Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Sovereign |
SovereignAdjective1. Of political bodies; "an autonomous judiciary"; "a sovereign state". 2. Greatest in status or authority or power; "a supreme tribunal". Noun1. A nation's ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "sovereign" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1050. (references) |
Etymology: Sovereign \Sov"er*eign\, adjective. [Old English soverain, sovereyn, Old French soverain, suvrain, French souverain, Late Latin superanus, from Latin superus that is above, upper, higher, from super above. See Over, Super, and compare to Soprano. The modern spelling is due to a supposed. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Dream Interpretation | To dream of a sovereign, denotes increasing prosperity and new friends. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted .... |
Industry | Is the brand name of paper producted by HMSO. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The British monarch or sovereign is the head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and is the source of all executive, judicial and (as the Queen-in-Parliament) legislative power. The monarch is also Supreme Governor of the Church of England as well as Head of the Commonwealth and head of state of 15 other Commonwealth Realms. Although the monarch plays an important ceremonial role, in practice the United Kingdom uses the Westminster system of constitutional monarchy, so the power of the monarch in British politics is greatly limited by convention.
Queen Elizabeth IIThere are two situations in which the monarch may have political power. By convention, the monarch dissolves parliament and issues a writ for new elections at the request of the Prime Minister, however it is an open question as to whether the monarch must always grant such a dissolution. Another possible situation is if no party gains a majority in Parliament. The monarch would by convention offer the post of Prime Minister to the head of the party most likely to form a government, but it is possible that this may not be the party with the most seats.
The monarch must formally assent to all acts of Parliament before they can become law. Royal assent is given in Norman French by a representative of the monarch. The last time royal assent was withheld was by Queen Anne. Although there is a popular consensus in support of the continuing existence of the monarchy, there is a wide belief that this would rapidly change were the monarch to exercise power in opposition to the democratically elected government.
The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II (since February 6 1952) and the Heir Apparent is Charles, Prince of Wales (son of the Queen, born November 14 1948). Although Charles is the formal heir-apparent, there has been continuing speculation that when the Queen dies or abdicates then the crown will pass not to Charles, but to his eldest son. Advocates for this suggest that Charles is unsuitable as a monarch because of his divorce from Diana, Princess of Wales. There is also a large Royal Family made up of the Queen's other children and cousins.
The present monarch's style is Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
Succession to the British throne is restricted to Protestant descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, with male heirs having precedence over females, and those who have married a Roman Catholic excluded, though there have been moves to amend these restrictions in recent years.
Labour minister Lord Williams of Mostyn said in 1998 that the government would like to change the law to give equal precedence regardless of sex. However, the government also believes that such a change would take up a lot of parliamentary time, and would require the approval of the other countries of which the British monarch is head of state. Despite public calls for change by two female cabinet ministers, Patricia Hewitt and Tessa Jowell, no moves have yet been taken.
The Guardian newspaper has campaigned in recent years for an abolition of the restriction on non-Protestants from succeeding to the throne. It argues that the restriction may be incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights, which is now part of British law. A "ten minute rule" bill to overturn this restriction was introduced in the British House of Commons by Labour MP Kevin McNamara in 2001, and won a symbolic victory when forced to a vote, but did not become law.
Upon the death of a Monarch, an Accession Council meets at St James's Palace. Attending are the members of the House of Lords, Privy Counsellors, the Lord Mayor of London, Aldermen of the City of London, and High Commissioners of Commonwealth countries. The Council makes a proclamation declaring the death of the previous monarch and names the individual who is to succeed to the Crown. The proclamation is then read aloud at various places in London, Edinburgh, Windsor, and York.
See also
- Politics of the United Kingdom
- List of British monarchs
- List of Monarchs of England
- List of Succession to the British Throne
External links
- Official UK royal website
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "British monarchy."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A gold sovereign is a British gold coin, first issued in 1489 for Henry VII, generally with a value of twenty shillings or one pound. The name sovereign related to the majestic and impressive size and portraiture of the coin, the earliest of which showed the king facing, seated on a throne while the reverse shows the Royal coat of arms on a shield surrounded by a Tudor double rose.Sovereigns were discontinued after 1604, being replaced by unitess, and later by laurelss, and then guineas. Production of sovereigns restarted in 1817, their reverse design being a portrayal of Saint George killing a dragon, engraved by Benedetto Pistrucci. This same design is still in use on British gold sovereigns, although different reverse designs have been used during the reigns of William IV, Victoria, George IV and Elizabeth II.
Half sovereigns, double sovereigns, and five pound (quintuple sovereigns?) coins were also produced.
External Link
- Goldsovereigns.co.uk - Much information and many images
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Gold sovereign."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely:
- The small kingdoms which existed prior to the formation of England, Scotland or Wales;
- England up to 1707;
- Scotland up to 1707;
- The Kingdom of Great Britain (when England & Scotland merged in 1707);
- The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (when Great Britain and Ireland merged in 1801)
- The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (The UK after the Irish Free State was formed and became a separate kingdom in the 1920s).
Complications over Title and Style
Royal titles are also complicated because in some cases, names of kingdoms are used that did not officially come into existence until later, or came into existence earlier without immediate adoption of the royal title.
The list of monarchs below cannot be exhaustive. For succession to the many thrones often did not pass smoothly from parent to child; lack of heirs, civil wars, murders and invasions affected the inheritance in ways that a simple list does not show. The relationships that formed the basis for claims to throne are noted where we know them, and the dates of reign indicated.
