Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Shortening

Definitions: Shortening

Shortening

Noun

1. Fat such as butter or lard used in baked goods.

2. Act of decreasing in length: "the dress needs shortening".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "shortening" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references)


Specialty Definitions: Shortening

DomainDefinitions

Food & Agriculture

An edible fat used to shorten baked goods. Source: European Union. (references)

Industry

Shrinkage of warp, caused by interlacing with weft. Source: European Union. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Synonym: Shortening

Synonym by domain: take-up (industry).

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Synonyms within Context: Shortening

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Compendium

Abbreviation, abbreviature; contraction; shortening; compression.

Nonincrease, Decrease

Noun: decrease, diminution; lessening; Verb: subtraction; reduction, abatement, declension; shrinking; (contraction.); coarctation; abridgment; (shortening); extenuation.

Shortness

Shortening; Verb: abbreviation, abbreviature; abridgment, concision, retrenchment, curtailment, decurtation; reduction; (contraction); epitome; (compendium).

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: Shortening

English words defined with "shortening": abbreviation, Abbreviatory, Apocopationcontraction, cracker, cut, Cut-out, cutting, cutting offeffacementfestinationItalian breadmuscular contractionnightpastry, pastry doughrecce, recco, reccy, Running riggingsheepshank, short, sponge cakewater biscuit. (references)
Specialty definitions using "shortening": BAKER HELPER, BLENDING-PLANT OPERATOR, BROTH MIXER, broth setterCANDY SPREADER, candy-maker helperderricking jib craneflow of amalgam, Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations, fortuitous distortion jitter, fortuitous jitterg-fabulousIsotonic Contractionmagnetostrictive delay line, markup minimization feature, minimization feature, Muscle ContractionNapiers Bones, NPN processobject-oriented softwarePANTRY WORKER, Peyronie'sRo/Roscale-tank operatorVOTATOR-MACHINE OPERATORWEIGH-TANK OPERATOR. (references)

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Modern Usage: Shortening

DomainUsage

Movie/TV Titles

Middies Shortening Sails (1901)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Shortening

DomainTitle

References

  • The 2003 World Market Forecasts for Imported Margarine and Shortening (reference)

  • The 2000 Import and Export Market for Margarine and Shortening in Colombia (reference)

  • The 2002 World Forecasts of Margarine and Shortening Export Supplies (reference)

  • The 2003 World Forecasts of Margarine and Shortening Export Supplies (reference)

  • The 2000 Import and Export Market for Margarine and Shortening in South Korea (reference)

    (more reference examples)

  

Books

  • Concurrent Engineering: Shortening Lead Times, Raising Quality, and Lowering Costs (reference)

  • The 2000 Import and Export Market for Margarine and Shortening in Africa [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] (reference)

    (more book examples)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Shortening

Computer Images:
Shortening

More pictures...

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Photo Album: Shortening

ThumbnailDescription & Credit

Shown are butter, margarine, mayonnaise, salad dressing and shortening against a black background. All these are high in fat. See artwork: PV-44. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer).

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Shortening

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

The second method, known as the Nesbit procedure, causes a shortening of the erect penis. (references)

Avoid frying meat, fish, or poultry in added oil, shortening, or lard. Bake, broil, or roast instead. (references)

In some cases, the plaque develops on both top and bottom, leading to indentation and shortening of the penis. (references)

Business

Recently announced plans for logistics developments include the fulfillment of orders generated by e-commerce and e-tailing, and cross-border spares support agreements in the airline and automotive sectors, potentially shortening the process of locating essential parts, components and supplies. (references)

Civil Liberties

Cameroon

However, CRTV continued to restrict the opposition SDF party's freedom of speech through that program, occasionally censoring and significantly shortening proposed SDF programming. (references)

Economic History

Turkey

As a result, Turkey imports large quantities of crude vegetable oils (sunflower oil, corn oil, and soyoil) to refine for domestic consumption or for growing exports, particularly as shortening. (references)

