Sullen

Definition: Sullen

Sullen

Adjective

1. Showing a brooding ill humor; "a dark scowl"; "the proverbially dour New England Puritan"; "a glum, hopeless shrug"; "he sat in moody silence"; "a morose and unsociable manner"; "a saturnine, almost misanthropic young genius"- Bruce Bliven; "a sour temper"; "a sullen crowd".

2. Darkened by clouds; "a heavy sky".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "sullen" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references)

Etymology: Sullen \Sul"len\, adjective. [Old English solein, solain, lonely, sullen; through Old French from (assumed) Late Latin solanus solitary, from Latin solus alone. See Sole, adjective]. (Websters 1913)

Synonyms: Sullen

Dejection

Melancholy as a gib cat; oppressed with melancholy, a prey to melancholy; downcast, downhearted; down in the mouth, down in one;s luck; heavy-hearted; in the dumps, down in the dumps, in the suds, in the sulks, in the doldrums; in doleful dumps, in bad humor; sullen; mumpish, dumpish, mopish, moping; moody, glum; sulky; (discontented); out of sorts, out of humor, out of heart, out of spirits; ill at ease, low spirited, in low spirits, a cup too low; weary; discouraged, disheartened; desponding; chapfallen, chopfallen, jaw fallen, crest fallen.

Discourtesy

Taint, sour, crabbed, sharp, short, trenchant, sarcastic, biting, doggish, caustic, virulent, bitter, acrimonious, venomous, contumelious; snarling; Verb: surly, surly as a bear; perverse; grim, sullen; a; peevish; (irascible).

Malevolence

Harsh, disobliging; unkind, unfriendly, ungracious; inofficious; invidious; uncandid; churlish; (discourteous); surly, sullen; a.

Obstinacy

Dogged; sullen, sulky; unmoved, uninfluenced unaffected.

Sullenness

Verb: be sullen; Adjective: sulk; frown, scowl, lower, glower, gloam, pout, have a hangdog look, glout.

Adjective: sullen, sulky; ill-tempered, ill-humored, ill-affected, ill-disposed; grouty; in an ill temper, in a bad temper, in a shocking temper, in an ill humor, in a bad humor, in a shocking humor; out of temper, out of humor; knaggy, torvous, crusty, crabbed; sour, sour as a crab; surly; (discourteous).

Crosswords: Sullen

The candles are lit, the band is playing, and as the force-shielded dome above us slides apart, revealing a dark and sullen sky, hung with the ancient light of livid, swollen stars, I can see that we are in for a fabulous evening's apocalypse! (The Hitch Hikers Guide to the Galaxy; writing credit: Douglas Adams; John Lloyd)

Lines of White on a Sullen Sea (1909)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Books

• Come Hell on High Water: A Really Sullen Memoir (reference)

• Dylan Thomas: Craft or Sullen Art (Critical Studies) (reference)

• Sullen earth (reference)

• Sullen, Weedy Lakes (reference)

  (more book examples)

Music

• Slumber of Sullen Eyes [IMPORT] (reference)

  (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

He a bewildered answer gave, Drowned in the sullen moaning wave, Lost in the echoes of the cave.

Ford was practicing being sullen and getting quite good at it.

At the galleys, he was cross, sullen, abstinent, ignorant, and intractable.

Rude ragged nurse, old sullen playfellow For tender princes, use my babies well.

The woman will sniff as though she smelled rotting meat and they will go out again and tell forever afterward that the people in the West are sullen.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Expression using "sullen": dour glowering glum moody morose saturnine sour sullen. Additional references.

Beginning with "sullen": sullen-eyed, sullen-faced, sullen-looking.

