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Definition: Shell |
ShellAdjective1. Having a shell or or containing shell; "shell marl". Noun1. Ammunition consisting of a cylindrical metal casing containing an explosive charge and a projectile; fired from a large gun. 2. The material that forms the hard outer covering of many animals. 3. Hard outer covering or case of certain organisms such as arthropods and turtles. 4. The hard usually fibrous outer layer of some fruits especially nuts. 5. The exterior covering of a bird's egg. 6. A rigid covering that envelops an object; "the satellite is covered with a smooth shell of ice". 7. A very light narrow racing boat. 8. The housing or outer covering of something; "the clock has a walnut case". 9. A metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners). 10. : the hard largely calcareous covering of a mollusc. Verb1. Use explosives on; "The enemy has been shelling us all day". 2. Take something out of its shell or pod, such as peas or beans. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
"Shell" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "Who is like God?". |
Date "shell" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Shell n. [orig. {Multics techspeak, widely propagated via Unix] 1. [techspeak] The command interpreter used to pass commands to an operating system; so called because it is the part of the operating system that interfaces with the outside world. 2. More generally, any interface program that mediates access to a special resource or server for convenience, efficiency, or security reasons; for this meaning, the usage is usually `a shell around' whatever. This sort of program is also called a `wrapper'. 3. A skeleton program, created by hand or by another program (like, say, a parser generator), which provides the necessary incantations to set up some task and the control flow to drive it (the term driver is sometimes used synonymously). The user is meant to fill in whatever code is needed to get real work done. This usage is common in the AI and Microsoft Windows worlds, and confuses Unix hackers. Historical note: Apparently, the original Multics shell (sense 1) was so called because it was a shell (sense 3); it ran user programs not by starting up separate processes, but by dynamically linking the programs into its own code, calling them as subroutines, and then dynamically de-linking them on return. The VMS command interpreter still does something very like this. Source: Jargon File. |
Aerospace | A body one of whose dimensions is small compared with the others. (references) |
Building & Civil Engineering | The upstream and downstream parts of the cross-section of an embankment dam on each side of the core or core wall. Hence the expressions upstream shoulder-down-stream shoulder. Source: European Union. (references) |
Chemistry | An external container in which the electrolysis of fused electrolyte is conducted. Source: European Union. (references) |
Electrical Engineering | A transparent or translucent gas-tight envelope enclosing the luminous element. Source: European Union. (references) |
| Any direct or indirect metal copy of a lacquer disk formed by electroplating. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Food & Agriculture | The wooden or metal casing of a block in which the sheaves revolve. Source: European Union. (references) |
Industry | A)a small fragment, generally conchoidal; it may not have been separated from the glass; b)the cavity left by removal of such a fragment. Source: European Union. (references) |
Literature | Shell (A) is a hollow iron ball, with a fuze-hole in it to receive a fuze, which is a plug of wood containing gunpowder. It is constructed to burn slowly, and, on firing, the piece ignites, and continues to burn during its flight till it falls on the object at which it is directed, when it bursts, scattering its fragments in all directions. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Metallurgy | A projection on the surface of an ingot caused by steel flowing into a cavity in the wall of an imperfect mould or by metal from the wall of the mould adhering to the surface of the ingot. Source: European Union. (references) |
| The metal casing of the furnace enclosing the refractory brickwork. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| A relatively thin film or tongue of metal imperfectly attached to the surface of the steel. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Mining | A. A thin, hard layer of rock encountered in drilling a well. CF:shale break b. The crust of the Earth. Also, any of the continuous and distinctive concentric zones or layers composing the interior of the Earth (beneath the crust). The term was formerly used for what is now called the mantle. Syn:Earth shell c. A sedimentary deposit consisting primarily of animal shells d. A steel tube from which air or other gas at high pressure is discharged with explosive force in a shothole; as used with Cardox, Hydrox, and air blasting e. Incorrectly used by some drillers as a syn. for reaming shell; also incorrectly used as a syn. for the inner or outer tube of a core barrel f. A metal or paper case that holds a charge of powder g. A group of electrons in an atom, all of which have the same principal quantum number h. Any thin-wall tubular device i. A torpedo used in oil wells j. A hollow structure or vessel. (references) |
Nuclear Energy & Physics | A component of the reactor vessel. Source: European Union. (references) |
Public Administration | An explosive projectile or bomb for use in a cannon or mortar. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The hard, rigid outer calcium carbonate covering of certain animals is called a shell. While many animals, particularly those that live in the sea, produce exoskeletons, usually only those of mollusks are considered to be shells.
