SPEECH RECOGNITION

Domain	Definition
Computing	Speech recognition (Or voice recognition) The identification of spoken words by a machine. The spoken words are digitised (turned into sequence of numbers) and matched against coded dictionaries in order to identify the words. Most systems must be "trained," requiring samples of all the actual words that will be spoken by the user of the system. The sample words are digitised, stored in the computer and used to match against future words. More sophisticated systems require voice samples, but not of every word. The system uses the voice samples in conjunction with dictionaries of larger vocabularies to match the incoming words. Yet other systems aim to be "speaker-independent", i.e. they will recognise words in their vocabulary from any speaker without training. Another variation is the degree with which systems can cope with connected speech. People tend to run words together, e.g. "next week" becomes "neksweek" (the "t" is dropped). For a voice recognition system to identify words in connected speech it must take into account the way words are modified by the preceding and following words. It has been said (in 1994) that computers will need to be something like 1000 times faster before large vocabulary (a few thousand words), speaker-independent, connected speech voice recognition will be feasible. (1995-05-05). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Specialty Definition: Speech recognition

Speech recognition technologies allow computers equipped with microphones to interpret human speech, e.g. for transcription or as a control method.

Such systems can be classified as to whether they require the user to "train" the system to recognise their own particular speech patterns or not, whether the system can recognise continuous speech or requires users to break up their speech into discrete words, and whether the vocabulary the system recognises is small (in the order of tens or at most hundreds of words), or large (thousands of words).

Systems requiring a short amount of training can (as of 2001) capture continuous speech with a large vocabulary at normal pace with an accuracy of about 98% (getting two words in one hundred wrong), and different systems that require no training can recognize a small number of words (for instance, the ten digits of the decimal system) as spoken by most English speakers. Such systems are popular for routing incoming phone calls to their destinations in large organisations.

Commercial systems for speech recognition have been available off-the-shelf since the 1990s. However, it is interesting to note that despite the apparent success of the technology, few people use such speech recognition systems.

It appears that most computer users can create and edit documents more quickly with a conventional keyboard, despite the fact that most people are able to speak considerably faster than they can type. Additionally, heavy use of the speech organs results in vocal loading.

Some of the key technical problems in speech recognition are that:

Inter-speaker differences are often large and difficult to account for. It is not clear which characteristics of speech are speaker-independent.
The interpretation of many phonemes, words and phrases are context sensitive. For example, phonemes are often shorter in long words than in short words. Words have different meanings in different sentences, e.g. "Philip lies" could be interpreted either as Philip being a liar, or that Philip is lying on a bed.
Intonation and speech timbre can completely change the correct interpretation of a word or sentence, e.g. "Go!", "Go?" and "Go." can clearly be recognised by a human, but not so easily by a computer.
Words and sentences can have several valid interpretations such that the speaker leaves the choice of the correct one to the listener.
Written language may need punctuation according to strict rules that are not strongly present in speech, and are difficult to infer without knowing the meaning (commas, ending of sentences, quotations).

The "understanding" of the meaning of spoken words is regarded by some as a separate field, that of natural language understanding. However, there are many examples of sentences that sound the same, but can only be disambiguated by an appeal to context: one famous T-shirt worn by Apple Computer researchers stated:

I helped Apple wreck a nice beach.

A general solution of many of the above problems effectively requires human knowledge and experience, and would thus require advanced artificial intelligence technologies to be implemented on a computer. In any system it can suffice to use knowledge from linguistics to interpret the speech.

Domain	Title
References	Speech Recognition Software in Canada: A Strategic Entry Report, 1999 (reference) (more reference examples)

Books	Fundamentals of Speech Recognition (reference) How to Build a Speech Recognition Application: Second Edition: A Style Guide for Telephony Dialogues (reference) Readings in Speech Recognition (reference) Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition (Language, Speech, and Communication) (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Speech Recognition Update (reference) (more periodical examples)

High Tech	Cyber Acoustics AC-200R Speech Recognition Computer Headset (reference) Koss CS80 Speech Recognition Computer Headset (reference) Voice Power Pro Series 3 Speech Recognition (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Non-Fiction Usage: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		Existing data indicate that these individuals achieve minimal improvement in speech recognition skills. (references)
		Such devices provide more information about the acoustic signal and give better performance on speech recognition. (references)
		Speech recognition afforded by the cochlear implant effectively supplements the information least favorably cued through speech reading. (references)
Business		Automatic Speech Recognition is already available on some mobile phone models in Europe, including models produced by Nokia, Ericsson and Motorola. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Expression: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Frequency of Internet Keywords: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Modern Translation: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Language		Translations for "SPEECH RECOGNITION"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Danish		talegenkendelse (voice recognition). (various references)

Dutch		spraakherkenning (speech understanding, voice recognition). (various references)

Finnish		puheentunnistus (voice recognition), äänentunnistus (voice recognition). (various references)

French		reconnaissance vocale, reconnaissance de la parole. (various references)

German		Spracherkennung (recognition of speech, speech pattern recognition, voice recognition). (various references)

Greek		αναγνώριση φωνής (voice recognition), αναγνώριση λόγου (voice recognition), αναγνώριση ομιλίας (voice recognition). (various references)

Italian		riconoscimento della voce (voice recognition), riconoscimento del linguaggio parlato (voice recognition). (various references)

Pig Latin		eechspay ecognitionray

Spanish		reconocimiento vocal (voice recognition). (various references)

Swedish		taligenkänning (voice recognition). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Misspellings: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Anagrams: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "c-c-e-e-e-g-h-i-i-n-n-o-o-p-r-s-t"
	-4 letters: precognitions, reconceptions.
	-5 letters: conscripting, conscription, copresenting, corecipients, ethnoscience, heterogonies, incoherences, pertinencies, precognition, recognitions, reconception, reinspecting, reinspection, stereophonic.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

Expression	Frequency per Day	Expression	Frequency per Day
speech recognition	472	dragon speech recognition	6
speech recognition software	105	speech recognition engine	6
speech recognition technology	31	speech recognition application	6
advanced speech recognition	25	speech recognition microphone	5
free speech recognition software	15	speech recognition interface	5
continuous speech recognition	13	speech recognition company	4
free speech recognition	12	speech recognition software review	4
speech recognition chip	12	automated speech recognition	3
natural language speech recognition	11	speech recognition ic	3
speech recognition medical	11	speech recognition technology design	3
automatic speech recognition	10	transactional speech recognition	3
speech recognition program	10	speech recognition hardware	2
speech recognition system	9	speech recognition history	2
microsoft speech recognition	8	voice dictation speech recognition	2
speech recognition headset	7	voice dictation speech recognition software	2
speech recognition download	7
		voice dictation speech recognition software	2
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Expression using "SPEECH RECOGNITION": speech Recognition Application Program Interface. Additional references.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Misspellings
	"SPEECH RECOGNITION" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: speech regognition. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

SPEECH RECOGNITION

Specialty Definition: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Specialty Definition: Speech recognition

Crosswords: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Commercial Usage: SPEECH RECOGNITION

References

Books

Periodicals

High Tech

Non-Fiction Usage: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Expression: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Frequency of Internet Keywords: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Modern Translation: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Danish

Dutch

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Italian

Pig Latin

Spanish

Swedish

Misspellings: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Misspellings

Anagrams: SPEECH RECOGNITION

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

INDEX