Sweden

Many independent observers have recommended fundamental labor market reforms, including the following measures: wage differentiation to reduce labor costs for low skilled jobs and to introduce an incentive to increase individual competence levels; tougher eligibility requirements for unemployment benefits, and a shortening of their duration; cutting income taxes and non-wage labor costs; making the unions and their members bear the cost of the unemployment insurance system; and liberalizing employment protection legislation. (references)

Human Rights

Albania

A school for magistrates was established in 1999. During the year, the High Council of Justice punished nine judges, including for the first time, four Appellate Court judges; they were punished for infractions such as giving light sentences for serious crimes, shortening sentences in exchange for guilty pleas, releasing prisoners on their own recognizance to await trial, changing sentences from imprisonment to house arrest, delaying cases, and other ethics violations. (references)

Trade

Philippines

Category I includes: bakery & bakery related products; non-alcoholic beverages & beverage mixes; candies & confectionery products; cocoa & cocoa related products; coffee, tea & non-dairy creamer; condiments, sauces & seasonings; culinary products; gelatin, dessert preparation & mixes; dairy products; dressings & spreads; flour/flour mixes & starch; fish & other marine products; fruits, vegetable & edible fungi (prepared); meat and poultry products (prepared); noodles, pastas & pastry wrapper; nut & nut products; native delicacies; oils, fats & shortening; snack foods & breakfast cereals and; sugar & other related products. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Shortening

"Shortening" is generally used as a lexical verb (-ing form) -- approximately 60.95% of the time. "Shortening" is used about 105 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Lexical Verb (-ing form)60.95%6442,009
Noun (singular)35.24%3756,631
Adjective (general or positive)3.81%4175,879
                    Total100.00%105N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expression: Shortening

Hypenated Usage

Ending with "shortening": life-shortening.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Shortening

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

shortening

40

axle shortening

3

vegetable shortening

12

penile shortening

3

dehydrated shortening

8

bread lyrics shortening

3

crisco shortening

7

osteotomy shortening ulnar

2

shortening toe

6

muscle shortening

2

high ratio shortening

5

bread shortening

2

shortening surgery toe

4

fat low shortening

2

cervix shortening

4

day shortening winter

2

eating rancid shortening vegetable

4

cervical shortening

2

shortening ulnar

4

frosting shortening

2

cycle sales shortening

2
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Shortening

Language Translations for "shortening"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Albanian

  

shkurtim (abbreviation, abridgement, abridgment, clipping, contraction, crop, curtailment, cut, cutback, reduction, retrenchment, shrink, shrinkage, the ax, the axe), pakësim (abatement, attenuation, cut, decrease, decrement, deflation, degression, detraction, diminution, fall, leanness, lessening, letup, modification, reduction, retrenchment, taper, wane). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏تقصير خد, ‏تقصير (dereliction, lessening), ‏زبدة (butter, choice, fat, gist, quintessence, upshot), ‏دهن (butter, fat, grease, lipid, oil, paint, plaster, render, rub in, smear). (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

скъсяване (abridgement, contraction, curtailment, retrenchment), мазнина в тестени сладкиши. (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

缩短, 弄短 (shorten). (various references)

   

Czech

  

tuk do peèiva. (various references)

   

Danish

  

materialeforkortelse ved stukning (gather, upset, upset length), kædeindgang under vævning (shrinkage, take up), forkortelse (abbreviation, abridgement), afkortelse. (various references)

   

Dutch

  

verkorting (abbreviation, abridgement, abridgment), verkleining (abbreviation, simplification). (various references)

   

Esperanto

  

malpliigo de laborhoroj (reduced hours, shortening of working hours). (various references)

   

Finnish

  

supistuma (constriction, contraction), rasva (fat, grease, lubricating grease), lyhennys (abbreviation, abridgment), leivontarasva (cooking fat), kontraktio, kokoonpuristuma (compression, consolidation). (various references)

   

French

  

raccourcissement, matière grasse. (various references)

   

German

  

Kürzung (abatement, abridgement, abridgment, ax, axe, cancellation, curtailment, cut, cutback, reduction, retrenchment, shortage), Backfett, verkürzung (abridgement, contraction, cutting short, decrease, ending, foreshortening, narrowing, reduction). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

