Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Space

Definition: Space

Space

Noun

1. The unlimited 3-dimensional expanse in which everything is located; "they tested his ability to locate objects in space".

2. An empty area (usually bounded in some way between things); "the architect left space in front of the building"; "they stopped at an open space in the jungle"; "the space between his teeth".

3. An area reserved for some particular purpose; "the laboratory's floor space".

4. A blank character used to separate successive words in writing or printing; "he said the space is the most important character in the alphabet".

5. The interval between two times; "the distance from birth to death"; "it all happened in the space of 10 minutes".

6. A blank area; "write your name in the space provided".

7. Any region in space outside the Earth's atmosphere; "the astronauts walked in space without a tether".

8. (mathematics) any set of points that satisfy a set of postulates of some kind; "assume the vector space is finite dimensional".

9. One of the areas between or below or above the lines of a musical staff; "the spaces are the notes F-A-C-E".

10. : (printing) a block of type without a raised letter; used for spacing between words.

Verb

1. Place at intervals; "Space the interviews so that you have some time between the different candidates".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.

Date "space" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references)

Specialty Definition: Space

Domain	Definition
Computing	Space The space character, ASCII 32. See octal forty. Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing.
Aerospace	1. Specifically, the part of the universe lying outside the limits of the earth's atmosphere.2. More generally, the volume in which all celestial bodies, including the earth, move. (references)
Electrical Engineering	Designation of the two significant conditions of a binary modulation or restitution. Source: European Union. (references)
Law	That region of the atmosphere enclosed by the vertical extension of the frontiers of a territory or country. Source: European Union. (references)
Medicine	An area, region; a cavity. Source: European Union. (references)
Post & Telecom	In the context of a digital interface:voltage within a time slot containing a zero. Source: European Union. (references)
	Signal conditions 0 for a data circuit of a generator, i. e. the open-circuit condition. Source: European Union. (references)
Slang	Noun. Source: Space is an open area. Definition: Space is a place where a rave is held. usually a space is an abonded wherehouse. Context: Ravers speak of a space when they are discussing the location at which a rave will be held. Social Source: "RAVERS". Source: Compiled by The University of Oregon. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Specialty Definition: Frequency-shift keying

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is frequency modulation in which the modulating signal shifts the output frequency between predetermined values.
Note 1: Usually, the instantaneous frequency is shifted between two discrete values termed the "mark frequency" and "space frequency". This is a noncoherent form of FSK.
Note 2: Coherent forms of FSK exist in which there is no phase discontinuity in the output signal. Synonyms frequency-shift modulation, frequency-shift signaling.
Source: from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Frequency-shift keying."

Geography

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Geography is the study of the locational and spatial variation in both physical and human phenomena on Earth. The word derives from the Greek words hê gê ("the Earth") and graphein ("to write", as in "to describe").
Geography is also the title of various historical books on this subject, notably the Geographia by Klaudios Ptolemaios (2nd century).
Geography is much more than cartography, the study of maps. It not only investigates what is where on the Earth, but also why it's there and not somewhere else, sometimes referred to as "location in space". It studies this whether the cause is natural or human. It also studies the consequences of those differences.

History of Geography
The Greekss are the first known culture to actively explore geography as a science and philosophy, with major contributors including Thales of Miletus, Herodotus, Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, Aristotle, Dicaearchus of Messana, Strabo, and Ptolemy. Mapping by the Romanss as they explored new lands added new techniques.
During the Middle Ages, Arabs such as Idrisi, Ibn Battuta, and Ibn Khaldun built on and maintained the Greek and Roman learnings. Following the journeys of Marco Polo, interest in geography spread throughout Europe. During the Renaissance and into the 16th and 17th centuries the great voyages of exploration revived a desire for solid theoretical foundations and accurate detail. The Geographia Generalis by Bernhardus Varenius and Gerardus Mercator's world map are prime examples.
By the 18th century, geography had become recognized as a discrete discipline and became part of a typical university curriculum. Over the past two centuries the quantity of knowledge and the number of tools has exploded. There are strong links between geography and the sciences of geology and botany.

Methods
Spatial interrelationships are key to this synoptic science, and it uses maps as a key tool. Classical cartography has been joined by the more modern approach to geographical analysis, computer-based geographic information systems (GIS).
Geographers use four interrelated approaches:
Systematic - Groups geographical knowledge into categories that can be explored globally
Regional - Examines systematic relationships between categories for a specific region or location on the planet.

Descriptive - Simply specifies the locations of features and populations.
Analytical - Asks why we find features and populations in a specific geographic area.

Branches

Physical geography
This branch focuses on Geography as an Earth science, making use of biology to understand global flora and fauna patterns, and mathematics and physics to understand the motion of the earth and relationship with other bodies in the solar system. It also includes landscape ecology and environmental geography.
atmosphere -- archipelago -- continent -- desert -- island -- landform -- ocean -- sea -- river -- ecology -- climate -- soil -- geomorphology -- biogeography - Timeline of geography, paleontology

Human geography
The human, or political/cultural, branch of geography - also called anthropogeography focuses on the social science, non-physical aspects of the way the world is arranged. It examines how humans adapt themselves to the land and to other people, and in macroscopic transformations they enact on the world. It can be divided into the following broad categories: economic geography, political geography (including geopolitics), social geography (including urban geography), feminist geography , environmentalism, and military geography.
Countries of the world -- country -- nation -- state -- union -- province -- county -- city -- municipality

Historical geography
This branch seeks to determine how cultural features of the multifarious societies across the planet evolved and came into being. Study of the landscape is one of many key foci in this field - much can be deduced about earlier societies from their impact on their local environment and surroundings.

What's in a name? Historical Geography and the Berkeley School
"Historical Geography" can indeed refer to the recipriocal effects of geography and history on each other. But in the United States, it has a more specialized meaning: This is the name given by Carl Ortwin Sauer of The University of California, Berkeley to his program of reorganizing cultural geography (some say all geography) along regional lines, beginning in the first decades of the 20th Century.
To Sauer, a landscape and the cultures in it could only be understood if all of its influences through history were taken into account: Physical, cultural, economic, political, environmental. Sauer stressed regional specialization as the only means of gaining expertise on regions of the world.
Sauer's philosophy was the principal shaper of American geographic thought in the mid-20th century. Regional specialists remain in academic geography departments to this day. But many geographers feel that it harmed the discipline in the long run: Too much effort was spent on data collection and classification, and too little on analysis and explanation. Studies became more and more area specific as later geographers struggled to find places to make names for themselves. This probably led in turn to the 1950's crisis in Geography which nearly destroyed it as an academic discpline.

Geographic Techniques

Cartography studies the representation of the Earth's surface with abstract symbols. It can be said, without much controversy, that cartography is the seed from which the larger field of Geography grew. Most geographers will cite a childhood fascination with maps as an early sign they would end up in the field. Although other subdisciplines of geography rely on maps for presenting their analyses, the actual making of maps is abstract enough to be regarded separately.
Cartography has grown from a collection of drafting techniques into an actual science. Cartographers must learn cognitive psychology and ergonomics] to understand which symbols convey information about the Earth most effectively, and [behavioral psychology] to induce the readers of their maps to act on the information. They must learn geodesy and fairly advanced mathematics to understand how the shape of the Earth affects the distortion of map symbols projected onto a flat surface for viewing.

Geographic Information Systems deals with the storage of information about the Earth for automatic retrieval by a computer, in an accurate manner appropriate to the information's purpose. In additon to all of the other subdisciplines of geography, GIS specialists must understand computer science and database systems. GIS has so revolutionized the field of cartography that nearly all mapmaking is now done with the assistance of some form of GIS software.

Geographic quantitative methods deal with numerical methods peculiar to (or at least most commonly found in) geography. In addition to spatial analyses, you are likely to find things like cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and non-parametric statistical tests in geographic studies.

Related Fields

Urban and Regional Planning
Urban planning and regional planning use the science of geography to assist in determining how to develop (or not develop) the land to meet particular criteria, such as safety, beauty, economic opportunities, the preservation of the built or natural heritage, etcetera. The planning of towns, cities and rural areas may be seen as applied geography although it also draws heavily upon the arts, the sciences and lessons of history. Some of the issues facing planning are considered briefly under the headings of rural exodus, urban exodus and Smart Growth.

Regional Science
In the 1950s the regional science movement arose, led by Walter Isard to provide a more quantitative and analytical base to geographical questions, in contrast to the more qualitative tendencies of traditional geography programs. Regional Science comprises the body of knowledge in which the spatial dimension plays a fundamental role, such as regional economics, resource management, location theory, urban and regional planning, transportation and communication, human geography, population distribution, landscape ecology and environmental quality.

See also
List of countries simple:Geography
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Geography."

