Tanning

Definitions: Tanning

Tanning

Noun

1. Process in which skin pigmentation darkens as a result of exposure to ultraviolet light.

2. Beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment.

3. Making leather from rawhide.

Date "tanning" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1813. (references)

Synonyms: Tanning

Synonyms: flagellation (n), flogging (n), lashing (n), whipping (n). (additional references)

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Specialty Definition: Tanning

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Tanning is the process of making leather from skin. This is commonly done with the acidic compound tannin which prevents normal decomposition and often imparted color.

History of Tanning

During the ancient period tanning was considered to be a noxious trade and relegated to the outskirts of town, amongst the poor. Leather was used for waterskins, bags, harnesses, boats, armor, quivers, scabbards, boots, and sandals. Around 2500 BC, the Sumerians began using leather, affixed by copper studs, on chariot wheels.

Tanners would take animal skin and soak it in water, then they would pound and scour the skin so as to remove flesh and fat. Next they either soaked the skin in urine to loosen hair fibers or they let the skin putrefy for several months, after which they dipped the skin in a salt solution. After the hair fibers were loosened the tanners would scrape them off with a knife.

Once the hair was removed, tanners would bate the material by pounding dung into the skin or soaking the skin in a solution of animal brains. They would also take cedar oil, alum, or tannin and stretch the skin as it lost moisture and absorbed the tanning agent.

Leftover leather would be turned into glue. Tanners would place scraps of hides in a vat of water and let them deteriorate for months. The mixture would then be placed over a fire to boil off the water.

Sun tanning is the browning of light-colored skin by exposure of the bare skin to sunshine. To avoid sunburn tanning oil or creme is used.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Tanning."

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Crosswords: Tanning

English words defined with "tanning": Acacia auriculiformis, alder, alder tree, algarobilla, Algarovilla, algarroba, algarrobilla, Alutation, Arbutus menziesii, avaram ♦ Bark pit, black catechu, black oak, black wattle, Boldu ♦ Cassia auriculata, catechu, Cecropia, chrome alum ♦ East India kino ♦ Gambier, genus Cecropia, Grains, gum butea, gum kino ♦ Hemlock spruce ♦ Jatropha curcus ♦ kino, kino gum, Knoppern ♦ leather, Loblolly bay ♦ madrona, madrono, Malabar kino, manzanita, Myrobolan ♦ physic nut, Pterocarpus marsupium, Puer ♦ quercitron, quercitron oak, Quercus velutina ♦ Sammier, Senna auriculata, Shamoying ♦ Tan pickle, tanbark, Tannage, tanned, tanner's cassia, tannic acid, tannin, Tanyard ♦ untanned, Upland sumach ♦ yellow oak. (references)

Specialty definitions using "tanning": formaldehyde solution, FUR DRESSER ♦ glutaraldehyde leather ♦ natural degras ♦ Palo de sal, parchment-dressed leather, pure dressed, Pyruvaldehyde ♦ raw hide ♦ sod oil, SUPERVISOR, TAN ROOM ♦ TANNING-SOLUTION MAKER ♦ Ultraviolet Therapy, undressed leather. (references)

Etymologies containing "tanning": Tannage. (references)

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Modern Usage: Tanning

Domain	Usage
Screenplays	Think of it, man, poolside tanning, bargain matinees, plus I know a couple of strip clubs that have a fabulous luncheon buffet. (Angel; writing credit: Let�cia Dornelles)
Movie/TV Titles	Dorothea Tanning - Insomnia (1978)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Tanning

Domain	Title
References	Keuk Dong Tanning: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) Tanning Technology Corporation: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) The 2000 Import and Export Market for Machinery for Preparing, Tanning or Working Hides in N. America & Caribbean (reference) The 2003 World Market Forecasts for Imported Machinery for Preparing, Tanning or Working Hides (reference) The 2001 Report on Leather Tanning and Finishing: World Market Segmentation by City (reference) (more reference examples)