κόντεμα, σύμπτυξη (compaction), σμίκρυνση (miniaturization), συρρίκνωση αμφοτέρων των στοιχείων από σύνθλιψη (gather, upset, upset length), συστολή του στημονιού κατά την ύφανση (shrinkage, take up), βράχυνση του στημονιού κατά την ύφανση (shrinkage, take up), βράχυνση, υλικό κανό τα ζυμαρικά πλέον εύτριπτα, λίπος μαγειρικό (cooking fat). (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

שומן אפי", קצור (abbreviation, abridgement, brevity, curtailment, reduction, resume, summary, terseness), "תקצרות (curtailment). (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

megkurtítás. (various references)

   

Italian

  

grasso per pasticceria, accorciamento del giunto per ricalcamento (gather, upset, upset length), accorciamento (curtailment). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

短縮 (abbreviation, reduction), シュタイナー学 (a shop, chauvinism, chemise, chocolate, Chopin, crying, displaywindow, line drive to the shortstop, liquor, mall, Schiller, Schmidt camera, Schottky diode, serial, serial printer, serialize, series, serious, serious drama, shawl, shock, shock absorber, shock theory, shocker, shocking, shockwave, shop in shop, shopping, shopping bag, shopping bag lady, shopping cart, shopping centre, shopping mall, shoran, shordarvision, shore radar television, short, short bound, short circuit, short cut, short hair, short hole, short iron, short order, short pants, short relief, short short, short skirt, short stay, short story, short time, shortcake, short-circuit appeal, short-range navigation aid, shorts, short-scale, shortstop, shot, shotgun, shotgun bride, shotgun marriage, shotgun wedding, shoulder, shoulder bag, shoulder pad, shovel, show, show biz, show business, show girl, showboat, showcase, showman, showmanship, showroom, shredder, shrimp, Shroedinger, sleeping bag, snorkel, sound like a steam engine, Steiner school, stem turn in skiing, Sturm und Drang, syllable, Syria, temporary care, trace, weeping). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

た"しゅく (abbreviation, reduction), ショートニング . (various references)

   

Korean 

  

쇼트닝. (various references)

   

Manx

  

jannoo ny s'girrey (condensing), girraghey (abbreviate, abridge, abridgement, abridging, contract, foreshorten, shorten). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

orteningshay

   

Portuguese

  

encurtamento (curtailment). (various references)

   

Romanian

  

prescurtare (abbreviation, abridgement, abridgment, contraction, curtailment). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

укорачивание, сокращение (abbr, abbrev, abbreviation, abridgement, abridgment, breviary, cancellation, constriction, contraction, curtailment, cutback, cutting down, dockage, сокр., reduction, retrenchment, shrinkage, shrinking). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

skraćivanje (condensation, contraction, reduction, syncopation, trimming), masnoća (greasiness). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

acortamiento (abbreviation, acronym, curtailment, cutback, initials). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

förkortning (abbreviation, abridgement, abridgment, contraction). (various references)

   

Turkish

  

una katılan yağ, kısaltma (abbr, abbreviation, abridgement, compendium, compress, compression, condensation, curtailment, retrenchment, summary), kısalma (contraction), azalma (abatement, alleviation, attenuation, decline, decrease, decrement, degradation, diminution, drop, falling away, falling off, impairment, let up, letdown, reduce, reduction, remission, scale down, subsidence, wane). (various references)

   

Ukranian 

  

урізування (ax, axe, curtailment), укорочування. (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

sự thu ngắn lại mỡ pha v o bánh cho xốp giòn. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Shortening

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Latin500 BCE-Modern

adbreviationem. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Derivations: Shortening

Derivations

Words beginning with "shortening": shortenings. (additional references)

