Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Smoker

Definition: Smoker

Smoker

Noun

1. A person who smokes tobacco.

2. A party for men only (or one considered suitable for men only).

3. A passenger car for passengers who wish to smoke.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "smoker" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1822. (references)

 

Specialty Definition: Smoker

DomainDefinition

Occupations

Controls battery of smoke chambers in which meats, such as bacon, hams, meat loaf, sausage, shoulders, and wieners are cooked and cured: Loads racks and cages, suspended from overhead conveyor, with meat products and filled molds, and pushes racks into smokehouse for cooking and curing. Shovels sawdust into hopper of smoker and lights burner to ignite sawdust. Starts electric blower to admit air and blow smoke into curing chambers. Observes gauges, turns steam valves, and adjusts ventilators and dampers to regulate temperature, humidity, and density of smoke to control cooking and curing process. Inspects meat for color, feels meat for firmness, and inserts thermometer into meat to ascertain progress of cooking and curing. Opens water valve to spray and chill meat. Removes cooked and cured meat and empties molds. Places meat loaves on racks and returns them to smokehouse for further smoking and drying. Pushes racks of cured meat to chill room. May stuff meat loaves into plastic casings, using horn (funnel-shaped tube). May record weight and amount of meat cured. May steam-clean smoke chambers and heating coils, and remove ash. (references)

Slang in 1811

SMOKER. A tobacconist. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue.

Transportation

A railroad car on compartment in which smoking is allowed. Source: European Union. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Smoking

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is (sort of) a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Smoking."

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Tobacco smoking

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Tobacco smoking is the practice of drawing tobacco smoke into the mouth. In the case of cigarette smoking, it also involves the inhaling of tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, which is highly addictive when inhaled. Nicotine is one of thousands of chemicals contained in cigarette smoke. The most widespread form of tobacco smoking is smoking of cigarettes, followed by pipe smoking and cigar smoking.

Lighting a cigarette etc. is done with a lighter or match. One of the most common favors asked from a stranger is for a light; it is also used to get into contact with someone.

History

Tobacco smoking, using both pipes and cigars, was long common to many Native American cultures of the Americas. It is depicted in the art of the Classic era Maya civilization of some 1500 years ago.

With the arrival of the Europeans in the New World late in the 15th century, tobacco smoking was brought to Europe, and from there gradually spread to the rest of the world.

The cigarette was less common than the cigar or the smoking pipe until the early 20th century, when cheap mechanically made cigarettes became common.

Health effects

It has been scientifically established that "tobacco use is the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide."1

The most important are lung cancer and other cancers of the respiratory tract. Cancers of the larynx and tongue are also important causes of mortality and morbidity.
There are around 3000 chemicals found in tobacco smoke. Below are chemicals of known or supected carcinogenicity. The classification reflects the fact that there are no direct data on humans :

The length of time that a person continues to smoke as well as the amount smoked increases their chances of contracting lung cancer. However, if someone stops smoking, then these chances steadily decrease as the damage to their lungs is repaired.

Smoking also increases the chance of heart disease. Several ingredients of tobacco lead to the narrowing of blood vessels, increasing the likelihood of a block, and thus a heart attack. Other tobacco chemicals lead to high blood pressure. Also, some chemicals damage the inside of arteries, for example making it possible for cholesterol to adhere to the artery wall, possibly leading to a heart attack.

Diseases linked to tobacco smoking:

Nicotine is a powerful stimulant and is one of the main factors leading to the addictiveness of tobacco smoking. Although the amount of nicotine inhaled with tobacco smoke is quite small (most of the substance is destroyed by the heat) it is still sufficient to cause addiction. The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from smoking depends on many factors, including the type of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. On average it takes about seven seconds for the substance to reach the brain.

Many of the health effects can be avoided through Smoking cessation.

