Severe

Definition: Severe

Severe

Adjective

1. Intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality; "severe pain"; "a severe case of flu"; "a terrible cough"; "under wicked fire from the enemy's guns"; "a wicked cough".

2. Very strong or vigorous; "strong winds"; "a hard left to the chin"; "a knockout punch"; "a severe blow".

3. Severely simple; "a stark interior".

4. Unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; "a parent severe to the pitch of hostility"- H.G.Wells; "a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien"; "a strict disciplinarian"; "a Spartan upbringing".

5. Causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm; "a dangerous operation"; "a grave situation"; "a grave illness"; "grievous bodily harm"; "a serious wound"; "a serious turn of events"; "a severe case of pneumonia".

6. Very bad in degree or extent; "a severe worldwide depression"; "the house suffered severe damage".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "severe" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references)

Note: Severe \Se*vere"\, adjective. [Comparative Severer; superlative Severest.]. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Synonyms: Severe

Disapprobation

Satirical, sarcastic, sardonic, cynical, dry, sharp, cutting, biting, severe, withering, trenchant, hard upon; censorious, critical, captious, carping, hypercritical; fastidious; sparing of praise, grudging praise.

Insanity

Fanaticism, infatuation, craze; oddity, eccentricity, twist, monomania (caprice); kleptodipsomania; hypochondriasis; (low spirits); melancholia, depression, clinical depression, severe depression; hysteria; amentia.

Pain

Sharp, acute, sore, severe, grave, hard, harsh, cruel, biting, caustic; cutting, corroding, consuming, racking, excruciating, searching, grinding, grating, agonizing; envenomed; catheretic, pyrotic.

Physical Energy

Adjective: strong, energetic, forcible, active; intense, deep-dyed, severe, keen, vivid, sharp, acute, incisive, trenchant, brisk.

Plainness

Adjective: plain, simple; unornamented, unadorned, unvarnished; homely, homespun; neat; severe, chaste, pure, Saxon; commonplace, matter-of-fact, natural, prosaic.

Severity

Adjective: severe; strict, hard, harsh, dour, rigid, stiff, stern, rigorous, uncompromising, exacting, exigent, exigeant, inexorable, inflexible, obdurate, austere, hard-headed, hard-nosed, hard-shell, relentless, Spartan, Draconian, stringent, strait-laced, searching, unsparing, iron-handed, peremptory, absolute, positive, arbitrary, imperative; coercive; tyrannical, extortionate, grinding, withering, oppressive, inquisitorial; inclement; (ruthless) a; cruel; (malevolent); haughty, arrogant; precisian.

Simplicity

Chaste, inornate, severe.

Symmetry

Adjective: symmetrical, shapely, well set, finished; beautiful; classic, chaste, severe.

Truth

Exact, accurate, definite, precise, well-defined, just, just so, so; strict, severe; close; (similar); literal; rigid, rigorous; scrupulous; (conscientious); religiously exact, punctual, mathematical, scientific; faithful, constant, unerring; curious, particular, nice, delicate, fine; clean-cut, clear-cut.

Crosswords: Severe

Simpson? Look, we've already been down there tonight for a sisterectomy, a case of severe butt rot, and a Leprechaun fight (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge)

No punishment is too severe for those that love (Djävulens öga; writing credit: Ingmar Bergman)

Severe shell-shock (Airplane!; writing credit: Jim Abrahams; David Zucker)

Well, as long as it ain't too severe. (All in the Family; writing credit: Johnny Speight; Norman Lear)

Is it like I have a beacon that only dogs and men with severe emotional problems can hear (Friends; writing credit: Jörn O. Jensen; Birger Larsen)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Books

• Including Students With Severe and Multiple Disabilities in Typical Classrooms: Practical Strategies for Teachers (reference)

• Multifamily Groups in the Treatment of Severe Psychiatric Disorders (reference)

  (more book examples)

Theater & Movies

• Don't Be a Fall Guy: Treatment of Severe Trauma (reference)

  (more DVD examples; more video examples)

Music

• Severe Clear (reference)

  (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Photomicrograph of mediastinal lymph node from a Cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis ) with inhalation anthrax, demonstrating severe hemorrhagic necrosis. Giemsa stain, Mag. 20x. Credit: CDC.

After the incubation period of 2-6 days, symptoms of the plague appear including severe malaise, headache, shaking chills, fever, and pain and swelling, or adenopathy, in the affected regional lymph nodes, also known as buboes. Credit: CDC.

