Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Titanium |
TitaniumNoun1. A light strong gray lustrous corrosion-resistant metallic element used in strong light-weight alloys (as for airplane parts); the main sources are rutile and ilmenite. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Etymology: Titanium \Ti*ta"ni*um\, noun. [New Latin expression, from the Latin expression Titani or Titanes, Greek, the sons of the earth.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Chemistry | Chemical element:atomic number 22. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | A silvery-gray or iron-gray, metallic element. Symbol, Ti. Found in nature only in combined form; occurs chiefly in ilmenite (FeTiO3 ), and in rutile and titanite. Used as an alloying agent with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals. Used in aircraft and missiles and has potential for use in desalination plants. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
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| Name, Symbol, Number | Titanium, Ti, 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | Transition metals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | 4, 4 , d | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density, Hardness | 4507 kg/m3, 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | Silvery metallic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic weight | 47.867 amu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 140 (176) pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 136 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| van der Waals radius | no data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Ar]3d3d2 4s2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| e- 's per energy level | 2, 8, 10, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation state (Oxide) | 4 (amphoteric) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | Hexagonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State of matter | Solid (__) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1941 K (3034 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 3560 K (5949 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar volume | 10.64 ×1010-3 m3/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 421 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 15.45 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vapor pressure | 0.49 Pa at 1933 K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Velocity of sound | 4140 m/s at 293.15 K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 1.54 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | 520 J/(kg*K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical conductivity | 2.34 106/m ohm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 21.9 W/(m*K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st ionization potential | 658.8 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd ionization potential | 1309.8 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd ionization potential | 2652.5 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4th ionization potential | 4174.6 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5th ionization potential | 9581 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6th ionization potential | 11533 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7th ionization potential | 13590 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8th ionization potential | 16440 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9th ionization potential | 18530 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10th ionization potential | 20833 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Most Stable Isotopes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| SI units & STP are used except where noted. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This metal forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air but when it is in an oxygen-free environment it is ductile. The metal, which burns when heated in air, is also the only element that can burn in pure nitrogen gas. Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, along with chlorine gas, chloride solutions, and most organic acids .
Experiments have shown that natural titanium becomes very radioactive after it is bombarded with deuterons emitting mainly positrons and hard gamma rays. The metal is dimorphic with the hexagonal alpha form changing into the cubic beta form very slowly at around 880° C. When it is red hot the metal combines with oxygen and when it reaches 550°C it combines with chlorine.
Because of its strength, light weight, extraordinary corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand extreme temperatures, titanium alloys are principally used in aircraft and missiles, although applications in consumer products such as golf clubs, bicycles, and laptop computers are becoming more common. Titanium is often alloyed with aluminum, iron, manganese, molybdenum and with other metals. Other uses;
Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter by heating TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb at 700-800°C.
Titanium metal wasn't used outside the laboratory until 1946 when William Justin Kroll proved that titanium could be commercially produced by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium (which is the method still used today).
This metal is found in meteorites and has been detected in the sun and in M-type stars. Rocks brought back from the moon during the Apollo 17 mission are composed of 12.1% TiO2. Titanium is also found in coal ash, plants, and even the human body.
It is hoped that the FFC-Cambridge method will render titanium a less rare and expensive material for the aerospace industry and the luxury goods market, and will be seen in many products currently manufactured using aluminum and specialist grades of steel.
The isotopes of titanium range in atomic weight from 39.99 amu (Ti-40) to 57.966 amu (Ti-58). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, Ti-48, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before Ti-48 are element 21 (scandium) isotopes and the primary products after are element 23 (vanadium) isotopes.
Notable Characteristics
Titanium is a metallic element which is well known for its excellent corrosion resistance (almost as resistant as platinum) and for its high strength-to-weight ratio. It is light, strong, easily fabricated metal with low density (40% as dense as steel at the same volume) that, when pure, is quite ductile, easy to work, lustrous, and metallic-white in color. The relatively high melting point of this element makes it useful as a refractory metal. Titanium is as strong as steel, but 45% lighter; it is 60% heavier than aluminium, but twice as strong. These properties make titanium very resistant to the usual kinds of metal fatigue. Applications
Approximately 95% of titanium is consumed in the form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a intensly white permanent pigment with good covering power in paints, paper, and plastics. Paints made with titanium dioxide are excellent reflectors of infrared radiation and are therefore used extensively by astronomers.
A potential use of titanium is in desalination plants.