Legal aspects

"Passive smoking" or "secondhand smoke" - also known as "environmental tobacco smoke" (ETS) or "involuntary smoking" - occurs when the smoke from one person's cigarette is inhaled by other people. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1993 issued a report estimating that 3,000 lung-cancer related deaths in the US were caused by passive smoking every year. Lobbyists and researchers supported by the tobacco industry aggressively attacked the EPA study as "junk science," but subsequent research has generally supported its conclusions. In 2002, a group of 29 experts from 12 countries convened by the Monographs Programme of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization reviewed all significant published evidence related to tobacco smoking and cancer. It concluded its evaluation of the carcinogenic risks associated with involuntary smoking, with second-hand smoke also being classified as carcinogenic to humans.[1] An earlier WHO epidemiology study also found "weak evidence of a dose-response relationship between risk of lung cancer and exposure to spousal and workplace ETS."[1] The fact that the evidence was described as "weak" has been interpreted by the tobacco industry and its supporters as evidence that the ETS-lung cancer link has been "disproven." In reality, the "weakness" of the evidence stems from the fact that the risk of ETS for individuals is relatively small, making it difficult to detect through epidemiology. In addition to epidemiology, however, several other types of scientific evidence (including animal experiments, chemical constituent analysis of ETS, and human metabolic studies) support the WHO and EPA conclusions.

Smoking continues to be a major problem because of smokers' addiction to the nicotine in tobacco smoke, and the vigorous marketing of cigarettes by the tobacco industry. Several western countries have put restrictions on cigarette advertising, particularly on advertising that appears to target minors..

In many countries smoking in public buildings is now prohibited. Many office buildings (are required by law to) contain specially ventilated smoking areas.

In the United States and New Zealand, it has long been illegal to sell tobacco products to minors.

See also other forms of tobacco use :

References:

  1. Joint Committee on Smoking and Health. Smoking and health: physician responsibility; a statement of the Joint Committee on Smoking and Health. Chest 1995; 198:201- 208
  2. Boffetta,P., Agudo,A., Ahrens,W., Benhamou,E., Benhamou,S., Darby,S.C., Ferro,G., Fortes,C., Gonzalez,C.A., Jockel,K.H., Krauss,M., Kreienbrock,L., Kreuzer,M., Mendes,A., Merletti,F., Nyberg,F., Pershagen,G., Pohlabeln,H., Riboli,E., Schmid,G., Simonato,L., Tredaniel,J., Whitley,E., Wichmann,H.E., Saracci,R. 1998. Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90:1440-1450.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Tobacco smoking."

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Synonyms: Smoker

Synonyms: smoking car (n), smoking carriage (n), smoking compartment (n), stag party (n), tobacco user (n). (additional references)
Antonym: nonsmoker (n). (additional references)

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Synonyms within Context: Smoker

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Sociality

Party, entertainment, reception, levee, at, home, conversazione, soiree, matin_e; evening party, morning party, afternoon party, bridge party, garden party, surprise party; kettle, kettle drum; partie carr_e, dish of tea, ridotto, rout; housewarming; ball, festival; smoker, smoker-party;sociable, stag party, hen party, tamasha; tea-party, tea-fight. (amusement); " the feast of reason and the flow of soul ".

The Drama

Western, horse opera; flick; spy film, love story, adventure film, documentary, nature film; pornographic film, smoker, skin flick, X-rated film.

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: Smoker

English words defined with "smoker": chain-smoker, cigar smoker, cigarette smoker, coughmouthpiecepipe smoker. (references)
Specialty definitions using "smoker": COLEjonesermeat smokerOFFBEARER, PIPE SMOKING MACHINEpipe smoking machine operatorsmokehouse attendant, spliff, Stimulants of Great Men, story. (references)

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Modern Usage: Smoker

DomainUsage

Screenplays

He'd turn Buddha into a chain smoker. (Kolchak: The Night Stalker; writing credit: David Chase; Rudolph Borchert)

Movie/TV Titles

Bill Gives a Smoker (1915)

The Smoker (1910)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Smoker

DomainTitle

Books

  • Helping the Hard-Core Smoker : A Clinician's Guide (reference)

  • Smoker (reference)

  • The Journals of Redkamel: Observations of a 20 Year Old Chain Smoker (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Music

  

Consumer Goods

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Smoker

Photos:
Smoker

More pictures...

Illustrations:
Smoker

More pictures...

Computer Images:
Smoker

More pictures...

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Photo Album: Smoker

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

Cross section of a human lung. The white area in the upper lobe is cancer, the black areas indicate the patient was a smoker. See artwork: SS-10. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.

Arthur Godfrey, popular entertainer and smoker who later died of lung cancer, touts Chesterfield cigarettes as safe and "best for me." Tobacco, smoking. Credit: CDC.