Contaminated materials that were deposited and then released during a severe thunderstorm caused trees to pick up the copper and release it through their sap. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center.

Large hail collects on streets and grass during severe thunderstorm. Larger stones appear to be nearly 2 to 3 inches in diameter. Credit: National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL).

The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) research facility with radar dome in the background. Credit: National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL).

Gridded photograph of Frame 11 from the TIROS I pass 659. Cloud masses A and B were associated with severe weather. Cloud mass B spawned tornadoes near the Illinois-Missouri border. Monthly Weather Review, November 1961, p. 449. Credit: NOAA in Space.

Experience with TIROS showed that bright clouds with relatively well-defined edges and isolated from a main cloud mass, could be indicators of severe weather Shortly after this photograph, the southernmost cloud spawned a tornado. TIROS I, orbit 820. Credit: NOAA in Space.

Ferocious winds gusting up to 59 mph tore through Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, Nov. 5, causing severe damage to base property. Building 1564/1565, a combined warehouse, received the most noticeable damage, when the wind gusts shattered windows and toppled.

Severe bank erosion along the Connecticut River threatens this cornfield. Credit: Tim McCabe.

Severe soil erosion in Montgomery County, Iowa. NRCS district conservationist Tom Burkhiser in the photo. Credit: Lynn Betts.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

The affection and tenderness which God hath planted in the breast of parents towards their children, makes it evident, that this is not intended to be a severe arbitrary government, but only for the help, instruction, and preservation of their offspring. (Second Treatise of Government)

We must, and I believe we shall, prove ourselves equal to this severe requirement. ("Iron Curtain" Speech)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

He had all the clearness and quickness of mind which she wanted, and he could sometimes act an ungracious, or say a severe thing

There were seen in the wake of armies more or less of marauders according as the commander was more or less severe.

Perhaps that made her severe against Parnell

I was never cast away nor distressed in any weather, though I encountered some severe storms

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Health

A severe cough or sore throat. (references)

GVHD can be mild or very severe. (references)

Some severe cases of ADE may be fatal. (references)

Business

Water pollution in Thailand is severe. (references)

Annual vacations will only be foregone in severe economic circumstances. (references)

China’s air pollution problems are severe and the government is taking notice. (references)

Children

Italy

The 2000 law also provides for more severe sanctions against violators. (references)

Ecuador

The children of the poor often experience severe hardships, especially in urban areas. (references)

Hungary

Severe penalties exist under the law for those persons convicted of engaging in such acts. (references)

Civil Liberties

Korea

Many North Koreans in Russia face severe hardship due to their lack of any identification. (references)

Angola

IDP's who arrived from UNITA-controlled areas displayed signs of abuse and severe malnutrition. (references)

Burma

Persons other than Buddhist clergy generally were not subject to such severe restrictions on movement. (references)

Economic History

Ukraine

Corruption acts a severe brake on investment. (references)

Brazil

Brazil is currently facing a severe electric power crisis. (references)

Algeria

Mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mud slides. (references)

Human Rights

Bangladesh

Julhash's body showed signs of a severe beating. (references)

Djibouti

Prison conditions are harsh, and overcrowding is severe. (references)

Nepal

Delays in the administration of justice are a severe problem. (references)

Indigenous People

Bolivia

The indigenous majority generally remains at the low end of the socioeconomic scale, and faces severe disadvantages in health, life expectancy, education, income, literacy, and employment. (references)

Minorities

India

Complicated social and ethnic divisions in society can create severe localized discrimination. (references)

Japan

Burakumin, Koreans, and alien workers experience varying degrees of societal discrimination, some of it severe and longstanding. (references)

Political Economy

Ecuador

There is severe maldistribution of income. (references)

Tanzania

Mob justice remained severe and widespread. (references)

Sudan

Infibulation, the most severe type of FGM, is the most common type. (references)

Trade

Romania

The effect of the NBR's tight monetary policy on small and medium-sized enterprises was severe. (references)

Bulgaria

After Bulgaria experienced a severe financial crisis in 1996, BNB closed 18 of the weakest banks, but liquidation has moved slowly. (references)

Finland

Then the recession in the early 1990s and a severe banking and financial sector crisis, aggravated by bad lending practices in the late 1980s, touched off a consolidation of excess banking capacity. (references)

Travel

Bolivia

If you have a severe allergy to sulfa drugs, you may not be able to take Diamox. (references)

Russia

Petersburg is still below that of many major U.S. cities and the perceived threat is not severe. (references)

Singapore

Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offences. (references)

Women

Sierra Leone

The less severe form of excision is practiced. (references)

