Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Definitions: Tenderness |
TendernessNoun1. A tendency to express warm and affectionate feeling. 2. A pain that is felt when the area is touched. 3. Warm compassionate feelings. 4. A positive feeling of liking; "he had trouble expressing the affection he felt"; "the child won everyone's heart". 5. A feeling of concern for the welfare of someone (especially someone defenseless). Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "tenderness" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
Synonyms: TendernessSynonyms: affection (n), affectionateness (n), fondness (n), heart (n), softheartedness (n), soreness (n), tenderheartedness (n), warmheartedness (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Benevolence | Good nature, good feeling, good wishes; kindness, kindliness; Adjective: loving-kindness, benignity, brotherly love, charity, humanity, fellow-feeling, sympathy: goodness of heart, warmth of heart; bonhomie; kind-heartedness; amiability, milk of human kindness, tenderness; love; friendship. |
Love | Affection, sympathy, fellow-feeling; tenderness; Adjective: heart, brotherly love; benevolence; attachment. |
Pity | Noun: pity, compassion, commiseration; bowels, of compassion; sympathy, fellow-feeling, tenderness, yearning, forbearance, humanity, mercy, clemency; leniency; (lenity); charity, ruth, long-suffering. |
Sensibility | Noun: sensibility, sensibleness, sensitiveness; moral sensibility; impressibility, affectibility; susceptibleness, susceptibility, susceptivity; mobility; vivacity, vivaciousness; tenderness, softness; sentimental, sentimentality; sentimentalism. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Tenderness |
| English words defined with "tenderness": Connubiality ♦ depict ♦ Entender ♦ Gingerness ♦ Incompassionate ♦ Languishment, little ♦ maternal quality, motherliness ♦ picture ♦ rebound tenderness, render ♦ Scrupulosity, show, Sisters of Charity, Soft-hearted ♦ Tender-hefted, tenderly, Tenerity, Tiddle, To handle without gloves, To play for love ♦ yearn. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "tenderness": bulb fingers ♦ fingertip fissured dermatitis ♦ Poetical Construction ♦ satire ♦ Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome, tenderising, tenderizing, tulip eczema, tulip finger ♦ Widow. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "tenderness": Tender-hefted. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I'll show her a little tenderness, after I eat. When I get up there, she won't see my face for an hour. (Natural Born Killers; writing credit: David Veloz) Now for a pinch of tenderness But I must use only a touch, For without a touch of tenderness He might destroy me! (Milton the Monster; writing credit: Heywood Kling; Jack Mercer) It's also tenderness. (Tea and Sympathy; writing credit: Robert Anderson) | |
Lyrics | And there's no tenderness like before in your fingertips. ("You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'"; performing artist: The Righteous Brothers) | |
Movie/TV Titles | A Little Tenderness (1995) Exquisite Tenderness (1994) | |
Song Titles | Time, Love And Tenderness (performing artist: Michael Bolton) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Theater & Movies | |
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | ![]() | We were once young ourselves, said Martha with a touch of tenderness : I thought you might like to have the old days recalled again to-night.Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
George Eliot | When death comes it is never our tenderness that we repent from, but our severity. |
| Vanity is as ill at ease under indifference as tenderness is under a love which it cannot return. | |
Henry Fielding | The prudence of the best heads is often defeated by the tenderness of the best of hearts. |
John Ruskin | An infinitude of tenderness is the chief gift and inheritance of all truly great men. |
Joseph Joubert | Tenderness is the rest of passion. |
Oliver Goldsmith | Tenderness is a virtue. |
Samuel Johnson | The longer we live the more we think and the higher the value we put on friendship and tenderness towards parents and friends. |
St. Theresa of Lisieux | True love grows by sacrifice and the more thoroughly the soul rejects natural satisfaction the stronger and more detached its tenderness becomes. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | The affection and tenderness which God hath planted in the breast of parents towards their children, makes it evident, that this is not intended to be a severe arbitrary government, but only for the help, instruction, and preservation of their offspring. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | But she had an almost instant doubt of his caring for her as he had done, of his feeling the same tenderness in the same degree. |
A Christmas Carol | Dickens, Charles | Its tenderness and flavour, size and cheapness, were the themes of universal admiration. |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | If she be all tenderness, she will die. |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | From that moment he redoubled his tenderness and brotherly love for the weak and the suffering. |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | Many of the phenomena of Winter are suggestive of an inexpressible tenderness and fragile delicacy. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | The implants may cause breast tenderness or a feeling of tightness. (references) | |
