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Definition: Timber |
TimberNoun1. The wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material. 2. A beam made of wood. 3. A post made of wood. 4. Land that is covered with trees and shrubs. 5. The distinctive property of a complex sound (a voice or noise or musical sound); "the timbre of her soprano was rich and lovely"; "the muffled tones of the broken bell summoned them to meet". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "timber" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1350. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Biology & Biotechnology | Wood in forms suitable for any type of construction. Source: European Union. (references) |
Building & Civil Engineering | Wood used for or suitable for building(as a house or boat)or for carpentry or joinery. Source: European Union. (references) |
Dream Interpretation | To see timber in your dreams, is an augury of prosperous times and peaceful surroundings. If the timber appears dead, there are great disappointments for you. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted .... |
Food & Agriculture | Forest crops and stands containing timber(hence the term standing timber)and also for any lesser aggregation of such trees. Source: European Union. (references) |
Industry | In ship building, one of the curved wooden members, i. e. ribs, to which the strakes are fastened. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | A. Any of the wooden props, posts, bars, collars, lagging, steel joists or beams, etc., used to support mine workings b. To set or place timbers in a mine c. Applied to rough blocks of natural rock as it comes from a quarrybefore being shaped into sharpening stones. (references) |
Multilingual Slang | Swedish (stock ). (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Timber is a term used to describe clusters of trees. It is also used to describe wood throughout its processing from the time it is cut down to the time it is used as a structural material.
The word timber is also used as an exclamation when a tree falls. It is used to warn others working in the same area that a tree is going to fall down and that they should take care to get out of the way of its path. People may also use the term in this way to refer to other objects that fall.
The British Timber Trade
During the Middle Ages and Stuart period Britain had large domestic supplies of timber, especially valuable were the famous British oaks. This timber formed the backbone of many industries from iron smelting to shipbuilding.
From before the industrial revolution period the price of timber in England had been increasing as domestic quantities were exhausted. Many industries thus were forced to change to substitutes. As the industrial revolution progressed coal replaced timber for use as fuel, while brick replaced timber for use in construction.
It would be many decades, however, before iron could be used to replace timber in shipbuilding. By the early eighteenth century England had all but exhausted its supply of suitable timber and joined the Netherlands in being dependent upon imported supplies. While every nation has trees and wood, ship timber is a far more limited product. The ideal woods were oak and spruce, and large trees were required. Especially difficult to find were trees suitable to be masts, a crucial requirement for any sailing ship, and one that often had to be replaced after storms or wear. As suitable trees take decades to grow, in densely populated nations like England any given square meter of land could, usually, be far more valuably employed by producing foodstuffs rather than timber.
Timber was thus only a viable industry in sparsely populated lands such as those in the Baltic area and also in North America. The Baltic countries, especially Norway, had other benefits including superior lumber mills, and often lower transport prices than distant overland travel. The British shipping industry, by the late seventeenth century, became utterly dependent upon imports of Baltic timber. the shipping historian Ralph Davis demonstartes that for each hundred tons of goods transported fifty tons of imported naval supplies were required, and this figure did not include the imports needed for the British navy.
The importation of timber from the Baltic had two notable defects in the mind of British statesmen. The first was one of economics. Britain had a large trade deficit with the entire Baltic region. Britain required a large number essential resources from the Baltic, but they did not have enough goods to export to the Baltic to make up for these purchases, however. Thus the shortfall had to be made up in bullion exports. This imbalance caused great displeasure among the mercantilist economists of the day. Further compounding the problem was that unlike other areas where Britain had a trade deficit, such as India, the Baltic trade could not be justified on the grounds that Britain gained in the end from re-export to the continent, Baltic goods were overwhelmingly used in Britain. Most during the later half of the seventeenth century regarded the Baltic trade as a regrettable, but necessary expenditure for the defence of the land. Some consolation was, however, provided to the mercantilists by the employment of much of the timber in the merchant fleet that would later assist in bringing bullion into the land. Also of concern was the foreign domination of the Baltic timber trade. This problem was only partially solved by the inclusion of timber in the Navigation Acts of 1651 and 1660. While the acts successfully excluded the Dutch from Britain's trade with the Baltic, it still allowed the Baltic countries the right to import their own timber. It was mostly the Danes, Swedes, and Germans who replaced the Dutch in this trade as British merchants did not see it as profitable enough. This was because the Baltic trade was a difficult one to profit from as one load of British manufactured goods could buy seventy loads of timber, most ships entering the Baltic were thus empty, a great inefficiency. Most British merchants could employ their ships in more profitable colonial and manufactured goods trades, an option that the Baltic merchants did not have.