Words ending with "shortening": foreshortening. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Shortening"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "shortening" (pronounced shô"rtuning or shô"rtning)
6-r t u n i ngdisheartening, heartening.
5-t u n i ngbattening, brightening, enlightening, fattening, flattening, frightening, heightening, lightening, straightening, sweetening, threatening, tightening, whitening.
4-u n i ngabandoning, apportioning, auctioning, auditioning, awakening, bargaining, beckoning, blackening, bludgeoning, broadening, burdening, burgeoning, captioning, cautioning, championing, cheapening, christening, coarsening, commissioning, conditioning, cushioning, dampening, darkening, deadening, deafening, decommissioning, deepening, determining, disciplining, disillusioning, envisioning, examining, fashioning, fastening, freshening, functioning, gardening, glistening, happening, hardening, hastening, imagining, imprisoning, jettisoning, leavening, lengthening, lessening, likening, listening, loosening, maddening, malfunctioning, margining, mentioning, motioning, opening, orphaning, pardoning, partitioning, petitioning, poisoning, positioning, provisioning, questioning, quickening, rationing, reasoning, reawakening, reckoning, reconditioning, reexamining, reopening, repositioning, ripening, ruining, saddening, sanctioning, seasoning, sectioning, sharpening, sickening, siphoning, slackening, softening, stationing, stiffening, strengthening, summoning, thickening, toughening, unquestioning, vacationing, weakening, widening, worsening.
3-n i ngabstaining, adjoining, adjourning, aligning, ascertaining, assigning, attaining, awning, ballooning, banning, beginning, bemoaning, binning, boning, branning, brining, Browning, burning, campaigning, caning, Canning, careening, cartooning, chaining, chaperoning, churning, cleaning, cloning, clowning, cocooning, coining, combining, complaining, concerning, condoning, confining, conning, constraining, containing, convening, Corning, couponing, crooning, crowning, cunning, dawning, declining, defining, demeaning, Denning, designing, detaining, dining, Dinning, discerning, disdaining, divining, donning, Downing, draining, droning, drowning, Dunning, Durning, earning, enjoining, entertaining, evening, explaining, fanning, fawning, feigning, fining, finning, frowning, gaining, ginning, governing, greening, grinning, groaning, gunning, headlining, honing, Horning, housecleaning, impugning, inning, intertwining, intervening, intoning, ironing, jawboning, joining, Kenning, leaning, learning, lightning, lining, loaning, machining, maintaining, Manning, meaning, midmorning, mining, moaning, morning, mourning, obtaining, opining, ordaining, outlining, overrunning, overtraining, overturning, owning, panning, penning, pertaining, phoning, pining, pinning, planning, postponing, preening, preplanning, pruning, quarantining, raining, realigning, reassigning, reclining, redefining, redesigning, redlining, refining, refraining, regaining, reigning, reining, rejoining, relearning, remaining, rerunning, resigning, restraining, retaining, retraining, returning, rezoning, running, scanning, screening, shining, shunning, signing, sinning, spanning, spawning, spinning, spurning, staining, stoning, straining, streamlining, stunning, sunning, sustaining, swooning, tanning, telephoning, thinning, toning, training, tuning, turning, twining, underlining, undermining, underpinning, unreasoning, Vining, waning, warning, weaning, whining, wining, winning, yawning, yearning, zoning.
4-t n i nglightning.
3-n i ngabandoning, abstaining, adjoining, adjourning, aligning, apportioning, ascertaining, assigning, attaining, auctioning, auditioning, awakening, awning, ballooning, banning, bargaining, battening, beckoning, beginning, bemoaning, binning, blackening, bludgeoning, boning, branning, brightening, brining, broadening, Browning, burdening, burgeoning, burning, campaigning, caning, Canning, captioning, careening, cartooning, cautioning, chaining, championing, chaperoning, cheapening, christening, churning, cleaning, cloning, clowning, coarsening, cocooning, coining, combining, commissioning, complaining, concerning, conditioning, condoning, confining, conning, constraining, containing, convening, Corning, couponing, crooning, crowning, cunning, cushioning, dampening, darkening, dawning, deadening, deafening, declining, decommissioning, deepening, defining, demeaning, Denning, designing, detaining, determining, dining, Dinning, discerning, disciplining, disdaining, disheartening, disillusioning, divining, donning, Downing, draining, droning, drowning, Dunning, Durning, earning, enjoining, enlightening, entertaining, envisioning, evening, examining, explaining, fanning, fashioning, fastening, fattening, fawning, feigning, fining, finning, flattening, freshening, frightening, frowning, functioning, gaining, gardening, ginning, glistening, governing, greening, grinning, groaning, gunning, happening, hardening, hastening, headlining, heartening, heightening, honing, Horning, housecleaning, imagining, imprisoning, impugning, inning, intertwining, intervening, intoning, ironing, jawboning, jettisoning, joining, Kenning, leaning, learning, leavening, lengthening, lessening, lightening, likening, lining, listening, loaning, loosening, machining, maddening, maintaining, malfunctioning, Manning, margining, meaning, mentioning, midmorning, mining, moaning, morning, motioning, mourning, obtaining, opening, opining, ordaining, orphaning, outlining, overrunning, overtraining, overturning, owning, panning, pardoning, partitioning, penning, pertaining, petitioning, phoning, pining, pinning, planning, poisoning, positioning, postponing, preening, preplanning, provisioning, pruning, quarantining, questioning, quickening, raining, rationing, realigning, reasoning, reassigning, reawakening, reckoning, reclining, reconditioning, redefining, redesigning, redlining, reexamining, refining, refraining, regaining, reigning, reining, rejoining, relearning, remaining, reopening, repositioning, rerunning, resigning, restraining, retaining, retraining, returning, rezoning, ripening, ruining, running, saddening, sanctioning, scanning, screening, seasoning, sectioning, sharpening, shining, shunning, sickening, signing, sinning, siphoning, slackening, softening, spanning, spawning, spinning, spurning, staining, stationing, stiffening, stoning, straightening, straining, streamlining, strengthening, stunning, summoning, sunning, sustaining, sweetening, swooning, tanning, telephoning, thickening, thinning, threatening, tightening, toning, toughening, training, tuning, turning, twining, underlining, undermining, underpinning, unquestioning, unreasoning, vacationing, Vining, waning, warning, weakening, weaning, whining, whitening, widening, wining, winning, worsening, yawning, yearning, zoning.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Shortening