Central African Republic

Spousal abuse is considered a civil matter unless the injury is severe. (references)

Eritrea

In the lowlands, infibulation--the most severe from of FGM--is practiced. (references)

Worker Rights

Portugal

A refusal to pay leads to severe beatings and even murder. (references)

Luxembourg

An inspection system provides severe penalties for infractions. (references)

Moldova

In July Parliament passed amendments to the law prohibiting trafficking and set severe penalties. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Expressions using "severe": make less severe ♦ severe cold ♦ Severe Combined Immunodeficiency ♦ severe damage ♦ severe depression ♦ severe enquiry ♦ severe icing ♦ severe icing in cloud ♦ severe icing in precipitation ♦ severe loss ♦ severe losses ♦ severe pace ♦ severe pruning ♦ severe remark ♦ severe retardate ♦ severe scolding ♦ severe sentence ♦ severe sickness ♦ severe turbulence ♦ severe turbulence in clear air ♦ severe turbulence in cloud ♦ severe winter ♦ Sudafed Severe Cold [OTC] ♦ undergo a severe examination. Additional references.

Beginning with "severe": severe-faced, severe-looking, severe-weather.

Ending with "severe": long-and-severe, mock-severe, non-severe, over-severe.

Albanian

i vrazhdë (abrupt, austere, bad tempered, boeotian, boorish, brutal, brutish, churlish, clownish, coarse, crude, discordant, dissonant, earthy, fretful, grave, gross, hard, hard-fisted, harsh, heavy-handed, ill natured, low-bred, morose, murky, robustious, rough, rough spoken, rude, scurrilous, stern, sullen, surly, truculent, uncivil, unfinished, unhandsome, unmannerly), i sertë (dour, hard, hard boiled, hard-fisted, harsh, iron-bound, ornery, rigid, rigorous, rough, steely, stern, stiff, wayward), i rreptë (austere, hard, hard and fast, iron-handed, raucous, rigorous, slashing, strict, stringent, tough, unkind, unmerciful, unrelenting), i rëndë (arduous, artless, awkward, bad, bulky, burdensome, cubbish, cumbersome, cumbrous, dead, difficile, elephantine, grave, grievous, grinding, hard, heavy, hefty, incondite, knock about, leaden, lumping, massive, oafish, onerous, peremptory, plodding, ponderous, portly, serious, set up, solemn, stertorous, stodgy, tricky, unwieldy, wakeless, weighty), i ashpër (argute, austere, biting, bluff, bluffy, Brant, bristly, brusque, churlish, coarse, crude, ding-dong, dour, draconian, draconic, gravelly, grim, gruff, hard, harsh, ill, ill natured, inclement, keen, malevolent, pipy, raucous, rigid, rigorous, rough, rough and ready, rude, savage, scabrous, scathing, scratchy, shaggy, slashing, smart, stern, strict, tough, truculent, uncharitable, unkind, unmerciful, violent, wiry). (various references)

Arabic 

‏متزمت (austere, pi, prim, puritan, puritanical, rigid, rigorous, stick in the mud, strict), ‏متشدد (hard, stern, strict, stringent, tough), ‏قاسي (austere, drastic, hard, hard and fast, hard bitten, harsh, rough, rugged, sharp, slashing, stern, stony, strait, strict, stringent, tough, unyielding), ‏قاس صلب (callous, concrete, firm, hard, harsh, inflexible, relentless, rigid, rough, ruthless, solid, stiff, strict, tough), ‏قاس (austere, callous, concrete, cruel, cutthroat, drastic, firm, gauge, hard, hard-hearted, harsh, inclement, inflexible, measure, merciless, pitiless, relentless, rigid, rigorous, rough, rugged, ruthless, scale, solid, standardize, stark, stern, stiff, strict, stringent, tape, tough, try on, unfeeling, unkind, unyielding), ‏قارس (chilling, chilly, cutting, frigging, nippy, sharp, shrewd), ‏حاد (abrupt, acid, acrid, acrimonious, acute, avid, be sharp, biting, brisk, clear, cutting, exquisite, heavy, incisive, intense, intensified, intensive, keen, loud, nasal, penetrating, petulant, piercing, piquant, pithy, poignant, pointed, prompt, pronounced, pungent, quick, ripe, rough, salty, sharp, shrill, squeaky, strident, strong, trenchant), ‏عنيف (bitter, dragon's, drastic, fell, fierce, gory, heady, impetuous, knockabout, outrageous, passionate, rabid, rigorous, robust, rough, rude, ruthless, scurrilous, set, sharp, shrewd, smart, stiff, stout, strenuous, stringent, strong, torricellian, tough, tumultuous, turbulent, vehement, violent, volcanic), ‏عسير (complicated, difficult, hard, intractable, knotty, malaise, precipitous, strait, strenuous, stubborn, terrible, troublesome, uphill), ‏صعب (arduous, complicate, complicated, difficult, formidable, frustrating, hard and fast, harsh, hot stuff, knotty, lean, malaise, mure, nice, outrageous, risque, rough, rum, sticky, stony, tartar, tricky, uneasy), ‏صارم (astringent, austere, disciplinary, dour, driving, exact, extreme, fast, firm, hard, hard and fast, hardheaded, inclement, puritan, ramrod, rigid, rigorous, rugged, searching, sharp, stark, stern, stiff, strait, strict, stringent, swingeing, tight, tough, unrelenting, violent), ‏خطير (acute, critical, dangerous, eventful, grave, grievous, hazardous, heavy, important, irresistible, momentous, redoubtable, risky, risque, serious, significant, ticklish, unsafe, weighty). (various references)

