Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Vanadium |
VanadiumNoun1. A soft silvery white toxic metallic element used in steel alloys; it occurs in several complex minerals including carnotite and vanadinite. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Chemistry | Chemical element:atomic number 23. Source: European Union. (references) |
Health | Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. (references) |
Mining | A gray or white, malleable, ductile, metallic element. Symbol, V. Found in about 65 different minerals, among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite; also found in phosphate rock, certain iron ores, and some crude oils. About 80% of the vanadium now produced is used as a ferrovanadium or as a steel additive; also used in ceramics, as a catalyst, and in the production of a superconductive magnet. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
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| General | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Name, Symbol, Number | Vanadium, V, 23 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | Transition metals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | 5 , 4 , d | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density, Hardness | 6110 kg/m3, 7.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery grey metallic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic weight | 50.9415 amu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 135 (171) pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 125 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| van der Waals radius | n/a pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Ar]3d[3d34s2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| e- 's per energy level | 2, 8, 11, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states (Oxide) | 5,3 (amphoteric) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | body centered cubic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State of matter | solid (__) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 2175 K (3456 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 3682 K (6168 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar volume | 8.32 ×1010-3 m3/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 0.452 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 20.9 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vapor pressure | 3.06 Pa at 2175 K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Velocity of sound | 4560 m/s at 293.15 K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 1.63 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | 490 J/(kg·K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical conductivity | 4.89 106/m ohm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 30.7 W/(m·K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st ionization potential | 650.9 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd ionization potential | 1414 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd ionization potential | 2830 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4th ionization potential | 4507 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5th ionization potential | 6298.7 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Most Stable Isotopes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| SI units & STP are used except where noted. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common oxidation states of vanadium include +2, +3, +4 and +5. A popular experiment with ammonium vanadate (NH4VO3), reducing the compound with zinc metal, can demonstrate colorimetrically all four of these vanadium oxidation states. A +1 oxidation state is also rarely seen.
In 1831, Sefström of Sweden rediscovered vanadium in a new oxide he found while working with some iron ores and later that same year Friedrich Wöhler confirmed del Rio's earlier work.
Metallic vanadium was isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867, who reduced the vanadium chloride (VCl3) with hydrogen. The name vanadium comes from Vanadis, the goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology because the element has beautiful multicolored chemical compounds.
Administration of oxovanadium compounds has been shown to alleviate diabetes mellitus symptoms in certain animal models and humans. Much like the chromium effect on sugar metabolism, the mechanism of this effect is unknown.
Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel. Vanadium is usually recovered as a by-product or co-product, and so world resources of the element are not really indicative of available supply.
The isotopes of vanadium range in atomic weight from 43.981 amu (V-43) to 59.959 amu (V-59). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, V-51, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. The primary decay products before V-51 are element 22 (titanium) isotopes and the primary products after are element 24 (chromium) isotopes.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set an exposure limit of 0.05 mg/m3 for vanadium pentoxide dust and 0.1 mg/m3 for vanadium pentoxide fumes in workplace air for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour work week.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended that 35 mg/m3 of vanadium be considered immediately dangerous to life and health. This is the exposure level of a chemical that is likely to cause permanent health problems or death. Notable Characteristics
Vanadium is a soft and ductile, bright white metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily at about 933 K. Vanadium has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications. It is intermediate between the metals and the non-metals, having both basic and acid properties. Applications
Approximately 80% of vanadium produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. Other uses;
History
Vanadium (Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis) was originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio (a Spanish mineralogist) at Mexico City in 1801, who called it "brown lead" (now named vanadinite). Through experimentation, he saw that the colors it exhibited were reminiscent of chromium, so he named the element panchromium. He later renamed this compound erythronium, since most of the salts turned red when heated. A French chemist incorrectly declared that del Rio's new element was only impure chromium. Del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the statement of the French chemist. Biological Role
In biology, a vanadium atom is an essential component of some enzymes, particularly the vanadium nitrogenase used by some nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Vanadium is essential to ascidians, or sea squirts. The concentration of vanadium in their bodies is one million times higher than the concentration of vanadium in the water around them. Rats and chickens are also known to require vanadium in very small amounts and deficiencies result in reduced growth and impaired reproduction. Occurrence
Vanadium is never found unbound in nature but it does occur in about 65 different minerals among which are patronite (VS4), vanadinite ]Pb5(VO4)3Cl[], and carnotite K2(UOO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O. Vanadium is also present in bauxite, and in carbon containing deposits such as crude oil, coal, oil shale and tar sands. The spectra of vanadium has also been detected in light from the sun and some other stars. Compounds
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and color-fixer.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring vanadium is composed of 1 stable isotope; V-51. 15 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being V-50 with a half-life of 1.4E17 years, V-49 with a half-life of 330 days, and V-48 with a half-life of 15.9735 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 1 hour and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 10 seconds. This element also has 1 meta state. Precautions
Powdered metallic vanadium is a fire hazard, and vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. Vanadium compounds may cause lung cancer if inhaled.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Vanadium."