- For example, in October 1604, one year after James VI of Scotland had become king of England, he decreed that the Royal Title would use the term 'Great Britain' to refer to the "one Imperiall Crowne" made up of England and Scotland. However using that title is problematic because the 'state' of Great Britain was only created in the 1707 Act of Union. Nor was the united crown generally referred to as 'imperial'. Furthermore, monarchs continued to use ordinals attached to the two previous kingdoms, for instance James VII/II. To avoid confusion, historians in general thus refer to all monarchs up to 1707 as monarchs of 'England' and 'Scotland' (so explaining their two ordinals where they existed), with the monarch's title at all times accurately following the 'official' name or names of the state or states they reigned over, where it differed from the official royal title. (Hence though many English and British monarchs claimed 'France' as part of their official title, as that had no reality in substance it isn't used.) After the Union, the ordinal has either been the English number, or the greater of the two numbers - the results have been the same and there is no formal rule.
- In different documents, the terms 'Kingdom of Great Britain' and 'United Kingdom of Great Britain' feature, even documents as official as the 1707 Act of Union. Most historians presume the 'United' was meant to be descriptive (indicating a union as a form of unity by marriage rather than coercion). For clarity and because the 'United' is far more strongly associated with the later name United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland produced in the 1801 Act of Union, the 1707 kingdom is generally referred to as the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- Similarly, though the Irish Free State ceased to be part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1922, neither the full name of the United Kingdom nor the royal title was changed until the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act, 1927. In this instance historians generally retrospectively date the coming into being of the modern United Kingdom to December 1922, even though in this case the formal change did not occur for another five years.
Scottish monarchs
Prior to the formation of Scotland, Dalriada, Strathclyde, Bernicia and the seven kingdoms of the Picts occupied the northern third of Britain.
The kingdom of Scotland is taken to have begun when Kenneth mac Alpin became king of the Picts and the Dalriadan Scots. However the kingdoms of Strathclyde and Bernicia were still independent of it. Strathclyde became part of Scotland in the reign of Duncan I.
- Kings of the Picts
- Kings of Dalriada
- Kings of Strathclyde
The House of Alpin
- Kenneth I (843-858)
- his brother, Donald I (858-862)
- Kenneth I's son, Constantine I (862-877)
- Kenneth I's son, Aedh (877-878)
- his nephew, Eochaid and first cousin Giric (878-889) (Joint rule)
- Constantine I's son, Donald II (889-900)
- Aed I's son, Constantine II (900-943)
- Donald II's son, Malcolm I (943-954)
- Constantine II's son, Indulf (954-962)
- Malcolm I's son, Dubh (962-966)
- Indulf's son, Culen (966-971)
- Malcolm I's son, Kenneth II (971-995)
- Culen I's son, Constantine III (995-997)
- Dubh I's son, Kenneth III (997-1005)
- Kenneth II's son, Malcolm II (1005-1034)
- Malcolm II's grandson, Duncan I (1034-1040)
- Malcolm II's grandson, Macbeth (1040-1057)
- Kenneth III's grandson, Lulach (1057-1058)
The House of Dunkeld
- Duncan I's son, Malcolm III (1058-1093)
- Duncan I's son, Donald III (1093-1094 and 1094-1097)
- Malcolm III's son, Duncan II (1094)
- Malcolm III's son, Edgar (1097-1107)
- Malcolm III's son, Alexander I (1107-1124)
- Malcolm III's son, David I (1124-1153)
- David I's grandson, Malcolm IV (1153-1165)
- David I's grandson, William I (1165-1214)
- his son, Alexander II (1214-1249)
- his son, Alexander III (1249-1286)
- his granddaughter, Margaret (1286-1290)
The Wars of Scottish Independence
When Margaret died, there was no clear heir, and King Edward I of England took over, installing a puppet.
John Balliol rebelled, and Scotland was plunged into war. In the end, independence was secured under a new dynasty.
- David I's great-great-great grandson, John Balliol (1292-1296)
The House of Bruce
- David I's great-great-great-great grandson, Robert I (1306-1329)
- his son, David II (1329-1371)
The House of Balliol
- John Balliol's son Edward Balliol (1332-1356)
The House of Stewart (Stuart)
In 1707, with the Act of Union, the thrones of England and Scotland were formally united as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, keeping the numbering system of England. See GB and UK monarchs below.
- Robert I's grandson, Robert II (1371-1390)
- his son, Robert III (1390-1406)
- his son, James I (1406-1437)
- his son, James II (1437-1460)
- his son, James III (1460-1488)
- his son, James IV (1488-1513)
- his son, James V (1513-1542)
- his daughter, Mary (1542-1567)
- her son, James VI (1567-1625) aka James I of England
- his son, Charles I (1625-1649)
- his son, Charles II (1651-1685)
- Charles I's son, James VII (1685-1688)
- his daughter, Mary II (1689-1694) and her husband (and cousin) William II (William III of England) of the House of Orange (1689-1702), reigned together during Mary's life as "William and Mary"
- William was succeeded by James VII's younger daughter Anne (1702-1707)
Rulers of Wales
Prior to 1282, Wales was independent of England, consisting of a number of separate principalities. See List of rulers of Wales for full details.
English monarchs
After the departure of the Romans and prior to the formation of England, various British, Viking and Anglo-Saxon kingdoms existed in the southern two-thirds of Britain. Between 400 and 1000 the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms gradually conquered the others, amalgamating to form England.
- Kings of Essex
The Bretwalda
The Bretwalda were chosen from among the rulers of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. There was not always a Bretwalda.
