Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Survive

Definition: Survive

Survive

Verb

1. Continue to live; endure or last; "We went without water and food for 3 days"; "The legend of Elvis lives on"; "These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America"; "The racecar driver lived through several very serious accidents".

2. Continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.); "He survived the cancer against all odds".

3. Support oneself; "he could barely exist on such a low wage"; "Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?"; "Many people in the world have to subsist on $1 a day".

4. Live longer than; "She outlived her husband by many years".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "survive" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references)

 

Synonyms: Survive

Synonyms: come through (v), endure (v), exist (v), go (v), hold out (v), hold up (v), last (v), live (v), live on (v), make it (v), outlast (v), outlive (v), pull round (v), pull through (v), subsist (v). (additional references)
Antonym: succumb (v). (additional references)

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Synonyms within Context: Survive

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Diuturnity

Outlast, outlive; survive; live to fight again.

Permanence

Verb: let alone, let be, let it be; persist, remain, stay, tarry, rest; stet; hold, hold on; last, endure, bide, abide, aby, dwell, maintain, keep; stand, stand still, stand fast; subsist, live, outlive, survive; hold one's ground, keep one's ground, hold one's footing, keep one's footing; hold good.

Remainder

Verb: remain; be left; Adjective: exceed, survive; leave.

Restoration

Verb: return to the original state; recover, rally, revive; come come to, come round, come to oneself; pull through, weather the storm, be oneself again; get well,get round, get the better of, get over, get about; rise from one's ashes, rise from the grave; survive; (outlive); resume, reappear; come to, come to life again; live again, rise again.

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: Survive

English words defined with "survive": animationendurefightgohardy, histocompatibility, hold out, hold up, humor, humourKolarianlast, Law of mortality, lifeline, live, live on, Livy, lungfishmycoplasmaNatural selectionobligateperennateruggedsell, sense of humor, sense of humour, street smarts, streetwise, struggle, Supervive, SurvivedTable of mortality, tench, tenuously, Tinca tinca, Titus LiviusvitalityWinter egg. (references)
Specialty definitions using "survive": Anaerobic decompositionBeerCanaan, the language of, civilian preparedness for war, CooksDiabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent, DIAPAUSE DORMANCYevolutionary programming, ExonsFarm income, Fetal Viability, File Service ProtocolHOG-CONFINEMENT-SYSTEM MANAGER, Hydric soil, Hypoxia/Hypoxic Waterskiller microLobster Saucepostremission therapyReal Programmers Don't Use Pascalsecond strike capability, Survival RateUTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate UridylyltransferaseVariant Surface Glycoproteins, Trypanosoma. (references)
Etymologies containing "survive": survival. (references)

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Modern Usage: Survive

DomainUsage

Screenplays

Throughout human history, we have been dependent on machines to survive. Fate, it seems, is not without a sense of irony (The Matrix; writing credit: Andy Wachowski and Larry Wachowski.)

Damaged people are dangerous; they know they can survive. (Damage; writing credit: David Hare.)

They had to, in order to survive. (The Shining; writing credit: Stanley Kubrick)

We're not meant to survive. (Dinosaur; writing credit: Walon Green; Thom Enriquez)

I should have died many times, Captain, but I continue to survive somehow (The Enemy Below; writing credit: Wendell Mayes. Based on the novel by D.A. Rayner.)

Lyrics

A country boy can survive (A Country Boy Can Survive (Y2K Verison); performing artist: Chad Brock)

Doin' everything yo just to survive Above the law, I take our stand (Get Ready For This; performing artist: 2 Unlimited)

I can't survive (Thank God I Found You; performing artist: 98 Degrees)

Just tryin' to survive (Amazing; performing artist: Aerosmith)

You'll survive (I'm Outta Love; performing artist: Anastacia; writing credit: Anastacia Newkirk, Sam Watters, Louis Biancaniello)

Clever

You can survive on charm for about 5 minutes. After that, you'd better know something! (references; author: unknown)

A Purple Heart just proves that you were smart enough to think of a plan, stupid enough to try it, and lucky enough to survive. (references; author: unknown)

If you woke up this morning with more health than illness, you are more blessed than the million who will not survive this week. (references; author: unknown)

Movie/TV Titles

How to Survive a Marriage (1974)

Five Survive (1971)

How to Survive a Broken Heart (1990)

Anything to Survive (1990)

Only the Strong Survive (1988)

Song Titles

I Will Survive (performing artist: Gloria Gaynor)

A Country Boy Can Survive (performing artist: Hank Williams Jr.)

