Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Type |
TypeNoun1. A subdivision of a particular kind of thing; "what type of sculpture do you prefer?". 2. A person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities); "a strange character"; "a friendly eccentric"; "the capable type"; "a mental case". 3. (biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon. 4. Printed characters; "small type is hard to read". 5. A small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper; "he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up". 6. All of the tokens of the same symbol; "the word `element' contains five different types of character". Verb1. Write by means of a typewriter. 2. Identify as belonging to a certain type; "Such people can practically be typed". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "type" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1374. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Satire | TYPE, n. Pestilent bits of metal suspected of destroying civilization and enlightenment, despite their obvious agency in this incomparable dictionary. Source: Devil's Dictionary. |
Computing | Type |
Bible | Type occurs only once in Scripture (1 Cor. 10:11, A.V. marg.). The Greek word _tupos_ is rendered "print" (John 20:25), "figure" (Acts 7:43; Rom. 5:14), "fashion" (Acts 7:44), "manner" (Acts 23:25), "form" (Rom. 6:17), "example" or "ensample" (1 Cor. 10:6, 11; Phil. 3:17; 1 Thess. 1:7; 2 Thess. 3:9; 1 Tim. 4:12). It properly means a "model" or "pattern" or "mould" into which clay or wax was pressed, that it might take the figure or exact shape of the mould. The word "type" is generally used to denote a resemblance between something present and something future, which is called the "antitype." Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary. |
Dream Interpretation | To see type in a dream, portends unpleasant transactions with friends. For a woman to clean type, foretells she will make fortunate speculations which will bring love and fortune. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted .... |
Finance | The classification of an option contract as either a put or a call. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | A. See:rock type b. A coal classification based on the constituent plant materials. CF:rank; grade c. Those differences in coals that are due to variations in the kind of plant material of which the coal is composed, whereby such varieties as common banded coal, cannel coal, algal coal, and splint coal are produced d. A kind, particularly in petrology (rock type); either general (for example, basalt is a rock type) or particular (for example, a particular basalt from a particular locality is a unique type specified by adescription). (references) |
Multilingual Slang | Swiss German (siech ). (references) |
Statistics | A word occurring in several specialised usages in statistics, e. g. in relation to types of frequency function and types of critical region. In older literature two other usages, both obsolescent, are found:(a)in relation to a value such as the mean or the median, which is taken as'typical'of a frequency distribution; (b)in relation to the central values of the group of a bivariate frequency table, an array of x-values in a group of y centred at the value yo being said to be of type yo. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A blood type is a description of certain characteristics of blood which depend on certain substances present on the surface of red blood cells. There are 46 known antigens, each of which is described by its own system.
Two important classifications to describe blood types in humans are ABO and Rh factor. Blood transfusions from incompatible groups can cause an immunological "transfusion reaction", resulting in hemolysis, anemia, renal failure, shock, and death.
ABO
Individuals with type A blood, have red blood cells with substance A on their surface and antibodies against substance B in their blood serum.Individuals with type B blood have the opposite arrangement, substance B in the cell and antibodies to substance A in their serum. Type O people have neither substance but can form antibodies against both types. Type AB people have both substances. Because of this arrangement, type O can be safely given to any person with any ABO blood type. Type AB people can safely receive any ABO type blood.
The precise reason why people are born with antibodies against an antigen they have never been exposed to is unknown. It is thought that some bacterial antigens are similar enough to the A and B glycoproteins, that antibodies created against the bacteria will react to ABO-incompatible blood cells.
Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for his work in discovering ABO blood types.
Rhesus
Another characteristic of blood is Rhesus factor or Rh factor. Someone either has or does not have the Rh factor on the surface of their red blood cells. This is indicated as + or -. This is often combined with the ABO type. Type O+ blood is most common, though in some areas type A prevails, and there are other areas in which as many as 80 percent of the people are type B.Rh factor is named after the rhesus monkey where the factor was first identified.
Inheritance
Blood groups are inherited from both parents. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene with three alleles: i, A, and B.A allele gives type A, B gives type B, and i gives type O. A and B are dominant over i, so ii people have type O, AA or Ai have A, BB or Bi have type B. AB people have both phenotypes because A and B express a special dominance relationship: codominance. Thus, it is usually impossible for a type AB parent to have a type O child.
When a type AB parent has a type O child, or when one type A and one type O parent produce a type AB child, it is sometimes mistakenly assumed that the child MUST be illegitimate.