Books	Foxfire 3: Animal Care, Banjos and Dulcimers, Hide Tanning, Summer and Fall Wild Plant Foods, Butter Churns, Ginseng, and Still More Affairs of Plai (reference) Tan Your Hide!: Home Tanning Leathers and Furs (reference) Wet-Scrape Braintanned Buckskin: A Practical Guide to Home Tanning and Use (reference) The Ultimate Guide to Skinning and Tanning (reference) Home Book of Taxidermy and Tanning (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Tanning Trends (reference) (more periodical examples)

Music	Tanning Salon/Biblical Proportions (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Tanning

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Photo Album: Tanning

Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Icefishing and tanning on the NOAA Ship SURVEYOR Helo pilots relaxing in the Bering Sea.Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Tanning

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		The tanning industry is rapidly growing in the United States. (references)
		Tanning is the term applied to the increase in melanin pigmentation following UVR exposure. (references)
		UVR lamps can emit UVA, UVB, and/or UVC. Those lamps currently used for recreational tanning emit UVA primarily or exclusively. (references)
Business		Leather chemicals include tanning agents, synthetic tanning agents, oiling agents, finishing agents, and auxiliaries. (references)
		The most important users are the chemical and petrochemical industries, the food processing industry, the mechanical industry, the steel industry, the paper industry, and the tanning industry. (references)
		To combat the need for high priced disposal of industrial hazardous waste, heavily polluting industries such as textiles, electroplating, tanning, chemical plants, and food processing industries are under pressure to improve their production processes by minimizing waste or adopting clean technology. (references)
Economic History	Denmark	Shoe-repair services, convenience stores, car rental, health clubs, and indoor tanning salons are examples. (references)
	Chad	Further opportunities exist in tanning and in the development of animal by-products for export and for local consumption. (references)
	Madagascar	Industry (14% of GDP): Types--processed food, clothing, textiles, mining, paper, refined petroleum products, glassware, construction, soap, cement, tanning. (references)
Political Economy	COLOMBIA	In rural areas, children also work often in substandard conditions in agriculture, leather tanning, and small family-operated mines. (references)
Trade	Jordan	Imports of raw leather are restricted to the Jordan Tanning Company; crude oil and its derivatives (except metallic oils) and household gas cylinders are restricted to the Jordan Petroleum Refinery Company; cement is restricted to the Jordan Cement Factories Company; explosives and gun powder are restricted to the Jordan Phosphate Mines Company; and used tires are restricted to tire retreading factories. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Tanning

"Tanning" is generally used as a lexical verb (-ing form) -- approximately 32.20% of the time. "Tanning" is used about 59 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Lexical Verb (-ing form)	32.2%	19	80,337
Noun (proper)	30.51%	18	82,615
Adjective (general or positive)	28.81%	17	85,106
Noun (singular)	8.47%	5	157,705
Total	100.00%	59	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Usage in Company Names: Tanning

Country	Name	Country	Name
South Korea	Keuk Dong Tanning	USA	Tanning Technology Corporation
	(more examples...)

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expression: Tanning

Expressions using "tanning": sun tanning ♦ tanning agent. Additional references.
Hypenated Usage
	Ending with "tanning": self-tanning.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Tanning

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day
tanning	5,865
tanning bed	3,260
tanning lotion	1,781
tanning salon	1,449
airbrush tanning	856
sunless tanning	841
tanning pill	586
tanning bed lotion	496
tanning spray	412
tanning product	397
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Tanning