These commercial problems of Baltic timber imports were compounded by a military and strategic problem. The dependency on Baltic timber was paramount in the minds of British statesmen in the late seventeenth century mostly because of the strategic dangers. Historian Charles Wilson calls the dependency upon Scandinavia for naval stores the "Achilles heel of British strategy" during this period. There were no trades as militarily important as the Baltic lumber trade, but there were also few more fragile. Besides the trade coming from Norway, the timber ships had to come through the narrow straits separating Denmark from Sweden, a passage easily blocked by enemy navies, especially the Dutch who were geographically well placed to impede trade through the North Sea, a could, to a lesser extent, the French. Also threatening was the rise of Sweden who by 1690 was at the height of its brief period of being a global power. Sweden also was a strong trade protectionist and had imposed high duties of British imports. Sweden's empire was also expanding having seized Livonia as well as Swedish Pomerania, both important sources of timber. Thus beginning with the Anglo-Dutch wars of the later seventeenth century British statesmen and merchants began to look for some alternative to these imports.
Despite commercial clamouring for regulation of the Baltic timber trade, Josiah Child, for instance, thought the trade should be limited to only British vessels, no actions were taken until 1704 when British security was threatened. The great threat to Britain's security occurred during the War of the Spanish Succession, what some have termed the first global conflict. Only then did the British parliament attempt to break Britain's dependence upon Baltic timber. The only viable alternative to the Baltic areas was North America, New England especially had vast amounts of suitable timber. The great disadvantages were a lack of infrastructure in the colonies and much higher transport costs to British markets. Beginning in 1704 a number of initiatives were launched to try to encourage the use of colonial timber over that from the Baltic. These encouragements included bounties from North American producers, and rules forbidding the export of colonial timber to anywhere other than England. These efforts were quite unsuccessful, however, and both the navy and the merchant fleets remained dependent upon Baltic timber. Baltic timber still remained about a third the price of timber from North America. After the War of the Spanish succession ended the threat to British timber supplies receded, and despite the continuation of strong mercantilist pressure to increase the protectionism this was not done for the next century.
Over the entire eighteenth century Britain's naval supremacy in the North Sea area was never questioned. However, Britain commercial position remained unfavourable. With only occasional exceptions Britain was still in constant trade deficit with the entire Baltic region. Despite this condition being viewed as intensely harmful by the economists of the day no action of any significance was taken to try to prevent it. While the laws of Queen Anne's era remained in place, these were well known to be totally ineffective in curbing the dependence on the Baltic. During this period more economic disadvantages of the trade also developed. The American colonies still could exported little timber to England, only great masts could justify the cost of the long transatlantic journey. Thus New England, rather than producing timber and naval stores for the motherland was instead building its own ships that were cheaper and often of superior quality to those produced in Britain. This further violated important tenets of mercantilism and the old colonial system which considered manufacturing in the colonies to be counter Britain interests. Parliament, however, failed to be swayed by shipwrights, merchants or colonial timber producers who were hoping for an end to Baltic competition. It would again take pressure from the navy to introduce mercantilist policies.
The next attempt to break Britain's dependence on the Baltic once again occurred during a great Europe wide conflict that had significant naval elements. The Napoleonic Wars reopened Britain's fears of the Baltic timber trade being severed. Denmark and the straits, like all of continental Europe, were at the mercy of Napoleon's army and many of the rest of the timber ports within the Baltic were threatened by Napoleon's Continental system. The government thus made a more concerted attempt than ever before to break Britain's dependence upon Baltic timber. Throughout the period commencing in 1795 tariffs on foreign timber imports steadily rose. Eventually in 1807 a 275% levy was placed upon all Baltic timber imports to Britain. This levy succeeded in making Canadian timber more cost effective than that from the Baltic. Canadian timber exports to Britain more than tripled from 27 000 loads in 1807 to 90 000 loads in 1809. The shear bulk of timber and its many requirements soon lead the transatlantic timber trade to become Britain's largest employing a quarter of Britain's merchant tonnage. The previous large Baltic trade almost vanished with European wood being used only for luxury items.