Bulgarian 

суров (austere, coarse, crude, dour, draconian, flinty, green, grim, hard, harsh, iron, iron-bound, raw, rigorous, rough, rude, rugged, smart, stiff, uncharitable, uncooked, uncouth, unpitying, unseasoned), строг (astringent, austere, censorious, close, firm, grim, hard, hard and fast, hard-grained, hardhanded, ironclad, narrow, religious, rigid, rigorous, rugged, sinewy, stern, straitlaced, strict, stringent, taut, unaffable, uncharitable), усилен (fierce, heavy, toilful, toilsome), щателен (minute, narrow, painstaking, scrupulous, searching), хаплив (acerb, acerbic, acidulous, caustic, mordant, peppery, poignant, pungent, scratchy, shrewd, tart), тежък (cumbrous, dense, difficult, distressing, faint, grave, grievous, grinding, hammering, hard, heavy, hefty, high, hulking, labored, laborious, laboured, leaden, lumping, lumpish, lumpy, massive, massy, muggy, onerous, painful, plodding, ponderous, robust, rugged, sad, shrewd, sledgehammer, slow, smart, smashing, soggy, solemn, sore, stiff, stodgy, taxing, thorny, tight, tough, traumatic, trying, unwieldy, uphill, weighty), корав (firm, hard, iron-bound, rocky, stiff), неотстъпчив (irreconcilable, rock-ribbed, rocky, sticky, unaccommodating, unamenable, unyielding), лош (bad, chronic, cobbler, evil, fie-fie, foul, ill natured, ill tempered, ill-conditioned, inferior, loose, lousy, malefic, maleficent, malign, mean, miscreant, miserable, nasty, naughty, poor, rough, rugged, shoddy, sinister, sorry, thumping, ugly, vicious, wicked, wrong). (various references)

Chinese 

苛 (exacting), 厲 , 劇烈 (acute, fierce, violent), 劇 (drama, play, show, to frighten, to intimidate, to scare, to threaten), 嚴重 (critical, grave, serious), 嚴竣 (difficult, stern, strict, tight), 嚴厲 (strict), 嚴峻 (grim, rigorous), 嚴 (serious, stern, strict, tight), 僤 (great), 严厉 (rigor, stern). (various references)

Czech

zlý (bad, dirty, evil, evil-minded, ferocious, maleficent, malign, mean, niddering, rank, unholy, vicious, wicked), tìžký (bad, chunky, dangerous, difficult, grave, grievous, hard, heady, heavy, labored, laboured, man-sized, ponderous, stodgy, thick, uphill, weighty), přísný (austere, exacting, firm, hard, harsh, heavy, nice, rigid, rigorous, sharp, stern, stiff, strict, stringent, strong, tough, uncharitable), nároèný (arduous, challenging, demanding, discerning, discriminating, exacting, hard, serious, sophisticated, stiff), krutý (atrocious, bitter, brutal, cruel, dispiteous, extreme, fierce, gory, grim, hard, harsh, heartless, heathenish, rigid, ruthless, savage, torsion, unkind, unrelenting, vicious, wolfish), drsný (abrasive, broad, coarse, crude, grating, gruff, harsh, heavy, inclement, intemperate, leathery, offhand, ragged, raucous, raw, rigorous, rough, ruddy, scabrous, stark, unkind). (various references)

Danish

akut (acute). (various references)