Shells are very durable, and outlast the otherwise soft-bodied animals that produce them by a long time. Large amounts of shells may form sediment and become compressed into limestone. Shells that wash up on beaches are called seashells, and are collected by some enthusiasts.
Related topics
- Carapace
- Exoskeleton
- Coral
- Shell (material)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Animal shell."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Bash is a Unix command shell written for the GNU project. Its name is an acronym for "Bourne-Again SHell": a pun on the Bourne shell sh, which was the original Unix shell. The Bash command syntax is largely backward-compatible with sh, and includes ideas drawn from ksh and csh, such as the command history, the directory stack, the $RANDOM variable, and the POSIX form of command substitution, '$('.The original Bourne shell was written by Stephen Bourne. Bash was primarily written by Brian Fox and Chet Ramey.
Bash is the default shell on most GNU/Linux systems, and it can be run on most Unix-like operating systems. It has also been ported to Microsoft Windows by the Cygwin project.
Bash is distributed under the GNU General Public License. It is available for download from many sites on the Internet, including the GNU project FTP site. The latest released version is 2.05β.
The complex bash script bashforth shows several bash programming techniques, by implementing a version of the extensible programming language Forth.
External link
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Bourne-Again shell."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A command line interpreter is a program which reads a line of text the user has typed and interprets this text in the context of a given system.Command line interpreters have the advantage that the user may issue a lot of commands in a very terse and efficient way. The downside is that one has to know the commands and their parameters. The graphical user interfaces were an answer to this problem. However for certain complex tasks GUIs are more difficult to use than a command line interface, because of the large number of menus and dialog boxes presented, and therefore a well designed command line interface is easier to use.
Examples of command line interpreters (not actually well designed, but grown historically and intensively used)
See also: Command line interface
- the various Unix shell programs such as bash
- command.com (MS-DOS, later versions of the Microsoft operating systems have command line interpreters with the same name but with more commands they can interpret)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Command line interpreter."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Shell Oil, headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands, properly named Royal Dutch-Shell, was founded in 1890 by Jean Kessler, along with Henri Deterding and Hugo Loudon, when a Royal charter was granted by the Queen of the Netherlands to a small oil exploration company known as "Royal Dutch."
To compete against the giant American oil company, Standard Oil, in 1907 Royal Dutch merged with The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company, p.l.c. of the UK. ADRs are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under RD (Royal Dutch) and SC (Shell).
One of the original Seven Sisters, Royal Dutch/Shell is the world’s largest petrochemicals company and the world's second largest oil company. Shell has five core businesses: Exploration and Production, Oil Products, Downstream Gas and Power, Chemicals and Renewables, and operates in more than 140 countries across the world.
These companies are headed by the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company, p.l.c. of the United Kingdom. These two companies hold all other subsidiary companies. The Shell interest in subsidiaries is always divided 60/40 in favor of Royal Dutch. In many cases, subsidiary companies are held in partnership with other, be these governments or others.
Although to meet Company Law in all countries there are nominated directors, the Shell Group of Companies is in fact run by an executive body whose members are chosen from the overall group.
An original investor, the largest single shareholder of Royal Dutch/Shell is the holding company for the Dutch Royal Family, set up by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.
Shell has been criticized by environmental and human rights groups for a number of their practices. Their involvement in Nigeria came to the forefront after the execution of dissident Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight others. Shell was also attacked for plans to dump an old Oil Platform in the North Sea and eventually agreed to disassemble it onshore.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Royal Dutch-Shell."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Amongst other things, a shell is:
- An animal shell, the hard, rigid outer covering of an animal such as a mollusk or gastropod. See also: shell (material).
- The operating system shell, the command line interpreter in the Unix operating system.
- An electron shell, consisting of a number of electrons in an orbital around an atomic nucleus
- The shorthand name for Shell Oil's line of convenience stores.