- Ælle of Sussex (477-514)
- Cerdic of Wessex (519-534)
- Ceawlin of Wessex (560-591)
- Ethelbert of Kent (591-616)
- Raedwald of East Anglia (616-627)
- Edwin of Deira (627-632)
- Oswald of Bernicia (633-641)
- Oswiu of Northumbria (641-670)
- Æthelbald of Mercia (c735-757)
- Æthelbald's cousin, Offa of Mercia (757-796)
- Ceawlin's 7x(great)-grandson, Egbert of Wessex (829-839)
- his son, Ethelwulf of Wessex (839-855)
- his son, Ethelbald of Wessex (855-860)
- Ethelwulf's son, Ethelbert of Wessex (860-866)
- Ethelwulf's son, Ethelred of Wessex (866-871)
The Saxon kings
By this time, the kings of Wessex had become established as kings of England.
- Ethelwulf's son, Ælfred (Alfred) the Great (871-899)
- his son, Edward the Elder (899-924)
- his son, Ethelweard (924)
- his brother, Athelstan (924-939)
- Edward's son, Edmund I (939-946)
- Edward's son, Edred (946-955)
- Edmund's son, Edwy (955-959)
- Edmund's son, Edgar (959-975)
- his son, Edward the Martyr (975-978)
- Edgar's son, Ethelred II (978-1013)
- restored Ethelred II (1014-1016
- his son, Edmund II (1016)
The Danelaw
For a period of time, both Danish and Saxon kings claimed the throne of England.
- Svein, also King of Denmark (1013-1014)
- his son, Canute the Great (1016-1035)
- his illegitimate son, Harold I Harefoot (1035-1040)
- Canute's son, Hardacanute (1040-1042)
The Saxon restoration
- Ethelred II's son and Canute II's half-brother, Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)
- his brother-in-law and Sweyn I's grand-nephew, Harold II (1066)
- Edmund II's grandson, Edgar Ætheling, uncrowned (1066)
The Norman kings
After the Norman Conquest in 1066, numbering of kings begins anew, although this affects only the Edwards. (This is because the numbering of monarchs was originally a French tradition, brought to England by the Normans. The numbers given to pre-conquest kings were added by later historians.)
- Edward the Confessor and Hardacanute's first cousin twice removed, William I (1066-1087)
- his son, William II (1087-1100)
- William I's son, Henry I (1100-1135)
- William I's grandson, Stephen (1135-1154)
The Angevins or Plantagenets
- Henry I's daughter, Matilda, uncrowned (1141)
- Matilda's son, Henry II (1154-1189)
- his son, Richard I (1189-1199)
- Henry II's son, John (1199-1216)
- his son, Henry III (1216-1272)
- his son, Edward I (1272-1307)
- his son, Edward II (1307-1327)
- his son, Edward III (1327-1377)
- his grandson, Richard II (1377-1399)
The House of Lancaster
The Houses of Lancaster and York fought the Wars of the Roses over the English crown.
- Edward III's grandson, Henry IV (1399-1413)
- his son, Henry V (1413-1422)
- his son, Henry VI (1422-1461 and 1470-1471)
The House of York
- Edward III's great-great-grandson, Edward IV (1461-1470 and 1471-1483)
- his son, Edward V, uncrowned (1483)
- Edward IV's brother, Richard III (1483-1485)
The House of Tudor
- Edward III's 2x(great)grandson and Edward IV's son-in-law, Henry VII (1485-1509)
- his son, Henry VIII (1509-1547)
- his son, Edward VI (1547-1553)
- Henry VII's great-granddaughter, Lady Jane Grey, uncrowned (1553)
- Henry VIII's daughter, Mary I (1553-1558)
- Henry VIII's daughter, Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
The House of Stuart
- Henry VII's great-great-grandson, James I, also King of Scotland, (1603-1625)
- his son, Charles I (1625-1649)
The Commonwealth and Protectorate
There was no king between Charles I's execution in 1649 and the restoration in 1660, but there were two Lords Protector during the Protectorate.
- Oliver Cromwell (1653-1658)
- his son, Richard Cromwell (1658-1659)
The Stuart restoration
- Charles I's son, Charles II (1660-1685)
- Charles I's son, James II (1685-1688)
- James II's daughter, Mary II (1689-1694) and her husband William III of the House of Orange (1689-1702), reigned together during Mary's life as "William and Mary"
- William III was succeeded by James II's younger daughter, Anne (1702-1707)
Monarchs of Great Britain
In 1707, with the Act of Union, the thrones of England and Scotland were formally united as the throne of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
The House of Stuart
- The daughter of James (II of England; VII of Scotland), Anne (1707-1714, continued from 1702)
The House of Hanover
- James I's great-grandson, George I (1714-1727)
- his son, George II (1727-1760)
- his grandson, George III (1760-1801)
Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland
In 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (George III's reigns spanned both the separate kingdoms and their merged entity. For clarity and ease of use, Wikipedia has placed George III as 'George III of the United Kingdom')
In 1877, Victoria became also Empress of India
- George III (1801-1820)
- his son, George IV (1820-1830)
- George III's third son, William IV (1830-1837)
- George III's granddaughter, Victoria (1837-1901)
The House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
- her son, Edward VII (1901-1910)
- his son, George V (1910-1936)
The House of Windsor
The name of the Royal house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was changed to Windsor in 1917 due to anti-German feelings aroused by World War I.
Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The Irish Free State left the United Kingdom in 1922. The name of the UK was changed to reflect that change, becoming the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland' in 1927. Note also: from 1927, each dominion in the Commonwealth became a separate kingdom, with George V as native king in each. Hence, in 1927, he became 'King of Ireland', 'King of Australia,' 'King of Canada', 'King of New Zealand', and 'King of South Africa'
- George V (1910-1936)
In 1947, India and Pakistan were granted independence, and George VI ceased to Emperor of India, but became King of India and King of Pakistan. (and, in 1948, King of Sri Lanka, also granted independence.) In 1949, Ireland became a Republic, and George ceased to be King of Ireland. India did the same in 1950
- his son, Edward VIII (1936)
- George V's son, George VI (1936-1952)
- his daughter, Elizabeth II (1952-)
Mnemonics
A useful rhyme for memorising the names of the English and UK monarchs since the Norman Conquest in chronological order:
Willy Willy Harry Steve,
Henry Dick John Henry three;
Then three Edwards Richard two,
Henry Four, Five Six then who?
Edward four five, Dick the bad,
Two more Henries, Ned the lad;
Bloody Mary she came next,
Then we have our Good Queen Bess.
From Scotland we got James the Vain;
Charlie one, two, James again.
William and Mary, Anna Gloria,
Four Georges, William, and Victoria.
Edward, George, the same again,
Now Elizabeth - and the end.(Compare with Chinese history mnemonics.)
See also
- Wikipedia's other lists of incumbents
- UK topics
- Kings of England family tree
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of British monarchs."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A monarch is a hereditary ruler, figure-head or head of state, except in certain states like the former Kingdom of Poland, the various Irish kingdoms before english rule, and current-day Malaysia which feature or featured elected monarchs. A nation or state that is ruled by a monarch is called a kingdom. A system of governance involving a monarch is known as a monarchy.
Kings and Queens
"King" designates a male monarch (when he does not use another title such as emperor or tsar). A female monarch is called queen, or in full "reigning queen" or "queen regnant", to distinguish from "queen consort," the wife of a king. In some countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and the Pacific, a "King" is the hereditary head of a nation-state, except when a queen or other head of state fills the role.
In China, "king" is the usual translation for the term wang, which designated the sovereign before the Qin dynasty and during the Ten Kingdoms period. During the early Han dynasty, China had a number of small kingdoms, each about the size of a county and subordinate to the Emperor of China.
Other Monarch Titles
Where there is a difference, male titles are left of the slash and female titles are to the right.
By Region
- Americas
- cacique - Aboriginal Hispaniola
- Asia
- huangdi - Imperial China
- maharaja/maharanee - India
- tenno or mikado - Japan
- wang - pre-Imperial China
- Europe (and Russia)
- czar/czarina - alternate spelling of Tsar (emperor)
- imperator/imperatrix - Rome (emperor)
- kaiser - Germany, Austria (emperor)
- Konig - Hungary, Prussia, etc (king)
- pope - Holy See (Vatican)
- rí (sometimes ríoch) - king of local Irish states. Chief overlord king was called the Árd Rí, meaning High King
- tsar/tsarina - Russia (emperor)
- Middle East
- emir - Arabic holy title
- khan - Mongol Emperor or Arabic leader
- shah - Persia/Iran, Afghanistan
- shaikh - Arabic leader
- sultan/sultana - Arabic King
- pharaoh - Ancient Egypt
General monarch titles
- autocrat - General term for absolute monarch.
- emperor/empress - Empire
- king/queen - Kingdom
- grand duke/grand duchess - Grand Duchy
- prince/princess - Sovereign Principality
Monarchs Today
Few monarchs today exercise absolute authority. Although there are a number of hereditary monarchies still existing in the world, many countries with hereditary royalty are de facto ruled by a democratically elected leader such as a prime minister, while the monarchy continues to hold a symbolic or ceremonial position (eg. United Kingdom; see also constitutional monarchy).
In a few cases a monarch is associated with a particular group (or nation) within a state, such as Te Arikuini Te Atairangikaahu of the Maori (the Maori Queen) and Osei Tutu II of the Ashanti. Malaysia provides an example of a monarch-rich state.
The system for succession to the throne varies from monarchy to monarchy. Traditionally, succession to the eldest son of the monarch has been most common; if the monarch had no sons, the throne would pass either to the eldest daughter, or to the nearest male relative, depending on whether the monarchy accepted female rulers and/or descent in the female line. Some monarchies have abolished this preference for males, and the eldest child of the monarch ascends to the throne, be that child male or female, e.g. some European monarchies such as Sweden. There are also elected monarchs of elected monarchies, and dictators who proclaim themselves rulers of a self-proclaimed monarchy.
In some monarchies, e.g. Saudi Arabia, succession to the throne has passed to the monarch's next eldest brother, and only to the monarch's children after that. In some other monarchies, the monarch chooses who will be his successor, who need not necessarily be his eldest son, e.g. Jordan.
See also: dauphin, regent, queen consort
Reigning Monarchs
There are thirty reigning sovereign monarchs in the world:
Some countries have reigning monarchs who are not head of state, for example the individual emirs of the United Arab Emirates and the kings of the Wallis and Futuna islands.
- The two co-princes of Andorra
- The King of Bahrain
- The King of the Belgians
- The King of Bhutan
- The Sultan of Brunei
- The King of Cambodia
- The Queen of Denmark
- The Pope (of the Holy See)
- The Emperor of Japan
- The King of Jordan
- The Emir of Kuwait
- The King of Lesotho
- The Prince of Liechtenstein
- The Grand Duke of Luxembourg
- The King of Malaysia
- The Prince of Monaco
- The King of Morocco
- The King of Nepal
- The King of Norway
- The Sultan of Oman
- The Emir of Qatar
- The Queen of the Netherlands
- The Queen of the United Kingdom and of 15 other Commonwealth Realms
- The King of Saudi Arabia
- The King of Spain
- The King of Swaziland
- The King of Sweden
- The King of Thailand
- The King of Tonga
A monarch is also a type of butterfly.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Monarch."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
- The term sovereign is used to refer to a state of sovereignty.
