Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Timbre

Definition: Timbre

Timbre

Noun

1. The distinctive property of a complex sound (a voice or noise or musical sound); "the timbre of her soprano was rich and lovely"; "the muffled tones of the broken bell summoned them to meet".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "timbre" was first used: 1849. (references)


Specialty Definitions: Timbre

DomainDefinitions

Aerospace

That attribute of auditory sensation by which a listener discriminates between two sounds of similar loudness and pitch, but of different tonal quality. Timbre depends primarily upon the spectrum of the stimulus, but it also depends upon the waveform, the sound pressure, the frequency location of the spectrum, and the temporal characteristics of the stimulus. (references)

Physics

The instantaneous cross section of the tone, i. e. in terms of the number, intensity, distribution and the phase of the harmonics. Source: European Union. (references)

Post & Telecom

Quality of sound, the presence in different proportions or the absence of harmonics. Source: European Union. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Timbre

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In music, timbre is the quality of a musical note which distinguishes different types of musical instrument. This is why, with a little practice, you can pick out the saxophone from the trumpet in a jazz group or the flute from the violin in an orchestra.

What is called timbre is thought to be physically determined by the spectrum and the envelope.

Spectra

Each note produced by a musical instrument is made of a number of distinct frequencies, measured in hertz (Hz). The foundational frequency is called the fundamental and the pitch produced by this frequency is used to name the note. For example, in western music, instruments are normally tuned to A = 440 Hz.

However, the richness of the sound is produced by the combination of this fundamental with a series of harmonics and/or partials (also collectively called overtones). Most western instruments produce harmonic sounds, and these can be calculated by multiplying the fundamental by an increasing series of numbers - x2, x3, x4, etc (whole number multiples). However many instruments produce inharmonic tones, and may contain overtones which are not whole number multiples, these being the partials.

Therefore, when the orchestral tuning note is played, the sound is a combination of 440 Hz, 880 Hz, 1320 Hz, 1760 Hz and so on. The balance of the amplitudes of the different frequencies is responsible for giving each instrument its characteristic sound, which is exploited by FM synthesis.

William Sethares argues in Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale that just intonation and the western equal tempered scale are derived from the harmonic spectra/timbre of most western instruments. Similarly the specific inharmonic timbre of Thai metallophones would produce the seven tone near-equal temperment they do indeed employ, and the five note sometimes near equal tempered slendro scale provides the most consonance in the combination of the inharmonic spectra of Balinese metallophones with harmonic instruments such as the stringed rebab.

Envelope

The timbre of a sound is also greatly effected by the following factors: attack, decay, sustain, release, and transients. For instance, if one takes the attack off of the sound of a piano or trumpet, one much less readily identifies the sound correctly, sing the sound of the hammer hitting the strings or the first blat of the players lips are highly characteristic of those instruments.

There are two additional points that should be noted:

  1. The fundamental is not necessarily the strongest component of the overall sound. However, it is implied by the existence of the harmonic series - the A above would be distinguishable from the one an octave below (220 Hz, 440 Hz, 660 Hz, 880 Hz) by the presence of the third harmonic, even if the fundamental were indistinct. Similarly, a pitch is often infered from non-harmonic spectra, supposedly through a mapping process, an attempt to find the closest harmonic fit.
  2. It is possible to add artificial 'subharmonics' to the sound using electonic effects but, again, this does not affect the naming of the note.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Timbre."

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Synonyms: Timbre

Synonyms: quality (n), timber (n), tone (n). (additional references)

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Crosswords: Timbre

English words defined with "timbre": color, colourfullnessmellownessPartial tonesqualityregister, richnessshrillness, stridence, stridencytimber, tone. (references)
Non-English Usage: "Timbre" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

Czech (tone), French (alarm, postage stamp, quality, stamp, sticker, timbre, tone), German (timbre), Portuguese (color, colour, Frank, rubber stamp, stamp, timbre, tone), Romanian (postage), Spanish (bell, ding, quality, ring, timbre, twang), Swedish (color, colour, timbre).