Albanian

i zymtë (black, cheerless, crepuscular, dark, depressed, dismal, dour, drab, dreary, eerie, funeral, funereal, gloomy, glum, grim, heavy, leaden, macabre, mirk, mirthless, morose, mournful, muddy, murk, sad, sepulchral, somber, sombre, spleenful, stark, sulky, surly, tenebrous, winterly, wintry), i vrazhdë (abrupt, austere, bad tempered, boeotian, boorish, brutal, brutish, churlish, clownish, coarse, crude, discordant, dissonant, earthy, fretful, grave, gross, hard, hard-fisted, harsh, heavy-handed, ill natured, low-bred, morose, murky, robustious, rough, rough spoken, rude, scurrilous, severe, stern, surly, truculent, uncivil, unfinished, unhandsome, unmannerly), i ngrysur (dark, dismal, farouche, gloomy, heavy, lowering, lugubrious, morose, saturnine, somber, sombre, sulky, woebegone). (various references)

Arabic 

‏كئيب (bleak, blue, cheerless, damp, dark, dejected, depressed, depressing, depressive, desolate, disconsolate, dismal, dispirited, distressful, distressing, doleful, dolorous, down, downcast, down-hearted, drear, dreary, droopy, dyspeptic, funeral, funereal, gloomy, glum, gray, grey, grief-stricken, grieved, grievous, heavy-hearted, ill, joyless, leaden, lifeless, low-spirited, melancholic, melancholy, moody, mournful, out of spirits, rueful, sad, saddening, somber, sombre, spiritless, tearful, weary), ‏منذر (heraldic, portentous, warned), ‏متجهم الوجه (scowling, stuffy), ‏متجهم (gloomy, glum, grim, morose, sulky), ‏نكد (chafe, distemper, fractious, grouchiness, moodiness, moody, peevish, pettish, petulant, querulous, somber, sombre, splenetic, sulk, testy, vex, vinegar), ‏غاضب (angry, beside himself, cross, dandified, enraged, exasperating, furious, furred, glaring, grim, grumpy, indignant, irate, livid, narky, pink, revolting, stuffy, wrathful, wroth), ‏حزين (afflicted, cheerless, dejected, depressed, doleful, dolorous, downcast, drear, dreary, lamentable, lugubrious, melancholic, miserable, mournful, pathetic, plaintive, rueful, sad, sore, sorrowful, sorry, unhappy, wailful, weary, wistful, woeful), ‏حاقد (malevolent, scurrilous, spiteful, vengeful), ‏حرون (balky, obstinate, rebellious, recalcitrant, restive, stubborn, unruly), ‏عنيد (adamant, asinine, contrary, coriaceous, die hard, dogged, dour, fractious, hardheaded, headstrong, heady, implacable, incorrigible, inelastic, inexorable, inflexible, intractable, intransigent, inveterate, irreconcilable, mulish, nagging, obdurate, obstinate, opinionated, ornery, peevish, persevering, pertinacious, perverse, piggish, pigheaded, refractory, rigid, scabrous, scratchy, self willed, stiff, stiff necked, stout, stubborn, tenacious, thwart, uncompromising, unruly, unwilling, unyielding, wilful, willful, wrongheaded). (various references)

Bulgarian 

сърдит (angry, cross, gruff, high, huffish, huffy, irate, ireful, peevish, ratty, red-necked, resentful, rusty, snappish, sour, stroppy), враждебен (adverse, aggressive, hostile, ill, inimical, irreconcilable, opponent, opposing, rancorous, unfriendly), начумерен (frowning), муден (backward, bovine, costive, dilatory, floppy, inactive, inert, laggard, languid, long, phlegmatic, slothful, slow, sluggish, stagnant, sulky, supine, tardy), мрачен (black, bleak, cheerless, comfortless, darksome, dejected, depressing, dim, dingy, dismal, drab, drear, dumpish, dusky, forbidding, gaunt, gloomy, glum, grave, grey, grim, grisly, heavy, inhospitable, joyless, low-browed, lowering, melancholy, mirk, morbid, morose, murk, murky, obscure, sad, saturnine, somber, sombre, sunless, tenebrous, thick, tristful), потиснат (heavy, melancholy, muffled, oppressed, pent, under the weather). (various references)

Chinese 

憂鬱 . (various references)

Czech

zasmušilý (dull, gloomy, grave, spleenful, subdued), zamraèený (cloudy, dour, gloomy, grim, lowering, nubilous, overcast), nevrlý (bad tempered, bilious, cantankerous, crabbed, crusty, gruff, grumpy, ill tempered, morose, petulant, querulous, snappy, sour, splenetic, surly), mrzutý (annoying, awkward, bad tempered, chuff, crabbed, cranky, cross, crusty, dumpish, frumpish, glum, grouchy, joyless, Moody, out of temper, peevish, pettish, rugged, sulky, surly, testy, untoward, vexatious). (various references)