After peace had returned to Britain the timber tariffs did not have long to survive. While at first they were continued, and even strengthened, by 1820 timber became one of the first areas for free trade theory to be applied. In part this was caused by the continued existence of powerful merchants who wanted to see the old Baltic trade restored. The trading interests with the colonies were even stronger, however. The much longer voyage from British North America to Britain meant far more ships and seamen had to be employed. The longer route not only meant more business, but it also was a more profitable route for British merchants, especially since foreigners were still excluded by the Navigation Acts. Military sources, however, disliked Canadian timber. The longer voyage lowered its quality and it was far more susceptible to the dry rot that was one of the navy's more implacable foes. A frigate made of colonial wood tended to have only half the life span of a Baltic ship.
Because of timber's great importance, in 1820 a committee of the House of Lords was formed to review the state of the timber trade. Led by Lord Lansdowne the committee strongly supported the reduction of the duties. This has been viewed as one of the first successes of free trade ideology in Great Britain. The duties were not eliminated, but they were brought to a level that left Baltic wood competitive with that from Canada. These reductions were a rare example of laissez-faire in an era still almost totally committed to mercantilism. The post-war era also saw a great unwillingness to enforce the duties that were in place. Rampant smuggling of timber into and out of Norway was mostly ignored, as were the illegal exports of bullion to fund the trade. In 1824 the duties were further lowered when Britain began to sign reciprocity treaties with other powers. Out of the first ten bilateral trade treaties signed, seven of them were with Baltic nations covering all the major timber exporters except for Russia. These quick reversals of Baltic trade policy in an era before free trade was paramount can almost certainly be attributed to the navy's unwillingness to become reliant on Canadian timber now that trade with the Baltic had been unquestionably secured.
See also:
- Lumber
- forestry
- woodworking
- plank
- board
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Timber."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Wood is a material found as the primary content of the stems of 'woody plants', especially trees, but also all shrubs. These perennial plants are characterised by stems that grow outward year after year, and that are composed of cellulose and lignin based tissue. Plants that do not produce wood are called 'herbaceous'; this group of plants includes all annual plants, many perennial plants, and most submerged and floating aquatic plants.
The woody tissue is formed by the plant for structural purposes, and because it is an effective and efficient structural material, it is useful to humans. Wood is made of cellulose fibers, held together with lignin.
When cut down and dried, wood is used for many different purposes. Wood that is broken down into fibers is called pulp, which may then be made into paper. Artists and craftsmen shape and join pieces of wood with special tools, which is called woodworking or carpentry. Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters, and remains in plentiful use today.
In modern times, many of the traditional uses of wood may be filled by metal and plastics.
Wood is commonly classified as either hardwood or softwood. The wood from conifers (e.g., pine) is called softwood, and the wood from broad-leaved trees (e.g., oak) is called hardwood. This classification is sometimes misleading, as some hardwoods (e.g., balsa) are actually softer than most softwoods.
Additionally, woods from different types of trees have different colors and grain densities. Because of these differences, and the fact that some woods take longer to grow than others, wood from different kinds of trees have different qualities and values. For example, while mahogany is a dark, dense hardwood which is excellent for fine furniture crafting, balsa is light, soft, and almost spongelike, making it useful for model building.