Only the Strong Survive (performing artist: Jerry Butler)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Survive

DomainTitle

Books

  • Confessions of a Record Producer, 2 Ed: How to Survive the Scams and Shams of the Music Business (reference)

  • Conquer the Crash: You Can Survive and Prosper in a Deflationary Depression (reference)

  • Elder Rage, or Take My Father... Please!: How to Survive Caring for Aging Parents (reference)

  • How to Survive and Prosper As an Artist: Selling Yourself Without Selling Your Soul (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Theater & Movies

  • D.I.Y. Or Die: How to Survive as an Independent Artist (reference)

  • Angel Sanctuary: Can Love Survive the Wrath of Heaven? (reference)

  • How to Survive Your Wedding W/O Losin (reference)

    (more DVD examples; more video examples)

  

Music

  

High Tech

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Survive

Computer Images:
Survive

More pictures...

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Photo Album: Survive

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

These spores can live for many years enabling the bacteria to survive in a dormant state. Credit: CDC.

Abandoned shacks that might have helped some forlorn souls survive the winter. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.

Brown algae on a temperate Carolina reef can survive a wide temperature range. Lobophora. Credit: National Undersea Research Program (NURP).

A typical invertebrate grouping found on the interior roof of the pipes consisting primarily of bryozoa, tunicates and sponges over the top of oyster shells. Oysters could not survive long once the other fouling organisms covered them over. You can see the tan colonies of erect bryozoa, Reteporellina sp. These colonies disappeared after strong storm surges. Credit: The Coral Kingdom.

A now uncommon and romantic building type, the Beebe Windmill provided mechanization to the grinding of grain. This rare survivor teaches us about the evolution of industrial technologies and the ingenuity of early American craftsman who fashioned the moving parts out of the most readily available material at hand, wood. HABS and HAER documentation provides information for the care and maintenance of structures for which the original drawings typically do not survive. The formats of HAER documentation for this windmill include a written history, photographs, and measured drawings. The selected drawings and photographs shown here demonstrate how the nformation in each format can supplement the other. The photographs record information as the camera sees it in a one-point perspective. The drawings illustrate the grain mill and clarify how its parts fit together, what dimensions they are, and how they interact to grind the grain. West elevation. Photograph by Jet Lowe, 1978. (Reproduction Number: HAER, NY,52-BRIG,4-1). Credit: Library of Congress.

Bow-on view of vessel in dry dock in 1985, as seen from vessel centerline. Photograph by Jet Lowe, May/October 1985. (Reproduction Number: HAER, WASH,17-SEAT,10-16) Historic ships are among the most difficult objects to preserve and few vessels survive long enough to be considered historic. Those that do require expensive maintenance to be operational. The 1897 schooner Wawona was put into a floating dry dock in 1985 to allow necessary periodic repairs to the wooden hull. While the hull was accessible, HAER measured and mapped the shape of the hull in a series of topographic drawings, a process called "lines-lifting." This lumber schooner was the first project of HAER's ongoing maritime program. (See HABS/HAER, National Park Service for more history.). Credit: Library of Congress.

Those road casualties who survive often need continued care. / UN/WHO photo. Credit: National Library of Medicine.

Dr. Matsutani learned Inupiat and how to survive the arctic winter. / Portfolio Associates Inc. Credit: National Library of Medicine.

"Trenton dragging along the reefs" Artwork by Rear Admiral Lewis A. Kimberly, contained in his personal journal of the Apia Hurricane. It shows USS Trenton during the height of the storm, with her anchors dragging as she is pushed deeper into Apia Harbor. Note that she is shown with steam up. Water entering through her low hause pipes (visible at her bow) ultimately put out her fires, greatly reducing her ability to survive the wind and waves. Credit: NAVY.

I can tolerate the vertical motion and I survive the lateral action, but when the two ... Credit: Library of Congress.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Survive
 

"Dabb (Thubb)" by MESH'AL A.
Commentary: "Dabb (Thubb) Saudi Arabia's most well known creature. this beast can survive the desert without the need of water, it condense air into liquid. it got strong jaws. if it bites your finger.. will, you probably wont be able to count up to ten :}."
"Red-eared slider" by Bobbie Osborne
Commentary: "Trachemys scripta elegans Sliders, especially the red-eared, have been heavily collected for the pet trade and are sold by the millions in pet shops across the world. Because of unsanitary conditions and a lack of knowledge on turtle care, few survive fo"

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Familiar Quotations: Survive

AuthorQuotation

John Adams

The die was now cast; I had passed the Rubicon. Swim or sink, live or die, survive or perish with my country was my unalterable determination.