Danish

uvenlig (brutal, gruff, harsh, nasty, rough, sour, surly, unkind, unpleasant). (various references)

Dutch

aalwarig (fretful, morose, peevish, rash, simple, straightforward), aalwaardig (fretful, morose, peevish, rash, simple, straightforward). (various references)

Esperanto

moroza (fretful, morose, peevish). (various references)

Faeroese

syrgiligur (bleak, dismal, dreary, gaunt, miserable, sad, somber), múlatrútin (dismal, fretful, morose, peevish), óglaður (bleak, dismal, dreary, gaunt, miserable, sad, somber), óblíður (bleak, brutal, gruff, harsh, rough, sour, surly, unkind, unpleasant), í ringum skørum (fretful, morose, peevish). (various references)

Farsi 

کج خلق (Crab, Irritable, Morose, Peevish, Petulant, Querulous, Snappish, Techy, Tedious, Testy), غیرمعاشر, ترشرو (Acid, Dogged, Gruff, Grumpy, Moody, Morose, Petulant, Rusty, Sulky), عبوسانه (Black), عبوس (Grim, Lower, Moody, Morose, Peevish, Rusty, Stern, Sulky). (various references)

Finnish

synkkä (bleak, dark, desolate, dreary, gloomy, moody), nyrpeä (cross, glum, morose, surly), juro (morose, sulky, surly, unsociable), jörö (sulky), äreä (cross, gruff, grumpy, ill-tempered). (various references)

French

sombre, triste, renfrogné (surly), rancunier, rétif, morne, menaçant, maussade (sulky, surly), mélancolique, furax, entêté, bougon. (various references)

Frisian

ferdrietlik (bleak, dismal, dreary, gaunt, miserable, sad, somber), drôf (bleak, dismal, dreary, gaunt, miserable, sad, somber). (various references)

German

mürrisch (cantankerous, crabby, crotchety, crusty, dour, fractious, glum, glumly, grumpy, liverish, morose, morosely, peevish, sulky, sullenly, surly, testy). (various references)

Greek 

κατηφήσ (dismal, dour, joyless, low-spirited, mirthless, sad), σκυθρωπόσ (cross, dour, glum, joyless, morose, saturnine, sulky, surly), αγέλαστοσ, δύστροποσ (bloody minded, cantankerous, captious, crabbed, cranky, cross, fretful, grouch, illtempered, morose, peevish, pettish, recalcitrant, shrewish, splenetic, splenish, surly, testy, untoward, vixenish, waspish, wayward). (various references)

Hebrew 

שומר טי� �", קו�"ר (black, cheerless, dark, dour, dun, gaunt, gloomy, gruff, morose, murky, saturnine, sepulchral, somber, tenebrous), ע�'ום (bleak, cheerless, disconsolate, dismal, doleful, dusky, funereal, gloomy, morose, mournful, rueful, sorrowful), עצוב (design, downhearted, fashioning, formation, forming, formulation, lugubrious, modeling, molding, morose, sad, shaping, sorrowful, unhappy, woeful), זועף (angry, enraged, grim, gruff, saturnine), זעוף (angry, furious, irate, surly, vexed, wrathful), סר (dispirited), � זעם (angry, enraged, irate, wrathful). (various references)

Hungarian

mord (grim, saturnine), sértődött (huffy, peeved, piqued, resentful), nehézkes (backward, blunt, cumbersome, cumbrous, difficult, doltish, dull, fumbling, hulking, laborious, languid, logy, lubber, lubberly, lumbering, lumpish, pokey, rugged, slouch, sluggish, stiff, stodgy, stogy, uneasy), morcos (criss-cross, cross-grained, dour, fractious, frumpish, shirty, to be in a pet), morc (as cross as two sticks, testy), morózus (morose, testy, to be down in the dumps), mogorva (as cross as two sticks, bearish, cheerless, crabbed, criss cross, crusty, disagreeable, disgruntled, grim, grouchy, grousing, gruff, have the sullens, ill tempered, like a bear with a sore head, morose, pouty, saturnine, snapping, snuffy, somber, sulky, surly, testy), lomha (pokey, slack, slothful, sluggish, torpid), dacos (defiant, rugged), barátságtalan (austere, chilly, cold, crabby, disagreeable, disgruntled, doggish, gaunt, gruff, ill natured, inhospitable, pouty, rugged, sulky, surly, unaccommodating, unaffable, unfriendly, unkind), bús (blue, dejected, disconsolate, dolorous, gloomy, sad, sorry, trist, tristful), baljós (bodeful, eerie, hoodoo, of evil omen, ominous, sinister). (various references)