Dutch

streng (rigorous, rigourous, strict, strictly, stringent, tight), straf (punishment, strict, strong, vigorous), hard (bleak, fast, hard, implacable, loud, quickly, relentless, strict, swiftly), duchtig (enormously, extremely, strict), bar (awfully, bar, barren, barrier, buffet, pub, strict). (various references)

Esperanto

severa (strict). (various references)

Faeroese

strangur (rigourous, strict, stringent, tight), harður (cruel, hard, rigourous, strict, stringent, tight). (various references)

Farsi 

سخت گیر (Astringent, Difficult, Hard, Intransigent, Priggish, Squeamish, Stern, Stickler, Strict, Unrelenting), سخت (Adjacent, Chronic, Crusty, Demanding, Difficult, Dogged, Dour, Eburnated, Exquisite, Grave, Grim, Rigid, Rigorous, Rocky, Rugged, Serious, Sore, Steely, Stratify, Stringent, Strong, Troublesome), طاقت فرسا (Astringent, Cumbersome, Onerous, Overbearing, Tiresome, Troublous), شاق (Astringent, Burdensome, Onerous, Stark, Tall), شدید (Boisterous, Chronic, Diametrical, Drastic, Exquisite, Grievous, Hard, Inclement, Intense, Intensive, Keen, Rigorous, Rugged, Sopping, Stalwart, Strenuous, Tough, Vehement, Vigorous, Violent). (various references)

Finnish

ankara (acute, hard, intense, rigourous, sharp, stern, strict, stringent, strong, vehement, violent). (various references)

French

sévère (serious). (various references)

Frisian

string (strict). (various references)

German

streng (absolute, absolutely, astringent, austere, draconic, exacting, exigent, forbidding, hardly, harsh, heavy, intense, iron, pungent, rigid, rigorous, severely, sour, stern, sternly, stiff, strict, strictly, stringent, stringently, tangy), ernst (astringent, austere, earnest, earnestly, earnestness, firmly, grave, gravelly, gravely, gravity, heaviness, heavy, important, pensive, serious, seriously, seriousness, severeness, severity, sincere, sober, solemn, solemnity, solemnly, staid, stern, sternly, sternness, unsmiling). (various references)

Greek 

σέρτικος (acrid, strong cigarette), σοβαρός (grievous, serious, serious about, solemn), αυστηρόσ (austere, censorious, crucial, disciplinarian, puritanic, puritanical, rigorous, stern, strict, stringent), αυστηρός (austere, grim, hars, rigid, stern, strict, stringent), δριμύσ (acrid, acrimonious, astringent, biting, caustic, hard, harsh, keen, poignant, pungent, scathing, slashing, smart, snappish, snappy, tart, trenchant), δριμύς (bitter). (various references)

Hebrew 

חמור (ass, austere, burro, critical, donkey, drastic, grave, jackass, moke, serious, stern, strict, stringent). (various references)

Hungarian

szigorú (austere, censorious, dour, exacting, hard and fast, harsh, inclement, meagre, poser, religious, rigid, rigorous, rugged, strait, strict, stringent). (various references)

Indonesian

keras (crusty, hard, heady, keen, killing, loud, rigorous, strict, stringent, tang, wicked), hebat (excellent, fabulous, formidable, intense, killing, spectacular, super, swell, vehement). (various references)

Italian

severo (austere, hard, harsh, heavy-handed, martinet, rigorous, stern, strict, tight). (various references)

Japanese Kanji 

重い (heavy, important, massive, serious), 痛烈 (bitter, scathing), 甚だしい (excessive, extreme, heavy damage, intense, serious, terrible, tremendous), 強烈 (intense, strong). (various references)

Japanese Katakana 

こく (ancient expression, carving, cutting, engraving, harsh, old poem, rigorous, strict, stringent, time, unfair, victory, volume measure), てひどい (harsh), てきびしい (harsh), はなはだしい (excessive, extreme, heavy, intense, serious, terrible, tremendous), じゅうど (heavy), げんじゅう (firm, rigour, secure, strict, strong), げんかく (austerity, hallucination, illusion, rigid, rigor, strictness), げんたる (stern, strict), シビア , りんれつ (biting, intense, rigorous), ていたい (accumulation, congestion, falling into arrears, hard, retention, stagnation, tie-up), りりしい (awe-inspiring, biting, brave, chivalrous, dignified, gallant, imposing, manly), おもたい (heavy, important, massive, oppressed, serious), いかめしい (austere, grave, intense, majestic, solemn, stern, strict), かれつ (stern), せつじつ (acute, compelling, earnest, pressing, serious, urgent), つうれつ (bitter, scathing), ひどい (awful, cruel, heavy, serious, terrible, very bad, violent), きょうれつ (intense, strong), しゅんげん (giftedman, rigorous, stern, strict), きびしい (austere, grave, intense, majestic, relentless, rigid, solemn, stern, strict, unsparing), おもい (affection, desire, emotion, expectation, experience, feelings, heart, heavy, hope, imagination, important, love, massive, mind, oppressed, sentiment, serious, thought, wish), りんりんたる (biting, intense). (various references)