- A shell, a projectile with explosive charge, shot from a gun; typically shells are larger than bullets and shot from larger guns.
- In physics, see On shell and Off shell
- shell (fruit)
- turtle shell
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Shell."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Generally, shells are large rounds fired out of either artillery or armored fighting vehicles (including tanks). Also, warships, such as battleships, fire shells.Most shells are roughly bullet shaped - that is, a cylinder topped by an ogive shaped nose, possibly with a tapering base - but some specialised types are quite different.
= Calibres = The calibre caliber of a shell is its diameter. This is normally measured in millimetres even in the USA, although it is occasionally given in centimetres in some European countries, or even in inches for some naval guns.
The smallest shells are 20 mm calibre, used in aircraft cannon and some light armoured vehicles. The largest shells ever fired were those from the German super-railway guns, Gustav and Dora, which were 800 mm ( 31.5") in calibre.
Such large shells have been largely obsoleted by guided missiles, and today shells larger than 155 mm are rare.
Some common shell calibres (all in mm) include 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 76, 84, 105, 120, 127, and 155.
Old style calibres
Historically, shells were often described in pounds. Usually this refers to the actual weight of an HE shell, but for maximum confusion this is not always the case. Some were named after the weights of obsolete shell types of the same calibre, or even obsolete shell types that were considered to have been functionally equivalent. Also non-HE shells fired from the same gun, but usually actually different in weight, were given the same poundage. Thus to convert from "pounds" to mm requires consulting a detailed historical reference. = Types = There are many different types of shells. The principle ones include:High Explosive (HE)
The most common shell type is high explosive, commonly referred to simply as HE. HE shells have a strong steel case, a bursting charge, and a fuze. When the fuze initiates the shell, the bursting charge shatters the case and scatters hot, sharp fragments of steel at high speed. Most of the damage is caused by being struck by these fragments, rather than directly by the blast. The fuze on an HE shell can usually be set to burst on the ground, in the air above the ground (to scatter fragments behind cover), or after penetrating a short distance into the ground (either to transmit more ground shock to covered positions, or to reduce the spread of fragments).Armour-piercing (AP)
In naval warfare and older anti-tank shells, the shell had to withstand the shock of punching through armour plate. Shells designed for this purpose had a greatly strengthened case with a specially hardened and shaped nose, and a much smaller bursting charge. Some smaller calibre AP shells had no bursting charge at all. Plain AP shell is now very rarely seen except in naval usage, and is less common even there. See also: Armor-piercing shot and shell
Armour-piercing, Discarding Sabot (APDS)
APDS extends the concept of AP by carrying a sub-calibre (i.e., smaller than the gun barrel) projectile in a light alloy "sabot" which fills up the rest of the barrel. (After emerging from the barrel, the sabot is stripped off by a combination of centripetal force and wind.) This enables the projectile to reach much higher velocities, increasing its penetrating power. To withstand the greater shock of impact, and increase density for greater penetration, the projectile is usually made from tungsten.A further refinement of the same concept is Armour-piercing, Discarding Sabot, Fin Stabilised. In this the projectile is made long and thin to increase its sectional density and thus penetration. However once a projectile is more than about ten times longer than it is wide, spin stabilisation becomes ineffective, so the projectile is instead stabilised by fins attached at its base. Thus, an APFSDS projectile looks like a big metal arrow! APFSDS projectiles are sometimes made from tungsten, but the most effective types are made from depleted uranium.
High Explosive, Anti-Tank (HEAT)
HEAT shells are a type of shaped charge used to defeat armoured vehicles. They are extremely efficient at defeating plain steel armour but are becoming less useful with the growing prevalence of reactive armour. Because a HEAT charge is best detonated at a certain optimal distance in front of the target, HEAT shells are usually distinguished by a long, thin nose probe sticking out in front of the rest of the shell.High Explosive, Squash Head (HESH) or High Explosive, Plastic (HEP)
A HESH shell is another anti-tank shell. It is has a very thin case, and an unusually large charge of a plastic explosive. It is designed to flatten against the face of the armour, and detonate at the time that transfers the maximum shock into the armour plate. When the compressive shock reflects off the air/metal interface inside the tank, it is transformed into a tension wave which spalls a "scab" of metal off the inside of the plate and throws it into the tank. Thus a HESH shell can defeat a tank even without penetrating the armour.HESH is completely defeated by spaced armour (provided that the plates are individually able to withstand the explosion), but remains popular in some armed forces because vehicles without spaced armour are still common, and it is also the most efficient shell at demolishing brick and concrete.