Bombay phenotype
Another possible explanation is that the child or parent who tests as type O has the very rare Bombay phenotype: they have inherited two recessive alleles of the H gene, (their blood group is Oh and their genotype is "hh"), and so do not produce the "H" protein that is the precursor to the "A" and "B" antigens. It then no longer matters whether the A or B enzymes are present or not, as no A or B antigen can be produced since the precursor antigen is not present.The rare individuals with Bombay phenotype do not express H substance on their red blood cells and therefore do not bind A or B antigens. Instead, they produce antibodies to H substance (which is present on all red cells except those of hh phenotype) as well as to both A and B antigens and are therefore compatible only with other hh donors.
Individuals with Bombay phenotype blood groups can only be transfused with blood from other Bombay phenotype individuals. Given that this condition is very rare to begin with, a person with this blood group who needs an urgent blood transfusion, may be simply out of luck, as it would be quite unlikely that any blood bank would have any in stock.
Rhesus inheritance
Rh is inherited the same way, except that it has two alleles and Rh is dominant. Rh Disease is caused by an Rh negative mother having an Rh positive child. The antibodies in the mother's blood destroy the infant's blood. At first, this was treated by transfusing the blood of infants who survived.
Other Blood Types
Other blood type systems exist to describe the presence or absence of each of the antigens. Diego positive blood is found only among East Asians and Native Americans. MNS systems gives blood types of M, N, and MN. It has use in tests of maternity or paternity. Duffy negative blood gives partial immunity to malaria. The Lutheran system describes a set of 21 antigens. Other systems include Colton, Hh or Bombay, Kell, Kidd, Lewis, Landsteiner-Wiener, P, Yt or Cartwright, XG, Scianna, Dombrock, Chido/Rodgers, Kx, Gerbich, Cromer, Knops, Indian, Ok, Raph, and JMH.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Blood type."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Editorial note: programming language also has discussion of type system.
In computer science, a datatype (often simply called type) is a statically assigned constraint on a programming language phrase that denotes the kinds of values it may take on and gives it certain semantic meaning for the purposes of preventing errors, building abstractions, documenting the program, and gaining some measure of runtime safety and efficiency. A type system provides a method for reasoning about program behavior based on type rules, which specify the ways in which typed program phrases can legally interact. The study of type systems is known as type theory. Programming languages which provide type systems are known as typed languages. Although the majority of programming languages are typed, some, known as untyped langugages, do not provide types.
Basis
The basic idea of typing is to give mere bits semantic meaning. Types are usually associated either with values in memory or with objectss such as variabless. Because any value is simply a set of bits for computers, there is no distinction in hardware even among memory addresses, instruction code, characters, integers and floating-point numbers. Numerical and string constants and expressions in code can and often do imply type in a particular context. For example, an expression
3.14implies its type is floating-point while [1, 2, 3] implies type is a list of integers; typically an array.In some languages, such as C and Java, some types are associated with the particular implementation. For example, in Java, type
intis defined as a 4-byte signed integer. On the other hands, some languages only define the semantic behavior of all types.The type system allows operations to be done relying on contexts by type. For example, in an arithmetic expression,
a + b, if a and b are typed as integer, an underlying operation can be integer addition. If the type is real, floating-point addition is probably done. In generics the type of values determines which code will be executed.Types make impossible to code some operations which cannot be valid in certain context. This mechanism effectively catches the majority of common mistakes made by programmers. For example, an expression
"Hello, Wikipedia" / 3is invalid because a string literal cannot be divided by an integer in the usual sense.Using types in languages also improves documentation of code. For example, the declaration of a variable as being of a specific type documents how the variable is used. In fact, many languages allow programmers to define semantic types derived from builtin types; either composed of elements of one or more builtin types, or simply as aliases for names of builtin types.
Datatypes may be of first-class, second-class or third-class value.
Compile-time and run-time
While some languages use types during compile-time and do not have them during run-time, type information can be stored in memory for use during run-time. Many OOP languages keep certain information about type at run-time to make possible dynamic binding. In C++, such information is called RTTI.
Categories of types
Types can be classified with following categories:
- primitive types - simplest oldest kind of type. e.g. integer and floating-point number.
- composite types - types consisting of basic types.
- object types
- subtype and derived type
Compatibility, equivalence and substitutability
The question of compatibility and equivalence is a complicated and controversial topic and it is related to the problem of substitutionality: that is, given type A and type B, are they equal types? compatible? can the value with type B be used in the place where the value of A?
If type A is compatible with type B, A is a subtype of B while not always vice versa. The definition is known as Liskov substitution principle.