Synonym: VanadiumSynonym: atomic number 23 (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Vanadium |
| English words defined with "vanadium": carnotite ♦ Induline ♦ Pyrovanadic ♦ Roscoelite ♦ vanadate, Vanadic, vanadic acid, vanadinite, Vanadious, vanadium pentoxide, vanadium steel, Vanadous, Vanadyl. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "vanadium": 88023 ♦ beryllides, biophile, blue-black ore ♦ ferride, ferrous metals, ferrovanadium, ferro-vanadium ♦ Holmberg system ♦ Man-Ten steel alloy, Mayari iron ♦ Nuclear waste ♦ red cake, roll orebody ♦ Scholl's method, scientific alexandrite ♦ toxic dusts ♦ ultrasonic drilling ♦ vanadic ocher, Vanadium Compounds, vanadium ore. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Vanadium" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Albanian (vanadium), Czech (vanadium), Dutch (vanadium), French (vanadium). |
| Domain | Title |
References | |
Books |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Economic History | Burundi | Mining: Commercial quantities of alluvial gold, nickel, phosphates, rare earth, vanadium, and other; peat mining. (references) |
Namibia | The country also is a source of gold, silver, tin, vanadium, semiprecious gemstones, tantalite, phosphate, sulfur, and salt. (references) | |
China | Natural resources: Coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest). (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Vanadium" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Vanadium" is used about 17 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 17 | 85,106 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| South Africa | Highveld Steel & Vanadium Corp Ltd |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
1. Vanadium, NM |
Expressions using "vanadium": vanadium bronze ♦ Vanadium Compounds ♦ vanadium pentoxide ♦ vanadium steel. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "vanadium": ferro-vanadium. | |
Containing "vanadium": chrome-vanadium-molybdenum. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
vanadium | 141 |
bolle vanadium | 6 |
chrome vanadium | 6 |
vanadium pentoxide | 5 |
chromium vanadium | 5 |
vanadium diabetes | 4 |
ferro vanadium | 4 |
euro vanadium | 4 |
steel vanadium | 4 |
vanadium oxide | 4 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "vanadium"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | vanadium. (various references) | |
Arabic | الفاناديوم عنصر فلزي. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | ванадий. (various references) | |
Chinese | 釩 , ''. (various references) | |
Czech | vanadium. (various references) | |
Danish | vanadin. (various references) | |
Dutch | vanadium. (various references) | |
Finnish | vanadiini (much of the vanadium is found in solid solution in the metal matrix and lowers the carbon diffusion rate). (various references) | |
French | vanadium. (various references) | |
German | Vanadium. (various references) | |
Greek | βανάδιο. (various references) | |
Hungarian | vanádium. (various references) | |
Italian | vanadio. (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | バッファ確保失敗 (badminton, baffy, banner, baton, baton girl, baton pass, baton passing, baton touch, baton twirler, Battenberg lace, battle royal, body, buffererror). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | バナジウ . (various references) | |
Korean | "나". (various references) | |
Manx | vanaadiu. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | anadiumvay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | vanádio. (various references) | |
Russian | ванадий. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | vanadijum. (various references) | |
Spanish | vanadio. (various references) | |
Turkish | vanadyum. (various references) | |
Ukranian | ванадій. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "vanadium": vanadiums. (additional references) | |
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"Vanadium" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: canadium, Canarium, valadium, vanedium. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "vanadium" (pronounced vunā"dēum) |
| 5 | -ā" d ē u m | palladium, radium, stadium. |
| 4 | -d ē u m | compendium, idiom, indium, iridium, medium, myocardium, nephridium, Plasmodium, podium, presidium, rhodium, sodium, tedium. |
| 3 | -ē u m | alluvium, ammonium, aquarium, atrium, auditorium, axiom, bacterium, barium, beryllium, cadmium, calcium, cesium, chromium, colloquium, condominium, consortium, crematorium, delirium, deuterium, disequilibrium, emporium, equilibrium, europium, fermium, gallium, geranium, gonium, gymnasium, hafnium, harmonium, helium, Herbarium, holmium, honorarium, lawrencium, linoleum, lithium, magnesium, millennium, minium, moratorium, neptunium, niobium, nobelium, opium, opprobrium, osmium, pandemonium, paramecium, petroleum, planetarium, plutonium, polonium, potassium, premium, promethium, protium, psyllium, requiem, selenium, strontium, superpremium, symposium, tellurium, thallium, thorium, titanium, tritium, uranium, yttrium, zirconium. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-d-i-m-n-u-v" | |
-2 letters: aidman, navaid. | |
-3 letters: adman, amain, amnia, anima, avian, daman, divan, dunam, mania, maund, mavin, naiad, vanda, viand. | |
-4 letters: amia, amid, amin, avid, damn, diva, duma, maid, main, mana, maud, maun, mina, mind, muni, nada, unai, vain, vina. | |
-5 letters: aid, aim, ain, ama, ami, amu, ana, and, ani, ava, dam, dim, din, dui, dun, mad, man, mid, mud, mun, nam, nim, van, vau, via, vim. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-d-i-m-n-u-v" | |
+1 letter: vanadiums. | |
+3 letters: vanguardism. | |
+4 letters: vanguardisms. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)56 61 6E 61 64 69 75 6D |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)...- .- -. .- -.. .. ..- -- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010110 01100001 01101110 01100001 01100100 01101001 01110101 01101101 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)V a n a d i u m |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0056 0061 006E 0061 0064 0069 0075 006D |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)5667806770758779 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Quotations: Non-fiction 6. Usage Frequency 7. Names: Company Usage 8. Cities | 9. Expressions 10. Expressions: Internet 11. Translations: Modern 12. Derivations | 13. Rhymes 14. Anagrams 15. Orthography 16. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