Space

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The definition of space in physics is contentious. Various concepts used to try to define space have included:
the structure defined by the set of "spatial relationships" between objects
a manifold defined by a coordinate system where an object can be located.
the entity that stops all objects in the universe from touching one another

In classical physics, space is a three-dimensional Euclidean space where any position can be described using three coordinatess. Relativistic physics examines spacetime rather than space; spacetime is modeled as a four-dimensional manifold.
Philosophical questions concerning space include: Is space absolute or purely relational? Does space have one correct geometry, or is the geometry of space just a convention? Historical Eminences who have taken sides in these debates include Isaac Newton (space is absolute), Gottfried Leibniz (space is relational), and Henri Poincaré (spatial geometry is a convention).
Two important thought-experiments connected with these questions are: Newton's bucket argument and Poincaré's disc-world.
See also: Spherical coordinates, Cartesian coordinates, Philosophy of physics

Space is the relatively empty parts of the Universe, outside the atmospheress of planets. It is sometimes called "outer space" to distinguish it from airspace and terrestrial locations.
As Earth's atmosphere has no abrupt cut-off, but rather thins gradually with increasing altitude, there is no definite boundary between the atmosphere and space. In the United States, persons who travel above an altitude of 50 miles (80 kilometers) are designated as astronauts. 400,000 feet (75 miles or 120 kilometers) marks the boundary where atmospheric effects become noticeable during re-entry. The altitude of 100 kilometers or 62 miles is also frequently used as the boundary between atmosphere and space.
See also: Astronomy and Astrophysics; space science; space colonization

The term "inner space" has sometimes been used to describe the contents of the human mind.
See also: psychology

In mathematics, a space is a set, usually with some additional structure.
For examples, see Euclidean space, vector space, normed vector space, Banach space, inner product space, Hilbert space, topological space, uniform space, and metric space.

In some orthographies, a space is a blank area that serves as punctuation to provide interword separation.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Space."

Space (punctuation)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A space is a punctuation convention for providing interword separation in some scripts, including the Latin, Cyrillic, and Arabic.
Not all languages use spaces between words; the ancient Latin and Greek did not. Spaces were not used to separate words until roughly 600-800 AD. (See interword separation for more on the history.) Traditionally, all CJK languages have no space: modern Chinese and Japanese still don't, but modern Korea uses space.
In computer programming, the space corresponds to Unicode and ASCII character 32, or 0x0020.
In programming language syntax, spaces are frequently used to explicitly separate tokens. Aside from this use, spaces and other whitespace are usually ignored by most modern programming languages; Python is one exception.
In word processors and text editorss, if a line on a screen is shorter than the width of the screen or window, then the empty space to the right usually does not correspond with space characters in the file: there is simply a code indicating that the next text should be put on a new line. Thus, the size of the file is not made unnecessarily larger. If there are space characters, one usually does not see the difference; text editors and word processors often have an option to make them visible. Also, if there is a space character, the cursor can move there, otherwise usually not.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Space (punctuation)."

Space colonization

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Space colonization, also called space settlement, is the hypothetical permanent autonomous (self sufficient) human habitation of locations outside Earth. It is a major theme in science fiction.

Method
For humans to live permanently outside Earth, the habitat must maintain variables within an appropriate range, ie. homeostasis. The habitat must contain non-human species--for example, microorganisms and crop plants.
The relationship between organisms, their habitat and the non-Earth environment can be:
Organisms and their habitat fully isolated from the environment
Changing the environment to become a life-friendly habitat (a process called terraforming)
Changing organisms to become more compatible with the environment, ie. integrating the habitat into organisms (See also: genetic engineering, transhumanism, cyborg)
A combination of the above is also possible.

Location
The location of colonization can be:
On a planet, natural satellite or asteroid
In space, on a stationary space habitat or a mobile spaceship
Location is a frequent point of contention between space colonization advocates.

Planet, natural satellite or asteroid

Mars
Mars is a frequent topic of discussion. Its size and mass is similar to Earth, has large water reserves, and has carbon (locked as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere). It may have gone though similar geogloical and hydrolocial processes as Earth and contian vabluable mineral ores, but this is debated. Equipment is available to extract in-situ resources (water, air, etc.) from the Martian ground and atmosphere.
However, its atmosphere is very thin (7 milibars) and the climate is colder. There is also the problem of native bacteria, which may live on Mars.
The Moon
Due to its proximity and relative familiarity, Earth's Moon is also frequently discussed as a target for colonization. It has the benefits of close proximity to Earth and lower gravity, allowing for easier exchange of goods and services. A major drawback of the Moon is its low abundance of volatiles necessary for life such as hydrogen and carbon. Water ice deposits thought to exist in some polar craters could serve as significant sources for these elements.

Europa
The Artemis Project designed a plan to colonize Europa, one of Jupiter's moons. It would use igloos made of ice refrozen melted by the mircowaves on the surface. For submairne/drill would be use for drilling into the Europan ice crust, as well as any sub-surface ocean. It also discuss use of "air pockets" for human inhabitation.
Space

Space habitat
A space habitat is a space station which is intended as a permanent settlement rather than as a simple waystation or other specialized facility. They would be literal "cities" in space, where people would live and work and raise families. No space habitats have yet been constructed, but many design proposals have been made with varying degrees of realism by both science fiction authors and engineers.
Most of the real work on space habitats was carried out in the 1970s by workshops led by Gerard K. O'Neill in the post-Apollo highs at NASA. Several designs were studied, some in depth, with sizes ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 people. Attempts were made to make the habitats as self-supporting as possible, but all of the designs relied on regular shipments from Earth or the Moon, notably for volatiles.
One problem with the design that was not considered in any real depth is why any of them would be needed. The stated problem was to house workers needed for the construction of solar power satellites, which they predicted would require a peak of about 25,000 workers. However if this was the purpose, the habitat designs were certainly not utilitarian; they all contained housing for complete families, huge open spaces, and considerable parkland. An oil platform would appear to be a better model for such purposes. The workshops appeared to work in reverse, inventing the "solution", and then casting about for a need.
Designs proposed include:
Bernal sphere - "Island One"
Stanford torus - "Island Two"
O'Neill cylinder - "Island Three"

Spaceship
A colony ship would be similar to a space habitat, except with major propulsion capabilities and independent power generation.
Concepts proposed in hard science fiction include:
Generation ship, hypothetical starship that would travel much slower than light between stars, with the crew going through multiple generations before the journey is complete
Sleeper ship, hypothetical spaceship in which most or all of the crew spend the journey in some form of hibernation or suspended animation

Justification
In 2001, the space news website SPACE.com asked Freeman Dyson, J. Richard Gott and Sid Goldstein for reasons why some humans should live in space. Their respective answers [1] were:
"To Spread Life and Beautify the Universe"
"To Ensure the Survival of Our Species"
"To Make Money and Save the Environment"

Advocacy
There are several space advocacy organizations. The major ones are listed below:

The National Space Society is an organization with the vision of "people living and working in thriving communities beyond the Earth." It was founded in 1960. [1]
The Mars Society promotes Robert Zubrin's Mars Direct plan and the settlement of Mars. [1]
The Space Frontier Foundation promotes strong free market, capitalist views about space development. [1]
The Living Universe Foundation has a detailed plan in which the entire galaxy is colonized. [1]
The Artemis Project is planning to set up a private lunar surface station. [1]
The Space Studies Institute was founded by Gerard K. O'Neill to fund the study of space habitats. [1]
The Planetary Society is the largest space interest group, but has an emphasis on robotic exploration and the search for extraterrestrial life. [1]

Fictional depictions
These are all films and books that display famous depictions of space colonies of Earth.
2001: A Space Odyssey (in space)
Alien, Aliens, and Alien 3 (on a few different planets)
Cowboy Bebop (throughout the Solar System)
Martian Chronicles, The (on Mars)
Solaris (around the star Solaris)
Total Recall (on Mars)

Related articles

Ocean colonization
Underground city
Underground colonization

External links

HobbySpace: Life in Space: Section C: Colonies, Habitats, Space Industry, etc Extensive collection of links
Orbital Space Settlements Al Globus (NASA) advocates space habitats, not planetary habitats.
Space Development: The Case Against Mars by K. Eric Drexler. A 1985 article with arguments against Matian colonization.
Space Settlements: A Design Study Authored by the participants of "The 1975 Summer Faculty Fellowship Program in Engineering Systems Design" under the sponsorship of NASA and American Society for Engineering Education. Proposal for a space habitat with 10,000 people.
Warm-Blooded Plants and Freeze-Dried Fish Freeman Dyson predicts that space colonization will only be affordable after a hundred years; and that biotechnology, not propulsion, will be the enabling factor.
Space and Human Survival: My Views on the Importance of Colonizing Space Sylvia Engdahl discusses the "critical stage" where a level of technology allows both space colonization and human extinction.
The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects John Hickman argues that only government can afford the high initial investment for very large space development projects.
PERMANENT (Projects to Employ Resources of the Moon and Asteroids Near Earth in the Near Term) is guide to websites about astroid settlement.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Space colonization."

Space exploration

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Space exploration is the physical exploration of outer-earth objects and generally anything that involves the technologies, science, and politics regarding space endeavors.
The idea of sending an object to space was conceived in the minds of many science fiction authors hundreds of years before it was actually feasible. Some of these works even included various descriptions of exactly how that would be done. During the 20th century, with the development of adequate propulsion technologies, stronger and lighter materials and other technological and scientific breakthroughs, the idea of outer-earth missions was no longer a dream, but a viable practice.
The first successful space launch was of the Russian unmanned Sputnik I mission on October 4, 1957. Manned space exploration began with the orbital flight of Yuri Gagarin in April, 1961.
See also:
Space Race
Manned space missions
Vostok program
Mercury program
Soyuz program
Gemini program
Apollo program and others
Skylab
Space Shuttle program
Shenzhou spacecraft
Unmanned space missions
Mariner program and others
Surveyor program
Astronauts
Space stations
Space tourism
Space colonization
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Space exploration."