Korean 

가혹한 (harsh). (various references)

Manx

trome (bold, burdensome, close, close oppressive, crippling, crippling burden, deep, deep-drawn, dense, dense of smoke, difficult, emphatic, expectant, expecting, grave, grievous, gruelling, hard, harsh, heavy, heavyweight, high pressure, intense, laborious, onerous, ponderous, pregnant, rough of sea, sledge-hammer, steep, stodgy, substantial, sweated, wearying, weighty, with child), loghtal (stern, strong as wind, violent, violent as storm), lhome (arid, bald, bare, fleshless, leafless, meagre, naked, neat, nude, scraggy, spare), dewil (barbarous, cold-blooded, cruel, inclement, savage), creoie, barbagh (rough, rough-mannered, rude, rugged, sharp). (various references)

Pig Latin

everesay.(various references)

Polish

srogi (strict), ostry (abrasive, acerbic, acid, acrid, acrimonious, acute, lurid, sharp, strict). (various references)

Portuguese

severo (austere, bad, bitter, blue, censorious, close, closet, cornered, dour, grim, grueling, gruelling, hard, hard-faced, hard-grained, harsh, inclement, iron-bound, joggly, keen, pointed, relentless, rigid, rigorous, rough, rugged, scathing, smart, squint-eyed, stern, stiff, strait, straitlaced, strict, stringent), rigoroso (austere, close, harsh, inclement, mathematical, rigorous, rigourous, rude, searching, stiff, strait, straitlaced, strict, stringent), austero (austere, budge, grim, hard-faced, hard-grained, rugged, stern, strict). (various references)

