Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Thermal |
ThermalAdjective1. Relating to or associated with heat; "thermal movements of molecules"; "thermal capacity"; "thermic energy"; "the caloric effect of sunlight". 2. Caused by or designed to retain heat; "thermal springs"; "a thermal burn"; "thermal underwear". Noun1. Rising current of warm air. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "thermal" was first used: 1756. (references) |
Etymology: Thermal \Ther"mal\, adjective. [Latin expression thermae hot springs, from the Greek expression, plural of heat, from hot, warm, to warm, make hot; perhaps akin to Latin formus warm, and English forceps.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Aerospace | 1. Of or pertaining to heat or temperature.2. A vertical air current caused by differential heating of the terrain. (references) |
Geography | Updraught produced locally above a relatively warm surface. Source: European Union. (references) |
Health | Pertaining to or characterized by heat. (references) |
Mining | Hot or warm; applied to springs that discharge water heated by naturalagencies. (references) |
Science | Of, making use of, producing, or caused by heat. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In physics, the relationship between heat and energy is similar to that between work and energy. Heat is said to flow from areas of high temperature to areas of low temperature. All objects have a certain amount of energy within them that is related to the random motion of their atoms. This internal energy is directly proportional to the temperature of the object. When two bodies of different temperature come in to thermal contact, they will exchange internal energy until the temperature is equalized. The amount of energy transferred is the amount of heat exchanged. It is a common misconception to confuse heat with internal energy, but there is a difference, and understanding the difference is a necessary part of understanding the first law of thermodynamics.
Changes of Temperature
The amount of heat energy, , required to change the temperature of a material from an initial temperature, T0, to a final temperature, Tf depends on the heat capacity of that material according to the relationship:
The heat capacity is dependent on both the amount of material that is exchanging heat and its properties. The heat capacity can be broken up in several different ways. First of all, it can be represented as a product of mass and specific heat capacity (more commonly called specific heat):
or the number of moless and the molar heat capacity:
- Cp = m cs
Both the molar and specific heat capacities only depend upon the physical properties of the substance being heated, not on any specific properties of the sample. The above definitions of heat capacity only work approximately for solids and liquids, but for gases they don't work at all most of the time. The molar heat capacity can be "patched up" if the changes of temperature occur at either a constant volume or constant pressure. Otherwise, it's generally easiest to use the first law of thermodynamics in combination with an equation relating the internal energy of the gas to its temperature.
- Cp = n cmolar
Changes of State
A boiling pot of water, at sea level and normal atmospheric pressure, will always be at 100oC no matter how much heat is added. The extra heat changes the state of the water from liquid into water vapor. The heat added to change the state of a substance in this way is said to be "hidden," and thus it is called latent heat (from a Latin word for hidden). Latent heat is the rate of heat per unit mass necessary to change the state of a given substance. Thus:
and:
- dQ/dm = L (should this be a partial derivative or a full one?)
where Mo is the amount of mass initially in the new phase, and M is the amount of mass that ends up in the new phase.
L generally doesn't depend on the amount of mass that changes phase, so the equation can normally be written:
Sometimes L can be time-dependent if pressure and volume are time-varying, so that the integral can be handled:
- Q = L Δm
someone check the above, please, to see if the latent heat really depends on where on the (P, V, T) curve the transition is taking place.
- Q = ∫L (dm/dt) dt
How Heat Moves
As mentioned previously, heat tends to move from a high temperature region to a low temperature region. This heat transfer may occur by any of three mechanisms, conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction is the most common means of heat transfer in a solid. On a microscopic scale, conduction occurs as hot, rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and molecules interact with neighboring atoms and molecules, transferring some of their energy (heat) to these neighboring atoms.
Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. In convection, heat transfer occurs by the movement of hot or cold portions of the fluid. For example, when water is heated on a stove, hot water from the bottom of the pan rises, heating the water at the top of the pan. Two types of convection are commonly distinguished, free convection, in which gravity and buoyancy forces drive the fluid movement, and forced convection, where a fan, stirrer, or other means is used to move the fluid.
Radiation is the final means of heat transfer. Radiative heat transfer is the only form of heat transfer that can occur in the absence of any form of medium and as such is the only means of heat transfer through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is a direct result of the movements of atoms and molecules in a material. Since these atoms and molecules are composed of charged particles (protons and electrons), their movements result in the emission of electromagnetic radiation, which carries energy away from the surface. At the same time, the surface is constantly bombarded by radiation from the surroundings, resulting in the transfer of energy to the surface. Since the amount of emitted radiation increases with increasing temperature, a net transfer of energy from higher temperatures to lower temperatures results.