Oscar Wilde

A poet can survive anything but a misprint.
Once can survive everything nowadays, except death.
One can survive everything nowadays, except death, and live down anything except a good reputation.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Some of your grief you have cured, and lived to survive; but what torments of pain have you endured that haven't as yet arrived.

Saul Bellow

There are evils that have the ability to survive identification and go on for ever... money, for instance, or war.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Use in Literature: Survive

TitleAuthorQuote

Grapes of Wrath

Steinbeck, John

If you could separate causes from results, if you could know that Paine, Marx, Jefferson, Lenin, were results, not causes, you might survive.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Survive

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

Mosquitoes cannot survive in low humidity. (references)

For children who survive, treatment is symptomatic. (references)

Babies who survive BPD grow more slowly than normal. (references)

Business

China’s farm produce lacks the competitive power necessary to survive in the global market. (references)

They believe that only such arrangements will permit them to survive through the current transition. (references)

ICPs that hope to survive in a mobile world will require assistance to make a speedy transition to wireless. (references)

Children

Papua New Guinea

More than 60 of every 1,000 children born do not survive their first year. (references)

Spain

These children cannot legally work; as a result, many survive through petty crime. (references)

Morocco

Typically, their families support persons with disabilities; some survive by begging. (references)

Civil Liberties

Zimbabwe

Several days before the explosion, Minister Moyo told Sandra Nyaira, a political reporter for the Daily News, that "The Daily News is not going to survive as long as I am alive. (references)

Economic History

Nepal

Certain animistic practices of old indigenous religions survive. (references)

Chad

In the Saharan region, only camels and a few hardy goats can survive. (references)

Human Rights

Nigeria

Poor inmates often relied on handouts from others to survive. (references)

Iran

Many aspects of the prerevolutionary judicial system survive in the civil and criminal courts. (references)

Honduras

Prisoners were allowed visits and in many cases relied on outside help to survive, as the prison system could not provide adequate or sufficient food. (references)

Indigenous People

Venezuela

In addition, many Warao no longer want, or no longer possess, the knowledge required to survive in their traditional manner. (references)

Sweden

As a result of such education, northern Sami dialects have enjoyed a renaissance; however, Sami dialects in the southern portions of traditional Sami lands may have too few native speakers to survive as living languages. (references)

Political Economy

Afghanistan

The country was dependent on international assistance, and large portions of the population required food aid to survive. (references)

Trade

Russia

Since 1995, the total number of banks has declined from approximately 2,600 to 1,320; of these, 300 barely survive. (references)

Ecuador

However, both external and internal factors created a deep economic crisis by the end of the 1990s. The GDP per capita dropped to the level of the 1960s. Bank operations reduced dramatically so that of the 42 banks existing before the collapse, just 22 managed to survive in private hands. (references)

Women

Switzerland

Since the man is the primary wage earner in most marriages, when the income is too low to support both parties, it is usually the wife (and children) who are forced to survive on public assistance. (references)

Worker Rights

Congo

Most workers rely on extended family and informal economic activity to survive. (references)

Ethiopia

Consequently most families must have at least two wage earners to survive, which is one of the reasons children leave school early. (references)

Mozambique

Neither minimum wage is considered sufficient to provide a decent standard of living for an average worker and family, and many workers must turn to a second job, if available, maintain their own gardens, or depend on the income of other family members to survive. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Spoken Usage: Survive

SpeakerPhrase(s)

Heather Mills McCartney

Those who survive endure a lifetime of physical, psychological, and economic hardship. And the toll on the community is devastating.

Mary Tyler Moore

The option isn't very attractive. The other alternative to just not survive is not part of my nature.

Rush Limbaugh

Former President Reagan was confident that communism would fall, not because it was going to be defeated necessarily, but because it would implode on its own lack of morality on the basis that it wouldn't survive.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Speeches: Survive

SpeakerTermPhrase(s)

Abraham Lincoln

1861-1865Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would 'make' war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would 'accept' war rather than let it perish, and the war came.