Icelandic

dapur (bleak, dismal, dreary, gaunt, miserable, sad, somber), óvingjarnlegur (brutal, gruff, harsh, rough, sour, surly, unkind, unpleasant), óvænn (brutal, gruff, harsh, rough, sour, surly, unkind, unpleasant). (various references)

Indonesian

rongseng (grumbling). (various references)

Italian

scontroso (grumpy, morose, peevish, stroppy, surly), triste (black, bleak, blue, blue-deviled, blue-devilled, cheerless, dark, dejected, disconsolate, dismal, doleful, dreary, dull, dusky, gaunt, gloomy, heavy, hipped, lachrymose, miserable, moody, moped, sad, somber, sombre, sorrowful, sorry, unhappy, wan, woebegone), rude (brutal, coarse, gruff, harsh, rough, rude, rugged, sour, surly, tough, unkind, unpleasant), indisponente (irritating, stroppy), fosco (dark, dingy, dismal, dull, gloomy, grim, lurid, murky, saturnine, somber, sombre), cupo (abyssal, cavernously, dark, deep, dour, gloomy, hollow, morose, obscure, raucous, sulky), brusco (abrupt, bluff, blunt, brusque, brutal, cavalier, downright, gruff, harsh, offhand, offhanded, outspoken, rough, sharp, short, sour, surly, unkind, unpleasant), afflitto (bleak, destressed, dismal, dreary, gaunt, miserable, mournful, pained, sad, somber, sorrowful, sorrowing, sorry, unhappy). (various references)

Japanese Kanji 

渋い (an aura of refined masculinity, astringent, bitter, grim, quiet, sober, stingy, tasteful). (various references)

Japanese Katakana 

しぶい (an aura of refined masculinity, astringent, bitter, grim, quiet, sober, stingy, tasteful), むっつり (morose, offended), むっと (morose, offended). (various references)

Manx

puissagh (buccal, chubby, plump-cheeked, pouting, puffed out, puffy), pooitchagh (sulky), groamagh (bad-tempered, bearish, bleak, bleak of weather, cheerless, crestfallen, dejected, depressive, disagreeable, dour, forbidding, gloomy, glum, grim, gruff, mopish, morose, prospects, prospects), saturnine, sombre, sorry, stern, surly). (various references)

Norwegian

sturen (bleak, dismal, dreary, gaunt, miserable, sad, somber), uvennlig (brutal, gruff, harsh, rough, sour, surly, unkind, unpleasant), trist (bleak, dismal, drab, dreary, dull, gaunt, miserable, sad, somber). (various references)

Papiamen

tristu (bleak, dismal, dreary, gaunt, miserable, sad, somber). (various references)

Pig Latin

ullensay

Polish

smutny (bleak, dismal, dreary, gaunt, miserable, sad, somber), nieuprzejmy (brutal, gruff, harsh, rough, sour, surly, unkind, unpleasant). (various references)

Portuguese

taciturno (moody, morose, mumpish, reticent, silent, spleenful, taciturn, uncommunicative), rabugento (acrimonious, atrabilious, brutal, criss-cross, crusty, currish, faultfinding, fiddle-faddle, fractious, fretful, frumpish, grouty, gruff, harsh, moody, morose, peevish, pettish, querulous, rough, shrewish, snuffy, sour, surly, techy, testy, tetchy, unkind, unpleasant), mal-humorado (bad-tempered, cantankerous, choleric, crusty, glum, ill-humored, ill-humoured, ill-tempered, moody, mumpish, snappish, snappy, snotty, splenetic, sulky, surly, techy, testy, tetchy), intratável (crab, crabbed, crabby, cross-grained, currish, fractious, intractable, kittle, restive, snappish, snappy, surly, unapproachable, uncompromising, unmanageable, unsociable), insociável (asocial, intractable, morose, unsociable, unsocial), carrancudo (beetle, beetling, glum, moody, sulky, surly). (various references)