Type checking
The process of verifying types is called type checking. If it occurs at compile-time, the whole type system is called statically typed. If it occurs at run-time, the type system is called dynamically typed. C, Java and Pascal are statically typed while most script languages, including Perl, Ruby and Python, are dynamically typed. One of the primary tasks of semantic analysis is type checking. In dynamic scope, type checking must be done at run-time because variables can be differently typed according to execution path.
Static type checking
Static type checking system usually assign a single type to each syntactic program entity (e.g., each bound variable name or expression). This is in contrast to dynamically typed systems, which do not require that syntactic entities be consistently typed.
Consider the following pseudocode example:
var x; // (1) x = 5; // (2) x = "hi"; // (3)In this example, (1) declares the name x; (2) binds the integer value 5 to the name x; and (3) binds the string value "hi" to the name x. A typical static type discipline would require that the name x be assigned a single type, and hence that all values bound to x be of the same type. In such a system, the above code fragment would be illegal, because (2) and (3) bind x to values of inconsistent type (in most type systems, no value can be both an integer and a string). By contrast, a purely dynamically typed system would permit the above program to execute, because the name x would not be required to have a consistent type.
Some statically typed languages, notably C and its derivatives, have a "back door" in the language that enables programmers to write type-incorrect code by deliberately circumventing the static type system. Languages with back doors are called weakly typed; languages without back doors are called strongly typed.
The presence of static typing in a programming language does not necessarily imply the absence of dynamic typing mechanisms. For example, Java is statically typed, but certain operations require the support of runtime type tests, which are a form of dynamic typing. See programming language for more discussion of the interactions between static and dynamic typing.
Widely known programming languages with static typing include the following: ML, C (a procedural programming language), Java.
Dynamic typing
The implementation of a dynamically typed language will catch errors related to the misuse of values---"type errors"---at the time the erroneous statement or expression is computed. In other words, dynamic typing catches errors during program execution. A typical implementation of dynamic typing will keep all program values "tagged" with a type, and checking the type tag before any value is used in an operation.
For example, consider the following pseudocode:
var x = 5; // (1) var y = "hi"; // (2) x + y; // (3)In this code fragment, (1) binds the value 5 to x; (2) binds the value "hi" to y; and (3) attempts to add x to y. In a dynamically typed language implementation, the value bound to x might be a pair (integer, 5), and the value bound to y might be a pair (string, "hi"). When the program attempts to execute line (3), the language implementation would check the type tags integer and string, discover that the operation + (addition) is not defined over these two types, and signal an error. However, if this is a weakly-typed language, such as Visual Basic, the code would run properly, yielding the result "5hi". There are problems to weakly typed languages, though. For example, would the result of the following code be 9 or "54"?
var x = 5; var y = "4"; x + yMany say that weak typing gets programmers into bad habits because it doesn't teach them to use explicit type conversion.
Well-known dynamically typed languages, in each of the major language paradigms, include the following: Lisp and its dialects, Perl, Smalltalk, Ruby, Python, Visual Basic
The Controversy between static and dynamic typing
The choice between static and dynamic typing requires some trade-offs. Static type disciplines operate on program source code rather than on the program execution. Therefore, they are able to detect certain kinds of errors without executing the program This "early detection" of errors is one of the key software engineering benefits of statically typed systems.
Dynamic typing sometimes simplifies the task of writing code, because it allows the programmer to write code that would be illegal in some static type systems. Also, certain language constructs (for example, an eval function that can execute arbitrary data as code) are difficult to provide in a purely statically typed language.
However, purely dynamically typed languages provide only "late detection" of errors---errors may not be detected until the program is actually run. This complicates both the task of verifying that code is correct a priori, and the task of debugging code a posteriori when errors do arise. Dynamic typing advocates claim that the benefits of flexibility outweigh these disadvantages, and seek to detect the sort of errors that would be detected by strong typing by using extensive unit testing.
See also
- Operator overloading
- Polymorphism in object-oriented programming
- Type polymorphism
- Type inference
- Type signature
- Type variable
- ML programming language
- Abstract data types
- Integer (computer science)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Datatype."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Hubble sequence is a classification of galaxy types developed by Edwin Hubble in 1936. It is also called the tuning-fork diagram as a result of the shape of its graphical representation. Galaxy types are divided as follows:
/ S0 Sa Sb Sc E0 ... E7 Ir \\ SB0 SBa SBb SBc where E0 to E7 are elliptical galaxies, S0 and SB0 are transitional types, Sa to Sd are spiral galaxies, SBa to SBd are barred spiral galaxies, and Ir are irregular galaxies.
- Elliptical galaxies have an ellipsoidal form, with a fairly even distribution of stars throughout. The number gives the degree of eccentricity: E0 galaxies are nearly spherical, while E7 are greatly flattened.