- Sovereign is another term for monarch.
- A Sovereign is a British coin; see British gold sovereign.
- "Sovereign" is a term for a 25-liter bottle of champagne.
- "Sovereign" is an informal name for butterflies of the genus Basilarchia, or more broadly of any in the family Nymphalidae.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Sovereign."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Sovereignty is the right of a political entity to exercise power.
In international law, sovereignty is a key concept, referring to the right of a nation-state to exercise its powers.
(A monarch, who rules a sovereign country, is also called a sovereign.)
Sovereignty and Federalism
In federal systems of government, such as that of the United States, sovereignty also refers to powers the state-government has independently of the federal government.The question whether the individual states of the Union remained sovereign was debated in USA:
Quotes from Encyclopædia Britannica. See also: colonization, globalization
- According to the theory of J. C. Calhoun, the states had entered into an agreement from which they might withdraw if its terms were broken, and they were sovereign.
- According to the theory expounded in the Federalist party, the individual states did not, after the formation of the constitution, remain completely sovereign: they were left in possession of certain attributes of sovereignty, while others were lodged in the Federal government; while there existed many states, there was but one sovereign. Even if the origin was a compact or contract, after the "United States" were formed by a "constitutional act" there no longer existed a mere contractual relation: there existed a state to which all were subject, and which all must obey.
- According to Austin: In the case of a composite state or a supreme federal government, the several united governments of the several united societies together with a government common to these several societies, are jointly sovereign in each of these several societies and also in the larger society arising from the federal union, the several governments of the several united societies are jointly sovereign in each and all.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Sovereignty."
Synonyms: SovereignSynonyms: autonomous (adj), independent (adj), self-governing (adj), supreme (adj), crowned head (n), monarch (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Contempt | Noun: contempt, disdain, scorn, sovereign contempt; despisal, despiciency; despisement; vilipendency, contumely; slight, sneer, spurn, by-word; despect. |
Government | Verb: govern, rule, have authority, hold authority, possess authority, exercise authority, exert authority, wield authority; Noun: reign, be sovereign. |
Noun: government, legal authority, soveriegn, sovereign authority; authority; master; direction. | |
Adjective: regal, sovereign, governing; royal, royalist; monarchical, kingly; imperial, imperiatorial; princely; feudal; aristocratic, autocratic; oligarchic; Noun: republican, dynastic. | |
Master | Potentate; liege, liege lord; suzerain, sovereign, monarch, autocrat, despot, tyrant, oligarch. |
Remedy | Cure, treatment, regimen; radical cure, perfect cure, certain cure; sovereign remedy. |
Strength | Resistless, irresistible, invincible, proof against, impregnable, unconquerable, indomitable, dominating, inextinguishable, unquenchable; incontestable; more than a match for; overpowering, overwhelming; all powerful, all sufficient; sovereign. |
Superiority | Supreme, greatest, utmost, paramount, preeminent, foremost, crowning; first-rate; (important), (excellent); unrivaled peerless, matchless; none such, second to none, sans pareil; unparagoned, unparalleled, unequalled, unapproached, unsurpassed; superlative, inimitable facile princeps, incomparable, sovereign, without parallel, nulli secundus, ne plus ultra; beyond compare, beyond comparison; culminating; (topmost); transcendent, transcendental;plus royaliste que le Roi, more catholic than the Pope |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Sovereign |
| Specialty definitions using "sovereign": Abdication, Absolute, Alcantara, Alien, ARTHUR ♦ Back-stair Influence ♦ Cabinet Ministers, Catual, Civil Service Estimates, Coins, Coronation ♦ Defender of the Faith ♦ Freedom, Freeholds ♦ Gloriana ♦ Habsburg Law, Hall Mark, Hempe, Honorary Minister ♦ King, King's, Kiss Hands ♦ Marks of Gold and Silver, Mazzini-ism ♦ Omorca, Orange Lilies ♦ Plebiscite, Pocket Judgment, Poona, Prester John ♦ Queen Quintessence ♦ Ringing the Changes, Royal Titles ♦ Sanitary and phytosanitary measures and agreements, scepter, SCIMETAR, SEAL, Sovereign Credit, Sovereign Risk, Still Waters Run Deep ♦ tariff ♦ Yellow-boy. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "sovereign": Tyrant. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Sovereign" is also a word in the following language with the English translation in parentheses. Romanian (sovereign). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | King of the Britons, defeater of the Saxons, sovereign of all England (Monty Python and the Holy Grail; writing credit: Graham Chapman; John Cleese) I am a mighty Deva sent here by the all-powerful Sovereign. Why would I join forces with a pathetic human (Digimon: Digital Monsters; writing credit: Dayna Barron) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Change for a Sovereign (1937) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books | |||
Periodicals |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | President Coolidge with an international delegation from the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, including John Henry Cowles, the Sovereign Grand Commander, to the President's right. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Earl Rochester | Here lies our Sovereign Lord, the King whose word no man relies on: He never said a foolish thing nor ever did a wise one. |
Lord Alfred Tennyson | Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control; these three alone lead one to sovereign power. |
Thomas Jefferson | The sovereign invigorator of the body is exercise, and of all the exercises walking is the best. |