Lyndon B. Johnson

1963-1969We also know that this Nation was not forged and did not survive and grow and prosper without a great deal of sacrifice from a great many men.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Usage Frequency: Survive

"Survive" is generally used as a lexical verb (infinitive) -- approximately 76.51% of the time. "Survive" is used about 3,512 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Lexical Verb (infinitive)76.51%2,6873,414
Lexical Verb (base form)23.49%8258,483
                    Total100.00%3,512N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expression: Survive

Expression using "survive": survive on. Additional references.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Survive

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

i will survive

533

equipped to survive

14

i lyrics survive will

402

survive a heart attack alone

13

survive

128

i lyrics need survive

12

i will survive alien

57

hezekiah i lyrics need survive walker

12

i song survive will

49

hottest survive

11

gaynor gloria i lyrics survive will

42

i midi survive will

10

only the strong survive

35

cake i lyrics survive will

10

gaynor gloria survive will

32

drive to survive

10

a country boy can survive

31

aretha franklin i lyrics survive will

9

gaynor gloria i survive will

26

i survive tab will

9

lyrics survive

24

by gaynor gloria i lyrics survive will

8

alien song i will survive

23

chord i survive will

8

i mp3 survive will

20

in survive wild

8

survive a break up

20

download i survive will

8

hezekiah i need survive walker

19

survive divorce

8

i lyrics song survive will

18

survive the loss of a love

8

alien singing i will survive

18

dancing alien i will survive

7

able ad business in it must order survive

17

band hermes house i survive will

7

cake i survive will

15

hezekiah survive walker

7

boy can country lyrics survive

14

gaynor gloria i mp3 survive will

7
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: Survive

Language Translations for "survive"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Afrikaans

  

deurmaak (experience, go through, live, live through, live to see), belewe (experience, go through, live, live through, live to see), beleef (courteous, experience, go through, live, live through, live to see, polite, well-mannered). (various references)

   

Albanian

  

vazhdoj të ekzistoj, mbijetoj (live, live out), mbetem gjallë (live out, live through). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏نجا من (be out, outrun, pull out), ‏بقي حيا, ‏بقي على قيد الحياة. (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

съхранявам се, оцелявам, запазвам се (keep, last, persist, stand, stick, stick on), живея повече от (outlast), преживявам (emote, experience, have, live through, meet with, outlive, outwear, overlive, pass through, rub along, rub on, see, subsist, undergo). (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

生存 (subsistence, survival, Survived, surviving), (deposit, exist, keep, store). (various references)

   

Czech

  

přežít (come through, live down, live out, live through, outlast, outlive, overlive). (various references)

   

Danish

  

gennemgå (abide, bear, endure, experience, live through, put up with, suffer). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

doormaken (experience, go through, live through, live to see), doorleven (experience, live through), beleven (experience, go through, live through, live to see). (various references)

   

Esperanto

  

travivi (experience, live through). (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

گذراندن (Fare, Outwear, While), سپری کردن (While), زنده ماندن , طی کردن برزیستن , بیشترزنده بودن از (Outlast, Outlive), باقی بودن . (various references)

   

Finnish

  

säilyä hengissä (escape alive), talvehtia (spend the winter, winter), jäädä henkiin, jäädä eloon. (various references)

   

French

  

survivre (to survive). (various references)

   

German

  

überleben (last, live out, live through, outlast, outlive, see out, survival, to outlive, to survive, viability). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

επιζώ (live through, outlast, outlive). (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

לשרוד (be left, remain), לחיות (be alive, exist, live), להוסיף להתקים, להשאר בחיים, להנצל (be rescued, be saved, escape). (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

túlél (live down, live through, outlast, outlive, overlive, to live down, to live out, to live through, to outlive, to survive), fennmarad (subsist, to endure, to hold up, to keep up, to last, to maintain an existence, to subsist). (various references)

   

Indonesian

  

menyelamatkan nyawa. (various references)

   

Italian

  

sopravvivere (outlive, to survive). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

残存 (remain). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

ざんぞん (remain, remaining, survival), ざんそん (remain). (various references)

   

Korean 

  

살아나십시요. (various references)

   

Manx

  

ve er mayrn, cummal magh (endure, hold off, hold out, maintain). (various references)

   

Maya

  

kuxkiins bah (to survive). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

urvivesay.(various references)

   

Polish

  

przeżyć (experience, live through). (various references)

   

Portuguese

  

sobreviver (come through, keep body and soul together, live out, live through, outlive, pull through, stay alive). (various references)