See also: list of woods, Chinese five elements
External links
- WoodBin info on different kinds of wood
- how trees are made into paper
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Wood."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
TIMBER | English | Tree improvement based on lignin engineering | Food & Agriculture |
| AGL Timber | English | Aglaia(aglaia)Timber | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: TimberSynonyms: forest (n), lumber (n), quality (n), timberland (n), timbre (n), tone (n), woodland (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Food | Food, pabulum; aliment, nourishment, nutriment; sustenance, sustentation, sustention; nurture, subsistence, provender, corn, feed, fodder, provision, ration, keep, commons, board; commissariat; (provision); prey, forage, pasture, pasturage; fare, cheer; diet, dietary; regimen; belly timber, staff of life; bread, bread and cheese. |
Materials | Noun: material, raw material, stuff, stock, staple; adobe, brown stone; chinking; clapboard; daubing; puncheon; shake; shingle, bricks and mortar; metal; stone; clay, brick crockery; compo, composition; concrete; reinforced concrete, cement; wood, ore, timber. |
Refuge | Verb: seek refuge, take refuge, find refuge; Noun: seek safety, find safety; throw oneself into the arms of; break for taller timber. |
Vegetable | Timber, forest; wood, woodlands; timberland; hurst, frith, holt, weald, park, chase, greenwood, brake, grove, copse, coppice, bocage, tope, clump of trees, thicket, spinet, spinney; underwood, brushwood; scrub; boscage, bosk, ceja, chaparal, motte.; arboretum . |
Flower, blossom, bine; flowering plant; timber tree, fruit tree; pulse, legume. | |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I'm allergic to timber! (Lake Placid; writing credit: David E. Kelley) I'm not really much for the timber. (Buffy the Vampire Slayer; writing credit: Doreen Spicer) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Timber Tramps (1973) Presidential Timber (1952) Tall Timber Tale (1951) Timber Fury (1950) Big Timber (1950) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
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Books | |||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Pole tower built from native timber at Takhini West Base Note signal flag on tree Triangulation party of F. B. Quinn. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | 239-foot tower built on Bugsuk Island in southwest Philippines This tower was built completely from native timber cut on location It took 19 men off the PATHFINDER three weeks to build this signal This was the largest wooden tower ever built by the C&GS Used for both observing and as a signal. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Tower built with native timber. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | An aerial view of angled timber fence, another shoreline protection structure tested. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
 | Timber management in southeast Iowa. Credit: Lynn Betts. |  | Thinning timber stands by removing poor trees in an important management technique. Credit: Lynn Betts. |
 | White fur is thinned from a stand of timber under a forest management practice in Arriba County, New Mexico. Credit: Jeff Vanuga. |  | Wendy and Ted conducting timber volume measurements. Credit: Carol Kauder. |
 | Ted conducting timber volume measurements. Credit: Carol Kauder. |  | Field workers replanting trees after timber cut. Credit: D. Smurthwaite. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Weathered timber decking" by Craig Stump Commentary: "The decking from the Manly Skiff club, Sydney." | "Fallen Timber" by Kenn W. Kiser Commentary: "Winter woods along the Blackhand Gorge trail in Licking County, Ohio, USA." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Horace | As crazy as hauling timber into the woods. |
Immanuel Kant | Out of timber so crooked as that from which man is made nothing entirely straight can be carved. |
Oliver Wendell Holmes | Knowledge and timber shouldn't be much used till they are seasoned. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | It would be a strange catalogue of things, that industry provided and made use of, about every loaf of bread, before it came to our use, if we could trace them; iron, wood, leather, bark, timber, stone, bricks, coals, lime, cloth, dying drugs, pitch, tar, masts, ropes, and all the materials made use of in the ship, that brought any of the commodities made use of by any of the workmen, to any part of the work; all which it would be almost impossible, at least too long, to reckon up. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | And for the construction of this vessel, how much timber is required |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | You will export such articles as the country affords, purely native products, much ice and pine timber and a little granite, always in native bottoms |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | The Chinese timber import market is expanding enormously. (references) | |