Space science

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Space is the relatively empty parts of the universe, outside the atmospheress of planets. It is sometimes called "outer space" to distinguish it from airspace and terrestrial locations. It may be considered to start at a height of ca. 100 km above the Earth's surface. For the term in general see Space.
Space science, or the space sciences, includes several major fields, such as:

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Exobiology
Microgravity environment
Plasma physics

Space transport
Rocket propulsion
Rocket launch technology
Interplanetary travel
Interstellar travel
Spacecraft propulsion

Space exploration
Unmanned space missions
Manned space missions

Space colonization

In addition, space sciences impact or are related to many other fields, from the biology of organisms in space environments to the geology of other bodies and planets, as well as nuclear physics in interstellar space and inside stars.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Space science."

Spacetime

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In special relativity and general relativity, time and three-dimensional space are treated together as a single four-dimensional manifold called spacetime (alternatively, space-time; see below). A point in spacetime may be referred to as an event. Each event has four coordinates (t, x, y, z).

Reference frame
Just as the x, y, z coordinates of a point depend on the axes one is using, so distances and time intervals, invariant in Newtonian physics, may depend on the reference frame of an observer, in relativistic physics. See length contraction and time dilation. This is the central lesson of special relativity.
The central lesson of general relativity is that spacetime cannot be a fixed background, but is rather a network of evolving relationships.
A spacetime interval between two events is the frame-invariant quantity analogous to distance in Euclidean space. The spacetime interval s along a curve is defined by

where c is the speed of light (some people flip the signs of the equation). A basic assumption of relativity is that coordinate transformations have to leave intervals invariant. Intervals are invariant under Lorentz transformations.
The spacetime intervals on a manifold define a pseudo-metric called the Lorentz metric. This metric is very similar to distance in Euclidean space. However, note that whereas distances are always positive, intervals may be positive, zero, or negative. Events with a spacetime interval of zero are separated by the propagation of a light signal. Events with a positive spacetime interval are in each other's future or past, and the value of the interval defines the proper time measured by an observer travelling between them. Spacetime together with this pseudo-metric makes up a pseudo-Riemannian manifold.
One of the simplest interesting examples of a spacetime is R⁴ with the spacetime interval defined above. This is known as Minkowski space, and is the usual geometric setting for Special Relativity. In contrast, General Relativity says that the underlying manifold will not be flat, if gravity is present, and thus it calls for the use of spacetime rather than Minkowski space.
Strictly speaking one can also consider events in Newtonian physics as a single spacetime. This is Galilean-Newtonian relativity, and the coordinate systems are related by Galilean transformations. However, since these preserve spatial and temporal distances independently, such a spacetime can be decomposed unarbitrarily, which is not possible in the general case.

Some general facts about spacetimes
A compact manifold can be turned into a spacetime if and only if its Euler characteristic is 0.
Any non-compact 4-manifold can be turned into a spacetime.
Many spacetimes have physical interpretations which most physicists would consider bizarre or unsettling. For example, a compact spacetime has closed timelike curves, which violate our usual ideas of causality. For this reason, mathematical physicists usually consider only restricted subsets of all the possible spacetimes. One way to do this is to study "realistic" solutions of the equations of General Relativity. Another way is add some additional "physically reasonable" but still fairly general geometric restrictions, and try to prove interesting things about the resulting spacetimes. The latter approach has lead to some important results, most notably the Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems.
In mathematical physics it is also usual to restrict the manifold to be connected and Hausdorff. A Hausdorff spacetime is always paracompact.

Is Spacetime Quantized?
Current research is focused on the nature of spacetime at the Planck scale. Loop quantum gravity, string theory, and black hole thermodynamics all predict a quantized spacetime with agreement on the order of magnitude. Loop quantum gravity even makes precise predictions about the geometry of spacetime at the Planck scale.

Space-time vs. Spacetime
Examples of use of spacetime:
Weisstein's encyclopedia
D. J. Griffiths' Introduction to Electrodynamics (Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1989)
numerous books with spacetime in title
E. F. Taylor and J. A. Wheeler, Spacetime Physics (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1966)

Caltech class: "Spacetime 101"
.edu matches online are almost exclusively for spacetime

Examples of use of space-time:
Brehm & Mullin, Introduction to the Structure of Matter (ISBN 047160531X)
Hawking & Ellis, The large-scale structure of space-time (ISBN 0521099064)
Merriam-Webster
space-time about four times as many hits as spacetime on AltaVista

Related concepts
Galilean transformation | Lorentz transformation | Minkowski space | Lorentz invariance | Manifold | Metric space | Gravity | Four-vector
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Spacetime."

Topological space

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Topological spaces are structures that allow one to formalize concepts such as convergence, connectedness and continuity. They appear in all branches of modern mathematics and can be seen as a central unifying notion. The branch of mathematics that studies topological spaces in their own right is called topology.

History
See topology.

Formal definition
Formally, a topological space is a set X together with a collection T of subsets of X (i.e., T is a subset of the power set of X) satisfying the following axioms:

The empty set and X are in T.
The union of any collection of sets in T is also in T.
The intersection of any pair of sets in T is also in T.

The set T is called a topology on X. The sets in T are referred to as open sets, and their complements in X are called closed sets. The elements of X are often called points. Roughly speaking, a topology is a way of specifying the concept of "nearness"; an open set is "near" each of its points.

Continuous functions
A function between topological spaces is said to be continuous if the inverse image of every open set is open. This is an attempt to capture the intuition that there are no "breaks" or "separations" in the function. A homeomorphism is a bijective mapping that is continuous and whose inverse is also continuous. Two spaces are said to be homeomorphic if there exists a homeomorphism between them. From the standpoint of topology, homeomorphic spaces are essentially identical.
The category of all topological spaces, Top, with topological spaces as objects and continuous functions as morphisms is one of the fundamental categories in all mathematics. The attempt to classify the objects of this category by invariants has motivated and generated entire areas of research, such as homotopy theory, homology theory, and K-theory, to name just a few.

Alternative definitions
There are many other equivalent ways to define a topological space. (In other words, each of the following defines a category equivalent to the category of topological spaces above.)

Using de Morgan's laws, the axioms defining open sets become axioms defining closed sets:

The empty set and X are closed.
The intersection of any collection of closed sets is also closed.
The union of any pair of closed sets is also closed.

The Kuratowski closure axioms determine the closed sets as the fixed points of an operator on the power set of X.

A neighbourhood of a point x is any set that contains an open set containing x. The neighbourhood system at x consists of all neighbourhoods of x. A topology can be determined by a set of axioms concerning all neighbourhood systems. Equivalently, a topology can be determined by a nearness relation between sets and points.

A net is a generalisation of the concept of sequence. A topology is completely determined if for every net in X the set of its accumulation points is specified.

Examples of topological spaces

The set of real numbers R is a topological space: the open sets are generated by the basis of open intervals. This means a set is open if it is the union of (possibly infinitely many) open intervalss. This is in many ways the most basic topological space and the one that guides most of our human intuition. However, relying on the real line as an intuitive guide for the general concept of topological space can often be dangerous.
More generally, the Euclidean spaces Rⁿ are topological spaces, and the open sets are generated by open balls.
Any metric space turns into a topological space if define the open sets to be generated by the set of all open balls. This includes useful infinite-dimensional spaces like Banach spaces and Hilbert spaces studied in functional analysis.
The reals can also be given the upper-limit topology. Here, the open sets consist of the empty set, the whole real line, and all sets generated by half-open intervals of the form (a,b]. This topology on R is strictly larger than the Euclidean topology defined above; a sequence converges to a point in this topology if and only if it converges from below in the Euclidean topology. This example shows that a set may have many distinct topologies defined on it.
Every manifold is a topological space.
Every simplex is a topological space. Simplexes are convex objects that are very useful in computational geometry. In 0, 1, 2 and 3 dimensional space the simplexes are the point, line segment, triangle and tetrahedron, respectively.
Every simplicial complex is a topological space. A simplicial complex is made up of many simplices. Many geometric objects can be modeled by simplicial complexes -- see also Polytope.
The Zariski topology is a purely algebraically defined topology on the spectrum of a ring or an algebraic variety. On Rⁿ or Cⁿ the closed sets of the Zariski topology are the solution sets of systems of polynomial equations.
A linear graph is a topological space that generalises many of the geometric aspects of graphss with vertices and edges.
Many sets of operators in functional analysis are endowed with topologies that are defined by specifying when a particular sequence of functions converges to the zero function.
Any set can be given the discrete topology in which every set is open. The only convergent sequences or nets in this topology are those that are eventually constant.
Any set can be given the trivial topology in which only the empty set and the whole space are open. Every sequence and net in this topology converges to every point of the space. This example shows that in general topological spaces, limits of sequences need not be unique.
Any infinite set can be given the cofinite topology in which the open sets are the empty set and the sets whose complement is finite. This is the smallest T₁ topology on the set.
If Γ is an ordinal number, then the set [0, Γ] is a topological space, generated by the intervals (a,b], where a and b are elements of Γ.