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Modern Usage: Timbre

DomainUsage

Movie/TV Titles

La Visita que no tocó el timbre (1965)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Timbre

DomainTitle

Books

  • Instrument Timbre Preference Test: Complete Kit (reference)

  • Le Timbre : métaphore pour la composition (reference)

  • Le timbre instrumental dans le traitement de l'information musicale (reference)

  • Merci pour le timbre : paroles de prisonniers (reference)

  • The Timbre of Sand (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Music

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Photo Album: Timbre

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

Achetez le timbre antituberculeux. Credit: Library of Congress.

Achetez le timbre antituberculeux. Credit: Library of Congress.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Use in Literature: Timbre

TitleAuthorQuote

Grapes of Wrath

Steinbeck, John

When she spoke her voice had a beautiful low timbre, soft and modulated, and yet with ringing overtones.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Usage Frequency: Timbre

"Timbre" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Timbre" is used about 58 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (singular)100%5844,427

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expression: Timbre

Hyphenated Usage

Beginning with "timbre": timbre-codes.

Ending with "timbre": dark-timbre.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Timbre

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

timbre

69

de timbre tonos

2

electrico timbre

14

collection timbre

2

poste timbre

6

de impuesto timbre

2

rythme timbre ton voix volume

5

giraffe la timbre

2

giraffe timbre

5

10c de timbre

2

postal timbre

5

technology timbre

2

du industrie timbre

4

electrico es que timbre un

2

catalog timbre

3

canada timbre

2

inalambrico timbre

3

de fabrica moneda nacional timbre y

2

collection de timbre

3

quittances timbre

2

fiscal timbre

2

in music timbre

2
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Timbre

Language Translations for "timbre"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Albanian

  

timbër. (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏جرس (bell, cowbell, gong). (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

тембър (quality). (various references)

   

Czech

  

témbr (tone). (various references)

   

Danish

  

Klangfarve (tone quality). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

timbre (tone quality), klankkleur (tone quality, tone-colour). (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

دایره زنگی(timbrel). (various references)

   

Finnish

  

äänenväri. (various references)

   

French

  

timbre. (various references)

   

German

  

Klangfarbe (quality, richness of tone). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

ποιότησ τόνου, ποιότητα τόνου, χροιά (complexion, hue, nuance, tincture, tinge, tint, tone), τέμπο. (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

'ון (color, colour, complexion, hue, nuance, shade, tinge, tint, tone). (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

hangszín (tone). (various references)

   

Italian

  

timbro (chop, stamp, tone). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

音色 (synthesizer patch, tone color, tone quality). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

お"しょく (angry countenance, synthesizer patch, tone color, tone quality, warm colour), お"いろ (synthesizer patch, tone color, tone quality), ねいろ (synthesizer patch, tone color, tone quality). (various references)

   

Manx

  

toan-daah. (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

imbretay

   

Portuguese

  

timbre (color, colour, Frank, rubber stamp, stamp, tone). (various references)

   

Romanian

  

ton (accent, color, colour, key, mood, song, sound, stop, strain, tone, tune), timbru (ringing, stamp). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

тембр (tone-color, tone-colour). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

boja zvuka. (various references)

   

Spanish

  

timbre (bell, ding, quality, ring, twang). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

klangfärg (color, colour). (various references)

   

Thai

  

ลักษ"ะเสียงร้องหรือท่วงทำนองที่แตกต่างกัน. (various references)

   

Turkish

  

tını, ses rengi (quality). (various references)

   

Ukranian 

  

тембр (timber). (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Timbre

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Greek700 BCE-300 CE

tympanon. (various references)

French1500-Modern

timbre. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Timbre

Derivations

Words beginning with "timbre": timbrel, timbrelled, timbrels, timbres. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Timbre" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Shimbara, tamber, Tambora, tambre, tembre, timb, timbel, timbery, timbet, timble, timbred, timbro, timere, tombe, tomber. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Timbre"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "timbre" (pronounced ti"mber)
5t i" m b ertimber.
4-i" m b erlimber.
3-m b eramber, bedchamber, camber, chamber, clamber, cucumber, Cumber, dismember, Ember, encumber, lumber, member, misremember, nonmember, number, outnumber, remember, slumber, somber.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Timbre

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Direct Anagrams: timber.

Words within the letters "b-e-i-m-r-t"

-1 letter: biter, merit, miter, mitre, remit, timer, tribe.

-2 letters: berm, bier, bite, brie, brim, brit, emir, emit, item, mire, mite, rime, rite, term, tier, time, tire, trim.