Language		Translations for "tanning"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Arabic		‏تسفع (sun bathe, sun bathing, sun tanning, tan), ‏ضرب (batter, battery, beat, beat off, belabour, biff, buffet, chastise, connect, curry, description, drub, drubbing, fib, flap, flapping, form, galvanize, genre, go getter, grain, hit, hitting, impact, jabbing, kidney, kind, lace, lace into smb., lam, larrup, let out, lock out, manner, multiplication, multiply, order, overtake, paddle, paste, pasting, patter, poke, pommel, pound, pummel, slash, slosh, sock, sort, stamp, strike, stripe, tan, thrash, thrashing, thresh, variety, wallop, whip), ‏جلد ضرب بالسياط, ‏دباغة (tan). (various references)

Chinese		�'黑 (Sunned, Sunning, suntan, suntanned, tanned). (various references)

Danish		garvning (leathering), garveri (tannery). (various references)

Dutch		looierij (tannery), looien (leathering, tan). (various references)

French		tannerie (tannery), tannage (tan). (various references)

German		gerbung (leathering), gerberei (tannery). (various references)

Greek		βυρσοδεψία, επεξεργασία ζωοτροφών για να γίνουν πιο εύπεπτες, δέψη (leathering). (various references)

Hebrew		שזוף (bronzed, caramelization, sun burning, sun tan, suntan, tan, tanned), עפוץ, עבו�" עורות, �"שתזפות (sun bathing, sun burn, sun tanning, sunburn, suntan), ברסוק. (various references)

Hungarian		elnadrágolás (dusting), cserzés (bating). (various references)

Italian		concia (leathering, tan). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		製革 . (various references)

Japanese Katakana		せいかく (accurate, authenticity, character, correct rules, exactness, guest of honor, personality, precise, punctuality, veracity). (various references)

Korean		무두질. (various references)

Manx		cartey. (various references)

Pig Latin		anningtay.(various references)

Portuguese		curtimento, curtimenta (fermentation on skins, leathering, steeping, tawing). (various references)

Romanian		tãvãlealã (drubbing, rolling), argãsit (tanned), argãsire, argãsealã (tannin). (various references)

Russian		загорать загар (tan). (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		kožarstvo, štavljenje (barking). (various references)

Spanish		curtido (hardened, leathering, tanned, working). (various references)

Swedish		garvning. (various references)

Turkish		tabaklama (tan), yanma (burnout, combustion, swelter), güneşlenme (insolation, sun bathing), dayak atma (beating, leathering, warming), dövme (basting, battering, beaten, beating, dressing down, forged, hammered, hammering, hiding, pound, pounding, swaging, tattoo, wrought), bronzlaşma (sunburn, suntanning). (various references)

Ukranian		чинення, шмагання (castigation, chastisement, flogging, lashing, leathering, smacking, thrashing, threshing, towelling, warming, whipping), загоряння. (various references)

Vietnamese		trận đòn (whipping). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Tanning

Derivations
	Words beginning with "tanning": tannings. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Tanning" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Ltannnn, nanning, Nannini, nannying, tanin, tannan, tannen, tining, tinnine, tonning, traning. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Tanning"