Artillery delivered mines
A type of carrier shell which scatters landmines to create an instant minefield at a remote location. Signatories of the Ottawa treaty have renounced these shells.Chemical
Chemical shells contain just a small explosive charge to burst the shell, and a larger quantity of a chemical weapon. Signatories of the Chemical Weapons Convention have renounced such shells.Non-lethal shells
Not all shells are designed to kill or destroy. The following three types are designed to achive particular non-lethal effects on the battlefield. They are not completely harmless, however; smoke and illumination shells can accidentally start fires, while all three types can cause minor damage (or potentially kill) if property or a person is unlucky enough to be struck by the discarded carrrier.Smoke
The smoke shell is designed to create a smoke screen. The main types are bursting (usually filled with white phosphorus) and base ejection (a particular type of carrier shell, which scatters specialised smoke grenades).Illumination
Another non-lethal shell type is illumination. An illumination shell has a fuze which ejects the "candle" (a pyrotechnic flare emitting white, coloured, or infrared light) at a calculated altitude, where it slowly drifts down beneath a heat resistant parachute.Carrier
The carrier shell is simply a hollow carrier equipped with a fuze which ejects the contents at a calculated time. They are often filled with propaganda leaflets, but can be filled with anything that meets the weight restrictions and is able to withstand the shock of firing. = Unexploded shells = The fuze of a shell has to keep the shell safe from accidental detonation during storage, (possibly rough) handling, and violent launch through the barrel, then reliably detonate it at the correct time. To do this it has a number of safety mechanisms which are successively withdrawn under the influence of the sequence of firing.Sometimes, one of these safety mechanisms is not disabled during the shell's flight, and the shell fails to detonate on impact. Such a shell is called a blind or UXO. (An older term, "dud", is discouraged because it implies that the shell cannot detonate). Blind shells often litter old battlefields (sometimes burrowed a short distance into the earth), and are extremely hazardous. For example, there is at least one type of blind which can be detonated by a shadow passing across it on a hot day, and most types can potentially be detonated by even a small movement.
If a blind shell is discovered, it should be avoided, other people warned of its presence, and it should be reported to the local police or armed forces for safe destruction.
=History=
Explosive shells do not appear to have been in general use before the middle of the 16th century. About that time hollow balls of stone or cast iron were fired from mortars. The balls were nearly filled with gunpowder and the remaining space with a slow-burning composition. This method was fairly ineffective as the charge was not always ignited by the flash from the discharge of the gun, and moreover the amount of composition to burn a stipulated time could not easily be gauged.
The shell was, therefore, fitted with a hollow forged iron or copper plug, filled with slow-burning powder. It was impossible to ignite with certainty this primitive fuze simply by firing the gun; the fuze was consequently first ignited and the gun fired immediately afterwards. This entailed the use of a mortar or a very short piece, so that the fuze could be easily reached from the muzzle without unduly endangering the gunner. Cast-iron spherical common shell were in use up to 1871. For guns they were latterly fitted with a wooden disc called a sabot, attached by a copper rivet, intended to keep the fuze central when loading. They were also supposed to reduce the rebounding tendency of the shell as it travelled along the bore on discharge. Mortar shell were not fitted with sabots.
Cast iron held its own as the most convenient material for projectiles up to the end of the 19th century, steel supplanting it, first for projectiles intended for piercing armour, and afterwards for common shell for high-velocity guns where the shock of discharge has been found too severe for cast iron.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Shell (weapon)."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Unix shell, also called the command line, is the traditional user interface for the Unix operating system. Users direct the operation of the computer by entering command input as text for the shell to execute. Within the Microsoft Windows suite of operating systems the equivalent program is command.com.