Constructing new topological spaces from given ones

Every subset of a topological space can be given the subspace topology in which the open sets are the intersections of the open sets of the larger space with the subset.
For any nonempty collection of topological spaces, the product can be given the product topology. For finite products, the open sets are generated by the products of open sets.
A quotient space is defined as follows. If f: X → Y is a function and X is a topological space, then Y gets a topology where a set is open if and only if its inverse image is open. A common example comes from an equivalence relation defined on the topological space X: the map f is then the natural projection on the set of equivalence classes.
The Vietoris topology on the set of all non-empty subsets of a topological space X is generated by the following basis: for every n-tuple U₁,....,U_n of open sets in X we construct a basis set consisting of all subsets of the union of the U_i which have non-empty intersection with each U_i.

Classification of topological spaces
Topological spaces can be broadly classified according to their degree of connectedness, their size, their degree of compactness and the degree of separation of their points and subsets. A great many terms are used in topology to achieve these distinctions. These terms and definitions are collected together in the Topology Glossary.

Topological spaces with algebraic structure
It is almost universally true that all "large" algebraic objects carry a natural topology which is compatible with the algebraic operations. In order to study these objects, one typically has to take the topology into account. This leads to concepts such as topological groups, topological vector spaces and topological rings.
See also Algebraic topology.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Topological space."

Abbreviations & Acronyms: Space

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
Entry	Source	Expression	Field
SPACE	English	Signal processing for auditory communication in noisy environments	Computing, Social Sciences
SP	English	Space	Computing
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Synonyms: Space

Synonyms: blank (n), blank space (n), distance (n), outer space (n), place (n), quad (n), topological space (n). (additional references)

Synonyms within Context: Space

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Distance	Noun: distance; space; remoteness, farness, far-cry to; longinquity, elongation; offing, background; remote region; removedness; parallax; reach, span, stride.
	Adverb: far off, far away; afar, afar off; off; away; a long way off, a great way off, a good way off; wide away, aloof; wide of, clear of; out of the way, out of reach; abroad, yonder, further, beyond; outre mer, over the border, far and wide, "over the hills and far away "; from pole to pole; (over great space); to the uttermost parts, to the ends of the earth; out of hearing, nobody knows where, a perte de vue, out of the sphere of, wide of the mark; a far cry to.
Existence	Presence; (existence in space); coexistence.
Navigation	Aerostation, aerostatics, aeronautics; balloonery; balloon; ballooning, aviation, airmanship; flying, flight, volitation; wing, pinion; rocketry, space travel, astronautics, orbital mechanics, orbiting.
Presence	Verb: exist in space, be present; Adjective: assister; make one of, make one at; look on, attend, remain; find oneself, present oneself; show one's face; fall in the way of, occur in a place; lie, stand; occupy; be there.
Situation	Place, site, station, seat, venue, whereabouts; ground; bearings; (direction); spot; (limited space).
Space	Open space, free space; void; (absence); waste; wildness, wilderness; moor, moorland; campagna.
	Noun: space, extension, extent, superficial extent, expanse, stretch, hyperspace; room, scope, range, field, way, expansion, compass, sweep, swing, spread.
	Abyss; (interval); unlimited space; infinity; world; ubiquity; (presence); length and breadth of the land.
Time	Noun: time, duration; period, term, stage, space, span, spell, season; the whole time, the whole period; space-time; course; snap.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Crosswords: Space

English words defined with "space": absolute space ♦ blank space ♦ Clearance space, crawl space ♦ deep space, disc space, disk space ♦ enclosed space, Euclidean space ♦ Hair space, Hilbert space ♦ intergalactic space, interplanetary space, interstellar space ♦ living space ♦ null space ♦ outer space ♦ parking space, pericardial space, pleural space ♦ Room and space ♦ space age, space biology, space capsule, space helmet, space medicine, Space of four dimensions, space program, space rocket, space vehicle, storage space, subarachnoid space, swap space ♦ topological space ♦ visual space. (references)

Specialty definitions using "space": address space, air space, Annular Space, Annulus, Aston dark space, asymptotic space complexity ♦ Banach space, buffer space ♦ chip space, CIE 1964 uniform color space, CIE 1964 uniform colour space, cislunar space, closed ro-ro cargo space, CONDITIONED SPACE, CONDITIONED SPACE, DIRECTLY ♦ deep space network, DIRECTLY CONDITIONED SPACE, dwell space ♦ en space, Epidural Space, Extracellular Space ♦ figure space, flat address space, flight space ♦ Goddard Space Flight Center ♦ head space, head space in a bottle of wine, Hubble Space Telescope ♦ intercellular space, inter-pleural space ♦ Kennedy Space Center ♦ linear address space, linear space ♦ Marshall Space Flight Center, memory address space, motion space ♦ National Space Science Data Center, normed space ♦ Occupied Space, Orthodontic Space Closure ♦ parotid space, periodically unattended machinery space, phase space, physiologic dead space ♦ Reserved Freight Space, respiratory dead space, Retroperitoneal Space, retropubic space ♦ segmented address space, service space, space assignment, space between paragraphs, Space Charge, space clerk, space complexity, SPACE IMAGING, space leak, space motion, space photography, space polar coordinates, Space Potential, space reddening, SPACE SCHEDULER, space sickness, Space Simulation, space simulator, space suit, Space tether, space time space switch, space tracking, Space weather, spoiler space, Stennis Space Center ♦ Tether, space, time space time switch, translunar space, tucking space, Tuple Space Smalltalk ♦ UNCONDITIONED SPACE ♦ velocity space, virtual space. (references)

Etymologies containing "space": Triduan. (references)

Modern Usage: Space

Domain	Usage
Screenplays	Those fold-outs take a tremendous amount of space up, and I need space (Fletch; writing credit: Andrew Bergman) But I guess I'd say if it is just us seems like an awful waste of space. (Contact; writing credit: Carl Sagan;) I heard two noises coming from two sperate areas of space over there (The Blair Witch Project; writing credit: Daniel Myrick; Eduardo Sánchez) This is my dance space. This is your dance space (Dirty Dancing; writing credit: Eleanor Bergstein) He's a man from outer space and we're taking him to his spaceship (E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; writing credit: Ethan Coen)
Lyrics	Is the space we'll fill with time (The Space Between; performing artist: Dave Matthews Band) And I'm out in a space where nobody else can stay (If I Could Go; performing artist: Angie Martinez) She had a pretty face but her head was up in space (Sk8er Boi; performing artist: Avril Lavigne) Gimme your time, your love, your space, your energy (Bring It All To Me; performing artist: Blaque) I need space (Overprotected; performing artist: Britney Spears)
Clever	Vacuum: A large, empty space where the pope lives. (references; author: unknown) Life just gives you time and space. It's up to you to fill it. (references; author: unknown) Space is a dangerous place, especially if it's between your ears! (references; author: unknown)
Movie/TV Titles	Death in Space (1974) Inner Space (1974) Martian Space Party (1972) Computer Space (1971) Tom Smothers' Organic Prime Time Space Ride (1971)
Song Titles	Lost In Space (performing artist: The Nick Atoms)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Commercial Usage: Space

Domain	Title
References	Asia pacific Space Telecom Co. Ltd.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) Space Co., Ltd.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) Loral Space & Communications Ltd.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) The 2001 Report on Guided Missiles and Space Vehicles: World Market Segmentation by City (reference) The 2001 Long-Run Global Growth Prospects for Guided Missiles and Space Vehicles: A Physioeconomic Perspective (reference) (more reference examples)

Books	Deep Space Nine Mission: Gamma Book Three Cathedral (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) (reference) Finishing Basements and Attics: Ideas and Projects for Expanding Your Living Space (Black & Decker Home Improvement Library) (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Ikea Space (reference) Konggan - Space (reference) Space And Security News (reference) Space Modulator (reference) Space News - Cd-rom (reference) (more periodical examples)

Theater & Movies	Star Trek - Deep Space Nine, Episode 56: Fascination (reference) VeggieTales - Larry-Boy and the Fib From Outer Space (reference) Emmanuelle in Space - One Last Fling (reference) Star Trek - Deep Space Nine, Episode 17: The Forsaken (reference) The IMAX Space Collection (Hail Columbia/The Dream Is Alive/Blue Planet/Destiny in Space/Mission to Mir) (reference) (more DVD examples; more video examples)

Music	Hits From Outer Space (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

High Tech	Labtec LCS1012 Space Saver Series Speaker (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)

Consumer Goods	Fagor Future Space Saver Pressure Cooker Set (reference) Haier America HDT18PA Space Saver Compact Dishwasher (reference) Sanyo SK-7W Space Saving Toasty Oven, White (reference) Sanyo SK-7S Space Saving Toasty Oven, Silver (reference) (more baby examples; more wireless phone examples; more garden examples; more kitchen examples; more tool examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Image Slideshow: Space

Photo Album: Space

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Shown is the Boy Scout Building located at Cedar Lane and Wisconsin Avenue in which the NIH leases office space. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.		The photo shows a model of the Children's Inn in an overhead shot from the front. The model includes the Inn itself, a parking lot and surrounding space and trees. The Children's Inn houses families of children undergoing treatment at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.
	Histopathology of lung shows numerous extracellular yeasts of Cryptococcus neoformans within an alveolar space. Yeasts show narrow-base budding and characteristic variation in size. Credit: CDC.		Seattle at nightfall, from top of Space Needle. Credit: CDC.
	Space Shuttle Atlantis EVA. Credit: NASA.		MK-III Space Suit. Credit: NASA.
	Fall Foliage from Space. Credit: NASA.		Australia from Space in All Her Olympic Glory. Credit: NASA.
	Endeavour is Delivered to the Kennedy Space Center. Credit: NASA.		Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) Test Firing. Credit: NASA.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

Digital Photo Gallery: Space


"Space Needle at Night" by Heather Laidlaw Commentary: "Some neon by the Space Needle in Seattle."	"Space Needle" by Sarah Benton Commentary: "Space Needle from a different view."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

Sounds Captioned with "Space".