History
Titanium (Latin Titans, the first sons of Gaia) was discovered in England by Reverend William Gregor in 1791 who recognized the presence of a new element in ilmenite. The element was rediscovered several years later by German chemist Heinrich Klaproth in rutile ore. In 1795 Klaproth named the new element after the Titans of Greek mythology. Occurrence
Titanium metal is not found unbound to other elements in nature but the element is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust (0.6% by mass) and is present in most igneous rocks and in sediments derived from them. It occurs primarily in the minerals anatase, brookite, ilmenite, leucoxene, perovskite, rutile, and sphene and is found in titanates and in many iron ores. Of these minerals, only ilmenite, leucoxene, and rutile have significant economic importance. Because it reacts easily with oxygen and carbon at high temperatures it is difficult to prepare pure titanium metal. Significant titanium ore deposits are in Australia, Scandinavia, North America and Malaysia. Production
Titanium metal is produced commercially by reducing TiCl4 with magnesium, a process developed in 1946 by William Justin Kroll. This is a complex and expensive batch process, but a newer process called the "FFC-Cambridge" method may displace this older process. This method uses the feedstock titanium dioxide powder (which is a refined form of rutile) to make the end product which is a continuous stream of molten titanium suitable for immediate use in the manufacture of commercial alloys. Compounds
Although titanium metal is relatively uncommon, due to the cost of extraction, titanium dioxide is cheap, readily available in bulk, and very widely used as a white pigment in paint, plastic and construction cement. TiO2 powder is chemically inert, resists fading in sunlight, and is very opaque: this allows it to impart a pure and brilliant white color to the brown or gray chemicals that form the majority of household plastics. Pure titanium dioxide has a very high index of refraction and an optical dispersion higher than diamond. Star sapphires and rubies get their asterism from the titanium dioxide present in them.Isotopes
Naturally occurring titanium is composed of 5 stable isotopes; Ti-46, Ti-47, Ti-48, Ti-49 and Ti-50 with Ti-48 being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). 11 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being Ti-44 with a half-life of 63 years, Ti-45 with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, Ti-51 with a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and Ti-52 with a half-life of 1.7 minutes. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 33 seconds and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than half a second. Precautions
When in a powdered form, titanium metal poses a significant fire hazard but salts of titanium are often considered to be relatively harmless. Chlorine compounds such as TiCl3 and TiCl4 should be considered to be corrosive, however. Titanium also has a tendency to bio-accumulate in tissues that contain silica but it does not play any known biological role in humans. References
External links
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Titanium."
Synonym: TitaniumSynonym: atomic number 22 (n). (additional references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Nails, chains, you wont have titanium teeth for nothing. (Sealab 2021; writing credit: John J. Miller; Adam Reed) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Figure 22. Chemical elements that are dissolved in sea water. Major elements are sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, silicon, carbon, sulfur, oxygen, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Minor elements are titanium, nitrogen, phosphorus , arsenic, boron, rubidium, cesium, lithium, strontium, barium, zinc, copper, silver, gold, aluminum, lead, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | B & H Aircraft, 441 Eastern Parkway, Farmingdale. Titanium duct. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | In endovascular embolization the surgeon guides a catheter though the arterial network until the tip reaches the site of the AVM. The surgeon then introduces a substance that will plug the fistula, correcting the abnormal pattern of blood flow. This process is known as embolization because it causes an embolus (a blood clot) to travel through blood vessels, eventually becoming lodged in a vessel and obstructing blood flow. The materials used to create an artificial blood clot in the center of an AVM include fast-drying biologically inert glues, fibered titanium coils, and tiny balloons. (references) | |
Business | Titanium staple is reimbursed for osteotomy, but not for use on ligaments. (references) | |
Rutile titanium pigments and high-grade organic pigments need to be imported as well as yellow organic pigments. (references) | ||
At the beginning of 2000, the market introduced the use of titanium for lightness and rubber wheels for added mobility. (references) | ||
Economic History | Russia | Fifty percent of Russia's magnesium and most of its titanium ore come from Perm. (references) |
Russia | Sverdlovsk's top exports are steel, copper, chemicals, aluminum, titanium and radioisotopes. (references) | |
Australia | The expansion of titanium dioxide production has contributed to much of the growth, mainly in the paint manufacturing area. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Titanium" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 96.70% of the time. "Titanium" is used about 91 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 96.7% | 88 | 35,154 |