Romanian

strict (exact, narrow, rigid, rigidly, severely, strict, strictly, stringent), straşnic (clinking, colossal, considerable, damnably, excellent, excessive, extreme, fine, gee, goody, grand, horrible, jolly, magnificent, mightily, nifty, proper, properly, rigorous, severely, smashing, solid, some, sound, stern, swell, terrible, terribly, thundering, tremendous, with a vengeance), sobru (abstemious, abstinent, austere, sober, soberly, sparing, temperate, temperately), sever (austere, close, dour, drastic, exacting, firm, frowning, grim, hard, harsh, keen, narrow, rigid, rigidly, rigorous, rugged, stern, Strait, strict, unrelenting), serios (appreciable, demure, earnest, earnestly, genuine, grave, gravely, grievously, important, in earnest, in good earnest, intimate, matronal, minded, reliable, sad, sedate, serious, serious minded, seriously, seriousness, sober, solemn, solid, staid, steady, stern, valid, weighty, well-conducted), sarcastic (acrid, biting, caustic, caustically, cynical, lashing, mordacious, sarcastic, sarcastically, sardonic, satiric, sharp, sneering, tart, taunting), puternic (acute, ardent, authoritative, biting, catchy, drastic, exquisite, fierce, flush, forceful, forcible, forcibly, great, hard, heavily, heavy, high, important, intense, intensely, intensive, leonine, loud, lusty, marrowy, mighty, muscular, nervous, nervy, pithy, potent, powerful, pronounced, resistant, robust, rough, rude, searching, sinewy, solid, stark, stout, strapping, strong, tough, towering, vigorous, violent, virulent), apãsãtor (burdensome, hard, harsh, heavy, importunate, incumbent, onerous, oppressive, overwhelmingly, pressing, tormenting, torturing, trying, unbearable), aprig (cruel, ferocious, fierce, fiery, grim, hard-hearted, harshly, high-spirited, impetuous, passionate, passionately, sharp, truculent, violent), aspru (abrupt, abruptly, acid, acrimonious, biting, brisk, callous, clumsy, coarse, crisp, dour, drastic, earthy, edgy, exacting, firm, grating, gruelling, gruff, hard, harsh, hoarse, homespun, husky, ill, inclement, iron, iron-fisted, keen, lashing, nippy, obdurate, punitive, rasping, rigid, rigidly, rigorous, robust, rough, rugged, scabrous, severely, shaggy, shy, smart, snappish, stern, stiff, Strait, strict, strong, stubborn, tough, unkind, violent, wiry), auster (austere), biciuitor (biting, harsh, lashing), cumplit (atrocious, cruel, dreadful, eerie, fell, ferocious, fierce, grievous, horrendous, mad, monstrous, outrageous, terrible, utter, uttermost), greu (annoying, arduous, awkward, burden, burdensome, busy, clumsy, dangerously, difficult, difficulty, fatiguing, gravely, grievous, hard, hardly, heavily, heavy, inconvenient, labored, laborious, laboured, leaden, lot, massive, massy, near, onerous, oppressive, painful, parlous, precarious, punitive, reluctantly, scarcely, seriously, solid, stiff, stodgy, stolid, strenuous, stuffy, ticklish, toilful, tough, troublesome, trying, uneasy, uphill, wearisome, weary, weight, weighty), intens (arduous, cut throat, deep, exquisite, heavy, high, intense, intensely, intensive, keen, powerful, saturated, strenuous, strong, violent), ironic (ironic, ironical, ironically, quizzical, sharp), amar (bitter, bitterly, bitterness, dreadful, gall, poignant, rude, salt, sore, sour, suffering), minuţios (careful, close, elaborately, minute, painstaking, painstakingly, particular, precise, punctilious, searching, thorough), violent (acute, bad, boisterous, desperate, fiercely, furious, heady, heavy, high, high-spirited, impetuous, raging, rampageous, rampant, rankly, robust, rough, rowdy, rude, rugged, sharp, splitting, strong, sudden, towering, truculent, ungovernable, vehement, violent, virulent, wanton), ridicat (advanced, erect, harsh, high, long, raised, raising, standing, stiff, upright), riguros (close, mathematical, rigorous, strict, stringent), tãios (acid, biting, clipping, curt, cutting, edgy, keen, mordacious, nippy, pointed, roughly, severely, sharp, sharply, shortly, spiky, tart, trenchant), tiranic (cruel, despotic, despotically, domineering, heavy-handed, oppressive, tyrannical, tyrannous), mare (acred, adult, ample, big, boundless, brine, broad, bulky, deep, dense, enormous, famous, fat, flux, foam, gorgeous, grand, grandiose, great, gross, hard, heavy, high, howling, huge, hulking, illustrious, immense, important, keen, king size, large, large scale, long, loose, major, man-sized, massy, mighty, open, pond, ponderous, pretty, renowned, rich, roomy, sea, sensible, spacious, stupendous, tall, thick, thundering, vast, violent, voluminous, wide). (various references)

Russian 

серьезный (deep, earnest, grave, heavy, no-nonsense, serious). (various references)

Scottish

cruaidh (difficult, hard, steel). (various references)

Serbo-Croatian

strog (austere, dour, exacting, finical, finicking, firm, grim, rigid, stern, stiff, strait, strict, stringent), ozbiljan (earnest, earnestly, grave, major, momentous, serious, staid, stern), opak (blackhearted, evil, malefic, malignant, nefarious, perishing, pernicious, ugly, wicked), ljut (angry, bitter, cross, grim, hot, huffish, mad, peppery, pissed, racy), žestok (bitter, blistering, boisterous, intense, mettled, mettlesome, racy, right-down, rough and tumble, uncanny, vehement, vicious, violent, white hot). (various references)

Spanish

severo (astringent, austere, bad, exacting, forbidding, gaunt, grievous, grim, hard, hard-faced, harsh, inexorable, sharp, slashing, stark, stern, strict, stringent, unkind), inclemente (inclement, merciless, strict), áspero (abrupt, acid, brusque, coarse, crotchety, disagreeable, grating, hackly, hard, harsh, jagged, rasping, rough, rugged, scraggy, sharp, sour, strict, tart, unpolished). (various references)

Swedish

sträng (astringent, austere, chaste, chord, dour, grueling, gruelling, hard, harsh, inclement, intemperate, rigorous, strict, string, swath, unbending, wire), hård (adamant, austere, backbreaking, concrete, grim, grueling, gruelling, gruff, hard, harsh, inclement, intemperate, ironbound, keen, obdurate, robust, stern, tenacious, tight, tough, unkind). (various references)

Thai

รุนแรง (badly, hot, rampant, smacking, termagent). (various references)