Play	Caption	Play	Caption
	Space mystery style television show excerpt.		Vapid space sound.
	Space bounce.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Familiar Quotations: Space

Author	Quotation
Charles Lamb	Nothing puzzles me more than time and space, and yet nothing puzzles me less, for I never think about them.
Democritus	The first principles of the universe are atoms and empty space; everything else is merely thought to exist.
Doris Lessing	Space or science fiction has become a dialect for our time.
Francois de Malherbe	And a rose, she lived as roses do, the space of a morn.
Joseph Joubert	Space is the stature of God.
Lao-Tzu	For the wise man looks into space and he knows there is no limited dimensions.
Philip Johnson	Architecture is the art of how to waste space.
Steven Wright	A friend of mine once sent me a post card with a picture of the entire planet Earth taken from space. On the back it said, "Wish you were here."
Walt Whitman	To me every hour of the light and dark is a miracle. Every cubic inch of space is a miracle.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Historic Usage: Space

Author	Date	Quotation
Winston S. Churchill	1946	God has willed that this shall not be and we have at least a breathing space to set our house in order before this peril has to be encountered: and even then, if no effort is spared, we should still possess so formidable a superiority as to impose effective deterrents upon its employment, or threat of employment, by others. ("Iron Curtain" Speech)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Use in Literature: Space

Title	Author	Quote
Sylvie and Bruno	Carroll, Lewis	And his great generous soul seemed so filled with noble ambition as to have no space left for any vain regret or selfish repining
A Christmas Carol	Dickens, Charles	The parlour was the space behind the screen of rags
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy	Douglas Adams	"It's at times like this, when I'm stuck in a Vogon airlock with a man from Betelegeuse about to die of asphyxiation in deep space, that I really wish I'd listened to what my mother told me when I was little." "Why, what did she tell you?" "I don't know, I didn't listen!"
Scarlet Letter	Hawthorne, Nathaniel	Most persons, owing to causes which I may not have space to hint at, suffer moral detriment from this peculiar mode of life
Les Miserables	Hugo, Victor	On all sides was space.
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man	Joyce, James	The stars began to crumble and a cloud of fine stardust fell through space.
Grapes of Wrath	Steinbeck, John	Ma piled the pots in a small space.
Walden	Thoreau, Henry David	Man was not made so large limbed and robust but that he must seek to narrow his world and wall in a space such as fitted him.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Non-Fiction Usage: Space

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		In the front of the eye is a space called the anterior chamber. (references)
		Due to space limitations these sources are listed in a concise manner. (references)
		Some atoms give off radiation, which is energy that travels through space. (references)
Business		BTC pays Transtel for hub and Panamsat space segment usage. (references)
		Equipment was chosen based on blueprints of future office space. (references)
		The concept of shared facilities and common space has been accepted. (references)
Children	Ethiopia	There is space in institutions of higher education for only a small percentage of these graduates. (references)
	Kyrgyz Republic	Children who were found were sent to orphanages and police holding centers, depending on the amount of space available. (references)
	Iceland	Building regulations also specify that elevators in such buildings should be large enough to accommodate wheelchairs and that 1 percent of parking spaces (a minimum of one space) should be reserved for disabled use. (references)
Civil Liberties	Georgia	Organizations that are not registered may not rent office space or import literature, among other activities. (references)
	Slovenia	The election law requires the media to offer free space and broadcasting time to political parties at election time. (references)
	Morocco	In addition the Government provides subsidies to the rest of the press through price supports for newsprint and office space. (references)
Economic History	Oman	Commercial office space is readily available in Oman. (references)
	Japan	The major ad companies control ad space, as with the other media. (references)
	Korea	The indoor exhibition hall has a floor space of 26,446 square meters. (references)
Human Rights	Madagascar	Prison cells average less than 1 square yard of space per inmate. (references)
	Chile	Those with sufficient funds often can rent space in a better wing of the prison. (references)
	Panama	Pretrial detainees must share cells with sentenced prisoners, in part due to lack of space. (references)
Political Economy	ECUADOR	The labor code prohibits discrimination against unions and requires that employers provide space for union activities. (references)
	Nepal	In December 1999, the hijacking of an Indian airliner as it left Nepali air space caused a downturn in bilateral relations. (references)
	Kenya	In response to this pressure, members of the National Assembly established an Inter-Parties Parliamentary Group (IPPG), which formulated a number of reforms to expand Kenya's democratic space. (references)
Political Rights	China	In many villages, villagers are given ballots with a space for write-in votes; in at least one case, a write-in candidate won. (references)
	Uruguay	The Colorado party, the National (Blanco) party, the Broad Front coalition, and the New Space party are the four major political groupings. (references)
	Qatar	The Council is a nonpartisan body that addresses local issues such as street repair, green space, trash collection, and public works projects. (references)
Trade	Jamaica	Kingston Free Zone has a total of 790,470 sq. ft. of factory space. (references)
	Ukraine	Most foreign investors simply lease space in existing privately bonded warehouses. (references)
	Bangladesh	Chittagong port has 116,375 square meters of covered warehouse space, with a capacity to hold 50,000 metric tons. (references)
Travel	Pakistan	Rents for office space above ground level become progressively lower. (references)
	Eq. Guinea	Many newly arrived U.S. businesspersons establish temporary housing and office space at one of the hotels. (references)
	Guyana	Residential and business leases are relatively expensive due to a shortage of high quality housing and office space in Georgetown. (references)
Women	Maldives	The centers also provide libraries and space for meetings and other activities with a focus on the development of women. (references)
	Switzerland	A total of 812 women and 842 children took refuge in 13 women's shelters across the country during 2000. Those in charge of the shelters estimated that nearly as many women were denied access due to a lack of space and limited funding. (references)
Worker Rights	Honduras	Each EPZ provides space for between 4 and 10 companies. (references)
Lexicography	Devil's Dictionary	SYCOPHANT, n. One who approaches Greatness on his belly so that he may not be commanded to turn and be kicked. He is sometimes an editor. As the lean leech, its victim found, is pleased To fix itself upon a part diseased Till, its black hide distended with bad blood, It drops to die of surfeit in the mud, So the base sycophant with joy descries His neighbor's weak spot and his mouth applies, Gorges and prospers like the leech, although, Unlike that reptile, he will not let go. Gelasma, if it paid you to devote Your talent to the service of a goat, Showing by forceful logic that its beard Is more than Aaron's fit to be revered; If to the task of honoring its smell Profit had prompted you, and love as well, The world would benefit at last by you And wealthy malefactors weep anew -- Your favor for a moment's space denied And to the nobler object turned aside. Is't not enough that thrifty millionaires Who loot in freight and spoliate in fares, Or, cursed with consciences that bid them fly To safer villainies of darker dye, Forswearing robbery and fain, instead, To steal (they call it "cornering") our bread May see you groveling their boots to lick And begging for the favor of a kick? Still must you follow to the bitter end Your sycophantic disposition's trend, And in your eagerness to please the rich Hunt hungry sinners to their final ditch? In Morgan's praise you smite the sounding wire, And sing hosannas to great Havemeyher! What's Satan done that him you should eschew? He too is reeking rich -- deducting you.
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Spoken Usage: Space

Speaker	Phrase(s)
Regis Philbin	I've looked at all of the models. I don't think they've arrived at the right one yet. Nothing jumped out at me. I know there has got to be space reserved.
Robert Wagner	Dr. Evil, while you were in space, I created a way for us to make huge sums of legitimate money and still maintain the ethics and the business practices of an evil organization. I have turned us into a talent agency, the Hollywood Talent Agency.
Rush Limbaugh	We reap massive benefits from space exploration.
Sarah Ferguson	Well, after the disaster, we were given offices by Credit Swiss First Boston, which was very kind, temporary offices. And then Michael Bloomberg has given us full time office space there in his office, which is very kind.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Speeches: Space

Speaker	Term	Phrase(s)
Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809	Such materials, for your information, relative to its affairs in general as the short space of time has permitted me to collect will be laid before you when the subject shall be in a state for your consideration.
John F. Kennedy	1961-1963	With the approval of this Congress, we have undertaken in the past year a great new effort in outer space.
Lyndon B. Johnson	1963-1969	In this period we have relentlessly pursued our advances toward the conquest of space.
Jimmy Carter	1977-1981	As the Shuttle development phases down, however, there will be added flexibility to consider new space applications, space science and new space exploration activities.
Ronald Reagan	1981-1989	But for twenty-five years the United States space program has been doing just that.
George Bush	1989-1993	It's there for space exploration, and its there for education, another record high.
Bill Clinton	1993-2001	Seven thousand acres of farmland and open space are lost every day.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Usage Frequency: Space

"Space" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.87% of the time. "Space" is used about 12,610 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	99.87%	12,593	732
Lexical Verb (base form)	0.07%	9	117,287
Noun (proper)	0.04%	5	157,705
Lexical Verb (infinitive)	0.02%	3	202,518
Total	100.00%	12,610	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Name Usage Frequency: Space

The following table summarizes the usage of "space" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified.