Transitory tenderness at the site of injection is noted in up to 20 percent of patients. (references) | ||
You may have tenderness or a lump where the sedative was injected, but that should go away in a few days or weeks. (references) | ||
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | SATIRE, n. An obsolete kind of literary composition in which the vices and follies of the author's enemies were expounded with imperfect tenderness. In this country satire never had more than a sickly and uncertain existence, for the soul of it is wit, wherein we are dolefully deficient, the humor that we mistake for it, like all humor, being tolerant and sympathetic. Moreover, although Americans are "endowed by their Creator" with abundant vice and folly, it is not generally known that these are reprehensible qualities, wherefore the satirist is popularly regarded as a soul-spirited knave, and his ever victim's outcry for codefendants evokes a national assent. Hail Satire! be thy praises ever sung In the dead language of a mummy's tongue, For thou thyself art dead, and damned as well -- Thy spirit (usefully employed) in Hell. Had it been such as consecrates the Bible Thou hadst not perished by the law of libel. Barney Stims |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Linda Thompson | Just that I have known the pain of too much tenderness. That he would always remain the love of my life, but I never wanted to love that fully and completely without reservation again. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Tenderness" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.73% of the time. "Tenderness" is used about 376 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.73% | 375 | 14,556 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.27% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 376 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes names derived from the word "tenderness". | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Meaning |
| Hadrach | N/A | Biblical | Joy of tenderness |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
| |||
Expression using "tenderness": rebound tenderness. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "tenderness": of-tenderness. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "tenderness"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | ndjeshmëri (delicacy, empathy, eroticism, feeling, sensibility, sensitivity, sensuality, sentience, susceptibility), butësi (clemency, delicacy, ductility, flabbiness, geniality, gentleness, girlishness, languor, laxity, lenience, leniency, lenity, lightness, meekness, mercifulness, mildness, placability, velvet), brishtësi (brittleness, fragility, frailty), ëmbëlsi (greasiness, honey, kindness, pleasantness, suavity, sweetness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | قابلية للكسر, حنان (care, kindness, love, pity, warm-heartedness), طرواة, رقة (airiness, benignity, daintiness, delicacy, fineness, finesse, flimsiness, forgiveness, geniality, gentleness, graciousness, loveliness, neatness, polish, refinement, sensitiveness, sensitivity, sleeplessness, softness, suavity, subtlety, tenderling, tenuity, tenuousness, thinness), شفافية (impressionability, limpidity, lucidity, sensitiveness, translucence, transparency). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | слабост (asthenia, crack, debility, demerit, failing, fancy, feebleness, flabbiness, frailness, frailty, impotence, impotency, inanition, infirmity, insufficiency, leanness, partiality, poorness, shortcoming, tenuity, weakness), чувствителност (impressionability, irritability, pickup, sensibility, sensitivity, sentience, soreness, susceptibility), чупливост (fragility), топлота (warmth), крехкост (crispness, delicacy, flimsiness, fragility, frailness), нежност (fragility, gentleness, subtlety), болезненост (morbidity, soreness), деликатност (consideration, delicacy, fineness, fragility, frailness, nicety). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | "软 (Downy, Ductile, limbo, supple, suppleness), 溫'性 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | nìha (sweetness), nìžnost, mìkkost (softness), láskyplnost, citlivost (delicacy, sensibility, sensitiveness, sensitivity, soreness, susceptibility), choulostivost (nicety, queasiness, ticklishness, touchiness), bolestivost (painfulness, soreness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | kiesheid, delicaatheid. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | tenereco, molkoreco, moleco (mellowness, softness), delikateco. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | hentous (delicacy, slenderness), hempeämielisyys (sentimentality, soft-heartedness), hellyys (affection), hellätunteisuus (sensitiveness), arkuus (diffidence, sensitiveness, sensitivity, soreness, timidity). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | tendresse (tenderling), tendreté. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | zärtlichkeit (affection, affectionateness, caress, endearment), Weichheit (creaminess, downiness, effeminateness, fleeciness, fragility, gentleness, kindness, limpness, mellowness, mossiness, pulpiness, pussiness, smoothness, soft-heartedness, softness, sponginess, squashiness, suppleness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | τρυφερότησ, τρυφερότητα (affection). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | ע"י ות (daintiness, delicacy, fineness, finesse, gentleness, grace, niceness, refinement, softness, subtlety), רוך (delicacy, gentleness, softness, timidity), רכות (delicacy, mildness, muliebrity, softness), ועם (charm, gracefulness, graciousness, loveliness, mildness, pleasantness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | lágyság (blandness, ease, morbidezza, silkiness, softness), érzékenység (irritableness, penetrability, rawness, receptiveness, receptivity, responsiveness, sensibility, sensitivity, sentiment, soreness, susceptibility, suspectability, touchiness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | kelembutan hati. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | tenerezza (endearment, fondness, sweetness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 연함. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | meiyghys (benignity, lenity), meiyghid (sentimentality, softness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | endernesstay delicadeza (comity, consideration, courtesy, daintiness, delicacy, fineness, finesse, mannerliness, niceness, nicety, respect, suavity, urbanity). (various references) tandreţe (dearness, fondness), sensibilitate (delicacy, responsiveness, sensibility, sensitiveness, sensitivity), scrupul (scruple), gingãşie (femininity, fragility, frailty, gentleness), frãgezime (delicacy, frailty, freshness, softness, weakness), delicateţe (daintiness, dainty, delicacy, fineness, gentleness, nicety, refinement, softness, tactfulness, thinness), afecţiune (affection, affections, attachment, dearness, disease, fondness, inclination, passions, sympathy, trouble). (various references) нежность (dearness, fondness, subtlety). (various references) tlus (affection, genial warmth, pity), tl ths (kindness, mildness, smoothness;), mùirn (affectionate joy, joy). (various references) saosećajnost (responsiveness), nežnost (daintiness, delicacy, endearment, mildness), mekost (mellowness), mekoća (softness). (various references) ternura (endearment, softness). (various references) ömhet (affection, fondness, lovingness, soreness). (various references) sevecenlik (benignity, compassion, humaneness, softness), narinlik (fragility, frailness, frailty, slenderness, slightness, slimness), hassaslık (delicacy, emotionality, passibility, quickness, sensibility, sensitiveness, sensitivity, sentiment, squeamishness, susceptibility), şefkât (affection, clemency, compassion, feeling, fondness, humaneness, kindliness, kindness, loving kindness). (various references) совісність (tender conscience), чутливість (feeling, hokum, impressionability, responsiveness, sensibility, sensitiveness, sensitivity, soreness, susceptibility), ніжність (affectionateness, dearness, delicacy, fondness, softness), ласка (affection, caress, endearment, fondling, odor, odour, weasel). (various references) tính thận trọng (cautiousness, prudence, watchfulness), tính giữ gìn (uncommonicativeness), tính dễ cảm sự dịu hiền, tính cẩn thận (canniness, cautiousness, wariness), sự yếu ớt (debility, impuissance), sự thương mến âu yếm sự chăm sóc, sự mềm yếu tính nhạy cảm, sự ân cần sự tế nhị tính kỹ lưỡng. (various references) tynerwch (gentleness), tiriondeb (kindness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | bonitas, bonitate, bonitatem, bonitatis, mollitiem, teneritudine, teneritudinem. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "tenderness": tendernesses. (additional references) | |
| |
"Tenderness" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Senderens, tenderess, tenderless. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "tenderness" (pronounced te"ndernus) |
| 5 | -d er n u s | wilderness. |
| 4 | -er n u s | bitterness, cavernous, cleverness, eagerness, governess, otherness, togetherness. |
| 3 | -n u s | abruptness, absoluteness, acuteness, aggressiveness, agribusiness, airworthiness, alertness, aloofness, alumnus, Anas, androgynous, anise, appropriateness, arbitrariness, assertiveness, astuteness, asynchronous, attentiveness, attractiveness, awareness, awfulness, awkwardness, backwardness, badness, bagginess, baldness, bearishness, bigness, bituminous, blackness, blandness, bleakness, blindness, bluntness, boldness, bonus, boorishness, brashness, brightness, bullishness, business, callousness, calmness, carelessness, casualness, cautiousness, cheapness, chitinous, cleanliness, cleanness, closeness, cloudiness, clumsiness, cockiness, cohesiveness, coldness, Colonus, combativeness, compactness, competitiveness, completeness, consciousness, contagiousness, contentiousness, contrariness, Conus, coolness, correctness, coziness, craziness, creativeness, creditworthiness, creepiness, crispness, crookedness, cuteness, dampness, darkness, Deaconess, deadliness, deafness, decisiveness, defensiveness, destructiveness, directness, disingenuousness, distinctiveness, divisiveness, dizziness, dreariness, drowsiness, drunkenness, dryness, dullness, earnestness, edginess, effectiveness, elusiveness, emptiness, evenness, exogenous, eyewitness, faintness, fairness, farsightedness, fastness, fickleness, firmness, fitness, flatness, fondness, foolishness, forcefulness, forgiveness, forthrightness, foulness, fractiousness, frankness, freshness, friendliness, frothiness, fullness, funniness, furnace, gauntness, gayness, gelatinous, gentleness, genuineness, genus, ghastliness, gluttonous, goodness, graciousness, greatness, greenness, grimness, hairiness, handedness, happiness, hardness, harmfulness, harness, harshness, heinous, helplessness, highness, hoarseness, holiness, homelessness, homesickness, homogenous, hopefulness, hopelessness, humanness, idleness, illness, inclusiveness, indebtedness, indecisiveness, indigenous, ineffectiveness, ineptness, inertness, intravenous, intrusiveness, inventiveness, joblessness, Johannes, kindness, larcenous, largeness, lateness, lawlessness, laziness, lenis, lightfastness, lightness, likeness, liveliness, loneliness, lousiness, luminous, madness, Manus, meanness, membranous, menace, Minas, mindedness, minus, monotonous, mountainous, mutinous, narrowness, nastiness, nearsightedness, neatness, nervousness, newness, niceness, niggardliness, nitrogenous, nonbusiness, nonpoisonous, nosiness, nothingness, numbness, ominous, oneness, onus, openness, orderliness, outrageousness, outspokenness, pandanus, peacefulness, penis, permissiveness, persuasiveness, pervasiveness, pettiness, playfulness, poisonous, politeness, polygynous, pompousness, possessiveness, powerlessness, preparedness, queasiness, quickness, quietness, raciness, randomness, rareness, ravenous, rawness, readiness, reasonableness, rebelliousness, recklessness, redness, remoteness, resistiveness, resourcefulness, responsiveness, restiveness, restlessness, restrictiveness, richness, righteousness, rightness, riskiness, robustness, roominess, roughness, rowdiness, rudeness, ruinous, ruthlessness, sacredness, sadness, Salinas, sameness, scantiness, secretiveness, selfishness, selflessness, sensitiveness, separateness, seriousness, shakiness, shallowness, sharpness, shortness, shortsightedness, shrewdness, shyness, sickness, silliness, sinus, skittishness, slackness, sleepiness, sloppiness, slovenliness, slowness, sluggishness, slyness, smallness, smoothness, smugness, softness, solitariness, soundness, spiritedness, squeamishness, starkness, steadfastness, steadiness, steepness, sternness, stiffness, stillness, stinginess, stoutness, strangeness, stubbornness, sturdiness, suddenness, suggestiveness, sweetness, swiftness, tardiness, tartness, tastiness, tetanus, thickness, thinness, thoroughness, thoughtfulness, tightness, timeliness, tiredness, toughness, trustworthiness, truthfulness, ugliness, unconsciousness, uneasiness, unfairness, unhappiness, uniqueness, unpleasantness, unwieldiness, unwillingness, usefulness, vagueness, vastness, venous, viciousness, villainous, vindictiveness, vividness, voluminous, wariness, wastefulness, waterishness, weakness, weariness, weightlessness, weirdness, wellness, wetness, whiteness, wholeness, wholesomeness, wickedness, wildness, willingness, wimpiness, wistfulness, witness, wonderfulness, worldliness, worthiness, wryness. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "d-e-e-e-n-n-r-s-s-t" | |
-1 letter: tendresse. | |
-2 letters: renested, resented, serenest. | |
-3 letters: densest, deserts, dessert, entered, entrees, needers, nesters, redness, reested, renests, rennets, reseeds, resends, resents, retenes, seeders, senders, sennets, serenes, sneered, steered, teeners, tenders, tenners, tressed. | |
-4 letters: denser, desert, deters, enders, enters, entree, esters, eterne, needer, nested, nester, reests, renest, rennet, rented, rentes, reseed, reseen, resees, resend, resent, resets, rested, retene, seders, seeder, sender, sennet, sensed, serene, serest, sneers, steeds, steers, steres, sterns, teener, tender, tenner, tensed, tenser, tenses, ternes, treens, trends. | |
-5 letters: deers, deets, denes, dense, dents, deter, drees, dress, drest, ender, enter, ernes, erses, ester, needs, nenes, nerds, nerts, nests, redes, reeds, reest, rends, rente, rents, resee, reset, rests, seder, seeds, seers, sends, sense, sente, sered, seres, sneds, sneer, steed, steer, stere, stern, teens, tends, tense, terne, terns, terse, treed, treen, trees, trend, tress. | |
| Words containing the letters "d-e-e-e-n-n-r-s-s-t" | |
+2 letters: centeredness, endorsements, tendernesses, trendinesses. | |
+3 letters: concertedness, differentness, reconditeness. | |
+4 letters: centerednesses, degenerateness, determinedness, indirectnesses, indiscreetness, intrepidnesses, strandednesses, transcendences, tremendousness. | |
+5 letters: concertednesses, considerateness, defenestrations, determinateness, differentnesses, disheartenments, downheartedness, kindheartedness, nearsightedness, openheartedness, reconditenesses, superintendents, transcendencies, understatements. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)54 65 6E 64 65 72 6E 65 73 73 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)- . -. -.. . .-. -. . ... ... |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010100 01100101 01101110 01100100 01100101 01110010 01101110 01100101 01110011 01110011 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)T e n d e r n e s s |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0054 0065 006E 0064 0065 0072 006E 0065 0073 0073 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)54718070718480718585 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Spoken | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Names: Derived from 15. Expressions 16. Expressions: Internet | 17. Translations: Modern 18. Translations: Ancient 19. Derivations 20. Rhymes | 21. Anagrams 22. Orthography 23. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.