The most generic sense of the term shell means any program that users use to type commands; it is called a "shell" because it hides the details of the underlying operating system behind the shell's interface. Similarly, graphical user interfaces for Unix, such as GNOME and KDE, are sometimes called visual shells or graphical shells. By itself, the term shell is usually associated with the command line. In Unix, any program can be the user's shell; users who want to use a different syntax for typing commands can specify a different program as their shell.
The term shell also refers to a particular program, namely the Bourne shell. The Bourne shell was the shell used in early versions of Unix and became a de facto standard; every Unix-like system has the equivalent of the Bourne shell. The Bourne shell program is called sh and is located in the UNIX file hierarchy at /bin/sh. On some systems, such as BSD, /bin/sh is a Bourne shell or equivalent, but on other systems such as Linux, /bin/sh is likely to be a link to a compatible, but more feature-rich shell, such as bash.
The Unix shell is unusual since it is in both an interactive command language and the language used to script the system; it is a scripting programming language.
On systems using a windowing system, naive users may never use the shell directly. Many regular users of a UNIX system still find a modern shell much more convenient for many tasks than any GUI application.
Unix shells
- Almquist shell (ash)
- Bourne shell (sh)
- Bourne-Again shell (bash)
- C shell (csh)
- scsh (Scheme Shell)
- TENEX C shell (tcsh)
- Korn shell (ksh)
- rc shell (rc)
- Z shell (zsh)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "UNIX shell."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| SHOP | English | Shell higher olefins process | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: ShellSynonyms: carapace (n), case (n), casing (n), cuticle (n), eggshell (n), plate (n), racing shell (n), scale (n), blast (v), pod (v), strafe (v). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Arms | Missile, bolt, projectile, shot, ball; grape; grape shot, canister shot, bar shot, cannon shot, langrel shot, langrage shot, round shot, chain shot; balista, ballista, slung shot, trebucbet, trebucket; bullet, slug, stone, brickbat, grenade, shell, bomb, carcass, rocket; congreve, congreve rocket; shrapnel, mitraille; levin bolt, levin brand; thunderbolt. |
Attack | Fire upon, fire at, fire a shot at; shoot at, pop at, level at, let off a gun at; open fire, pepper, bombard, shell, pour a broadside into; fire a volley, fire red-hot shot; spring a mine. |
Covering | Peel, crust, bark, rind, cortex, husk, shell, coat; eggshell, glume. |
Deception | Trick, cheat, wile, blind, feint, plant, bubble, fetch, catch, chicane, juggle, reach, hocus, bite; card sharping, stacked deck, loaded dice, quick shuffle, double dealing, dealing seconds, dealing from the bottom of the deck; artful dodge, swindle; tricks upon travelers; stratagem; (artifice); confidence trick, fake, hoax; theft; ballot-box stuffing barney, brace game, bunko game, drop game, gum game, panel game; shell game, thimblerig; skin game. |
Expenditure | Verb: expend, spend; run through, get through; pay, disburse; ante, ante up; pony up; open the purse strings, loose the purse strings, untie the purse strings; lay out, shell out, fork out, fork over; bleed; make up a sum, invest, sink money. |
Interment | Coffin, shell, sarcophagus, urn, pall, bier, hearse, catafalque, cinerary urn. |
Payment | Pay one's way, pay one's shot, pay one's footing; pay the piper, pay sauce for all, pay costs; do the needful; shell out, fork out; cough up, fork over; come down with, come down with the dust; tickle the palm, grease the palm; expend; put down, lay down. |
Prodigy | Bursting of a shell, bursting of a bomb; volcanic eruption, peal of thunder; thunder-clap, thunder-bolt. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | No, this is me in a nut shell: Help (Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery; writing credit: Mike Myers) Stern, if this factory ever produces a shell that can actually be fired, I'd be very unhappy (Schindler's List; writing credit: Steven Zaillian) They've got a thick candy shell. (Tommy Boy; writing credit: Terry Turner, Bonnie Turner, Fred Wolf) You heard of a place called Shell Beach (Dark City; writing credit: Alex Proyas) Hey, no hurling on the shell, dude, okay (Finding Nemo; writing credit: Andrew Stanton) | |