The following are examples of U.S. participation in the domestic timber industry. (references) | ||
These were mostly barter deals when equipment was provided in exchange for timber. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Papua New Guinea | A foreign firm with extensive timber interests owns one of the dailies; the newspaper's coverage of logging and forestry is one-sided, but it generally is independent and unbiased on other issues. (references) |
Economic History | Central African Republic | Timber accounts for about 16% of export earnings. (references) |
Mexico | The state accounts for 15% of Mexico's timber production. (references) | |
Human Rights | Russia | In the timber correctional colonies, where hardened criminals serve their time, beatings, torture, and rape by guards reportedly were common. (references) |
Ghana | There were no developments in the investigation into the 1999 police killing of the driver of a timber truck at a police barricade in the Ashanti region town of Barekese. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Canada | Court cases also continue in Quebec over timber resources. (references) |
Political Economy | Guyana | Guyana is rich in gold, diamonds, timber, and bauxite. (references) |
Central African Republic | Principal exports are coffee, cotton, timber, tobacco, and diamonds. (references) | |
Guyana | Rice, sugar, bauxite, gold, shrimp, and timber are the major exports. (references) | |
Trade | Laos | THE GOL USES QUOTAS TO CONTROL EXPORTS OF TIMBER AND LUMBER. (references) |
Japan | Specific JAS marks exist for various types of plywood, paneling, flooring boards, lumber, and timber. (references) | |
Malaysia | Export duties ranging from 5% to 10% are imposed on the principal commodities: petroleum, timber, rubber, palm oil, and tin. (references) | |
Travel | Cote D'ivoire | Total freight traffic in 1997 for both ports exceeded 14 million tons of which over 50 percent were petroleum products (Abidjan) while San Pedro is used mostly for timber and other agricultural products. (references) |
Worker Rights | Nepal | To date, approximately 1,000 heads of household have been provided with up to .335 acres of land and 75 cubic feet of timber to build houses. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
John Adams | 1797-1801 | To accomplish this important object, a prudent foresight requires that systematic measures be adopted for procuring at all times the requisite timber and other supplies. |
James Monroe | 1817-1825 | Much progress has likewise been made in the construction of ships of war and in the collection of timber and other materials for ship building. |
John Quincy Adams | 1825-1829 | Under its salutary sanction stores of ship timber have been procured and are in process of seasoning and preservation for the future uses of the Navy. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | The Alaska Lands Act reaffirms our commitment to the environment and strikes a balance between protecting areas of great beauty and allowing development of Alaska's oil, gas, mineral, and timber resources. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Timber" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.12% of the time. "Timber" is used about 2,158 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.12% | 2,139 | 4,072 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.88% | 19 | 80,337 |
| Total | 100.00% | 2,158 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "timber" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Timber | Last name | 130 | 67,139 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Canada | West Fraser Timber Co Ltd | Denmark | Danish Timber A.S. |
| Japan | Nagoya Timber Co., Ltd. | USA | Deltic Timber Corpn |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
1. Timber, OR |