Other Important Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Latent Heat
Transfer of heat through a physical change in the medium such as water/ice or water/steam involves significant energy and is exploited in many ways steam engine, refrigerator etc.
Heat Pipe
A heat transfer mechanism using latent heat and capilliary action to move heat. A heat pipe can carry many times as much heat as a similar sized copper rod and is starting to have applications in laptop personal computers.
See also
- Heat pump
- Shock heating
- Heat death of the Universe
- Heat, the movie
Heat is a popular term for estrus, a period of increased sexual drive in female mammals.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Heat."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than visible light, but shorter than microwave radiation. The name means "below red" (from the Latin infra, "below"), red being the color of visible light of longest wavelength. Infrared radiation has wavelengths between 700 nm and 1 mm.
IR is often subdivided into near-IR (NIR, 0.7-5 µm in wavelength), mid-IR (MIR (also intermediate-IR (IIR)), 5 - 30 µm) and far-IR (FIR, 30 - 1000 µm). However, these terms are not precise, and are used differently in the various study. Infrared radiation is often linked to heat, since objects at room temperature or above will emit radiation mostly concentrated in the mid-infrared band (see black body).
Uses
Infrared is used in night-vision equipment, when there is insufficient visible light to see an object. The radiation is detected and turned into an image on a screen, hotter objects showing up brighter, enabling the police and military to chase targets.Smoke is more transparent to infrared than to visible light, so fire fighters apply infrared imaging equipment when working in smoke-filled areas.
A more common use of IR is in television remote controls. In this case it is used in preference to radio waves because it does not interfere with the television signal. IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current. It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from sunlight, people and other warm objects.
The light used in fiber optic communication is typically infrared.
History
In 1800 the physicist William Herschel held a mercury thermometer in the spectrum produced by a glass prism to measure the heat content of different coloured lights. He found that the thermometer registered an increase in temperature even when held beyond the red end of the spectrum, where there was no visible light. This was the first experiment to show that heat could be transmitted by an invisible form of light.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Infrared."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A thermal is a column of rising air in the lower altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere. Thermals are created by the uneven heating of the Earth's surface from solar radiation.The size and strength of thermals are influenced greatly by the properties of the lower atmosphere. The most important factor is the amount of atmospheric stability. Generally, when the atmosphere is less stable thermal formation is more likely.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Thermal."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The thermal conductivity of a material is equivalent to the quantity of heat that passes in unit time through unit area of a plate, when its opposite faces are subject to unit temperature gradient (e.g. one degree temperature difference across a thickness of one unit).
Thermal conductivity = Heat flow rate ÷ (Area × Temperature gradient)
Units
In the SI system of units, thermal conductivity is measured in watts per meter-kelvin, (W·m-1·K-1) where a
Thermal conductivity should not be confused with thermal conductance, which is explained below.
- watt is the unit of power
- meter is the unit of distance
- kelvin is the unit of temperature
Examples
In general thermal conductivity tracks electrical conductivity, metals being good thermal conductors. There are exceptions, the most outstanding is that of diamond which has a high thermal conductivity, between 1000 and 2600 W·m-1·K-1, while the electrical conductivity is low.
Thermal conductivity of other common materials:
Thermal conductivity changes with temperature. For most materials it decreases slightly as the temperature rises.
- Silver 430 W·m-1·K-1
- Copper 390
- Gold 320
- Aluminium 236
- Platinum 70
- Quartz 8
- Glass 1
- Water 0.6
- Wool 0.05
- Expanded polystyrene ("Styrofoam") 0.03
Since diamond has such a high thermal conductivity, natural blue diamond much higher still, one may test gems to determine if they are genuine diamonds using a thermal conductance tester, one of the instruments of gemology. Diamonds of any size are notably cool to the touch because of their high thermal conductivity, perhaps the origin of the term "ice."
Related terms
The reciprocal of thermal conductivity is thermal resistivity, measured in kelvin-meters per watt (K·m·W-1).
When dealing with a known amount of material, its thermal conductance and the reciprocal property, thermal resistance, can be described. Unfortunately there are differing definitions for these terms.
