Top     

Alternative Orthography: Veneer


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

56 65 6E 65 65 72

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

...-    .    -.    .    .    .-.

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01010110 01100101 01101110 01100101 01100101 01110010

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#86 &#101 &#110 &#101 &#101 &#114

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0056 0065 006E 0065 0065 0072

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

567180717184

Top     

 

INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern
5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Photo Album
7. Quotations: Non-fiction
8. Usage Frequency
9. Expressions
10. Expressions: Internet
11. Translations: Modern
12. Translations: Ancient
13. Derivations
14. Rhymes
15. Anagrams
16. Orthography
17. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.