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "e-g-h-i-n-n-o-r-s-t"

-1 letter: inthrones, nitrogens, northings.

-2 letters: genitors, ghostier, histogen, horniest, inthrone, intoners, negronis, nitrogen, northing, nothings, ornithes, rontgens, sennight, shorting, snorting, ternions, thinners, thorning, throning, tinhorns.

-3 letters: eringos, ethions, genitor, ginners, goiters, goitres, gorhens, goriest, henting, heriots, heroins, hingers, hinters, histone, hogties, hoister, hornets, horning, hornist, horsing, hosting, ignores, inshore, interns, intoner, intones, introns, negroni.

 Words containing the letters "e-g-h-i-n-n-o-r-s-t"
 

+1 letter: shortenings.

 

+2 letters: overhuntings.

 

+3 letters: downrightness, housetraining, undershooting.

 

+4 letters: countershading, foreshortening, hydrogenations, underclothings.

 

+5 letters: countershadings, downrightnesses, parthenogenesis, photoengravings, unrighteousness.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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Alternative Orthography: Shortening


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

53 68 6F 72 74 65 6E 69 6E 67

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

...    ....    ---    .-.    -    .    -.    ..    -.    --.

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01010011 01101000 01101111 01110010 01110100 01100101 01101110 01101001 01101110 01100111

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#83 &#104 &#111 &#114 &#116 &#101 &#110 &#105 &#110 &#103

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0053 0068 006F 0072 0074 0065 006E 0069 006E 0067

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

53748184867180758073

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern
5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Quotations: Non-fiction
9. Usage Frequency
10. Expressions
11. Expressions: Internet
12. Translations: Modern
13. Translations: Ancient
14. Derivations
15. Rhymes
16. Anagrams
17. Orthography
18. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

 

 

 

 

Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions:
woordeboek, fjalor, ‏معجم, ‏قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary;
definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, ‏الوضوحية في الشيء, ‏حد, ‏تحديد, ‏تعريف, ‏التحديد, ‏الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition;
vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ‏ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ‏ترجمة, ‏إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation;
Albaans, Albanies, Albaniese taal, shqip, ‏الألبانية, ‏الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, Albanyano, 阿"巴尼亚语, 阿爾巴尼亞人 , albánský, Albanees, albanskt, albanialainen, Albanais, Albaneesk, albaner, αλβανικόσ, Αλβανός, αλβανόσ, arbnisht, arbërisht, albán, albanskur, albanska, AlbÚinis, albanese, 알"니아, Albaneagh, albanês, arnãut, albanez, arnãuţesc, албанский, Alapania, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець, for Albanian;
Arabies, arabishte, ‏العربية, ‏عربي, ‏اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, 阿拉伯 , arabský, arabština, arábiskt, arabialainen, arabe, Arabysk, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, 아라비아, Arabish, arabir, arabic, арабский, Arapi, arapski, árabe, arabisk, าษาหรืออักขระอาหรับ, เกี่ยวกับอาระเบีย, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập, for Arabic;
Bulgaars, Bulgaar, bulgr, ‏البلغارية, ‏بلغاري, Búlgaru, български, български език, българин, Bulgaryan, 保 利亚, bulharský, bulgarer, bulgarskt, bulgarialainen, Bulgaarsk, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bullgar, bolgár, bulgaro, 불가리아, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, Bułgar, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri, for Bulgarian;
Sjinees, Chinees, kinez, ‏الصينية, ‏لغة الصين, ‏صيني, ‏الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, Chinu, китайски, Ininsik, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, kinesiskt, kinverskur, kiinalainen, Chinois, Sineesk, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, Kínverji, Sínis, cinese, チフス菌 , チャイニーズ , 중국, Cina, Sheenish, Sheenagh, Hainamana, chines, Chińczyk, chinês, chinés, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, Saina, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, snesi, sneysi, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць, for Chinese;
Tsjeggies, Tsjeg, çek, ‏تشيكي, ‏اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, ‏التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, Checu, чешки, Sekoslovakyano, 捷克語 , 捷克语, 捷克 , èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tjekker, tjekke, Tsjech, Tsjechisch, tjekkiskt, t?ekkiläinen, tchèque, Tsjechysk, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, 체", Sheckagh, Sheckish, Czech, chèc, ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка, người Séc tiếng Séc, for Czech;
Deens, danisht, danishte, ‏لغة الدانمركية, ‏نوع كعك, ‏دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish;
Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, ‏هولندي, ‏اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch;
‏الاسبرانتو لغة دولية, Esperantu, есперанто, 世界语, esperanton, espéranto, εσπεράντο, אספר טו, eszperanto, eszperantó, エスキモー犬 , エスペラント , эсперанто, Eseperano, esperanto, Kiesperanto, าษาที่ประ"ิษฐ์ขึ้นเพื่อใช้เป็น าษากลางในการสื่อสารระหว่างประเทศ ซึ่งรากศัพท์ส่วนใหญ่, esperanto dili, tiếng etperantô, for esperanto;
Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, ‏اللغة الفنلندية, ‏فنلندية, ‏فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish;
Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, ‏فرنسي, ‏اللغة الفرنسية, ‏الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French;
Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ‏ضرب من الرقص, ‏جرماني, ‏المانية, ‏الماني, ‏اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German;