Turkish

sert (acrid, adamant, astringent, austere, bad, bitter, boisterous, bossy, brisk, brutal, cast iron, crusty, cutting, drastic, exact, exacting, fierce, firm, flinty, forbidding, get-tough, granitic, grim, gruff, gusty, hard, hard and fast, hard bitten, hard line, hard set, hardening, hard-hitting, harsh, heady, heavy, heavy-handed, hot, ill natured, inclement, incompressible, inelastic, intemperate, iron, ironclad, keen, nappy, pointed, pungent, rigid, rigorous, rough, round, sclerous, sharp, sharp-set, short, short-spoken, shrewd, smart, solid, sound, spanking, spartan, spiky, stand up, starched, starchy, stark, stern, stiff, strict, stringent, strong, surly, tart, tough, unbending, ungentle, unkind, unrelenting, unshaded, unyielding, vehement, violent), sade (artless, austere, bald, bare, chaste, frugal, frugally, homely, homespun, just, mere, merely, only, plain, pure, rustic, simple, simplificative, sober, stark, unadorned, unmixed, unsophisticated), yalın (bald, bare, naked, nominative, plain, simple, simplex, simplificative, unvarnished, vivid), keskin (acrid, acute, biting, bitter, blazing, chiseled, chiselled, cutting, dead, deep, edged, exquisite, incisive, keen, keen-edged, mordacious, nipping, nippy, penetrating, penetrative, piercing, piquant, poignant, pointed, pungent, quick, searching, sharp, sharp cut, sharp-edged, sharp-set, smart, sour, spiky, splitting, stinging, strong, tart, trenchant), haşin (austere, crusty, forbidding, harsh, inclement, rough, rude, stern, truculent), şiddetli (acute, astringent, bitter, brutal, burning, cast iron, consuming, deep, drastic, exquisite, extreme, ferocious, flaming, flash, forceful, frenetic, frenzied, fulminant, furious, gusty, hard, harsh, heavy, high, hot, impetuous, intemperate, intense, intensive, ironclad, keen, profound, rigorous, round, sharp, slashing, sledgehammer, smacking, smart, smashing, spanking, splitting, stand up, stern, stinging, stormy, strenuous, strong, sweeping, tempestuous, torrential, vehement, vicious, vigorous, violent, virulent), acı (ache, acidulous, acrid, affliction, anguish, biting, bitter, brackish, cutting, distress, gnawing, grief, grievous, harsh, heartbreak, hot, hurt, incisive, lamentable, misery, nippy, pain, painful, pang, peppery, poignant, pungent, sad, sardonic, scathing, shrill, sorrow, sorrowful, splitting, sting, suffering, tragic, trenchant, vitriolic, worry), ağır (arduous, back breaking, badly, bovine, burdensome, contemptuous, cumbersome, cumbrous, deep, deliberate, dignified, drudging, dull, fabian, foul, grave, grievous, hard, harsh, heavily, heavy, hefty, indigestible, languid, lazy, lumbering, massive, measured, muzzy, not fast, onerous, oppressive, plodding, ponderous, repressive, rich, scorching, scornful, serious, serious minded, seriously, severely, sharp, slack, slashing, slow, slow moving, slowly, sluggish, smashing, stodgy, strenuous, strong, swingeing, toilful, toilsome, unwholesome, unwieldy, weighty). (various references)

Ukrainian

суворий (arctic, astringent, austere, censorious, dour, grueling, gruelling, hard, hard-faced, inclement, iron, rigid, rigorous, stern, straitlaced, stringent, surly), ретельний (affectionate, assiduous, careful, diligent, dutiful, elaborate, meticulous, narrow, nice, observant, prompt, rigorous, thorough), вимогливий (exacting, exigent, strict). (various references)

Welsh

tost (acute, austere, bitter, ill, sharp, sick, sore), llym (acute, austere, keen, sharp), hallt (brackish, salt, salty), gerwin (austere, harsh, rough), egr (cheeky, savage, sharp, sour), dygn (dire, grievous, hard), chwerw (acrid, acrimonious, bitter, sharp), caled (arduous, austere, dry, hard, harsh), aethus (grievous, poignant, shocking). (various references)

acer, acerbus, asper, aspera, asperam, asperas, asperum, austerus, iniusta, iniustae, iniustam, iniuste, iniusti, iniustis, iniustorum, iniustos, iniustum, iniustus, inmitis, mansueti, mansuetis, mansuetorum, mansuetos, mansuetum, mansuetus, severus, vehemens, vehementi, vehementis, vehementissime, vehementissimo, vehementissimum, vehementius. (various references)

teart. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.