Early "smoker" meeting. Credit: NASA.

Black smoker at a mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent. Credit: National Undersea Research Program (NURP).

Tube worms feeding at base of a black smoker chimney hydrothermal vent. Credit: National Undersea Research Program (NURP).

The outfit of the opium smoker. / Official photograph issued by the Narcotics Bureau, Hong Kong Police. Credit: National Library of Medicine.

Inside Every Smoker is an Ex-smoker. Credit: National Library of Medicine.

Adopt a Smoker : Help a friend quit. Credit: National Library of Medicine.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Smoker
 

"Smoker on the shore" by Roland Peschetz
Commentary: "A man lighting a cigarette, sitting on a rock on the coast of Connemara, Ireland."
"The smoker" by Markus .
Commentary: "After the evening."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Familiar Quotations: Smoker

AuthorQuotation

George Eliot

Gossip is a sort of smoke that comes from the dirty tobacco-pipes of those who diffuse it: it proves nothing but the bad taste of the smoker.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Smoker

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

Homogenous leukoplakia in the floor of the mouth in a smoker. (references)

Through inhaling smoke, the average smoker takes in 1 to 2 mg nicotine per cigarette. (references)

If a smoker stops smoking before serious COPD develops, the rate at which lung function declines returns to almost normal. (references)

Lexicography

Devil's Dictionary

STORY, n. A narrative, commonly untrue. The truth of the stories here following has, however, not been successfully impeached. One evening Mr. Rudolph Block, of New York, found himself seated at dinner alongside Mr. Percival Pollard, the distinguished critic. "Mr. Pollard," said he, "my book, The Biography of a Dead Cow, is published anonymously, but you can hardly be ignorant of its authorship. Yet in reviewing it you speak of it as the work of the Idiot of the Century. Do you think that fair criticism?" "I am very sorry, sir," replied the critic, amiably, "but it did not occur to me that you really might not wish the public to know who wrote it." Mr. W.C. Morrow, who used to live in San Jose, California, was addicted to writing ghost stories which made the reader feel as if a stream of lizards, fresh from the ice, were streaking it up his back and hiding in his hair. San Jose was at that time believed to be haunted by the visible spirit of a noted bandit named Vasquez, who had been hanged there. The town was not very well lighted, and it is putting it mildly to say that San Jose was reluctant to be out o' nights. One particularly dark night two gentlemen were abroad in the loneliest spot within the city limits, talking loudly to keep up their courage, when they came upon Mr. J.J. Owen, a well-known journalist. "Why, Owen," said one, "what brings you here on such a night as this? You told me that this is one of Vasquez' favorite haunts! And you are a believer. Aren't you afraid to be out?" "My dear fellow," the journalist replied with a drear autumnal cadence in his speech, like the moan of a leaf-laden wind, "I am afraid to be in. I have one of Will Morrow's stories in my pocket and I don't dare to go where there is light enough to read it." Rear-Admiral Schley and Representative Charles F. Joy were standing near the Peace Monument, in Washington, discussing the question, Is success a failure? Mr. Joy suddenly broke off in the middle of an eloquent sentence, exclaiming: "Hello! I've heard that band before. Santlemann's, I think." "I don't hear any band," said Schley. "Come to think, I don't either," said Joy; "but I see General Miles coming down the avenue, and that pageant always affects me in the same way as a brass band. One has to scrutinize one's impressions pretty closely, or one will mistake their origin." While the Admiral was digesting this hasty meal of philosophy General Miles passed in review, a spectacle of impressive dignity. When the tail of the seeming procession had passed and the two observers had recovered from the transient blindness caused by its effulgence -- "He seems to be enjoying himself," said the Admiral. "There is nothing," assented Joy, thoughtfully, "that he enjoys one-half so well." The illustrious statesman, Champ Clark, once lived about a mile from the village of Jebigue, in Missouri. One day he rode into town on a favorite mule, and, hitching the beast on the sunny side of a street, in front of a saloon, he went inside in his character of teetotaler, to apprise the barkeeper that wine is a mocker. It was a dreadfully hot day. Pretty soon a neighbor came in and seeing Clark, said: "Champ, it is not right to leave that mule out there in the sun. He'll roast, sure! -- he was smoking as I passed him." "O, he's all right," said Clark, lightly; "he's an inveterate smoker." The neighbor took a lemonade, but shook his head and repeated that it was not right. He was a conspirator. There had been a fire the night before: a stable just around the corner had burned and a number of horses had put on their immortality, among them a young colt, which was roasted to a rich nut-brown. Some of the boys had turned Mr. Clark's mule loose and substituted the mortal part of the colt. Presently another man entered the saloon. "For mercy's sake!" he said, taking it with sugar, "do remove that mule, barkeeper: it smells." "Yes," interposed Clark, "that animal has the best nose in Missouri. But if he doesn't mind, you shouldn't." In the course of human events Mr. Clark went out, and there, apparently, lay the incinerated and shrunken remains of his charger. The boys idd not have any fun out of Mr. Clarke, who looked at the body and, with the non-committal expression to which he owes so much of his political preferment, went away. But walking home late that night he saw his mule standing silent and solemn by the wayside in the misty moonlight. Mentioning the name of Helen Blazes with uncommon emphasis, Mr. Clark took the back track as hard as ever he could hook it, and passed the night in town. General H.H. Wotherspoon, president of the Army War College, has a pet rib-nosed baboon, an animal of uncommon intelligence but imperfectly beautiful. Returning to his apartment one evening, the General was surprised and pained to find Adam (for so the creature is named, the general being a Darwinian) sitting up for him and wearing his master's best uniform coat, epaulettes and all. "You confounded remote ancestor!" thundered the great strategist, "what do you mean by being out of bed after naps? -- and with my coat on!" Adam rose and with a reproachful look got down on all fours in the manner of his kind and, scuffling across the room to a table, returned with a visiting-card: General Barry had called and, judging by an empty champagne bottle and several cigar-stumps, had been hospitably entertained while waiting. The general apologized to his faithful progenitor and retired. The next day he met General Barry, who said: "Spoon, old man, when leaving you last evening I forgot to ask you about those excellent cigars. Where did you get them?" General Wotherspoon did not deign to reply, but walked away. "Pardon me, please," said Barry, moving after him; "I was joking of course. Why, I knew it was not you before I had been in the room fifteen minutes."