William James | The sovereign cure for worry is prayer. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | The power of commanding ends with nonage; and though, after that, honour and respect, support and defence, and whatsoever gratitude can oblige a man to, for the highest benefits he is naturally capable of, be always due from a son to his parents; yet all this puts no scepter into the father's hand, no sovereign power of commanding. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | China, restored to the full exercise of her sovereign rights in the above areas, declares her intention of opening them to international residence and trade. (reference) |
John F. Kennedy | 1961 | To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support--to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective--to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak--and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | Thenardier was to her, without her being really aware of it, a sort of being apart and sovereign. |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | His day began with an heroic offering of its every moment of thought or action for the intentions of the sovereign pontiff and with an early mass |
King Richard III | Shakespeare, William | A blessed labour, my most sovereign lord |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | Exim granted financing for high-profile projects in Uzbekistan only under Uzbek Government Sovereign Guarantee. (references) | |
The Government designed an Investment Program for the year 2000, which includes 52 foreign investments and credits projects under GOU sovereign guarantee (USD 2,749 billion), 39 projects with direct foreign investments (USD 761,27 million) and 142 priority investment projects/proposals of the Uzbek government, covering most of the industry sectors. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Hong Kong | RTHK declined to change its practice but stated publicly that its treatment of the subject did not imply that Taiwan is an independent sovereign state. (references) |
Australia | Citing the U.N. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), HREOC claimed that the country is not fulfilling its pledge to ensure that all individuals within its sovereign territory receive the basic human rights protections recognized in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (references) | |
Economic History | Palau | Palau is a sovereign nation and conducts its own foreign relations. (references) |
Human Rights | Cyprus | A British Sovereign Base Area (SBA) police investigation suggests that Tziakourmas was seized by Turkish Cypriots on SBA territory and that there was no evidence that he possessed marijuana. (references) |
Belgium | The Democratic Republic of Congo challenged the law on universal jurisdiction in 2000 at the International Court of Justice, arguing that the law violates the principle of sovereign immunity. (references) | |
France | In March the Court of Cassation ruled that Libyan leader Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi has sovereign immunity for terrorist acts alleged in the 1999 civil case brought by the SOS-Attentats organization, the nongovernmental organization (NGO) representing 170 persons killed in the 1989 bombing of UTA flight 772. On March 2, the Court of Assizes convicted, in absentia, Nazi war criminal Alois Brunner of crimes against humanity and sentenced him to life in prison. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Canada | Indian leaders maintain that a sovereign Quebec would treat Indians as another ethnic minority instead of as sovereign nations within the territory of the province. (references) |
Australia | In March 2000, the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) expressed serious concern that the Government's Native Title amendments would allow the states and territories to pass legislation containing provisions "reducing further the protection of native title claimants." The CERD declared "unsatisfactory" the Government's response to concerns about the Native Title regime expressed in 1999. The Government responded later that year that the laws were passed after full debate in a democratically elected legislature and that the states have a sovereign right to determine land use policy. (references) | |
Minorities | Canada | Many members of these communities fear that their rights would be infringed by a sovereign Quebec. (references) |
Political Economy | OMAN | Oman's sovereign debt is estimated at $3 billion. (references) |
INDIA | Moody's also lowered India's sovereign rating ceiling from positive to stable. (references) | |
Monaco | Monaco is a constitutional monarchy in which the sovereign Prince plays a leading role in governing the country. (references) | |
Political Rights | Bhutan | The country is a monarchy with sovereign power vested in the King. (references) |
Trade | Kazakhstan | Since then the Government has been very reluctant to back loans with sovereign guarantees. (references) |
Trinidad | Trinidad and Tobago's sovereign credit risk rating is among the highest in the hemisphere. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | ALIEN, n. An American sovereign in his probationary state. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
James Monroe | 1817-1825 | The minister appointed to Spain proceeded soon after his appointment for Cadiz, the residence of the Sovereign to whom he was accredited. |
John Quincy Adams | 1825-1829 | This result has always been confidently expected, from the character of personal integrity and of benevolence which the Sovereign of the Danish dominions has through every vicissitude of fortune maintained. |
Abraham Lincoln | 1861-1865 | A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | We believe in the eventual return of sovereign rights and self-government to all peoples who have been deprived of them by force. |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | But it also recognizes that this is an alliance of proud and sovereign nations, and works best when we do not forget it. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | For the first time since the communization of Eastern Europe after World War II, the Soviets have sent combat forces into an area that was not previously under their control, into a non-aligned and sovereign state. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | There is hope for a free, independent, and sovereign Lebanon. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Sovereign" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 61.56% of the time. "Sovereign" is used about 678 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 61.56% | 418 | 13,577 |