First definition (general)
For general scientific use [2]class="external">[1
, thermal conductance is the quantity of heat that passes in unit time through a plate of particular area and thickness when its opposite faces differ in temperature by one degree. For a plate of thermal conductivity λ, area A and thickness T this is λA/T, measured in W·K-1. This matches the relationship between electrical conductivity (A·m-1·V-1) and electrical conductance (A·V-1).There is also a measure known as heat transfer coefficient: the quantity of heat that passes in unit time through unit area of a plate of particular thickness when its opposite faces differ in temperature by one degree. The reciprocal is thermal insulance. In summary:
The heat transfer coefficient is also known as thermal admittance. But thermal admittance may mean other things (e.g. [1], page 5).
- thermal conductance = λA/T, measured in W·K-1
- thermal resistance = T/λA, measured in K·W-1
- heat transfer coefficient = λ/T, measured in W·K-1·m-2
- thermal insulance = T/λ, measured in K·m2·W-1.
Second definition (buildings)
When dealing with buildings ([1], thermophysics FAQ 5)[1], thermal resistance or R value means what is described above as thermal insulance, and thermal conductance means the reciprocal. For materials in series, these thermal resistances (unlike conductances) can simply be added to give a thermal resistance for the whole.
A third term, thermal transmittance, incoporates the thermal conductance of a structure along with heat transfer due to convection and radiation. It is measured in the same units as thermal conductance and is sometimes known as the composite thermal conductance. The term U value is another synonym.
The term K value is a synonym for thermal conductivity.
In summary, for a plate of thermal conductivity λ, area A and thickness T:
- thermal conductance = λ/T, measured in W·K-1·m-2
- thermal resistance (R value) = T/λ, measured in K·m2·W-1.
- thermal transmittance (U value)= 1/(&Sigma(T/λ)) + convection + radiation, measured in W·K-1·m-2
See Also
- conduction
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Thermal conductivity."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| th | English | Thermal | Engineering & Technology |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: ThermalSynonyms: caloric (adj), thermic (adj). (additional references) |
| Antonym: nonthermal (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Calefaction | Thermal expansion; coefficient of expansion. |
Heat | Adjective: hot, warm, mild, genial, tepid, lukewarm, unfrozen; thermal, thermic; calorific; fervent, fervid; ardent; aglow. |
Calorie, gram-calorie, small calorie; kilocalorie, kilogram calorie, large calorie; British Thermal Unit, B.T.U.; therm, quad. | |
Levity | Convection, thermal draft, thermal. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | It's a little known law of thermal dynamics: The Conservation of Optimism: There's only so much to go around (Andromeda; writing credit: John Cranna) | |
Lyrics | I'm in the club ice over the thermal waitin for you to try me (Put Ya Hands Up; performing artist: KISS) | |
Movie/TV Titles | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Histopathology of histoplasmosis showing yeast forms of Histoplasma capsulatum. This fungus shows thermal dimorphism: mold form at 25°C and yeast form at 37°C. Credit: CDC. |  | F-15B with attached X-33 Thermal Protection System. Credit: NASA. |
 | Thermal Image Test of Space Shuttle Main Engine. Credit: NASA. |  | Photopolarimeter-radiometer (PPR) thermal map of Ganymede's surface. Compare to the SSI image release on 08/16/96 (above) which shows nearly the same view. (The PPR map is rotated about 30 degrees to the west of the SSI image.) (Released 09/25/96). Credit: NASA. |
 | Example of Gulf Stream thermal wedge Sounding artifact created by abrupt changes in water temperature Observed on EXPLORER. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Detail of Gulf Stream thermal wedge Detail of Precision Depth Recorder record showing artifact Observed on EXPLORER. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Clam shell bed around a thermal mound in 2800 meters. Credit: National Undersea Research Program (NURP). |  | Figure 28. Model of a machine for generating electricity based on differences of temperature between the sea surface and great depth. This "thermal machine" was devised by the physicist Georges Claude and the engineer Paul Boucherot in 1926. It was an application of Carnot's theorem and was a forerunner of the modern ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) project. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