Lyrics | To break out of the shell (I'm Coming Out; performing artist: Diana Ross) Living inside this shell (Living Inside Myself; performing artist: Gino Vannelli) And rot inside a corpse's shell (Thriller; performing artist: Michael Jackson) I'm just like a turtle crawling out of my shell (Mr. Boombastic; performing artist: Shaggy) | |
Clever | If a turtle doesn't have a shell, is he homeless or naked? (references; author: unknown) It is the wounded oyster that mends its shell with the pearl. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Purple Shell (1967) Shell Shock (1963) The Body Is a Shell (1957) II Troféu Turístico do Clube Shell (1957) The Old Shell Game (1948) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
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Books | |||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Tetanus in a 46-year-old man, Manila. Muscular spasms, abdomen and limbs, from tetanus due to shell fragments wound on hand. Credit: CDC. |  | Note the fusion of the former scales of which the protective shell is composed, as well as the small, hair-like projections emerging from pores within this mantle. Credit: CDC. |
 | "Sea Shell" by Hassan Sedaghat, colorized by David Parker. The surface is colored by theta in spherical coordinates. |  | The "Hard Conch" restaurant displays shell art. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | A "peeler" crab (female). It will shed its shell within an hour. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Callinectes sapidus. 1. The cast shell of a half-grown male. 2. The ventral surface of a half-grown male. In: "Life History of the Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus" by W. P. Hay. Report of the Bureau of Fisheries 1904. P. 413, Plate I (upper half). Credit: Fisheries. |
 | Shell fish on display at Anthony's Oyster Olympics. The Oyster Olympics helps celebrate clean Pacific waters. Credit: Fisheries. |  | Placement of oyster shell along the wooden plug. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
 | Another shellfishermen unloads his catch at the dock where volunteers weigh the hard shell clams to determine payment for the fishermen and to determine total weight of the transfers to the spawner sanctuaries. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. The Bubble Shell, Haminoea sp. is seasonally abundant intertidally and subtidally on mud flats and sandy-mud bottomed bays from Alaska to the Gulf of California. The shell is fragile, translucent, and too small to contain the body. Credit: National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR). |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Shell" by Remko Meijer Commentary: "This is an inside photo of the machine that carries, uhm how do you call that... ." | "Clam Shell" by Andrew Mills Commentary: "Clam shell." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Play | Caption |
 | Shakers, agogo bells, low drums, and synthesized conch shell. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Andrew Carnegie | The first man gets the oyster, the second man gets the shell. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | His childhood was dead or lost and with it his soul capable of simple joys, and he was drifting amid life like the barren shell of the moon |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | A plump tortoise shell cat leaped up on the counter and stalked lazily near to him. |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | I likewise broke my right shin against the shell of a snail, which I happened to stumble over, as I was walking alone, and thinking on poor England |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | I withdrew yet farther into my shell, and endeavored to keep a bright fire both within my house and within my breast |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | A free radical is a molecule with an unpaired electron in its outer shell. (references) | |
One in 20,000 eggs may be contaminated with Salmonella inside the egg shell. (references) | ||
Shell eggs are safest when stored in the refrigerator, individually and thoroughly cooked, and promptly consumed. (references) | ||
Business | Several examples include NatSteel, Shell and STMicroelectronics. (references) | |
The gas exploration itself will cost $40-million, financed by shell and Namibia Power (Nampower), among others. (references) | ||