   

Romanian

  

supravieţui (live, live through), dãinui (endure, keep, last, linger, live). (various references)

   

Romany

  

nakhyaràv (to survive). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

уцелеть, выжить (outlive, overlive), выживать (get through, supplant), пережить (live out, live through, outlast, outlive, overlive). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

preživeti (live out, live through, outlive, overlive), opstati, nadživeti (outlast, outlive, overlive). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

sobrevivir a (outlive), sobrevivir (come through, keep alive, live in, live out, outlast, outlive, overlive, weather), salvarse (pull through, redeem). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

överleva (outlast, outlive). (various references)

   

Turkish

  

sağ kalmak, yadigâr kalmak, kalmak (abide, be left, be left over, bed, come to, continue, devolve, fail, flunk, keep, keep to, leave, put up, refuge, remain, rest with, room, sleep, stand, stay, stop, Tarry, wait), hayatta kalmak (keep alive, live), geriye kalmak (remain), göğüs germek (brave, breast, face, resist, square up, square up to, stand, stand out against, stand up to, stick up to), dayanmak (abut, be based on, be predicated on, bear up, bear up against, bear with, Brook, consist, endure, found, go on, ground, hang, hang on, hinge on, hold, hold on, hold one's own, hold out, hold up, last, lean, lean upon, offer resistance, osculate, put up with, rely on, rely upon, repose, repose on, resist, rest, rest against, root in, stand, stand on, stand the racket, stand up, stand upon, stay, stick, stick it, stick out, sweat out, take, take it, thole, tolerate, trace, wear, withstand), daha uzun yaşamak (outlast, outlive). (various references)

   

Ukrainian

  

вижити (live out, outlive, overlive, pull through), зберігатися (keep, last, wear), переживати (emote, experience, feel, pass through, prove). (various references)

   

Welsh

  

goroesi (outlive). (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Survive

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Latin500 BCE-Modern

adviverent, adviveret, revixit, superabat, superabit, superabunt, superamus, superant, superantur, superare, superaretur, superari, superasti, superastis, superat, superata, superatus, superaverat, superaverint, superaverunt, superavit, superent, supererant, supererat, superes, superesse, superessent, superest, superet, superfuerit, superfuit, supersit, supersunt, supervivere, supervixerit, victa, victi, victorum, victos, victum, victus, vivam, vivamus, vivant, vivas, vivat, vivatis, vive, vivebam, vivemus, vivendo, vivendum, vivens, vivent, vivente, viventem, viventes, viventi, viventibus, viventis, viventium, vivere, viveremus, viverent, viveret, viveretis, vives, vivet, vivetis, vivi, vivimus, vivis, vivit, vivite, vivitis, vivitur, vivo, vivunt, vixerat, vixerimus, vixerit, vixeritis, vixero, vixerunt, vixit, vixitque. (various references)

Old English450-1100

belifan, gedygan. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Survive

Derivations

Words beginning with "survive": survived, surviver, survivers, survives. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Survive" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Muraviev, Muravyev, Saraiva, servive, Sturzvage, suivie, surive, survife, survile, survivre, suvive. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Survive"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "survive" (pronounced servī"v)
3-v ī" vrevive.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Survive

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "e-i-r-s-u-v-v"

-1 letter: vivers.

-2 letters: rives, sieur, siver, viers, vires, virus.

-3 letters: ires, reis, revs, rise, rive, rues, ruse, sire, suer, sure, user, vier, vies, vise, vive.

-4 letters: ers, ire, rei, res, rev, rue, sei, ser, sir, sri, sue, use, vie, vis.

-5 letters: er, es, is, re, si, us.

 Words containing the letters "e-i-r-s-u-v-v"
 

+1 letter: survived, surviver, survives.

 

+2 letters: redivivus, revulsive, survivers.

 

+3 letters: subversive, survivable, survivance, uvarovites.

 

+4 letters: overobvious, sempervivum, subversives, survivances.

 

+5 letters: parvoviruses, sempervivums, subversively.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern
5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Images: Digital Art
9. Quotations: Familiar
10. Quotations: Fiction
11. Quotations: Non-fiction
12. Quotations: Spoken
13. Quotations: Speeches
14. Usage Frequency
15. Expressions
16. Expressions: Internet
17. Translations: Modern
18. Translations: Ancient
19. Derivations
20. Rhymes
21. Anagrams
22. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.