Expressions using "timber": Belly timber ♦ big Timber ♦ Bollard timber ♦ bolt timber ♦ Bond timber ♦ box timber ♦ break for taller timber ♦ building timber ♦ case timber ♦ Chain timber ♦ clean timber ♦ Compass timber ♦ construction timber ♦ constructional timber ♦ conversation of timber ♦ dressed timber ♦ edged timber ♦ fell timber ♦ filling timber ♦ fir timber ♦ float timber ♦ giant timber bamboo ♦ half timber ♦ half wrought timber ♦ industrial timber ♦ Jack timber ♦ Knee timber ♦ mine timber ♦ mining timber ♦ neaped timber ♦ pit timber ♦ planed timber ♦ planed tongued and grooved timber ♦ profiled tongued and grooved timber ♦ root timber ♦ rough timber ♦ standing timber ♦ structural timber ♦ surfaced timber ♦ TGB timber ♦ Timber and room ♦ Timber beetle ♦ timber cargo ♦ timber chock ♦ timber compass ♦ timber cruise ♦ Timber doodle ♦ timber forest ♦ timber frame ♦ timber framed house ♦ Timber grouse ♦ timber hitch ♦ timber in the rough ♦ Timber Lake ♦ timber line ♦ Timber mare ♦ timber marking ♦ timber merchant ♦ timber mill ♦ Timber Pines ♦ timber planed one face and two edges ♦ timber processing ♦ timber rattlesnake ♦ timber reserves ♦ Timber scribe ♦ Timber sow ♦ timber stand ♦ timber stand improvement ♦ timber toes ♦ timber trade ♦ timber tree ♦ timber wolf ♦ timber working machine ♦ Timber worm ♦ timber yard ♦ To spot timber ♦ tongued and grooved timber ♦ tongued grooved and beaded timber ♦ tropical timber ♦ undressed timber ♦ unedged sawn timber ♦ unedged timber ♦ unwrought timber ♦ utilizable timber ♦ waling timber ♦ waney sawn timber ♦ workable timber ♦ wrought timber. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "timber": timber-arched, timber-boarded, timber-bodied, timber-built, timber-buyers, timber-ceilinged, timber-clad, timber-cutting, timber-effect, timber-encrusted, timber-exporting, timber-faced, timber-frame, timber-framed, timber-framing, timber-fronted, timber-growing, timber-hauling, timber-import, timber-industry, timber-land, timber-look, timber-lorry, timber-man, timber-processing, timber-rich, timber-scented, timber-smells, timber-textured, timber-toe, timber-trees, timber-vault, timber-work, timber-workers. | |
Ending with "timber": all-timber, flat-timber, half-timber, mining-timber, PTG-timber, quick-timber, roof-timber, solid-timber, T-timber, T-timber. | |
Containing "timber": Open-timber roof. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
timber | 508 | lodge ridge timber | 42 |
timber wolf | 310 | timber decking | 42 |
timber frame home | 280 | timber merchant | 40 |
timber frame | 211 | timber trade | 40 |
rattle snake timber | 171 | timber retaining wall | 40 |
timber top | 167 | timber frame house | 38 |
rattler timber | 122 | tech timber | 38 |
landscape timber | 115 | timber wolf yamaha | 38 |
wisconsin timber rattler | 106 | timber creek high school | 38 |
big timber montana | 102 | the timber company | 37 |
timber ridge | 77 | timber troy | 37 |
timber framing | 71 | timber sale | 36 |
timber creek | 65 | timber lodge | 36 |
timber home | 61 | timber wolf lodge | 35 |
cabin of timber top | 57 | timber importer | 35 |
timber price | 57 | plum creek timber | 34 |
portland timber | 53 | timber ladders | 34 |
timber industry | 52 | justin timber | 32 |
tall timber | 49 | timber wolf trailer | 30 |
christian timber | 46 | grand timber lodge | 29 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "timber"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | hout (wood). (various references) | |
Albanian | trungje, tra (axletree, balk, baulk, joist, stock), lëndë druri (lumber, timbering, wood), drurë pylli (timbering), dru (drubbing, kindling, thrashing, tree, walloping, wood), brinjë e anijes. (various references) | |
Arabic | كسا بالأشجار, قطعة خشب كبيرة, عارضة خشبية (batten, baulk, girder, springer), ضلع من أضلاع المركب, خشب البناء, خشب (lignify, lumber, wood), أشجار. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | шпангоут (rib), квалификация (background, efficiency, experience, qualification, training), греда (balk, baulk, beam, spar, tie), гори (forestry, woodland, woods), ограда (fence, fencing, rail), мертек (rafter), лични качества, дървета. (various references) | |
Catalan | fusta (wood). (various references) | |
Chinese | 木頭 (log, wood), 木料 (lumber), 木材 (lumber). (various references) | |
Czech | trám (balk, beam, girder, joist, raft, spar, strut), stromy, stavební dříví, lesy, kláda (log), dřevo (block, Holt, sap-wood, stick, wood), dříví (weed, wood). (various references) | |
Danish | træ (tree, wood). (various references) | |
Dutch | hout (wood). (various references) | |
Esperanto | ligno (wood), ŝipripo (frame). (various references) | |
Faeroese | træ (tree, wood), viður (wood). (various references) | |
Farsi | چوب (Rod, Shaft, Spunk, Stave, Stick, Wood), ناهنجار (Abnormal, Backhand, Dissonant, Gruff, Inelegant, Lumpy, Maladroit, Malformed, Nefarious, Raucous, Rough, Surly, Uncouth, Unkempt), کنده (Bloc, Block, Chump, Stock, Stub), تیر (Arrow, Bar, Dart, Gunshot, Ledger, Lug, Mast, Perch, Prop, Shaft, Shot, Spike, Staff, Stanchion, Staple), طنین دارشبیه صدای زنگ , صدای خشک , الوار (Lumber), درخت الواری , باالواروتیرپوشاندن . (various references) | |