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Spoken Usage: Smoker

SpeakerPhrase(s)

Ann Richards

I know that my alcoholism affected osteoporosis. And I was also a smoker. Smoking is very bad for your bones. So absolutely it is a factor in my osteoporosis.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Smoker

"Smoker" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.48% of the time. "Smoker" is used about 192 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (singular)99.48%19122,216
Noun (proper)0.52%1339,140
                    Total100.00%192N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Name Usage Frequency: Smoker

The following table summarizes the usage of "smoker" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified.
NameUsage/GenderUsage per 100
million Persons
Rank in USA
SmokerLast name17054,153
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expressions: Smoker

Expressions using "smoker": black smoker chain smoker cigar smoker cigarette smoker heavy smoker pipe smoker. Additional references.

Hypenated Usage

Ending with "smoker": ex-smoker, non-smoker.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Smoker

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

smoker

1,974

stovetop smoker

75

barbecue smoker

1,289

pit smoker

70

smoker grill

595

food smoker

65

brinkman smoker

326

smoker and picture

63

meat smoker

260

smoker cooking

62

smoker recipe

250

barbecue pit smoker

62

smoker xp

208

gas smoker

61

new braunfels smoker

208

smoker cough

59

electric smoker

189

smoker outpost

58

brinkmann smoker

142

homemade smoker

56

sexy smoker

120

stove top smoker

54

smoker lung

101

barbecue plan smoker

53

celebrity smoker

99

female celebrity smoker

52

charcoal smoker

92

little chief smoker

52

bradley smoker

86

guide smoker

52

wood smoker

86

weber smoker

51

smoker right

82

plan smoker

50

smoker lung picture

81

water smoker

50

smoker barbecue grill

79

commercial smoker

46

build smoker

78

fish smoker

43
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: Smoker

Language Translations for "smoker"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Albanian

  

vagon ku lejohet duhani (smoking car, smoking-carriage), duhanxhi, duhanpirës. (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏المدخن. (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

пушач (nicotian). (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

吸烟者. (various references)

   

Czech

  

vagón pro kuřáky, kuřák. (various references)

   

Danish

  

roegpuster. (various references)