Romanian

supãrat (angry, cross, furious, irritated, magged, Moody, peeved, peevishly, petulantly, poutingly, sad, snuffy, sulky, sullenly), ursuz (churlish, crabbed, crabby, crusty, gnarled, grumbler, grumbling, grumpy, morose, peevish, somber, sombre, sulky, sullenly, surly), trist (bleak, blue, cheerless, dark, darkish, depressing, dispirited, doleful, dolefully, dolorous, downcast, drab, dreary, dull, dumpish, elegiac, glum, joyless, lamenting, maudlin, melancholy, miserable, mournful, mournfully, pensive, pensively, rueful, sad, sadly, sorrowful, splenetic, tough, unfortunate, unhappy, woebegone, woeful), taciturn (close-lipped, saturnine, silent, taciturn), tãcut (close-lipped, discreet, dumb, mousy, mum, quiet, reserved, silent, silently, still, tacit, voiceless), rezervat (cagey, cagily, cautious, cold, distant, dry, offish, reserved, secretive, self contained, shy, stand offish, unapproachable), puţin sociabil, posac (adust, mopish, morose, sour, sulky, sullenly, surly), oţãrât (angry, crabbed, enraged, furious, sulky, sullenly), morocãnos (adust, crabbed, cross-grained, crusty, grouty, gruff, grumbling, grumbly, grumpish, grumpy, ill tempered, morose, morosely, peevish, snuffy, sour, sulky, surly, tetchy), cernit (black, blackened, clouded, cloudy, dark, darkened, dim, dull, dusky, gloomy, sad, somber, sombre), încruntat (frowning, glum, glumly, rugged, stuffy), închis (black, cagey, close, close-mouthed, coop, covered, dark, deep, deeply, dun, involved, pent, red-hot, sad, shut, stuffy), înţepat (haughty, stuck up, sulky, supercilious). (various references)

Russian 

угрюмый (farouche, gloomily, glum, morose, surly). (various references)

Scottish

doirionta. (various references)

Serbo-Croatian

sumoran (adust, atrabilious, bleak, dismal, gloomy, mirk, moody, murk), zlovoljan (bad tempered, ill tempered, ill-humored, morose, nasty, peeved, peevish). (various references)

Spanish

triste tensamente (drab, forlorn), triste (bleak, blue, cheerless, dark, depressing, dismal, doleful, dolorous, drear, dreary, gaunt, gloomy, glum, heavy, hipped, joyless, joylessly, mirthless, miserable, mournful, rueful, sad, somber, sorrowful, sorry, unhappy), taciturno (glum, morose, taciturn, uncommunicative), resentido (good, hipped, jaundiced, resentful, sorehead, sulky), plomizo (leaden, plumbeous), hosco (dark, gruff, morose, surly), brusko (brutal, gruff, harsh, rough, sour, surly, unkind, unpleasant), bronco (abrupt, brazen, brittle, brutal, crude, gruff, harsh, raw, rough, ruffianly, sour, surly, unkind, unpleasant, unworked, unwrought), afligido (afflicted, aggrieved, bereaved, bleak, desolate, dismal, distressed, dreary, gaunt, miserable, mournful, pained, sad, somber, sorrowful, sorry, stricken, troubled). (various references)

Swedish

trumpen (glum, moody, morose, sulky), butter (farouche, gruff, grumpy, morose). (various references)

Tagalog

malungkót (bleak, dismal, dreary, gaunt, miserable, sad, somber). (various references)

Thai

เชื่องช้า (draggy, laggard), บึ้งตึง, อึมครึม. (various references)