Name	Usage/Gender	Usage per 100 million Persons	Rank in USA
Space	Last name	300	27,072
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Derived & Related Names: Space

The following table summarizes names derived from the word "space".
Name	Gender	Language	Meaning
Rehob	N/A	Biblical	Space
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Usage in Company Names: Space

Country	Name	Country	Name
Japan	Space Co., Ltd.	Netherlands	European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS NV
South Korea	Asia pacific Space Telecom Co. Ltd.	USA	Loral Space & Communications Ltd.
	(more examples...)

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

Expressions: Space

Expressions using "space": 3D coordinate space ♦ Absolute space ♦ address space ♦ admission space ♦ advertising space ♦ advertisment space ♦ after a short space ♦ air space ♦ ammunition and toxic material open space ♦ Anchor space ♦ Aston dark space ♦ Axes of coordinates in space ♦ Banach space ♦ be cramped for space ♦ be pressed for space ♦ blank space ♦ blocked space agreement ♦ breathing space ♦ buffer space ♦ cargo space ♦ chip space ♦ CIE 1964 uniform color space ♦ CIE 1964 uniform colour space ♦ cislunar space ♦ clear a space ♦ Clearance space ♦ complete metric space ♦ confined space ♦ crawl space ♦ crew space ♦ Crookes space ♦ dead space ♦ deep space ♦ deep space network ♦ disappear into space ♦ disc space ♦ disk space ♦ double space ♦ dwell space ♦ dwelling space ♦ empty space ♦ en space ♦ enclosed space ♦ Epidural Space ♦ euclidean space ♦ Euclidian space ♦ existence in space ♦ Extracellular Space ♦ Faraday dark space ♦ figure space ♦ flat address space ♦ Flat space ♦ floor space ♦ free space ♦ freight space ♦ gaze into space ♦ green space ♦ Hair space ♦ have space for ♦ head space ♦ head space in a bottle of wine ♦ Hilbert space ♦ hollow space ♦ homaloidal space ♦ Hubble Space Telescope ♦ intercellular space ♦ intergalactic space ♦ interlinear space ♦ internal space ♦ interplanetary space ♦ interstellar space ♦ Kennedy Space Ce ♦ knee space ♦ Laser Interferometer Space Antenna ♦ life space ♦ limited space ♦ line space ♦ linear address space ♦ linear space ♦ little space ♦ living space ♦ local coordinate space ♦ look into space ♦ luggage space ♦ make a space ♦ make space ♦ memory address space ♦ metric space ♦ momentum space ♦ motion space ♦ National Aeronautics and Space Administration ♦ normed space ♦ null space ♦ open space ♦ Orthodontic Space Closure ♦ outer space ♦ parking space ♦ parotid space ♦ patch space ♦ pericardial space ♦ periodically unattended machinery space. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
	Beginning with "space": space-age, space-aged, space-arc, space-arcs, space-as, space-bar, space-based, space-black, space-boss, space-buying, space-cadet, space-cadet keyboard, space-camera, space-capable, space-charge, space-charged-limited, space-chick, space-cold, space-conscious, space-consuming, space-contorting, space-covering, space-craft, space-defining, space-dub, space-earth, space-economy, space-edge, space-faring, space-fiction, space-fictions, space-filled, space-fillers, space-filling, space-flavoured, space-fleet, space-flight, space-forging, space-frame, space-game, space-gods, space-handling, space-happy, space-heated, space-heating, space-helmet, space-hopper, space-hungry, space-instead, space-invader, Space-lab, space-launch, space-like, space-making, space-menace, space-mission, space-occupant, space-occupants, space-occupying, space-of, space-per-employee, space-pinching, space-points, space-port, space-probe, space-probes, space-reflection symmetry, space-related, space-research, space-rocket, space-satellite, space-saver, space-savers, space-saving, space-science, space-sharing, space-ship, space-ships, space-shot, space-shuttle, space-station, space-station, space-strike, space-suits, space-that, space-time, Space-Time Clustering, space-time continuum, space-times, space-time-social, space-time-space, space-travel, space-travellers, space-travelling, space-vessel, space-walk, space-walking.
	Ending with "space": aero-space, air-space, breathing-space, floor-space, living-space, name-space, roof-space, search-space, shared-space, shelf-space, sub-space, time-space, work-space.
	Containing "space": time-space-time.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Space

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day	Expression	Frequency per Day
national aeronautics and space administration	13,901	web space	825
trading space	9,932	space ship	671
parasite space	8,759	cheap web space	641
space	7,427	space picture	640
space shuttle	2,693	space needle	623
free web space	2,509	space bag	617
deep space	2,501	space technology	595
space poster	2,278	lost in space	565
space art	2,070	space walk	526
kennedy space center	1,991	space exploration	482
space travel	1,502	2001 space odyssey	474
office space	1,334	columbia space shuttle	453
hubble space telescope	1,149	web site space	440
seattle space needle	1,124	space wallpaper	424
space station	1,085	national aeronautics and space administration kid	402
space shuttle model	997	space center houston	400
outer space	928	space image	367
space invader	927	grant space	362
cone space	891	free space	359
international space station	847	office space for lease	353
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Modern Translation: Space

Language		Translations for "space"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Albanian		vend (clime, country, course, diggings, ground, job, land, location, locus, nation, native land, neck, part, place, point, position, post, receptacle, region, room, seat, spot, station, stead, terrain, territory), ndaj (allot, apportion, at, bar, by, come between, cut, detach, disarticulate, disembody, disjoin, disjoint, dismember, dispart, dissever, dissociate, distinguish, distribute, disunite, divide, divorce, divvy, fissure, fractionate, grade, hand out, joint, on, part, partition, reconcile, rope off, section, segregate, separate, sever, share, sort out, split, sunder, toward, towards, unjoint, unlink, unscramble, unto, winnow), mundësi (capability, capacity, chance, eventuality, handle, ingress, likelihood, look in, odds, opportunity, possibility, potential, potentiality, power, presumption, probability, scope, wherewithal), largësi (carry, distance, faraway, milage, mileage, offset, race, way), kozmos (cosmos, universe), kozmik (cosmic), hapësirë (area, clearance, elbow room, expanse, expansion, extent, headway, ocean, play, precinct, range, span, Weald, wideness), gjatësi (endurance, height, length, longitude), distancë (carry, distance, race, traverse, way), boshllëk (blank, clearance, emptiness, gap, hiatus, Lacuna, vac, vacancy, void, white). (various references)

Arabic		‏مسافة (distance, interval, milage, mileage, range, stretch), ‏بياض (oviparous, whiteness, whites), ‏الفضاء, ‏الفسحة المنبسطة (fly), ‏سعة (ampleness, amplitude, capacity, fullness, fulness, gage, gauge, ocean, opulence, richness, roundness, thoroughness), ‏تباعد (diverge, splay), ‏حيز (beat, get, room), ‏مدى (ambit, amplitude, carry, extent, gage, gauge, incidence, latitude, length, ocean, range, reach, scope, stretch, sweep), ‏باعد بين (spread), ‏مساحة (area, compass, distance, extent, measurement, mop, size, wiper), مجال (field, room, scope), ‏مكان (area, locale, locality, locus, place, position, room, seat, site, spot, venue), ‏مكان الإعلان في الجريدة, ‏فراغ (air, blank, completion, emptiness, finishing, free time, gap, idleness, inane, inanity, leisure, nothingness, spare time, vacancy, vacuity, vacuum, void), ‏فراغ بين الأسطر, ‏فراغ بين الكلمات, ‏فترة الأعلان في التلفزيون, ‏فترة من الزمن, ‏مجال (area, domain, field, province, purview, range, reach, room, scope, stretch). (various references)

Bulgarian		разстояние (distance, expanse, fetch, interval, length, range, remove, step, way), разреждам (attenuate, dilute, qualify, rarefy, reduce, water down), разредка (interline, spacer), космически (aerospace, cosmic), място (collocation, elbow room, ground, locale, locality, location, locus, place, point, position, post, room, seat, site, spot, stand, station, stead), за разстояние, пространство (amplitude, area, expansion, extent, ground, reach, sheet, stretch), празно място (gap, vacancy, white), период от време (tract), площ (acreage, area, location). (various references)

Catalan		espai (room). (various references)

Chinese		間 (among, between, interstice, separate), 空間 , 空间 (spatial), 篇幅 (ink, length, time), 場地 (place, site). (various references)

Czech		vesmír (cosmos, macrocosm, outer space, universe). (various references)

Danish		rum (room). (various references)

Dutch		ruimte (location, outer space, place, room, spot), wereldruim (room), speling (caprice, room, whim), bestek (bulk, dimension, extend, reckoning, room, size, specifications). (various references)

Esperanto		spaco (room). (various references)

Faeroese		rúmd (room, universe), frástøða (distance, offset, room). (various references)

Farsi		فضا (Area, Place, Region, Room), فاصله داشتن , فاصله دادن , فاصله (Distance, Hiatus, Interim, Interlude, Intermezzo, Interregnum, Interstice, Interval, Lacuna), فرصت (Breather, Chance, Leisure, Opportunity, Season, Shot, Start, Time, Vantage), مهلت (Break, Respite, Usance, Vacation), مساحت (Area), مدت معین (Span), وسعت (Expanse, Extent, Gamut, Latitude, Limit, Purview, Tether, Tract, Width), زمان کوتاه , جا (Berth, Case, Emplacement, House, Lieu, Locality, Location, Lodge, Place, Receptacle, Room, Seat, Site, Situation, Socket, Station, Stead, Vacancy, Vacantness), دوره (Age, Career, Circuit, Epoch, Era, Periphery, Set, Stadium, Stretch, Term), درفضاجادادن . (various references)