- Lenticular galaxies (S0 and SB0) appear to have a disk-like structure with a central spherical bulge projecting from it. They do not show any spiral structure.
- Spiral galaxies have a central bulge and an outlying disk containing spiral arms. The arms are centered around the bulge, and vary from tightly wound (Sa) to very loose (Sc and Sd). The latter also have less pronounced central bulges.
- Barred spiral galaxies have a similar sort of spiral structure to spiral galaxies, but instead of emanating from the bulge, the arms project out from the ends of a "bar" running through the bulge, like ribbons on either end of a baton. Again, SBa to SBd refer to how "tightly wound" these arms are.
- Irregular galaxies show no clearly discernable or regular shape, and therefore, they do not fit into this simple Hubble classification sequence.
Known Properties of Galaxies Galaxy Type Mass (Solar Masseses) Luminosity (Solar Luminosity) Diameter (kpc) Stellar Populations Percentage of Observed Galaxies
Spiral and Barred Spiral 109 to 1011 108 to 1010 5-250 disk: Population I
halo:Population II77%
Elliptical 105 to 1013 105 to 1011 1-205 Population II 20%
Irregular 108 to 1010 107 to 109 1-10 Population I 3%
Hubble based his classification on photographs of the galaxies through the telescopes of the time. He originally believed that elliptical galaxies were an early form, which might later evolved into spirals; our current understanding suggests that the situation is roughly opposite, however, this early belief left its imprint in the astronomers' jargon, who still speak of "early type" or "late type" galaxies according to whether a galaxy's type appears to the left or to the right in the diagram.
More modern observations of galaxies have given us the following information about these types:
From this, astronomers have constructed a theory of galaxy evolution which suggests that ellipticals are, in fact, the result of collisions between spiral and/or irregular galaxies, which strip out much of the gas and dust and randomize the orbits of the stars. See galaxy formation and evolution.
- Elliptical galaxies are generally fairly low in gas and dust, and are composed mostly of older stars.
- Spiral galaxies generally have plentiful supplies of gas and dust, and have a broad mix of older and younger stars.
- Irregular galaxies are fairly rich in gas, dust, and young stars.
Elliptical Galaxies examples Name Right Ascension Declination Hubble Type
M49 (NGC 4472) 12h 29.8m 8° 00' E4
M59 (NGC 4621) 12h 42.0m 11° 39' E3
M60 (NGC 4649) 12h 43.7m 11° 33' E1 M84 (NGC 4374) 12h 25.1m 12° 53' E1 M86 (NGC 4406) 12h 26.2m 12° 57' E3 M89 (NGC 4552) 12h 35.7m 12° 33' E0 M110 (NGC 205) 00h 40.4m 41° 41' E6
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Hubble sequence."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Type has historically had the following uses:
Please see these terms for further discussion.
- In computing, the datatype (sometimes called simply type) of an object depends on its classifier. In object-oriented programming, it became useful to distinguish an abstract data type from an implemented datatype.
- In the decades of the 1900s and 1910s, in philosophy, Bertrand Russell used his theory of types to further discuss the mapping of mathematics to logic. See Principia Mathematica
- In the development of printing, type was used for the metal forms of the letters used in typesetting. See, for example, typewriter.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Type."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
At the broadest level, type theory is the branch of mathematics and logic that concerns itself with classifying entities into sets called types. In this sense, it is related to the metaphysical notion of 'type'. Modern type theory was invented partly in response to Russell's paradox, and features prominently in Russell and Whitehead's Principia Mathematica.With the rise of powerful programmable computers, and the development of programming languages for same, type theory has found practical application in the development of programming language type systems. Definitions of "type system" in the context of programming languages vary, but the following definition due to Benjamin C. Pierce roughly corresponds to the current consensus in the type theory community:
In other words, a type system divides program values into sets called types (this is called a "type assignment"), and makes certain program behaviors illegal on the basis of the types that are thus assigned. For example, a type system may classify the value "hello" as a string and the value 5 as a number, and prohibit the programmer from adding "hello" to 5 based on that type assignment. In this type system, the program
- [A type system is a] tractable syntactic method for proving the absence of certain program behaviors by classifying phrases according to the kinds of values they compute.
(Types and Programming Languages, MIT Press, 2002)
"hello" + 5would be illegal. Hence, any program permitted by the type system would be provably free from the erroneous behavior of adding strings and numbers.
The design and implementation of type systems is a topic nearly as broad as the topic of programming languages itself. In fact, type theory proponents commonly proclaim that the design of type systems is the very essence of programming language design: "Design the type system correctly, and the language will design itself."