The project is scheduled for completion in 2002. Nampower will control 44 percent of the 750 MW power station’s equity, with Shell holding 19 percent and Eskom 15 percent. (references) | ||
Economic History | Nicaragua | SHELL NICARAGUA, petroleum distributor. (references) |
Portugal | Shell Portuguesa, SA Fuel Distribution Neth./U.K. (references) | |
Syria | They include Shell, Conoco, Total-Fina-Elf, Mol, and Ina Nafta Plin. (references) | |
Political Economy | OMAN | Financing on the downstream plant is on a limited recourse basis, with upstream facilities and a 360-km pipeline financed through the corporate developers, principally Royal Dutch Shell. (references) |
OMAN | Oman Liquefied Natural Gas (OLNG), which completed a $2 billion LNG plant at Sur in a joint venture between the Omani Government, Royal Dutch Shell, Total, and Korea Gas, began deliveries of LNG in May 2000. The entire 6.6 million ton/year LNG output of OLNG has been sold in long term contracts to Korea and Japan. (references) | |
Trade | Mauritius | Imports of the following items are prohibited: ball valve bottles, caps for toy guns, recapped tires, white phosphorous matches, certain firecrackers, kerosene stoves, water scooters, ivory and tortoise shell, underwater fishing guns, candy in the form of cigarettes, toy crash helmets, cigarette papers, used motor vehicle spare parts, electric water heaters with bare elements, portable electric lamps, teething rings, rolling machines (other than industrial-type rolling machines) for cigarette manufacturing, blue asbestos and its products, and items containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). A detailed list is available from the Embassy. (references) |
Travel | Ghana | Troas Street, Osu, near Shell Station. (references) |
Ghana | At the airport, next to the Shell Gas Station. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | DEPUTY, n. A male relative of an office-holder, or of his bondsman. The deputy is commonly a beautiful young man, with a red necktie and an intricate system of cobwebs extending from his nose to his desk. When accidentally struck by the janitor's broom, he gives off a cloud of dust. "Chief Deputy," the Master cried, "To-day the books are to be tried By experts and accountants who Have been commissioned to go through Our office here, to see if we Have stolen injudiciously. Please have the proper entries made, The proper balances displayed, Conforming to the whole amount Of cash on hand -- which they will count. I've long admired your punctual way -- Here at the break and close of day, Confronting in your chair the crowd Of business men, whose voices loud And gestures violent you quell By some mysterious, calm spell -- Some magic lurking in your look That brings the noisiest to book And spreads a holy and profound Tranquillity o'er all around. So orderly all's done that they Who came to draw remain to pay. But now the time demands, at last, That you employ your genius vast In energies more active. Rise And shake the lightnings from your eyes; Inspire your underlings, and fling Your spirit into everything!" The Master's hand here dealt a whack Upon the Deputy's bent back, When straightway to the floor there fell A shrunken globe, a rattling shell A blackened, withered, eyeless head! The man had been a twelvemonth dead. Jamrach Holobom |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | In this conditions, pirate ships freely roam around and shell Cuba and make piratic attacks on peaceful cargo ships. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Shell" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 94.00% of the time. "Shell" is used about 1,881 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 94% | 1,768 | 4,768 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 3.82% | 72 | 39,377 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 1.7% | 32 | 61,292 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.48% | 9 | 117,287 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,881 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "shell" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Shell | Last name | 5,000 | 2,399 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| "Shell" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "Who is like God?". | |||
| The following table summarizes names related to "Shell." | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Related Name |
| Michael | Male | Biblical | N/A |
| Michael | Male | Czech | N/A |
| Chelle | Female | English | Michelle |
| Michael | Male | English | N/A |