 | TIROS M mechanical and thermal test model. TIROS M was known more widely as ITOS 1. Credit: NOAA in Space. |  | Chemist Judith Turnlund and physical scientist William Keyes use thermal ionization mass spectrometry to measure trackable forms of copper, called stable isotopes, in blood plasma. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer.. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "Park D. Carlos I" by Luis Alves Commentary: "The city park pavilions, currently ocuppied with some institutions, were projected by architect Rodrigo Berquó with intention to serve a new thermal hospital. The death of Berquó and the end of the monarchy in Portugal had not allowed the conclusion of" |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Thermal biofeedback allows a patient to consciously raise hand temperature. (references) | |
A patient learning thermal biofeedback wears a device which transmits the temperature of an index finger or hand to a monitor. (references) | ||
Business | Little expansion of thermal generation is expected to be undertaken by government. (references) | |
China’s thermal stabilizer industry developed simultaneously with the PVC industry. (references) | ||
Its hydel and thermal power stations generates 3,346 and 2,895 MW power respectively. (references) | ||
Economic History | Sri Lanka | Consequently, thermal generation increased. (references) |
Ecuador | Several private companies operate thermal plants. (references) | |
Sri Lanka | Most of the thermal plants are using auto diesel. (references) | |
Political Economy | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | The state electricity company's distribution units and thermal generation facilities were capitalized in 1999, and are now under the control of private sector operators. (references) |
EL SALVADOR | El Salvador has a liberal privatization regime under which it has privatized the state owned telephone company (ANTEL), four electricity distribution and two thermal generating companies, and pension funds. (references) | |
Trade | Armenia | Projects financed in Armenia include construction of a thermal power plant and an air cargo terminal. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Rush Limbaugh | One of the measures you develop to ensure that the building doesn't quickly collapse in the event of a fire is a thermal insulation of asbestos that can resist tremendous heat for a minimum of four hours before their girders might topple. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Thermal" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Thermal" is used about 675 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 100% | 675 | 9,782 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| France | Compagnie Fermiere de l'Etablissement Thermal de Vichy S.A. | Japan | Kawasaki Thermal Engineering Company Limited |
| USA | Aavid Thermal Technologies, Inc. | ||
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "thermal": british thermal unit ♦ Differential Thermal Analysis ♦ limiting continuous thermal withstand value ♦ pressurized thermal shock ♦ thermal ablation ♦ thermal analysis ♦ thermal ascent ♦ thermal asphalt ♦ thermal barrier ♦ thermal baths ♦ thermal breeder ♦ thermal burst ♦ thermal choc ♦ thermal component of wind ♦ Thermal conductivity ♦ thermal convertor ♦ thermal current ♦ thermal diffusivity ♦ thermal draft ♦ thermal eddy ♦ thermal emission ♦ thermal energy ♦ thermal energy produced ♦ thermal engineering ♦ thermal equilibrium ♦ thermal expansion ♦ thermal exposure ♦ thermal generating station ♦ thermal imagery ♦ thermal inelastic scattering ♦ thermal ink ♦ thermal jet engine ♦ thermal lag ♦ thermal lift ♦ thermal low ♦ thermal manikin ♦ thermal node ♦ thermal noise ♦ thermal photography ♦ thermal pollution ♦ thermal power station ♦ thermal printer ♦ thermal radiation ♦ thermal reactor ♦ thermal resistor ♦ thermal shadow ♦ Thermal spectrum ♦ thermal spring ♦ thermal springs ♦ thermal streets ♦ thermal unit ♦ thermal water ♦ thermal wind. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "thermal": thermal-agitation, thermal-bonded, thermal-guided, thermal-imperial, thermal-oxide-reprocessing, thermal-seeking. | |
Ending with "thermal": geo-thermal, glt-thermal, hydro-thermal, non-thermal, sympto-thermal, tp-thermal. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
thermal underwear | 549 | thermal ceramics | 56 |
thermal reconditioning | 258 | thermal carb | 54 |
thermal printer | 255 | thermal spray | 54 |
thermal imaging | 211 | thermal expansion | 52 |
thermal | 167 | bath thermal | 52 |
thermal paper | 138 | thermal coffee maker | 49 |
thermal transfer ribbon | 108 | thermal mug | 48 |
thermal ca | 106 | thermal exhaust | 48 |
thermal transfer | 99 | thermal paper roll | 47 |