Grieks, Griek, ‏الإغريقي, ‏يوناني, ‏اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek;
Jood, Hebreeus, Israeliet, hebraishte, ‏يهودي, ‏عبري, ‏اليهودية, ‏اللغة العبرية, ‏العبرية, Hebréu, иврит, древен жител на юдея, юдейски, израилтянин, евреин, староеврейски, староеврейски език, юдей, 西伯来, 希伯來語 , hebrejský, hebrejka, hebrejec, hebrejština, joods, Hebreeuws, hebraiskt, juutalainen, hébreu, Hebrieusk, hebräisch, hebräer, εβραϊκόσ, εβραϊκά, εβραίοσ, עברית, עברי, zsidó, héber, izraelita, Eabhrais, ebraico, ebreo, ヘブライ語 , ヘブライ", Ewagh, Ew, Ewnish, hudiu, hebraico, hebreu, ebrèu, limba ebraicã, izraelit, evreu, evreiesc, ebraic, еврейский, еврей, древнееврейский, древнееврейский язык, Eperu, hibru, hebreo, dyu, Myahudi, Yahudi, hebreiska, hebreisk, jude, ชาวฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), าษาฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), musevi, ibranice, ibrani, іудей, старо"врейська мова, старо"врейський, іврит, "врейський, "врей, người Hê-brơ, Hebraeg, Hebreaidd, for Hebrew;
Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, ‏الهنغاري, ‏مجري, ‏هنغاري, ‏المجري, ‏اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian;
Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, ‏شخص إيطالي, ‏اللغة الإيطالية, ‏الإيطالي, ‏إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian;
korean, ‏كوري شمالي, ‏اللغة الكورية, ‏كوري جنوبي, ‏كوري, Coreanu, корейски, корейски език, Koryano, 韩国语, "國 , 朝鮮語 , korejský, korejec, korejština, Koreaans, koreanskt, coréen, Koreaansk, koreanisch, Koreaner, κορεάτησ, κορεάτικοσ, koreai, 한국, koreano, coréia, a língua coreana, coreean, limba coreeanã, кореец, корейский, Kolea, korejski jezik, korejski, koreanac, coreano, koreansk, ชาวเกาหลี, kore'li, кореянка, коре"ць, корейська мова, корейський, người Triều tiên tiếng Triều tiên, for korean;
gjuha e popullsisë së ishullit men, manský, manština, manx, mann-szigeti nyelv, Gaelgagh, Yn Ghaelg, Manninish, Manninagh, язык жителей о-ва мэн, с о-ва мэн, s ostrva mana, los habitantes de la isla de man, lengua de la isla de man, de la isla de man, från ön man, man dili, man adası, менський діалект, менський, for manx;
Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, ‏اللغة البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese;
Roemeen, rumun, Rumanu, румънски език, румънски, румънец, Romanyan, 罗马尼亚语, rumunský, rumunština, rumæner, Roemeens, rumenskt, romanialainen, roumain, Roemeensk, rumäne, ρουμανόσ, Ρουμάνος, román, rumeno, 루마니아, Roomainagh, romeno, romanés, român, румын, румынский, rumunski, rumunski jezik, rumano, rumänsk, румунська мова, румун, румунський, румунка, for Romanian;
Russies, Rus, ‏الروسية, ‏روسي, ‏اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian;
塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, for Serbo-Croatian;
Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, ‏اللغة الأسبانية, ‏الأسبانية, ‏أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish;
Sweeds, suedez, ‏اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish;
Turks, turk, ‏تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, ‏اللغة التركية, Turcu, турски, турски език, Turko, 土耳其, 土耳其語 , tureètina, turecký, turkist, turkkilainen, turque, turc, Turksk, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türk, türkçe, турецька мова, турецький, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ, for Turkish;
乌克兰, for Ukranian;
Vietnamees, vietnamez, vietnamisht, виетнамски език, виетнамски, Vietnamis, 越南語 , 越南 , 越南语, vietnamský, vietnamka, vietnamec, vietnamština, vietnameser, vjetmanskt, vietnamilainen, vietnamien, Fjetnameesk, vietnamese, vietnamesisch, Vietnamesin, 'ιετναμέζος, vietnami, vietnámi, ベトナ 人 , ベトナ じ", 트남, vietnamita, вьетнамский, vijetnamski jezik, vijetnamski, vijetnamac, vietnames, vietnam, vietnamlı, vietnam dili, в'"тнамець, в'"тнамський, người Việt nam tiếng Việt, for Vietnamese;