Turkish

suratsız (gnarled, grim, grouchy, morose, po-faced, saturnine, sour, sulky, surly, ugly, ungenial, vinegary), somurtkan (glum, grumpy, morose, sour, sulky, surly, unsmiling), kasvetli (black, bleak, cheerless, comfortless, depressive, dismal, doleful, drear, dreary, funereal, gloomy, grave, howling, lugubrious, melancholy, mopish, muzzy, pitchy, sable, sad, somber, sombre, tenebrous, waste), kapalı (backhanded, cloistered, close, closed, cloudy, cloudyly, covered, enclosed, Gray, grey, impenetrable, indoor, muggy, murky, off, overcast, privy, sable, sealed, secluded, shut, skyless, unopened), iç karartıcı (depressing, drear, dreary, gloomy, sad, somber, sombre), can sıkıcı (aggravating, annoying, boring, bothersome, chippy, disagreeable, displeasing, embarrassing, painful, provoking, soul-destroying, soulless, tedious, unexeciting, vexatious, worrisome, worrying), aksi (adverse, awkward, bad tempered, bilious, bloody minded, cantankerous, contra, contra-, contrary, counter, crabbed, crabby, cross, cross-grained, crosspatch, crotchety, doggish, dour, evil, fractious, fretful, Froward, gruff, ill natured, ill tempered, ill-humored, ill-humoured, inverse, negatory, opposite, peevish, perverse, petulant, recalcitrant, refractory, reverse, shirty, snappish, snuffy, spleenful, spleenish, stroppy, stubborn, surly, tart, testy, unfavorable, unfavourable, unfortunate, unhappy, unlucky, untoward, wrongheaded). (various references)

Turkmen 

зytyk (gloomy). (various references)

Ukrainian

гнітючий (depressing, discouraging, dismal, oppressive, sulky), неяскравий (half-light, quiet), приглушений (murmurous, muted, obscure, obtuse, still, thick), похмурий (adust, bleak, cheerless, dark, darksome, despondent, disconsolate, dismal, drear, dreary, dull, dusky, frowning, gash, gaunt, ghastly, gloomy, glum, grave, gruff, hard-faced, inhospitable, lowering, macabre, mopish, mournful, murk, nightly, obscure, overcast, sable, saturnine, sepulchral, shadowy, stygian, surly, tenebrous). (various references)

Vietnamese 

bu�"n rầu (black, chap-fallen, darkly, moody, morose, mournful, rueful, sad, sadly, sorrowful, woebegone, woeful, woefully, woesome). (various references)

Welsh

swrth (heavy, sluggish), dreng (harsh, morose, surly), blwng (cheerless). (various references)

soul. (various references)

Derivations

Words beginning with "sullen": sullener, sullenest, sullenly, sullenness, sullennesses. (additional references)

Misspellings

"Sullen" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: bullen, Gullen, saleen, Salleh, sallent, sallin, Seillean, Selen, sell'em, sellen, Sellens, silen, sillen, sillon, skulle, soilen, soleen, sollen, spllen, sulan, sulen, sulin, sulken, sullan, suller, sulley, sullin, sulln, sulten, sultle, sumlen, Sumlin, Sutlej, sutlen, syllan, zillen, zullen. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Direct Anagrams: unsell.

-1 letter: lunes, nulls, snell.

-2 letters: ells, lens, lues, lune, null, sell, slue.

-3 letters: ell, els, ens, leu, nus, sel, sen, sue, sun, uns, use.

-4 letters: el, en, es, ne, nu, un, us.

+1 letter: lunules, mullens, unsells, unshell.

+2 letters: bullnose, bullpens, dullness, entellus, fullness, levulins, mulleins, nucellus, nutshell, sullener, sullenly, unlevels, unshells.

+3 letters: bluelines, bulletins, bullnecks, bullnoses, glandules, glutelins, illumines, insoluble, linoleums, luteolins, nucleoles, nucleolus, nullifies, nullities, nutshells, prunellas, prunelles, prunellos, quenelles, quinellas, sensillum, sensually, spleenful, sullenest, undersell, unsalable, unselling, unshelled, unskilled, unsullied, upswollen.

+4 letters: andouilles, bushelling, calendulas, cancellous, counselled, counsellor, cullenders, delusional, dullnesses, entelluses, fullerenes, fullnesses, gallinules, gruellings, hellhounds, houselling, insolubles, landaulets, lawfulness, lenticules, nebulously, nullifiers, outselling, spellbound, sullenness, supernally, tunelessly, undersells, unscalable, unsellable, unshelling, unslakable, unsolvable, upswelling, upwellings.