| Michelle | Female | English | Michael |
| Michelyne | Female | English | Michelle |
| Shell | Female, Male | English | Michelle |
| Michelle | Female | French | Michael |
| Michael | Male | German | N/A |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Canada | Shell Canada Limited | Finland | Oy Shell Ab |
| Hong Kong | Shell Electric Mfg. (Holdings) Co. Ltd. | Japan | Showa Shell Sekiyu Kabushiki Kaisha |
| Malaysia | Shell Refining Co (FOM) Berhad | Pakistan | Shell Pakistan Limited |
| South Korea | Han Kook Shell Oil Co. Ltd. | United Kingdom | The Shell Transport and Trading Company, p.l.c. |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
1. Shell, WY |
Expressions using "shell": Admiral shell ♦ anticlastic shell ♦ Apple shell ♦ argus shell ♦ ark shell ♦ auger shell ♦ band shell ♦ barrel shell ♦ base ejection shell ♦ blank shell ♦ blind shell ♦ Boat shell ♦ Bourne shell ♦ Bubble shell ♦ Butterfly shell ♦ Button shell ♦ C shell ♦ cannon shell ♦ Carrier shell ♦ chank shell ♦ coconut in the shell ♦ come out of one's shell ♦ Crown shell ♦ Date shell ♦ Dextral shell ♦ Disk shell ♦ Dragon shell ♦ egg shell ♦ egg shell calcification ♦ electron shell ♦ Equilateral shell ♦ extensible Shell ♦ fan shell ♦ Finger shell ♦ Fountain shell ♦ fragmentation shell ♦ gas shell ♦ Gold shell ♦ Goroon shell ♦ Hammer shell ♦ Harp shell ♦ Heart shell ♦ heavy shell ♦ Hedgehog shell ♦ Helmet shell ♦ Horn shell ♦ incendiary shell ♦ ingot shell ♦ Ioqua shell ♦ Ivory shell ♦ Jingle shell ♦ korn Shell ♦ lachrymatory shell ♦ Ladder shell ♦ lamp shell ♦ Lantern shell ♦ large shell ♦ Lentil shell ♦ Maara shell ♦ mail Users' Shell ♦ Mask shell ♦ Mason shell ♦ message shell ♦ Miter shell ♦ music shell ♦ needle shell ♦ otter shell ♦ oyster shell ♦ Oyster Shell Calcium ♦ Partridge shell ♦ patty shell ♦ paw shell ♦ pear shell ♦ pearl shell ♦ perspective shell ♦ pheasant shell ♦ pie shell ♦ piercing shell ♦ pompano shell ♦ porcelain shell ♦ porphyry shell ♦ pressure shell ♦ purple shell ♦ racing shell ♦ razor shell ♦ retire into one's shell ♦ rock shell ♦ rosary shell ♦ saddle shell ♦ Saint James's shell ♦ scallop shell ♦ scorpion shell ♦ screw shell ♦ sea shell ♦ secure Shell ♦ shedding of the shell ♦ Shell Beach ♦ shell bean ♦ shell bean plant ♦ shell bit ♦ shell button. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "shell": shell-backed, shell-bedecked, shell-blast, shell-burst, shell-bursts, shell-case, shell-casing, shell-cock, shell-confer, shell-cracking, shell-crater, shell-dust, shell-dweller, shell-dwellers, shell-fire, shell-fish, shell-fragments, shell-growth, shell-gun, shell-headed, shell-heap, shell-hole, shell-holes, shell-housing, shell-initiated, shell-jacket, shell-jewelled, shell-keeps, shell-lac, shell-less, shell-lie, shell-like, shell-likes, shell-making, shell-material, shell-operated, shell-or, shell-out, shell-owned, shell-pink, shell-pit, shell-pit-crater, shell-pocked, shell-proof, shell-sand, shell-script, shell-secreting, shell-shadow, shell-shape, shell-shaped, shell-shattered, shell-shock, shell-shocked, shell-size, shell-smashed, shell-splinters, shell-suit, shell-suits, shell-toed, Shell-toes, shell-torn, shell-type, shell-work. | |
Ending with "shell": tortoise-shell, valence-shell. | |
Containing "shell": D-shell connector, hard-shell clam, hard-shell crab, soft-shell clam, soft-shell crab, Soft-shell tortoise, Tortoise-shell butterfly, tortoise-shell tiger, Tortoise-shell turtle, tortoise-shell-like. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
sea shell | 4,357 | secure shell | 119 |
shell | 2,850 | shell replacement window | 116 |
camper shell | 892 | shell island | 111 |
ghost in the shell | 565 | sea shell picture | 106 |
shell oil | 457 | free shell account | 106 |
shell credit card | 279 | shell gas card | 106 |
shell oil company | 268 | shotgun shell | 105 |
bomb shell | 222 | conch shell | 104 |
blonde bomb shell | 219 | bob shell | 92 |
shell canada | 180 | leer camper shell | 91 |
truck camper shell | 171 | shell texaco | 90 |
truck shell | 159 | planner route shell | 89 |
shell federal credit union | 158 | shell lake wisconsin | 87 |
shell account | 152 | shell necklace | 80 |
gas shell station | 148 | shell beach | 80 |
shell vacation club | 147 | mountaintop sea shell | 78 |
shell gas | 143 | soft shell crabs | 75 |
craft sea shell | 140 | busey shell | 72 |
shell vacation | 128 | puka shell necklace | 72 |
shell master card | 125 | shell script | 72 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