thermal transfer printer | 96 | thermal cd printer | 42 |
thermal transfer label | 92 | thermal tape | 41 |
thermal dynamics | 78 | thermal window | 40 |
thermal imaging camera | 78 | thermal management | 40 |
depolymerization thermal | 77 | thermal camera | 40 |
thermal insulation | 74 | thermal switch | 39 |
thermal conductivity | 72 | thermal label printer | 37 |
thermal label | 70 | clan mug scottish thermal | 37 |
thermal ribbon | 68 | thermal supply | 37 |
british thermal unit | 68 | clan irish mug thermal | 37 |
thermal energy | 60 | coefficient of thermal expansion | 37 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "thermal"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | termik, termal. (various references) | |
Arabic | حار (cordial, hot, nice and warm, peppery, torrid), حراري (calorific, thermic, thermo-). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | топлинен (calorific, heating, thermic), термален, термичен (thermic), калоричен (caloric, calorific), горещ (aglow, burning, devout, fervent, fervid, fiery, flaming, high-spirited, hot, intense, scorching, strong, torrid), минерален (mineral). (various references) | |
Chinese | 热量 (Caloric). (various references) | |
Czech | termální, teplotní, tepelný (candent). (various references) | |
Danish | termik (thermal ascent, thermal current), termal. (various references) | |
Dutch | thermische stijging (thermal ascent, thermal current), thermisch, thermiek (thermal ascent, thermal current). (various references) | |
Farsi | گرماءی , گرم (Ardent, Ebullient, Grain, Gram, Hot, Muggy, Peppery, Perfervid, Warm), حرارتی , دماءی . (various references) | |
Finnish | terminen matalapaine (heat low, thermal low), tuotettu lämpöenergia (thermal energy produced), termiikki (thermal lift), terminen epästabiilisuus (thermal runaway), terminen nousuvirtaus (thermal lift), terminen tuuli (thermal wind), terminen vääntömomentti (thermal torque, thermocouple), terminen viive (heat lag, thermal lag), termisen epäelastisen sironnan vaikutusala (thermal inelastic scattering cross-section), termoelementti (thermal convertor, thermocouple, thermoelectric couple, thermo-element, thermo-junction), termografia (thermal photography, thermography), termopari (thermal torque, thermocouple), termiikkijono (thermal streets), Btu (british thermal unit, calorie, joule, therm), kuumennusvyöhyke (thermal treatment zone, tunnel), lämpökuvaus (thermal photography, thermography), lämpökohina (Brownian-motion noise, thermal noise, thermal-agitation noise), lämpökirjoitin (thermal printer), lämpökäsittelyvyöhyke (thermal treatment zone, tunnel), lämpöhuipun kohta uunissa (Gehlhoff spring, hot spot, thermal spring), lämmönjohtoluku (coefficient of thermometric conductivity, temperature conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermometric conductivity), kalori (calorie), Joule (British Thermal Unit, cal, calorie, joule, th, therm), J (British Thermal Unit, calorie, joule, therm), hot spot (Gehlhoff spring, hot spot, thermal spring), gravimetrinen menetelmä (gravimetric method, gravimetric methods, gravimetric methods employed at the end of thermal cycles, gravimetry), lämpöläpilyönti (thermal breakdown, thermal runaway), cal (British Thermal Unit, cal, calorie, conversational algebraic language, joule, th, therm), lämpötila-anomalia (geothermal anomaly, temperature anomaly, thermal anomaly), brittiläinen lämpömääräyksikkö (British Thermal Unit, cal, calorie, joule, th, therm), geoterminen anomalia (geothermal anomaly, temperature anomaly, thermal anomaly), lämpötilan epävakaisuus (thermal runaway), syöttösuureen lyhytaikainen terminen kestoarvo (limiting short-time thermal withstand value), syöttösuureen jatkuva terminen kestoarvo (limiting continuous thermal withstand value), radioisotooppinen lämpöenergia (radioisotope thermal energy), lämpöyksikkö (thermal unit), lämpövoimalaitos (steam generating station, steam power-plant, thermal generating station, thermal power station), lämpövoimakoneikon kuumakäynnistys (hot start up of a thermal generating set), lämpöryntäys (thermal runaway), lämpötilapoikkeama (geothermal anomaly, temperature anomaly, thermal anomaly), lämpömäärä (temperature), lämpötilan diffuusiokerroin (thermal diffusivity, thermic diffusivity), Lämpösiirtotulostus (Thermal-transfer printing), brittiläinen lämpömäärän yksikkö (british thermal unit), lämpöpoikkeama (thermal anomaly), lämpöpari (thermal convertor, thermocouple, thermoelectric couple, thermo-element, thermo-junction), lämpöpaperi (thermal paper, thermic copying paper), lämpönukke (thermal manikin), lämpötulostin (thermal printer). (various references) | |
French | thermique (thermic). (various references) | |