Finnish		väli (distance, gap, intermediate, interval). (various references)

French		espace (span), blanc (spacing material). (various references)

German		Raum (area, berth, chamber, cubically, expanse, hold, room, scope, sphere), Leerzeichen (blank, blanks), zwischenraum (blank, clearance, gap, interstice, interval), Weltraum (outer space), Spatien, platz (accommodation, center, centre, cirrus, course, court, field, green, links, location, pew, Piazza, pitch, place, plaza, position, public square, room, seat, site, spot, square, stand, station, town, yard), Leerstelle (argument place, blankspace, gap), Abstand (desistance, difference, displacement, distance, gap, indemnity, interval, offset, spacing). (various references)

Greek		διάστημα (aerospace, air space, distance, interval, outer space, period, spell), χώρος (grounds, room). (various references)

Hebrew		מרוח (clearance, distance, gap, gauge, latitude, respite, room, smeared, span, spread), מרחב (area, expanse, magnitude, region, scope), יקום (cosmos, creation, living things, macrocosm, universe), לרווח (be current, be widespread, feel better, feel relief, prevail), תקופה (age, cycle, epoch, era, period, season, stage, streak, term, time), תפוסה (displacement, estate, occupation, possession, tonnage), פרק זמן (period, spell), עולם (eternity, existence, universe, world), רוח (distance, gap, interval, margin). (various references)

Hungarian		tér (carfax, clearance, field, ground, place, plaza, public square, range, room, scope, square, stretch), hely (beehive, berth, boonies, chair, enclosure, hick, houseroom, locality, location, loco, place, room, shrine, site, spot, stance, stead, test hole). (various references)

Icelandic		rými (room). (various references)

Indonesian		tempat (berth, holder, location, place, site), kelegaan (relief), celah (aperture, chink, cleft, crevice, fissure, gap, rift, slit, slot), antariksa (interplanetary, planetary atmosphere). (various references)

Irish		spás. (various references)

Italian		spazio (blank, desistance, displacement, distance, gap, Interspace, interval, place, room, slot). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		間隔　 (interval, SPC), 間隔 (interval, SPC), 間 (interval, pause, room, time), 空間 (airspace, room, room for rent or lease, vacancy), 空白 (blank space, null, vacuum), 紙面 , 宙 (air, midair), 宇宙　 (cosmos, universe), 宇宙 (cosmos, universe), スプロール現象 (space colony, space fantasy, space gun, Space Lab, space opera, space plane, space ship, space shuttle, space telescope, space travel, spacecraft, spaceman, spacing, spade, spare, spare rib, spare seat, spare tire, spear, spectrum analyzer, sprawl, sword), 寛ぎ (ease, room). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		くうかん (airspace, room), くうはく (blank space, null, vacuum), くつろぎ (ease, room), しめん (all sides, four sides, page of a magazine, surface of a tooth), ま (demon, devil, due, evil spirit evil influence, genuine, just, pause, pure, right, room, time, true), うちゅう (cosmos, game called off because of rain, in the rain, showeringupon, universe), かんかく (audience, interval, sensation, sense, SPC, spectators, visitors), あいだ (interval), スペース , ちゅう (air, annotation, before, comment, companion, explanatory note, explanatory notes, mediocre, medium, midair, sake, same kind, similar kinds). (various references)

Korean		공간 (Clear, spatial). (various references)

Manx		tammylt (span, spell, time, way, way distance, while), scarrey veih my cheilley (interspace, part, stagger), reamys (elbow-room, liberty, room, scope, way), feaynid (desert, expanse, expansiveness, extent, vagueness, wild). (various references)

Norwegian		rom (chamber, room, rooms). (various references)

Pig Latin		acespay.(various references)

Portuguese		espaço (air, breadth, clear, compasses, distance, elbow-room, room, roominess). (various references)

Portuguese Brazilian		espaço. (various references)

Romanian		suprafaţã (area, face, field, grass, rind, surface, tract), spaţiu (aisle, capacity, distance, elbow room, expansion, extent, room, sky, space bar, spread), spaţial (geographic, geographical, spatial), spaţia (indent, lead, set out), zonã (area, belt, country, digging, district, neighborhood, neighbourhood, parish, patch, province, sector, surface, zone), vid (blankness, exhausted, inanition, vacancy, vacuum, void), rãstimp (duration, interregnum, interval, spell, time, while), larg (ample, broad, broadly, comprehensive, extensive, full, large, loose, mighty, open-mindedly, roomy, spacious, spaciousness, vast, wide), interval (aisle, distance, gap, headway, interregnum, Interspace, interval, lapse, pause, space bar, while), domeniu (area, branch, damper, demesne, department, direction, domain, estate, field, kingdom, line, parish, realm, scope, sphere), distanţã (aloofness, difference, distance, elongation, interval, length, odds, offishness, range, remoteness, remove, run, standoffishness, step), depãrtare (distance, remoteness), cosmos (cosmos, universe), cosmic (cosmic), întindere (area, compass, expanse, expansion, extension, extent, field, flatting, length, measure, pull up, reach, scope, spread, stretch, stretching, surface, sweep, width). (various references)

Russian		расстояние (distance, length, mileage, run, spacing, way, width), расставлять промежутки, космос (cosmos, universe), космический (cosmic), объем (amplitude, bulk, capacity, circumference, content, corpus, size, volume, volume of), место (betting shop, clubland, fernery, location, place, point, position, room, seat, site, spot, stand, station, stead), пространство;пробел, пространство (amplitude, expanse, field, room), промежуток (clearance, gap, interim, interstice, interval, lapse, pause), пробел (blank, blank space, gap, hiatus, lacuna, minus, pause, space bar, void), интервал (interregnum, interspace, interval, monospace, spacing, span). (various references)

Scottish		tamull (a while, distance, space of time), eadh (it is, it is not, so: ni h-eadh, yea, yes). (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		svemirski, svemir (outer space, universe), vasiona (heavens, macrocosm, outer space, universe), razmaknuti (move apart, open), razmak (breach, interspace, interval), prostranstvo (spread, vastness), prostorni (spatial), prostor (expanse, locale, room, scope, tract), prorediti (thin), prored (interval, lead), mesto (locale, location, locus, place, position, post, spot, station, stead), kosmos (cosmos, universe). (various references)

Spanish		espacio (accommodation, break, clearance, cosmos, delay, distance, elbow room, gap, hiatus, Interspace, interval, item, length, period, room, short program, slot, slowness, spacing, spaciousness, span, spot, void), espaciar (entlarge, expand, set out, spread, stretch, string out). (various references)

Swedish		utrymme (accommodation, bay, capacity, place, room, scope, storage), tid (age, day, days, epoch, period, season, span, term, time, while), rymd (aerospace, capacity, region, sphere, volume), mellanrum (gap, interstice, interval, separation, spaces, spacing). (various references)

Thai		เว้นระยะ, ที่ว่าง (room), อวกาศ, ระยะห่าง (spread). (various references)

Turkish		süre (bout, continuance, duration, interval, length, notice, period, respite, run, screen time, span, stretch, term, time, while), boxluk (emptiness, room, vacuum), açiklik (aperture, opening, room), alan (acceptor, ambit, area, arena, buyer, compass, consignee, court, courtyard, domain, extent, field, maidan, pitch, plaza, public square, purchaser, range, reach, realm, recipient, region, scope, sphere, square, susceptive, theater, theatre, tract, yard), ara (break, breather, breathing space, bye-, cessation, chasm, check, discontinuance, discontinuation, discontinuity, distance, gap, interim, interlocutory, interlude, intermediary, intermediate, intermission, interregnum, interruption, Interspace, interval, lull, mediate, meso-, recess, recessional, recreation, respite, secondary, spacing, spread, stand down, surcease, time lag, time out, truce, 'tween), ara vermek (break, discontinue, have a break, intermit, interrupt, lay off, lay over, lie off, make a pause, pause, prorogue, recess, remit, space out, surcease, suspend), aralık (ajar, aperture, crack, daylight, Dec, December, gangway, gap, half-open, hiatus, Interspace, interstice, interval, Lacuna, rift, separation, spacing, time), aralık bırakmak (Interspace), aralıklı dizmek, aralik (December, interval, room), açıklık (aperture, baldness, berth, clarity, clearance, clearness, definiteness, demonstrativeness, directness, distance, distinction, distinctiveness, distinctness, erectness, evidence, fairness, gap, interstice, lightness, lucidity, lucidness, manifestness, obviousness, openness, palpability, patency, perspicuity, plainness, preciseness, publicity, rift, roundness, spread, straightforwardness, the open, vacancy, yard), boşluk bırakmak (Interspace, leave a blank, space out), yer (earth, footing, geo-, Glebe, ground, ground-, locale, locality, location, locus, mother earth, pew, place, position, post, premises, quarter, room, seat, site, situation, situs, slot, spot, stand, standing, station, stead, terrain, terraneous, ubiety, where, whereabouts), espas, espas koymak (space out), feza, mekân (hangout, locality, place, site), mesafe (breadth, distance, interval, journey, margin, remove, shoot, span, way), reklâm süresi, uzaklık (breadth, distance, remove), uzay (spaceborne, the infinite), boşluk (abysm, abyss, antrum, backlash, blank, blankness, cavity, chamber, chasm, clear, clearance, daylight, desideratum, emptiness, gap, gulf, hiatus, hole, hollow, hollowness, idleness, inanition, Lacuna, nothingness, nullity, separation, sinus, slack, slackness, vacancy, vacuity, vacuum, void, voidness). (various references)