Note: Static type systems vs. dynamic types
Note that type theory, as described herein, refers to static typing disciplines. Programming systems and languages that employ dynamic typing do not prove the absence of any program behavior; they merely raise an error at runtime, when the program attempts to execute this behavior. Some claim that "dynamic typing" is a misnomer for this reason. In any case, the two should not be confused.
Major historical developments
- Russell and Whitehead
- Lambda calculus type systems
- Polymorphic type inference (ML programming language; Hindley-Milner polymorphism)
- subtyping
- Object-oriented static typing (grew out of abstract data type and subtyping)
- F-bounded polymorphism and efforts to combine generic w/ oo polymorphism
- Set-constraint-based type systems
- module systems
- Type-driven proof systems (e.g. ELF)
- ... (much more)
Practical impact of type theory
- Typed programming languages
- Type-driven program analysis and optimization
- Type-aided security mechanisms (e.g., TAL, Java bytecode verification)
Connections to constructive logic
- Isomorphisms between logical proof systems and type systems
- Ref: Wadler's "Programs are proofs"
- Curry-Howard Isomorphism
- Intuitionistic Type Theory
Other topics we may want to add here
- The notion of abstract data types
- The relationship between types and object-oriented programming
- The interplay between types and algorithms
- A formal definition of abstract data types - precondition, postcondition, invariants
External links:
- http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/abstractDataType.html - Abstract data type
- http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/users/goguen/ps/beatcs-adj.ps.gz - A summary paper on the formal basis of ADTs, relationship to category theory, and list of good references. Pages 3-4 appear relevant. Reference number [6] looks good, but it may not be available online.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Type theory."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Types represent the strengths and weaknesses of different Pokemon.There are 15: Fire, Flying, Water, Psychic, Ice, Dragon, Grass, Poison, Bug, Dark, Steel, Electric, Ground, Rock, and Normal. Each of these is strong against some kinds and weak against others' attacks. For example, Fire-types are strong against Ice-, Grass-, Bug-, and Steel-types, but weak against Water, Ground, Rock, and Dark-types.
Also, Pokemon of a certain type have similar stats (e.g., Electric-type Pokemon are fast, Steel-types have high defense).
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Types (Pokemon)."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Typesetting involves the presentation of textual material in an aesthetic form on paper or some other media. Before the development of such late 20th century innovations as dot matrix and ink jet printers, printed material was produced in print shops.In spite of centuries of innovation, the principle of printing remains the same: either a particular part of the page is marked with ink, or it is not. This has remained true at the microscopic level even for half-tone and four-colour printing. Typesetting is the technology of deciding which parts of the paper should be marked, and printing is the technology of making the marks. However, the two are not rigidly separated: for example, ink flows during the printing process, and type design has to take into account the dynamics of ink on paper.
With early printing presses, individual letters and characters were on blocks (usually of metal, sometimes of wood, which would be assembled for each page.
The setting of individual letters was rendered obsolete by hot-metal setting machines such as the Linotype machine.
- note: deal with offset litho, production of a flong, etc. etc. here
The computer era
Computers are useful in automatically typesetting documents.
Character-by-character computer-aided photosetting replaced systems such as Linotype in the 1980s, and was in turn rapidly rendered obsolete by modern systems which employ a Raster Image Processor to render an entire page to a single high-resolution bit-image which is then photoset.
The TeX system is a widespread and powerful automatic typesetter.