   

Dutch

  

imkerpijp. (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

وسیله ای که تولیددودکند, واگن یااتاق مخصوص استعمال دخانیات , اهل دود, اهل دخانیات , دوددهنده میوه وگوشت وامثال ان . (various references)

   

Finnish

  

savutin, tupakkamies, tupakanpolttaja. (various references)

   

French

  

fumeur. (various references)

   

German

  

Raucher (smokers, smoking compartment). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

καπνιστήρι, καπνιστήσ, καπνιστής, βαγόνι καπνίσματοσ. (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

מעשן, קרון עשון, עשנן, עשנאי. (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

dohányos (nicotian). (various references)

   

Indonesian

  

perokok. (various references)

   

Italian

  

fumatore (puffer, smokers). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

喫煙者 , スマート爆弾 (slice, slide, slider, slider-memory, sliding, smack, smart bomb, smash, smear, smellovision, smile, smiley, Smithsonian Institution, smog, smoke, smoked cheese, smoked salmon, smooth, smoothing operation, variable autotransformer). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

きつえんしゃ (a smoking car), スモーカー . (various references)

   

Korean 

  

흡연자. (various references)

   

Manx

  

toghtaneyr, jaagheyder (fumigator), carriads thombaacey. (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

okersmay.(various references)

   

Portuguese

  

fumigador, fumante (nicotian), defumador. (various references)

   

Romanian

  

fumãtor (smoking), afumãtor (smoke house). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

курильщик (nicotian). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

pušački, pušač (nicotian). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

fumador (chain smoker, puffer, smokers). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

rökare (smoking section). (various references)

   

Thai

  

คนสูบบุหรี่. (various references)

   

Turkish

  

sigara tiryakisi (chain smoker, smoke consumer), sigara içilen bölüm, sigara içen kimse. (various references)

   

Turkmen 

  

зilimkeю. (various references)

   

Ukrainian

  

курець (whiffler), коптильник. (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

người hút thuốc. (various references)

   

Welsh

  

smociwr, ysmygwr. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Smoker

Derivations

Words beginning with "smoker": smokers. (additional references)

Words ending with "smoker": antismoker, nonsmoker. (additional references)

Words containing "smoker": antismokers, nonsmokers. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Smoker" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Mokyr, Slokar, smaker, smober, smok, smokey, smoue, Somafer. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Smoker"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "smoker" (pronounced smō"ker)
5s m ō" k ernonsmoker.
3-ō" k erbroker, croaker, joker, mediocre, ochre, poker, Stoker.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Smoker

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "e-k-m-o-r-s"

-1 letter: merks, mokes, mores, morse, omers, smerk, smoke.

-2 letters: eros, kore, kors, merk, moke, more, mors, mosk, okes, omer, ores, rems, roes, roms, rose, soke, some, sore.

-3 letters: ems, ers, kor, kos, mor, mos, oes, oke, oms, ore, ors, ose, rem, res, roe, rom, ser, som.

-4 letters: em, er, es, me, mo, oe, om, or.

 Words containing the letters "e-k-m-o-r-s"
 

+1 letter: irksome, mockers, smokers, smokier.

 

+2 letters: comakers, darksome, larksome, meshwork, monikers.

 

+3 letters: clerkdoms, foremilks, homeworks, irksomely, kaiserdom, karyosome, keratomas, makeovers, meshworks, misreckon, mockeries, monickers, monkeries, nonsmoker, oddsmaker, overmilks, oversmoke, semiworks, shoemaker, snowmaker, teamworks, timeworks, workmates.

 

+4 letters: antismoker, automakers, biomarkers, bookmakers, checkrooms, dockmaster, frameworks, hackamores, homemakers, kaiserdoms, karyosomes, kilometers, markswomen, masterwork, metalworks, ministroke, misreckons, motorbikes, noisemaker, nonsmokers, oddsmakers, oversmoked, oversmokes, postmarked, shoemakers, snowmakers, toolmakers.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern
5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Images: Digital Art
9. Quotations: Familiar
10. Quotations: Non-fiction
11. Quotations: Spoken
12. Usage Frequency
13. Names: Frequency
14. Expressions
15. Expressions: Internet
16. Translations: Modern
17. Derivations
18. Rhymes
19. Anagrams
20. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.