Turkmen		seleс (coolness). (various references)

Ukrainian		космічний (cosmic, mundane, spatial, spheral), космос (cosmos, universe), залишати проміжки, простір (amplitude, area, elbow room, expanse, expansion, place, region, stretch, vast), просторий (acred, ample, broad, capacious, commodious, expansive, extensive, far flung, loose, omnibus, rangy, spacious, wide), проміжок (clearance, gap, in between, interstice). (various references)

Vietnamese		phiến cách chữ, khoảng không khoảng, không trung, không gian (air, matter). (various references)

Welsh		ysbaid, talm (number, quantity, while), plwc (pluck, while), lle (accommodation, location, place, room, spot), gwagle (void), gofod, encyd (while), cyfwng (interval). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Ancestral Language Translations: Space

Language	Period	Translations
Latin	500 BCE-Modern	caeli, caelique, caelis, caelo, caelorum, caelos, caelum, capacitas, coelesyriae, coelesyriam, intercapedo, intervallo, intervallum, pedatura, spatia, spatii, spatiis, spatio, spatium, tractus. (various references)
Avestan	200-600	adhwanem, asangh. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Bible Trace: Space

Language	Date	Source	Acts Chapter 28, Verse 30
Greek (transliterated)	250 BC	Septuagint	Emeinen de o pauloV dietian olhn en idiw misqwmati kai apedeceto pantaV touV eisporeuomenouV proV auton
Latin	405	Vulgate	Mansit autem biennio toto in suo conducto et suscipiebat omnes qui ingrediebantur ad eum
Middle English	1395	Wyclif	And he dwellide ful twei yeer in his hirid place; and he resseyuede alle that entryden to hym,
Renaissance English	1526	Tyndale	And Paul dwelt two yeares full in his lodgynge and receaved all that came to him
Jacobean English	1611	King James	And Paul dwelt two whole years in his own hired house, and received all that came in unto him,
Victorian English	1833	Webster	And Paul dwelt two whole years in his own hired house, and received all that came in to him,
Basic English	1964	Ogden	And for the space of two years, Paul was living in the house of which he had the use, and had talk with all those who went in to see him,
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Matched Bible Translations: Space

Language	Acts Chapter 28, Verse 30
Albanian	Dhe Pali ndenji plot dy vjet në shtëpinë që kishte marrë me qira dhe priste të gjithë ata që vinin tek ai,
Cebuano	¶ Ug si Pablo mipuyo didto sulod sa tibuok duha ka tuig, nga migasto alang sa iyang kaugalingon, ug nag-abiabi sa tanang nangadto kaniya.
Croatian	Pavao osta pune dvije godine u svom unajmljenom stanu gdje je primao sve koji su dolazili k njemu,
Danish	Men han blev hele to År i sit lejede Herberge og modtog alle, som kom til ham,
Dutch	En Paulus bleef twee gehele jaren in zijn eigen gehuurde woning; en ontving allen, die tot hem kwamen;
Finnish	Ja Paavali asui omassa vuokra-asunnossaan kaksi täyttä vuotta ja otti vastaan kaikki, jotka hänen tykönsä tulivat;
French	Paul demeura deux ans entiers dans une maison qu`il avait louée. Il recevait tous ceux qui venaient le voir,
German	Paulus aber blieb zwei Jahre in seinem eigenen Gedinge und nahm auf alle, die zu ihm kamen,
Hungarian	Marada pedig Pál két egész esztendeig az õ tulajdon bérelt szállásán, és mindazokat befogadja vala, kik õ hozzá menének.
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari	Dua tahun lamanya Paulus tinggal di Roma, di rumah yang disewanya sendiri. Ia senang menerima semua orang yang datang mengunjunginya.
Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama	Maka tinggallah Paulus di dalam rumah yang disewanya itu dua tahun genap, sambil menyambut segala orang yang datang melawat dia,
Italian	Paolo trascorse due anni interi nella casa che aveva preso a pigione e accoglieva tutti quelli che venivano a lui,
Maori	¶ A e rua tino tau i noho ai a Paora ki tona whare i utua e ia, a manaakitia ana e ia te hunga katoa e tomo ana ki a ia;
Norwegian	Han blev da to fulle år i sitt leide herberge, og tok imot alle som kom til ham,
Portuguese	E morou dois anos inteiros na casa que alugara, e recebia a todos os que o visitavam,
Rumanian	Pavel a rqmas doi ani kntregi kntr`o casq, pe care o luase cu chirie. Primea pe toyi cari veneau sq -l vadq,
Shuar	¶ Tura Pápruka nuin jea ikiamsamunam Jimiará Uwí pujusmiayi. Tura Ashí aents niin iyutaj tusa wearmia nuna ni jeen itiaamiayi.
Swahili	Kwa muda wa miaka miwili mizima Paulo aliishi katika nyumba aliyoipanga yeye mwenyewe; akawa anawakaribisha wote waliofika kumsalimu.
Swedish	I två hela år bodde han sedan kvar i en bostad som han själv hade hyrt. Och alla som kommo till honom tog han emot;
Uma	¶ Ngkai ree, Paulus tida hi Roma rompae kahae-na hi rala tomi to nasewa. Goe' -i mpotarima hawe'ea tauna to doko' mpencuai' -i.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Derivations & Misspellings: Space

Derivations
	Words beginning with "space": spaceband, spacebands, spacecraft, spacecrafts, spaced, spaceflight, spaceflights, spaceless, spaceman, spacemen, spaceport, spaceports, spacer, spacers, spaces, spaceship, spaceships, spacesuit, spacesuits, spacewalk, spacewalked, spacewalker, spacewalkers, spacewalking, spacewalks, spaceward, spacey. (additional references)
	Words ending with "space": aerospace, airspace, backspace, crawlspace, cyberspace, headspace, hydrospace, hyperspace, interspace, letterspace, midspace, misspace, respace, subspace. (additional references)
	Words containing "space": aerospaces, airspaces, backspaced, backspaces, crawlspaces, cyberspaces, headspaces, hydrospaces, hyperspaces, interspaced, interspaces, letterspaces, midspaces, misspaced, misspaces, respaced, respaces, subspaces. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Space" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Psac, pspice, Rspce, sace, saec, scace, scape, seace, sepac, smace, snaca, spache, spack, spacy, spage, spaken, spame, sparce, spase, spave, spaze, spca, Specac, speche, speci, specre, Speshnev, spica, spiche, spiece, splake, Sposi, stace. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Rhyming with "Space"

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "space" (pronounced spā"s)
3	-p ā" s	apace, pace.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Anagrams: Space

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Direct Anagrams: capes, paces, scape.
	Words within the letters "a-c-e-p-s"
	-1 letter: aces, apes, apse, cape, caps, case, ceps, pace, pacs, pase, peas, pecs, spae, spec.
	-2 letters: ace, ape, asp, cap, cep, pac, pas, pea, pec, pes, sac, sae, sap, sea, sec, spa.
	-3 letters: ae, as, es, pa, pe.
	Words containing the letters "a-c-e-p-s"
	+1 letter: apices, aspect, becaps, capers, chapes, cheaps, crapes, epacts, escape, escarp, pacers, parsec, peaces, pecans, places, recaps, scaped, scapes, scrape, secpar, spaced, spacer, spaces, spacey, spicae.
	+2 letters: accepts, apaches, apercus, aseptic, aspects, auspice, beclasp, campers, canapes, capless, caplets, capotes, cappers, capsize, capsule, carpels, carpers, carpets, chapels, cheapos, clasped, clasper, cowpeas, cuspate, cypsela, decamps, encamps, enclasp, eparchs, episcia, escalop, escaped, escapee, escaper, escapes, escarps, hepcats, icecaps, inscape, ipecacs, packers, packets, palaces, parcels, parches, parsecs, patches, peaches, peascod, pechans, pectase, placers, placets, plaices, poaches, pomaces, prances, preacts, precast, reclasp, redcaps, repacks, respace, scaleup, scalped, scalpel, scalper, scamped, scamper, scapose, scarped, scarper, scauper, schappe, scraped, scraper, scrapes, scrapie, secpars, shoepac, spacers, spacier, spackle, spancel, special, spectra, specula, spicate, teacups, toecaps, upscale.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern

5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Images: Digital Art

9. Sounds
10. Quotations: Familiar
11. Quotations: Historic
12. Quotations: Fiction

13. Quotations: Non-fiction
14. Quotations: Spoken
15. Quotations: Speeches
16. Usage Frequency

17. Names: Frequency
18. Names: Derived from
19. Names: Company Usage
20. Expressions

21. Expressions: Internet
22. Translations: Modern
23. Translations: Ancient
24. Bible Trace

25. Abbreviations
26. Acronyms
27. Derivations
28. Rhymes

29. Anagrams
30. Bibliography

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.