-3 letters: bet, bit, ire, met, mib, mir, reb, rei, rem, ret, rib, rim, tie.

-4 letters: be, bi, em, er, et, it, me, mi, re, ti.

 Words containing the letters "b-e-i-m-r-t"
 

+1 letter: imbrute, terbium, timbers, timbrel, timbres.

 

+2 letters: ambivert, barmiest, bimester, biometry, embitter, imbitter, imbruted, imbrutes, resubmit, terbiums, timbered, timbrels, verbatim.

 

+3 letters: ambiverts, bacterium, bimesters, biometric, brimstone, brominate, broomiest, crumbiest, embitters, embrittle, embruting, fimbriate, imbitters, imbricate, limberest, marbliest, motorbike, rebaptism, resubmits, sawtimber, tenebrism, timbering, timberman, timbermen, tremblier, trembling, tribesman, tribesmen, ytterbium.

 

+4 letters: abridgment, bacteremia, bacteremic, barometric, beforetime, bichromate, biometrics, biometries, bolometric, boosterism, bottomries, brambliest, brimstones, brominated, brominates, buttermilk, crumbliest, disbarment, dumbwaiter, embittered, embrittled, embrittles, fimbriated, ignimbrite, imbittered, imbricated, imbricates, impartible, importable, kimberlite, motorbiked, motorbikes, muliebrity, rebaptisms, remittable, sawtimbers, subprimate, tambourine, tenebrisms, terminable, terminably, thimblerig, timberhead, timberings, timberland, timberline, timberwork, timbrelled, trembliest, ytterbiums.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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Alternative Orthography: Timbre


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

54 69 6D 62 72 65

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

-    ..    --    -...    .-.    .

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01010100 01101001 01101101 01100010 01110010 01100101

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#84 &#105 &#109 &#98 &#114 &#101

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0054 0069 006D 0062 0072 0065

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

547579688471

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern
5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Photo Album
7. Quotations: Fiction
8. Usage Frequency
9. Expressions
10. Expressions: Internet
11. Translations: Modern
12. Translations: Ancient
13. Derivations
14. Rhymes
15. Anagrams
16. Orthography
17. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

 

 

 

 

Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions:
woordeboek, fjalor, ‏معجم, ‏قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary;
definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, ‏الوضوحية في الشيء, ‏حد, ‏تحديد, ‏تعريف, ‏التحديد, ‏الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition;
vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ‏ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ‏ترجمة, ‏إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation;
Albaans, Albanies, Albaniese taal, shqip, ‏الألبانية, ‏الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, Albanyano, 阿"巴尼亚语, 阿爾巴尼亞人 , albánský, Albanees, albanskt, albanialainen, Albanais, Albaneesk, albaner, αλβανικόσ, Αλβανός, αλβανόσ, arbnisht, arbërisht, albán, albanskur, albanska, AlbÚinis, albanese, 알"니아, Albaneagh, albanês, arnãut, albanez, arnãuţesc, албанский, Alapania, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець, for Albanian;
Arabies, arabishte, ‏العربية, ‏عربي, ‏اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, 阿拉伯 , arabský, arabština, arábiskt, arabialainen, arabe, Arabysk, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, 아라비아, Arabish, arabir, arabic, арабский, Arapi, arapski, árabe, arabisk, าษาหรืออักขระอาหรับ, เกี่ยวกับอาระเบีย, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập, for Arabic;
Bulgaars, Bulgaar, bulgr, ‏البلغارية, ‏بلغاري, Búlgaru, български, български език, българин, Bulgaryan, 保 利亚, bulharský, bulgarer, bulgarskt, bulgarialainen, Bulgaarsk, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bullgar, bolgár, bulgaro, 불가리아, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, Bułgar, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri, for Bulgarian;
Tsjeggies, Tsjeg, çek, ‏تشيكي, ‏اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, ‏التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, Checu, чешки, Sekoslovakyano, 捷克語 , 捷克语, 捷克 , èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tjekker, tjekke, Tsjech, Tsjechisch, tjekkiskt, t?ekkiläinen, tchèque, Tsjechysk, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, 체", Sheckagh, Sheckish, Czech, chèc, ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка, người Séc tiếng Séc, for Czech;
Deens, danisht, danishte, ‏لغة الدانمركية, ‏نوع كعك, ‏دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish;
Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, ‏هولندي, ‏اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch;
Farsi, Parsi, persiskt, Fasi, for Farsi;
Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, ‏اللغة الفنلندية, ‏فنلندية, ‏فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish;
Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, ‏فرنسي, ‏اللغة الفرنسية, ‏الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French;
Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ‏ضرب من الرقص, ‏جرماني, ‏المانية, ‏الماني, ‏اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German;
Grieks, Griek, ‏الإغريقي, ‏يوناني, ‏اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek;
Jood, Hebreeus, Israeliet, hebraishte, ‏يهودي, ‏عبري, ‏اليهودية, ‏اللغة العبرية, ‏العبرية, Hebréu, иврит, древен жител на юдея, юдейски, израилтянин, евреин, староеврейски, староеврейски език, юдей, 西伯来, 希伯來語 , hebrejský, hebrejka, hebrejec, hebrejština, joods, Hebreeuws, hebraiskt, juutalainen, hébreu, Hebrieusk, hebräisch, hebräer, εβραϊκόσ, εβραϊκά, εβραίοσ, עברית, עברי, zsidó, héber, izraelita, Eabhrais, ebraico, ebreo, ヘブライ語 , ヘブライ", Ewagh, Ew, Ewnish, hudiu, hebraico, hebreu, ebrèu, limba ebraicã, izraelit, evreu, evreiesc, ebraic, еврейский, еврей, древнееврейский, древнееврейский язык, Eperu, hibru, hebreo, dyu, Myahudi, Yahudi, hebreiska, hebreisk, jude, ชาวฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), าษาฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), musevi, ibranice, ibrani, іудей, старо"врейська мова, старо"врейський, іврит, "врейський, "врей, người Hê-brơ, Hebraeg, Hebreaidd, for Hebrew;
Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, ‏الهنغاري, ‏مجري, ‏هنغاري, ‏المجري, ‏اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian;
Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, ‏شخص إيطالي, ‏اللغة الإيطالية, ‏الإيطالي, ‏إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian;
gjuha e popullsisë së ishullit men, manský, manština, manx, mann-szigeti nyelv, Gaelgagh, Yn Ghaelg, Manninish, Manninagh, язык жителей о-ва мэн, с о-ва мэн, s ostrva mana, los habitantes de la isla de man, lengua de la isla de man, de la isla de man, från ön man, man dili, man adası, менський діалект, менський, for manx;
Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, ‏اللغة البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese;
Roemeen, rumun, Rumanu, румънски език, румънски, румънец, Romanyan, 罗马尼亚语, rumunský, rumunština, rumæner, Roemeens, rumenskt, romanialainen, roumain, Roemeensk, rumäne, ρουμανόσ, Ρουμάνος, román, rumeno, 루마니아, Roomainagh, romeno, romanés, român, румын, румынский, rumunski, rumunski jezik, rumano, rumänsk, румунська мова, румун, румунський, румунка, for Romanian;
Russies, Rus, ‏الروسية, ‏روسي, ‏اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian;
塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, for Serbo-Croatian;
Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, ‏اللغة الأسبانية, ‏الأسبانية, ‏أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish;
Sweeds, suedez, ‏اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish;
Tailandes, 泰國 , 泰文 , 泰国, 泰 , thailænder, Thailander, Thai, Thais, thailendskt, thaimaalainen, Thaïlandais, thailändisch, Thailänder, Ταϊλανδός· Ταϊλανδέζος, tailandese, 泰語 , たい", 타이 말, tailandês, tailandés, thailändare, ที่เกี่ยวกับประเทศไทย, าษาไทย, เกี่ยวกับคนไทย, คนไทย, Taylandlı, Tayland Dili, Tayland, Tai Dili, Та"ць, Тайська Мова, Тайський, for Thai;
Turks, turk, ‏تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, ‏اللغة التركية, Turcu, турски, турски език, Turko, 土耳其, 土耳其語 , tureètina, turecký, turkist, turkkilainen, turque, turc, Turksk, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türk, türkçe, турецька мова, турецький, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ, for Turkish;
乌克兰, for Ukranian;