See also: printing, printing press, typography, typeface, ligature, dingbat, font
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Typesetting."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| CCL type T | Dutch | Chronische T-cel lymfoïde leukemie | Medicine |
| TY,USA:Eurodicautom | English | Type | Computing, Language |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: TypeSynonyms: case (n), character (n), eccentric (n), typecast (v), typewrite (v). (additional references) |
| Antonym: antitype (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Class | Kind, sort, genus, species, variety, family, order, kingdom, race, tribe, caste, sept, clan, breed, type, subtype, kit, sect, set, subset; assortment; feather, kidney; suit; range; gender, sex, kin. |
Engraving | Printing; plate printing, copperplate printing, anastatic printing, color printing, lithographic printing; type printing; three-color process. |
Form | Form, figure, shape; conformation, configuration; make, formation, frame, construction, cut, set, build, trim, cut of one's jib; stamp, type, cast, mold; fashion; contour; (outline); structure; plasmature. |
Importance | Attach importance to, ascribe importance to, give importance to; Noun: value, care for, set store upon, set store by; mark; mark with a white stone, underline; write in italics, put in italics, print in italics, print in capitals,print in large letters, put in large type, put in letters. of gold; accentuate, emphasize, lay stress on. |
Indication | Type, figure, emblem, cipher, device; representation; epigraph, motto, posy. |
Intrinsicality | Principle, nature,principle, nature, constitution, character, type, quality, crasis, diathesis. |
Letter | Noun: letter; character; hieroglyphic; (writing); type; (printing); capitals; digraph, trigraph; ideogram, ideograph; majuscule, minuscule; majuscule, minuscule; alphabet, ABC, abecedary, christcross-row. |
Metaphor | Phrase; figure, trope, metaphor, enallage, catachresis; metonymy, synecdoche; autonomasia, irony, figurativeness; Adjective: image, imagery; metalepsis, type, anagoge, simile, personification, prosopopoeia, allegory, apologue, parable, fable; allusion, adumbration; application. |
Prediction | Prefiguration, prefigurement; prototype, type. |
Printing | Typography; stereotype, electrotype, aprotype; type, black letter, font, fount; pi, pie; capitals; (letters); brevier, bourgeois, pica; |
Adjective: printed; Verb: in type; typographical; Noun: solid in galleys. | |
Prototype | Noun: prototype, original, model, pattern, precedent, standard, ideal, reference, scantling, type; archetype, protoplast, module, exemplar, example, ensample, paradigm; lay-figure. |
Similarity | Parallel; simile; type; (metaphor); image; (representation); photograph; close resemblance, striking resemblance, speaking resemblance, faithful likeness, faithful resemblance. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Your father seems to think this type of behavior is something to be proud of. (American Beauty; writing credit: Alan Ball) Well, you're really not my type, I mean (Sweet Home Alabama; writing credit: C. Jay Cox) In fact, you don't normally approach girls -- am I right? The truth is that you're a quiet sensitive type but, if I'm prepared to take a chance, I might just get to know the inner you. Taxi (Trainspotting; writing credit: John Hodge. Based on the novel by Irvine Welsh.) You just have to ask yourself what kind of person are you. Are you the type that sees signs (Signs; writing credit: M. Night Shyamalan) But you certainly aren't the type who would shoot an unarmed man. (The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin; writing credit: Albert Sidney Fleischman; Lowell S. Hawley) | |
Lyrics | Oh baby you're just the type (Storybook Life; performing artist: Blessid Union Of Souls) The ball all night type (That's What I'm Looking For; performing artist: Da Brat) You triflin', good for nothing type of brother ("Bills, Bills, Bills"; performing artist: Destiny's Child) And I can't provide the right type of life for my family (Lose Yourself; performing artist: EMINEM) You know the type of girl that you speak to that's about it (Get Away; performing artist: Jade) | |
Clever | You are an engineer if you can type 70 words a minute but can't read your own handwriting. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Just the Type (1936) Ridge Racer Type 4 (1998) Un type bien (1991) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | (3) color slides show a large sundae, fountain type glass filled with fountain soda (root beer?), soda straw. Credit: Renee Comet (photographer). |  | (4) color slides show ice cream sundae in old sundae type glass with a straw and a cherry on top. Credit: Renee Comet (photographer). |
 | Line graph showing incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and non-type b invasive disease, per 100,000 population, United States, 1989-1996. Credit: CDC. |  | Gross fixed autopsy specimen of gastrocnemius muscle from patient who died of pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy, Duchenne type. Yellowish-white fat replaces normally reddish-brown skeletal muscle. Credit: CDC. |
 | Astronomers have made the first unambiguous detection of an elusive type of object known as a ... Credit: NASA. |  | Building a tri-pod type signal Photograph in 1931 Hydrographic Manual. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | "New type" chart, San Diego to Santa Cruz Island, California, 1936 Chart incorporated bathymetric contours to show bottom detail as navigation aid. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Carving initials and messages in these type of leaves is popular among locals. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | Unidentified grass type. Wild rice?. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Dendrochirus hudsoni Jordan & Evermann. Type. In: "The Shore Fishes of the Hawaiian Islands, with a General Account of the Fish Fauna", by David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, Vol. XXIII, for 1903. Part I. P. 574, Plate LXXIII. Credit: Fisheries. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "A different type of snow cloud" by Nathan Sudds Commentary: "These clouds almost appeared like snow when we were dropping altittude as we approached Toronto, Ontario via plane <br> <br>Camera: Canon SD 10 4.0 MB." | "VW type" by Patrick Nijhuis Commentary: "Lights vw." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Play | Caption | Play | Caption |
 | Quick safari type excerpt typical of an action adv adventure television show. | | Type one key then press enter on a keyboard. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Oscar Wilde | A cigarette is the perfect type of a perfect pleasure. It is exquisite, and it leaves one unsatisfied. What more can one want? |
Theodore Roosevelt | All daring and courage, all iron endurance of misfortune -- make for a finer, nobler type of manhood. |
Tom Waits | I am the type of guy who'd sell you a rat's asshole for a wedding ring. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Such bonds as have not been redeemed by May l, 1921, shall then be exchanged for new bonds of the same type as those provided for below (paragraph l2, C, (2). (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | This type is not very rare |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | Strong farmer type. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | One type is "furious" rabies. (references) | |
This is the preferred type of access. (references) | ||
Symptoms vary from one type to another. (references) | ||
Business | Air-cooled type chillers are widely used in Greece. (references) | |
Around 17.3 million people earn some type of income. (references) | ||
Tariff rates vary depending upon the type of equipment. (references) | ||
Children | Congo | Escaped child soldiers from Camp Mushaki in North Kivu Province, the best known camp of this type, described their forced conscription and subsequent training at this camp to NGO personnel. (references) |
Nicaragua | Persons with Disabilities In 1998 the Ministry of Health created a National Council for Rehabilitation to address the needs of the 600,000 citizens with some type of disability, only 3 percent of whom receive medical treatment. (references) | |
Austria | A 1997 amendment to the law explicitly requires the State to provide for equal rights for the disabled "in all areas of everyday life." The law requires all private enterprises and state and federal government offices to employ one person with disabilities for every 25 to 40 employees, depending on the type of work. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | India | Christian leaders detected a slight decrease in the incidents of violence against their community and also a change in the type of incidents. (references) |
Kuwait | While there reportedly is no official government "list" of recognized churches, seven Christian churches have at least some type of official recognition that enables them to operate openly. (references) | |
France | A cultural association is a type of for-profit association whose goal is to promote the culture of a certain group; although not exempt from taxes, it may receive government subsidies for its cultural and educational operations (such as schools). (references) | |
Economic History | Kenya | Kenya does not produce this type of wheat. (references) |
Israel | Distribution methods vary by type of product. (references) | |
Croatia | The basic type of procurement is public bidding. (references) | |
Human Rights | India | Several laws of this type remain in effect. (references) |
Panama | An estimated 30 to 40 percent of complaints result in some type of punitive action, and all are archived. (references) | |
Guyana | As of 2000, at least 99 cases had resulted in some type of disciplinary action being taken against police officers. (references) | |
Minorities | Austria | Members of other minority groups such as Turks and Indians are not considered national minorities and do not have access to the same type of assistance. (references) |
Political Economy | Sudan | Infibulation, the most severe type of FGM, is the most common type. (references) |
REPUBLIC OF KOREA | A lack of regulatory transparency and consistency can affect licensing, inspections, type approval, marking/labeling requirements and other standards. (references) | |
Political Rights | Iran | The cases were a result of the ongoing conflict between reformist Parliamentarians and the hard-line judiciary over precisely what type of speech is protected by parliamentary immunity. (references) |
Trade | Ireland | The electrical plug is the British type with three flat prongs. (references) |
Ireland | Adapters are available to change from one type plug to another. (references) | |
Travel | Turkey | A fee will be collected, notwithstanding the type of visa issued. (references) |
Cote D'ivoire | Sprint and MCI do not provide direct connect type service to the Côte d'Ivoire at this time. (references) | |
Armenia | For stays of longer than 21 days or any other type of visa, an official invitation is required. (references) | |
Women | Nicaragua | Women are generally underpaid, but the majority of women have some type of employment. (references) |
South Africa | Women generally occupy the less well-paid farming jobs or receive lower wages than men who perform the same type of work. (references) | |
Nigeria | Women from northern states are less likely to undergo FGM; however, those affected are more likely to undergo the severe type of FGM known as infibulation. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Denmark | The law sets a minimum of 13 years of age for any type of work. (references) |