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "tanning" (pronounced ta"ning)
4	-a" n i ng	banning, branning, Canning, fanning, Manning, panning, planning, preplanning, scanning, spanning.
3	-n i ng	abandoning, abstaining, adjoining, adjourning, aligning, apportioning, ascertaining, assigning, attaining, auctioning, auditioning, awakening, awning, ballooning, bargaining, battening, beckoning, beginning, bemoaning, binning, blackening, bludgeoning, boning, brightening, brining, broadening, Browning, burdening, burgeoning, burning, campaigning, caning, captioning, careening, cartooning, cautioning, chaining, championing, chaperoning, cheapening, christening, churning, cleaning, cloning, clowning, coarsening, cocooning, coining, combining, commissioning, complaining, concerning, conditioning, condoning, confining, conning, constraining, containing, convening, Corning, couponing, crooning, crowning, cunning, cushioning, dampening, darkening, dawning, deadening, deafening, declining, decommissioning, deepening, defining, demeaning, Denning, designing, detaining, determining, dining, Dinning, discerning, disciplining, disdaining, disheartening, disillusioning, divining, donning, Downing, draining, droning, drowning, Dunning, Durning, earning, enjoining, enlightening, entertaining, envisioning, evening, examining, explaining, fashioning, fastening, fattening, fawning, feigning, fining, finning, flattening, freshening, frightening, frowning, functioning, gaining, gardening, ginning, glistening, governing, greening, grinning, groaning, gunning, happening, hardening, hastening, headlining, heartening, heightening, honing, Horning, housecleaning, imagining, imprisoning, impugning, inning, intertwining, intervening, intoning, ironing, jawboning, jettisoning, joining, Kenning, leaning, learning, leavening, lengthening, lessening, lightening, lightning, likening, lining, listening, loaning, loosening, machining, maddening, maintaining, malfunctioning, margining, meaning, mentioning, midmorning, mining, moaning, morning, motioning, mourning, obtaining, opening, opining, ordaining, orphaning, outlining, overrunning, overtraining, overturning, owning, pardoning, partitioning, penning, pertaining, petitioning, phoning, pining, pinning, poisoning, positioning, postponing, preening, provisioning, pruning, quarantining, questioning, quickening, raining, rationing, realigning, reasoning, reassigning, reawakening, reckoning, reclining, reconditioning, redefining, redesigning, redlining, reexamining, refining, refraining, regaining, reigning, reining, rejoining, relearning, remaining, reopening, repositioning, rerunning, resigning, restraining, retaining, retraining, returning, rezoning, ripening, ruining, running, saddening, sanctioning, screening, seasoning, sectioning, sharpening, shining, shortening, shunning, sickening, signing, sinning, siphoning, slackening, softening, spawning, spinning, spurning, staining, stationing, stiffening, stoning, straightening, straining, streamlining, strengthening, stunning, summoning, sunning, sustaining, sweetening, swooning, telephoning, thickening, thinning, threatening, tightening, toning, toughening, training, tuning, turning, twining, underlining, undermining, underpinning, unquestioning, unreasoning, vacationing, Vining, waning, warning, weakening, weaning, whining, whitening, widening, wining, winning, worsening, yawning, yearning, zoning.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Tanning

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "a-g-i-n-n-n-t"
	-1 letter: anting, tannin.
	-2 letters: giant.
	-3 letters: agin, anti, gain, gait, gnat, tain, tang, ting.
	-4 letters: ain, ait, ani, ant, gan, gat, gin, git, inn, nag, nan, nit, tag, tan, tin.
	-5 letters: ag, ai, an, at, in, it, na, ta, ti.
	Words containing the letters "a-g-i-n-n-n-t"
	+1 letter: tannings.
	+2 letters: anointing, benignant, cantoning, incanting, indignant, neatening, nonacting, tenanting, wantoning.
	+3 letters: annotating, containing, enchanting, entangling, entraining, entrancing, innovating, instancing, intonating, inundating, nominating, nongenital, nonmigrant, nonvintage, outmanning, trapanning, trepanning, untangling, venenating.
	+4 letters: angiotensin, antihunting, benignantly, covenanting, enunciating, fountaining, incarnating, incognizant, indignantly, indignation, innervating, insinuating, lancinating, maintaining, nonintegral, nonmagnetic, nonmigrants, nonnegative, nonrotating, nonteaching, ornamenting, outplanning, outspanning, perennating, reanointing, sanctioning, tyrannising, tyrannizing, unfastening.
	+5 letters: angiotensins, annihilating, annunciating, antagonizing, antihuntings, antilynching, antispending, cachinnating, consignation, constraining, contravening, denominating, enchantingly, entertaining, ignorantness, incinerating, indignations, inseminating, intenerating, intransigent, invaginating, invagination, longstanding, nonalignment, nonantigenic, nonbreathing, nonfattening, nonimmigrant, nonmalignant, nonoperating, quarantining, rataplanning, renominating, sandpainting, transcending.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.