| Noun (singular) | 38.14% | 259 | 18,370 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.29% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 678 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "sovereign" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Sovereign | Last name | 200 | 34,677 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| South Africa | Sovereign Food Investments Limited | USA | Sovereign Bancorp Incorporated |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "sovereign": be sovereign ♦ court of sovereign ♦ half sovereign ♦ lady sovereign ♦ sovereign authority ♦ sovereign pontiff ♦ sovereign power ♦ sovereign remedy ♦ sovereign state ♦ sovereign territory ♦ with sovereign. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "sovereign": sovereign-lord, sovereign-power. | |
Ending with "sovereign": double-sovereign, half-sovereign. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "sovereign"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | beheerser (ruler). (various references) | |
Albanian | sundues (dominant, prevailing, prevalent, ruling), sovran (monarch). (various references) | |
Arabic | ملكي (facultative, imperial, kingly, king's, mine, monarchal, monarchist, of mine, possessive, proprietary, regal, royal, royalistic), ملك (get hold of, have, hold, king, monarch, own, ownership, possess, possession, prince, property, reign, rejoice), مستقل (autonomous, detached, distinct, freelance, independent, maverick, particular, self contained, self-governing, separate, several, unattached), سيادة (dominion, law, lordship, mastery, seigniory, supremacy, suzerainty), عاهل (king, monarch, paramount, prince), ذو سيادة, السفرن جنيه انكليزي ذهبي, رئيسي (arch, arterial, broad, cardinal, central, chief, foremost, fundamental, head on, key-, leading, main, major, master, masterful, premier, primal, primary, prime, principal, staple). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | суверенна държава (independency, sovereignty), суверенен, суверен, върховен (crowning, high, imperial, meridian, paramount, supreme), висш (crowning, empyreal, high, imperial, paramount), неоспорим (inarguable, incontestable, incontrovertible, indisputable, irrefragable, irrefutable, stringent, strong, unarguable, uncontrovertible, undeniable, undisputed, unqualified, watertight), неограничен (absolute, autocratic, autocratical, clear, limitless, plenary, plenipotentiary, stintless, termless, unbounded, unconditioned, unconstrained, unlimited, unreserved, unrestricted, unstinted, untrammelled, wide), независим (autonomous, coordinate, free, freelance, independent, mugwump, self sufficient, substantive, uncommitted), златна лира, ефикасен (active, effective, effectual, efficacious, efficient, helpful, operative, potent), абсолютен (absolute, implicit, irrelative, perfect, plenary, plenipotentiary, profound, rank, sheer, unconditioned, unmitigated, unqualified, utter, veriest), пълновластен, повелител (master, overlord). (various references) | |
Chinese | 具有主權 , 宗主, 君主 (monarch). (various references) | |
Czech | svrchovaný (paramount, supreme), suverénní (cocksure, confident, consummate), suverén, vládce, panovník (monarch, ruler), nejvyšší (highest, paramount, supreme, the highest, topmost, upmost, uppermost, utmost). (various references) | |
Danish | at paavirke en anden deltagende stat til at afstaa fra den fulde udoevelse af sine suveraene rettigheder (to induce another participating State to renounce the full exercise of its sovereign rights). (various references) | |
Dutch | soeverein, oppermachtig. (various references) | |
Esperanto | suvereno, suverena. (various references) | |
Farsi | پادشاه(sovran=), لیره زر, شهریار (King, Monarch), دارای قدرت عالیه , بااقتدار. (various references) | |
Finnish | suvereeni, yksinvaltias (autocrat, monarch), valtiatar (mistress), riippumaton (independent, selfsupporting), itsevaltias (autocrat), itsenäinen (autonomous, independent, self-governing), hallitsija (monarch, ruler). (various references) | |
French | souverain. (various references) | |
German | souverän (head of state, masterfully, sovereign power, superior, supremely good), Herrscher (head of state, monarch, potentate, ruler). (various references) | |
Greek | κυρίαρχοσ (ascedent, ascendant, overlord, paramount, ruling), κυρίαρχος (ruling), χρυσή λίρα αγγλίασ, ηγεμών (prince), ηγεμόνασ (liege lord, overlord, suzerain), ηγεμόνας (leader, monarch), ανώτατοσ άρχοντασ, αυτεξούσιος (free, independent). (various references) | |
Hebrew | מלך (king, monarch), שליט (emperor, governor, master, potentate, ruler), עוצר (governor, restrainer, retainer), עצמאי (autonomous, independent, maverick, substantive, unattached), רבון (master), רבו י. (various references) | |
Hungarian | szuverén, független (free, independent, irrespective, maverick, self-sufficing, separate, substantive, unattached, uncontrolled), uralkodói (regal, sceptered, sceptred), legfelső (paramount, supreme, top, topmost, upper, uppermost), felséges (delicious, divine, divvy, goluptious, royal), felsőbb (superior). (various references) | |
Indonesian | syah (prince), berkuasa (dominant, hold the power), berdaulat (become predominant, independent). (various references) | |
Italian | sovrano (king, paramount, reign, ruler, suzerain). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 帝王 (emperor). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | おう (depression, female phoenix bird, hollow, king, monarch, old man, ruler, sunken, to bear, to chase, to cut, to grow, to owe, to run after, to spring up, venerable), しゅけ"しゃ (ruler), うえ (above, after, as far as ... is concerned, authority, besides, emperor, far better, higher, hunger, influence of, lord, my dear, on top of, over, shogun, starvation, summit, superior, surface, up, upon, upper part), "くしゅ (daimyo, king, master, noted doctor, skilled physician), '"しゅ (pure breed, ruler, strict observance, unblended whisky, unprocessed sake), じ"く" (benevolent ruler, ruler), とうちしゃ (the ruler), ていおう (emperor). (various references) | |
Korean | 군주 (monarch, sovereignty). (various references) | |
Manx | punt airhey, kionyssagh (authoritative, dominant, hectoring, self-assertive), kionedeeagh, ard-reeoil (imperial, monarchal), ard-ree (emperor, monarch). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | overeignsay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | soberano (king, liege, lord, monarch, paramount, prince, ruler). (various references) | |