San Marino | The law does not limit children aged 16 to 18 from any type of legal work activity. (references) | |
Armenia | Compensation for overtime work is required; however, it depends on the position and type of employment. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | OUTCOME, n. A particular type of disappointment. By the kind of intelligence that sees in an exception a proof of the rule the wisdom of an act is judged by the outcome, the result. This is immortal nonsense; the wisdom of an act is to be juded by the light that the doer had when he performed it. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Mariah Carey | People ask me that a lot. I wouldn't want to do Broadway where I had to sing the same way every night. But something funny, some type of comedic thing would be cool, like an off Broadway thing. |
Mary Tyler Moore | Well, because it used to be thought that it only hit children in the way that you have to treat it as a type-one, we call it now. It's insulin dependency that is called juvenile or type one. |
Sally Jessy Raphael | We lost them. We lost the Sally viewer. And you can't snap people's heads around, an audience. You can't do one type of show and then the next week you're doing another or, which was worse, what we were doing. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
William H. Taft | 1909-1913 | Some type of canal must be constructed. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Type" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.58% of the time. "Type" is used about 17,175 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.58% | 17,102 | 547 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 0.26% | 45 | 50,900 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 0.16% | 28 | 65,706 |
| Total | 100.00% | 17,175 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "type": abstract data type ♦ additional information type ♦ Adobe Type Manager ♦ aggregate type ♦ agreement type code qualifier ♦ agreement type description ♦ agreement type description code ♦ aircraft type designator ♦ alcohol type foam ♦ algebraic data type ♦ alpine type of glacier ♦ asthenic type ♦ athletic type ♦ attestation CE de type ♦ bad type ♦ Bastard type ♦ belt type conveyor ♦ bill of type ♦ bivariate type II distribution ♦ blood type ♦ body type ♦ bold type ♦ Botulinum Toxin Type A ♦ Bueckler's corneal dystrophy type IV ♦ calligraphic type ♦ caring type ♦ catatonic type schizophrenia ♦ catch type B ♦ catch type B1 ♦ catch type B2 ♦ cellules du type I de Golgi ♦ clapper type tool box ♦ clear type of ice formation ♦ climatic type ♦ closed type head box ♦ Clostridium perfringens type A infection ♦ Clostridium perfringens type B infection ♦ Clostridium perfringens type C infection ♦ Clostridium perfringens type D infection ♦ coalescing type filter ♦ condensed type ♦ constructed type ♦ counter type a/d converter ♦ counter type analog/digital converter ♦ counter type analogue/digital converter ♦ currency type code qualifier ♦ data type ♦ date type expression ♦ delayed type hypersensitivity ♦ depletion type ♦ derived type ♦ discrete type ♦ discrete type III distribution ♦ disorganized type schizophrenia ♦ display type ♦ distribution of households according to the characteristics of housing and of the households'equipment by type of aggregated household ♦ document Type Definition ♦ duty regime type code ♦ duty/tax/fee type ♦ E&M signalling type 1 ♦ elzevir type ♦ encoded information type ♦ enumerated type ♦ envelope type junctions ♦ equipment size and type ♦ expanded type ♦ explicit type conversion ♦ extended type ♦ extra bold type ♦ file type ♦ flight type dishwasher ♦ flight type dishwashing machine ♦ font of type ♦ generic type variable ♦ german type ♦ Glycogen Storage Disease Type I ♦ Glycogen Storage Disease Type II ♦ Glycogen Storage Disease Type III ♦ Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV ♦ Glycogen Storage Disease Type V ♦ Glycogen Storage Disease Type VI ♦ Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII ♦ Glycogen Storage Disease Type VIII ♦ gopher object type ♦ Haemophilus influenzae type b ♦ helical chip type B ♦ human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ♦ human immunodeficiency virus type 2 ♦ Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III ♦ Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV ♦ Hyperlipoproteinemia Type V ♦ implicit type conversion ♦ in small type ♦ in type ♦ index type identifier ♦ information type ♦ inglis type fall ♦ Interferon Type I ♦ Interferon Type II ♦ Ionic type ♦ italic type. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "type": type-2, type-a, type-approved, Type-b, type-case, type-cases, type-cast, type-casting, type-certificated, type-character, type-composing, type-converted, type-curves, Type-d, type-design, type-examination, type-face, type-faces, type-founders, type-from, type-in, type-lifting, type-locality, type-meaning, type-of, type-of-occupation, type-rated, Type-reicher, type-script, type-sentence, type-series, type-setter, type-setters, type-setting, type-specific, type-specimen, type-tested, type-tests, type-this, type-token, type-tokens, type-wise, type-writer, type-written. | |
Ending with "type": ab-type, algol-type, a-type, b-type, chalet-type, chernobyl-type, data-type, eis-type, english-type, e-type, f-type, g-type, hawaiian-type, head-type, highland-type, hotel-type, ideal-type, james-type, k-type, likert-type, market-type, m-type, muesli-type, on-type, paper-type, pc-type, personality-type, process-type, re-type, sartre-type, sequence-type, shale-type, skin-type, soviet-type, split-type, strat-type, s-type, sub-type, terrorist-type, t-type, unit-type, unix-type, wild-type, woonerf-type. | |
Containing "type": module-sub-type-is, module-type-is. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from | |