German | warm (hot, limp-wristed, mellow, poofy, warm, warmly), thermisch (thermic), Thermal-, thermal. (various references) | |
Greek | Θερμικό (thermal ascent, thermal current), θερμόσ (cordial, fervent, heated, hot, thermos, warm), θερμικόσ (calorific, thermic), θερμικός, θερμικό ρεύμα (thermal ascent, thermal current), θερμαντικόσ (caloric). (various references) | |
Hebrew | תרמי, של חום, זרם אויר חם. (various references) | |
Hungarian | termál, meleg (campy, cream-puff, fag, faggot, mellow, poovey, poovy, to be warm, warm, warmth). (various references) | |
Italian | termico (thermic), termale. (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 温熱性 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | おんねつせい. (various references) | |
Korean | 열 (Calorific, HEAT). (various references) | |
Manx | chermagh, cheh (fevered, heated, hot, impassioned, passion, sexually precocious). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ermalthay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | termal, térmico (calorifics, thermic). (various references) | |
Romanian | termic (thermic), termal, caloric (caloric, heating). (various references) | |
Russian | термальный, термический (termal, thermic), тепловой (caloric, calorific, thermic). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | toplotni, termalni, termalan. (various references) | |
Spanish | termal (hot), térmico (caloric). (various references) | |
Swedish | termisk uppvind, termisk, värme- (caloric). (various references) | |
Turkish | termik (thermic), termal, sıcak (fervent, friendly, hot, quick, warm). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | термічний, термальний, тепловий (caloric, calorific), теплий (mild, open armed, warm). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | nhiệt (thermic, warmth), nóng (fervent, hot, short-tempered, simoom, simoon). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | therme. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "thermal": thermalization, thermalizations, thermalize, thermalized, thermalizes, thermalizing, thermally, thermals. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "thermal": electrothermal, eurythermal, exothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal, hypothermal, isothermal, nonthermal, stenothermal. (additional references) | |
Words containing "thermal": electrothermally, exothermally, geothermally, hydrothermally, isothermally. (additional references) | |
| |
"Thermal" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Dharmala, hermal, Khurmal, Shernhall, thearmal, theral, theraly, therm, therma, Thermai, Thermie, thermit, thernal, Threfall, Xhemal. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "thermal" (pronounced ther"mul) |
| 5 | th er" m u l | geothermal, hydrothermal, isothermal. |
| 4 | -er" m u l | dermal, endodermal, epidermal, mesodermal. |
| 3 | -m u l | infinitesimal, abysmal, abnormal, animal, baptismal, camel, caramel, decimal, dismal, enamel, formal, Hamal, informal, mammal, maximal, minimal, normal, optimal, paranormal, pommel, primal, proximal, pummel, tramel, trammel. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-h-l-m-r-t" | |
-1 letter: armlet, halter, hamlet, lather, thaler, tramel. | |
-2 letters: alert, almeh, alter, armet, artel, earth, haler, harem, hater, heart, hemal, herma, lamer, later, lathe, mater, metal, ramet, ratel, rathe, realm, taler, tamer, tharm, therm. | |
-3 letters: ahem, alme, earl, eath, haem, haet, hale, halm, halt, hame, hare, harl, harm, hart, hate, heal, hear, heat, helm, herl. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-h-l-m-r-t" | |
+1 letter: thermals. | |
+2 letters: hemelytra, thermally. | |
+3 letters: exothermal, geothermal, hermetical, isothermal, largemouth, methylator, motherland, nonthermal, shmaltzier, thermalize, thimerosal. | |
+4 letters: blameworthy, erythrismal, eurythermal, heartsomely, hypothermal, lamplighter, largemouths, methylators, motherlands, pamphleteer, schmaltzier, thermalized, thermalizes, thermically, thimerosals. | |
+5 letters: amateurishly, arithmetical, blabbermouth, cephalometry, enthrallment, ephemerality, exothermally, flamethrower, geothermally, hellgrammite, hermetically, hydrothermal, hypermutable, isothermally, lamplighters, manslaughter, merchantable, metaphorical, methacrylate, multiwarhead, pamphleteers, rheumatology, schoolmaster, stenothermal, thermalizing, thermohaline, thermolabile, thermostable. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Quotations: Spoken 11. Usage Frequency 12. Names: Company Usage | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Translations: Ancient | 17. Abbreviations 18. Acronyms 19. Derivations 20. Rhymes | 21. Anagrams 22. Bibliography |
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