Romanian | suveran (free, king, supreme), stãpân (employer, husband, king, Lord, master, owner, proprietor), sovereign, monarh (dynast, king, monarch). (various references) | |
Russian | суверенное государство (sovereign state, suzerain), верховный (imperial, supreme), монарх;соверен верховный;суверенный, монарх (monarch, potentate), полновластный. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | suveren, vrhovni (paramount, supreme), vladar (governor, monarch, ruler), koji ima najveću vlast, gospodar (dynast, liege, lord, master, overman, sahib), funta sterlinga od zlata. (various references) | |
Spanish | soberano (paramount, ruler, suzerain). (various references) | |
Swedish | suverän (monarch), regent (Regent). (various references) | |
Thai | เกี่ยวกับอำนาจสูงสุ". (various references) | |
Turkish | iktidardaki, bağımsız (crossbench, detached, distanced, free, independent, unattached, uncommitted, unconnected), bağımsız ülke, birebir, egemen (ascendant, ascendent, dominant, prevailing, regnant, ruling, sov'ran), egemen güç (sov'ran), çok büyük (a whale of, fab, fantastic, fantastical, howling, hyper-, spanking, stratospheric, thumping, tremendous, vast, very big, voluminous, whopping), hükümdar (monarch, potentate, prince, Rex, ruler, sov'ran, suzerain), yüce (almighty, big, elevated, eminent, exalted, great-hearted, high, honorable, honourable, lofty, magnanimous, noble, paramount, sacrosanct, serene, soaring, spheric, stately, sublime, supreme, towering), iktidardaki parti, ingiliz altın lirası, kral (Baron, king, monarch, Rex, tycoon), mükemmel (accomplished, all around, alpha plus, ambrosial, bang up, banner, beyond praise, bully, capital, champion, classic, classical, classy, commanding, complete, consummate, cool, copybook, Dandy, dreamy, elegant, excellent, famous, famously, faultless, fine, finished, first class, great, immense, jolly good, no mean, par excellence, perfect, ripping, scrumptious, slap up, smashing, smooth, solid, spiffing, spiffy, splendid, splendiferous, super, superb, superlative, that takes the cake, the dandy, thorough, thoroughgoing, tiptop, to a turn, to the nines, topping, triumphant, unique), mutlâk (absolute, certain, extreme, infallible, peremptory, plenipotentiary, positively, sov'ran, strict, unconditional, unconditioned, unqualified, utter, very), padişah (monarch, padishah, sov'ran, sultan), etkili (commanding, effective, effectual, efficacious, efficient, forceful, forcible, hefty, influential, moving, operative, penetrating, penetrative, poignant, potent, powerful, swinging, telling, trenchant). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | суверенний (imperial, independent), соверен (quid), самодержавний (autocratic, autocratical, caesarean, monarchical), чудовий (a, admirable, adorable, ambrosial, bang up, beautiful, brave, bright, bully, capital, champion, charming, clinking, consummate, crack, Dandy, delectable, delicious, delightful, eminent, excellent, fine, flawless, glorious, goluptious, gorgeous, immense, magnific, magnifical, magnificent, noble, notable, noted, palmary, peachy, posh, prime, princely, proper, providential, ravishing, remarkable, resplendent, ripping, something like, spiffing, superb, super-duper, topping, undeniable, way out, wizard, wonderful), верховний (high, paramount, supreme), величний (andean, awful, dignified, elevated, exalted, godlike, lofty, magnific, magnifical, majestic, noble, olympian, portly, princely, proud, stately), правитель (alderman, governor, gubernator, prince, ruler, warden). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | vua (crown, king, monarch, ruler), thần hiệu, tối cao có chủ quyền hiệu nghiệm. (various references) | |
Welsh | sofren, teyrn (monarch), penllywydd, penadur. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | tyrannos. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | super. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "sovereign": sovereignly, sovereigns, sovereignties, sovereignty. (additional references) | |
| |
"Sovereign" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Severien, sierbein, souvereign, soveeign, soveregin, sovereigh, soverein, soveriegn, soverign, sovreign. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "sovereign" (pronounced sÄ"vrun) |
| 6 | s Ä" v r u n | sovran. |
| 4 | -v r u n | Chevron. |
| 3 | -r u n | fibrin, apron, aspirin, Baron, barren, brethren, Buran, cauldron, children, citron, doctrine, foreign, garron, giron, grandchildren, heron, intron, Marron, matron, octahedron, patron, perron, Philodendron, polyhedron, rhododendron, saffron, schoolchildren, siren, squadron, stepchildren, tetrahedron, Warren. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-e-g-i-n-o-r-s-v" | |
-1 letter: eringoes, eversion, severing. | |
-2 letters: enviers, eringos, erosive, genoise, governs, greisen, grieves, ignores, inverse, overing, reeving, regions, regiven, regives, renvois, rovings, serving, signore, soignee, veering, veiners, venires, versine, versing, version. | |
-3 letters: envier, envies, envois, eosine, eringo, genies, genres, genros, girons, givens, givers, goners, govern, greens, grieve, grison, groins, groves, ignore, irones, nereis, nerves, nieves. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-e-g-i-n-o-r-s-v" | |
+1 letter: overdesign, overseeing, oversewing, sovereigns. | |
+2 letters: ergonovines, forgiveness, misgoverned, overdesigns, overseeding, overselling, oversetting, reobserving, sovereignly, sovereignty, stevedoring. | |
+3 letters: bedcoverings, eigenvectors, grievousness, overdesigned, overdressing, overexposing, overindulges, overnighters, oversanguine, oversleeping, overspending, overstepping, overstrewing, overtightens, seronegative, venographies. | |
+4 letters: convergencies, eavesdropping, forgivenesses, introgressive, misgovernment, nonaggressive, overasserting, overdesigning, overengineers, overingenious, overmastering, overorganizes, overservicing, overspreading, overstressing, rediscovering, reinvigorates, rendezvousing, revegetations, sovereignties, unprogressive. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Historic 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Speeches | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Names: Frequency 15. Names: Company Usage 16. Expressions | 17. Expressions: Internet 18. Translations: Modern 19. Translations: Ancient 20. Derivations | 21. Rhymes 22. Anagrams 23. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