Finnish | puu (firewood, tree, wood). (various references) | |
French | bois, membrure (anchor tie, tie beam), boiser, bois de construction (building timber, construction timber, constructional timber, structural timber). (various references) | |
Frisian | hout (wood). (various references) | |
German | Bauholz (building timber, lumber), Holz (lumber, ninepin, skittle, wood), Balken (arbor, bar, beam, fesse, girder, joist, limb, prop, rail, shore). (various references) | |
Greek | ξυλεία (lumber). (various references) | |
Hawaiian | dru (tree, wood). (various references) | |
Hebrew | קורה (beam, crossbeam, girder, rafter, spar), עץ (log, lumber, pole, tree, wood), עצי בנין, חומר העץ. (various references) | |
Hungarian | faanyag (lumber), fa (bad mark, lumber, tree, wood, wooden). (various references) | |
Icelandic | tré (tree, wood). (various references) | |
Indonesian | kayu (log, wood, wooden), blandongan (lumber jacking). (various references) | |
Irish | adhmad (wood). (various references) | |
Italian | legno (wood), legname (lumber, wood). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 木材 (lumber, wood), 木 (tree, wood), 材木 (lumber), 材木 (lumber). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ざいもく (lumber), もくざい (lumber, wood), き (10th in rank, 6th in rank, chest, chronicle, coffer, crude, deed, lean on, mood, period, plan, pure, raw, rest against, rice tub, rule, season, season word or phrase, sixth sign of the Chinese calendar, skill, spirit, table, tenth sign of the Chinese calendar, that, time, tree, undiluted, wood, yellow). (various references) | |
Korean | 갱도지주. (various references) | |
Lombard | legn (wood). (various references) | |
Malay | kayu (wood). (various references) | |
Manx | maidjagh (timbered), fuygh (wood), foiee (boarding, piece of timber, timbered, wood), cur foiee rish, asney (fin, nerve, rib), aamaid (timbered, wood). (various references) | |
Norwegian | tre (three, tree, wood), ved (about, at, for, in, wood). (various references) | |
Papiamen | palu (baton, cane, pole, post, stake, stanchion, stick, tree, wood), palo (pole, post, stake, stanchion, tree, wood). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | imbertay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | madeira (birch, Madeira, raft), madeira de construção (building timber, construction timber, constructional timber, industrial roundwood, industrial timber, lumber, structural timber, workable timber). (various references) | |
Romanian | pãdure (covert, forest, Holt, wood), material lemnos, lemnãrie (carpentry, wood, woodcutting), lemn (billet, chuck, peg, stick, wood), grindã (balk, baulk, beam, girder, joist, log), cherestea (build, crust, lumber, sawn wood), cãprior (fallow deer, rafter, Roebuck), buştean (horse-block, hub, log, lump, stub, stump, trunk). (various references) | |
Russian | строевой лес, тимберс, лесоматериалы (timbering), лесоматериал (lumber, timbering), лес лесной (forest). (various references) | |
Scottish | fiodh (wood). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | kov (cast, make, stamp), greda (beam, joist, scantling), drvo za građu, čuvaj se drveta. (various references) | |
Spanish | madera (duramen, Madeira, wood), leño (billet, log, wood), viga (arbor, balk, baulk, beam, crossbeam, girder, joist, rafter), madero (board, log). (various references) | |
Sranan | udu (wood, wooden). (various references) | |
Swahili | mti (pole, post, stake, stanchion, tree, wood). (various references) | |
Swedish | virke (fibre, lumber, wood), trä (fallow, lace, pass, slip, string, thread, wood), timmer (lumber). (various references) | |
Tagalog | káhoy (wood). (various references) | |
Thai | ไม้ซุง (log), โครงเรือ, สร้างด้วยไม้, ที่ทำจากไม้, ป่าไม้, คุณสมบัติของบุคคล. (various references) | |
Turkish | payanda vurmak (shore), kiriş (balk, baulk, beam, bowstring, catgut, chord, girder, gut, joist, ligament, rafter, rib, sinew, span, string, stringcourse, Stringer, tendinous, tendon, tie, tie beam, traverse, wire), kerestelik ağaç (timber tree), keresteden yapılmış, kereste ile kaplamak, kereste (lumber, stuff, wood), kalas dayamak, kalas (plank, ruffian), kalıp (bar, cake, cast, dies, form, formwork, master, matrix, model, Mold, mould, Pat, pattern, print, shape, stamp, stencil, tablet, template, templet), gemi kaburgası, ağaç (arboreal, hardwood, tree, wood, wooden). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | тембр (timbre), колода (balk, bee-tree, billet, block, chuck, chump, clump, juggle, rafter), обшивати деревом, лісоматеріал (lumber, wood), будувати з дерева, будівельний ліс. (various references) | |
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