| Noun (proper) | 3.3% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Total | 100.00% | 91 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Japan | Fuji Titanium Industry Co., Ltd. | USA | Titanium Metals Corpn |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "titanium": titanium dioxide ♦ titanium oxide. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "titanium": titanium-dioxide, titanium-sapphire. | |
Ending with "titanium": ferro-titanium, niobium-titanium. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "titanium"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | titan. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | التيتانيوم عنصر فلزي. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | титан (giant, titan). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | ' (ti), 鈦 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | titan. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | titan. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | titanium, titaan. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | titanio. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | titaani (Titan). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | titane. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Titan (Titan). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | τιτάνιο. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | titán (titan). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | titanio. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | チクチク痛む (sodium cyclohexylsulfamate, tale telling, ticket, to prickle, type of prickling pain). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | チタン , チタニウ . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 티타늄 (ti). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | itaniumtay titânio (Titan). (various references) titan. (various references) титан (tea-urn, titan). (various references) titanijum. (various references) titanio. (various references) titanyum, titan (titan). (various references) титан (giant, titan). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "titanium": titaniums. (additional references) | |
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"Titanium" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Nitzanim, Ottoneum, tatanium, tetani, tigani, Tigania, tintandu, titani, titanio, Titinius, Triticium. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "titanium" (pronounced tītā"nēum) |
| 5 | -ā" n ē u m | geranium, uranium. |
| 4 | -n ē u m | ammonium, condominium, gonium, hafnium, harmonium, millennium, minium, neptunium, pandemonium, plutonium, polonium, selenium, zirconium. |
| 3 | -ē u m | alluvium, aquarium, atrium, auditorium, axiom, bacterium, barium, beryllium, cadmium, calcium, cesium, chromium, colloquium, compendium, consortium, crematorium, delirium, deuterium, disequilibrium, emporium, equilibrium, europium, fermium, gallium, gymnasium, helium, Herbarium, holmium, honorarium, idiom, indium, iridium, lawrencium, linoleum, lithium, magnesium, medium, moratorium, myocardium, nephridium, niobium, nobelium, opium, opprobrium, osmium, palladium, paramecium, petroleum, planetarium, Plasmodium, podium, potassium, premium, presidium, promethium, protium, psyllium, radium, requiem, rhodium, sodium, stadium, strontium, superpremium, symposium, tedium, tellurium, thallium, thorium, tritium, vanadium, yttrium. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-i-i-m-n-t-t-u" | |
-1 letter: minutia. | |
-2 letters: intima, intuit, manitu, mattin, mutant, titian, titman. | |
-3 letters: animi, matin, taint, taunt, titan. | |
-4 letters: amin, anti, aunt, inia, inti, main, matt, maun, maut, mina, mini, mint, mitt, muni, mutt, tain, taut, tint, titi, tuna, unai, unit. | |
-5 letters: aim, ain, ait, ami, amu, ani, ant, att, man, mat, mun, mut, nam, nim, nit, nut. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-i-i-m-n-t-t-u" | |
+1 letter: titaniums. | |
+2 letters: imputation, mutilating, mutilation, ultimating. | |
+3 letters: imputations, manumitting, micturating, miniaturist, multination, mutilations, numismatist, stimulating, stimulation, unmitigated. | |
+4 letters: antimosquito, autoimmunity, automatizing, autotomizing, malnutrition, miniaturists, misquotation, multitasking, multivitamin, mutagenicity, numismatists, pneumaticity, protactinium, simultaneity, stimulations, traumatising, traumatizing. | |
+5 letters: anticommunist, antirheumatic, antiritualism, customization, guesstimating, intermountain, malnutritions, matriculating, matriculation, miniaturistic, misquotations, multifilament, multinational, multitaskings, multiterminal, multitracking, multivitamins, mutualization, protactiniums, restimulating, restimulation, supermilitant, ultramilitant, unintimidated, unmitigatedly. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)54 69 74 61 6E 69 75 6D |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)- .. - .- -. .. ..- -- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010100 01101001 01110100 01100001 01101110 01101001 01110101 01101101 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)T i t a n i u m |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0054 0069 0074 0061 006E 0069 0075 006D |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)5475866780758779 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Names: Company Usage 10. Expressions 11. Expressions: Internet 12. Translations: Modern | 13. Derivations 14. Rhymes 15. Anagrams 16. Orthography | 17. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions: woordeboek, fjalor, معجم, قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary; definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition; vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation; Albaans, Albanies, Albaniese taal, shqip, الألبانية, الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, Albanyano, 阿"巴尼亚语, 阿爾巴尼亞人 , albánský, Albanees, albanskt, albanialainen, Albanais, Albaneesk, albaner, αλβανικόσ, Αλβανός, αλβανόσ, arbnisht, arbërisht, albán, albanskur, albanska, AlbÚinis, albanese, 알"니아, Albaneagh, albanês, arnãut, albanez, arnãuţesc, албанский, Alapania, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець, for Albanian; Arabies, arabishte, العربية, عربي, اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, 阿拉伯 , arabský, arabština, arábiskt, arabialainen, arabe, Arabysk, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, 아라비아, Arabish, arabir, arabic, арабский, Arapi, arapski, árabe, arabisk, าษาหรืออักขระอาหรับ, เกี่ยวกับอาระเบีย, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập, for Arabic; Bulgaars, Bulgaar, bulgr, البلغارية, بلغاري, Búlgaru, български, български език, българин, Bulgaryan, 保 利亚, bulharský, bulgarer, bulgarskt, bulgarialainen, Bulgaarsk, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bullgar, bolgár, bulgaro, 불가리아, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, Bułgar, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri, for Bulgarian; Sjinees, Chinees, kinez, الصينية, لغة الصين, صيني, الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, Chinu, китайски, Ininsik, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, kinesiskt, kinverskur, kiinalainen, Chinois, Sineesk, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, Kínverji, Sínis, cinese, チフス菌 , チャイニーズ , 중국, Cina, Sheenish, Sheenagh, Hainamana, chines, Chińczyk, chinês, chinés, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, Saina, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, snesi, sneysi, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць, for Chinese; Tsjeggies, Tsjeg, çek, تشيكي, اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, Checu, чешки, Sekoslovakyano, 捷克語 , 捷克语, 捷克 , èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tjekker, tjekke, Tsjech, Tsjechisch, tjekkiskt, t?ekkiläinen, tchèque, Tsjechysk, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, 체", Sheckagh, Sheckish, Czech, chèc, ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка, người Séc tiếng Séc, for Czech; Deens, danisht, danishte, لغة الدانمركية, نوع كعك, دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish; Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, هولندي, اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch; الاسبرانتو لغة دولية, Esperantu, есперанто, 世界语, esperanton, espéranto, εσπεράντο, אספר טו, eszperanto, eszperantó, エスキモー犬 , エスペラント , эсперанто, Eseperano, esperanto, Kiesperanto, าษาที่ประ"ิษฐ์ขึ้นเพื่อใช้เป็น าษากลางในการสื่อสารระหว่างประเทศ ซึ่งรากศัพท์ส่วนใหญ่, esperanto dili, tiếng etperantô, for esperanto; Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, اللغة الفنلندية, فنلندية, فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish; Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, فرنسي, اللغة الفرنسية, الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French; Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, المانية, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German; Grieks, Griek, الإغريقي, يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek; Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, الهنغاري, مجري, هنغاري, المجري, اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian; Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, شخص إيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, الإيطالي, إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian; korean, كوري شمالي, اللغة الكورية, كوري جنوبي, كوري, Coreanu, корейски, корейски език, Koryano, 韩国语, "國 , 朝鮮語 , korejský, korejec, korejština, Koreaans, koreanskt, coréen, Koreaansk, koreanisch, Koreaner, κορεάτησ, κορεάτικοσ, koreai, 한국, koreano, coréia, a língua coreana, coreean, limba coreeanã, кореец, корейский, Kolea, korejski jezik, korejski, koreanac, coreano, koreansk, ชาวเกาหลี, kore'li, кореянка, коре"ць, корейська мова, корейський, người Triều tiên tiếng Triều tiên, for korean; Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese; Roemeen, rumun, Rumanu, румънски език, румънски, румънец, Romanyan, 罗马尼亚语, rumunský, rumunština, rumæner, Roemeens, rumenskt, romanialainen, roumain, Roemeensk, rumäne, ρουμανόσ, Ρουμάνος, román, rumeno, 루마니아, Roomainagh, romeno, romanés, român, румын, румынский, rumunski, rumunski jezik, rumano, rumänsk, румунська мова, румун, румунський, румунка, for Romanian; Russies, Rus, الروسية, روسي, اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian; 塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, for Serbo-Croatian; Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish; Turks, turk, تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, اللغة التركية, Turcu, турски, турски език, Turko, 土耳其, 土耳其語 , tureètina, turecký, turkist, turkkilainen, turque, turc, Turksk, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türk, türkçe, турецька мова, турецький, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ, for Turkish; 乌克兰, for Ukranian; |
