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Definition: Settlement |
SettlementNoun1. A body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government. 2. A community of people smaller than a town. 3. A conclusive resolution of a matter and disposition of it. 4. The act of colonizing. 5. Something settled or resolved; the outcome of decision making; "the finally reached a settlement with the union"; "they never did achieve a final resolution of their differences". 6. An area where a group of families live together. 7. Terminating a business operation. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "settlement" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1380. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Building & Civil Engineering | Downward movement of soil or an embankment independent of mechanical compaction:a downward movement of the soil or of the structure which it supports after completion of the road. Source: European Union. (references) |
Energy | The process of financial settlement forproducts and services purchased and sold. Each settlement involves a price andquantity. Both the ISO and PX may perform settlement functions. (references) |
Finance | Transfer of funds to complete one or more prior transactions made, subject to final accounting. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A stock exchange term for the delivery and payment of securities sold or purchased during the account period. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| The conclusion of a transaction when that which was bought is delivered to the buyer and payment is made to the seller. (references) | |
Law | The settlement of an estate consists in its administration by the executor or administrator so that nothing remains but to make final distribution. (Black's, 5th ed. , 1979, p. 1231). Source: European Union. (references) |
| Parties to a lawsuit resolve their difference without having a trial. Settlements often involve the payment of compensation by one party in satisfaction of the other party's claims. (references) | |
Medicine | Of rehabilitated in productive work. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | The lowering of the overlying strata in a mine, owing to extraction of the mined material. See also:subsidence; differential settlement;seat of settlement. (references) |
Public Administration | Introduction, in a given place, of new facilities, such as buildings, factories, schools, according to a plan, called a settlement or development plan; Introduction, in a given site, of a population, where it establishes and develops, according to a resettlement plan; -DDMG. Source: European Union. (references) |
Real Estate | Any form of human habitation, from a single dwelling to the largest city. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Community is a set of people (or agents in a more abstract sense) with some shared element. The substance of shared element varies widely, from a situation to interest to lives and values. The term is widely used to evoke sense of collectivity.
In a relatively liberal use of the term, people who use Wikipedia might be referred to collectively as the "Wikipedia user community". Here, what defines community is the same situation the members are in. Certain changes to Wikipedia affect their well-being, even though their preference of how Wikipedia should be may differ vastly.
When there is a clearly shared-interest (economic or otherwise) among a set of people, the people collectively might be called community. Patients of a serious desease who wish the development of a safer, cheaper, and comfortable treatment, is may be referred as a community in this sense.
In a stricter use of the term, community is a group of people who interact with each other. A virtual community, a group of people exchanging messages or other types of information, is a community in this sense. Here, the members usually share a interest.
People living in a small local area, such as a dormitory, neighborhood, district, town, city, is often called community. This is usually a mixture of shared-interest and actual interaction.
An even narrower definition of community has to do with the nature of interaction. In community, interaction is informal and spontaneous than procedurally formalized (such as in bureaucracy), an end in itself than goal-oriented (such as in interest group or advocacy group). The members form tight-knit web-like strucure of relations than a hierarchical one. It is relatively popular among social theorists (such as Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, Georg Simmel, Ferdinand Tonnies) to conceptualize community in this way especially in constrast to modernity.
When people describe a group as a community, it typically implies or evokes some sense of harmonious, egalitarian social form sharing their values and lives. The image is most clear in history, thought there are numerous objections that such an idealistic community is hardly a historical reality. A relatively isolated small village in pre-modern society is often called community.
For example, in the United States, services provided by non-profits, corporations, and others to increase welfare of some of the local citizens are often called community services, even when it is offered for a limited segment of them. Here, the service is for the community in a sense it pursues the egalitarian goal and make the local society more like a community.
See also communication, communion, community college, wireless community projects, virtual community, moral community.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Community."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
(The neutrality of this article is disputed.)After the 1967 Six Day War, Israel reconstructed formerly lost Jewish communities and build new settlements as well in the areas they conquered from Jordan, Egypt, and Syria (see West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan). The very controversial dispute if these settlements are illegal under international law or not is still ongoing.
As of November 2000, just under 400,000 Israelis lived in the disputed territories, according to Israeli government statistics. The size of this number is controversial, as it includes a large number of Israeli citizens who live within East Jerusalem, which the United Nations once planned as international zone (former compromise proposal, Resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, which the Arab states rejected). Maps of these settlements [1], [1]. Since the Oslo Accords 1993 the settlers' number on the West Bank and Gaza (excluding East Jerusalem) has almost doubled, from 115,000 to 200,000.
Land grab accusations
Israel claims that the majority of the land currently taken by the new settlements was either vacant, belonging to the state (from which it was leased) or bought fairly from the Palestinians, arguing on these three bases that there is nothing illegal about the settlements. Further it argues that these lands were conquered in a defensive war and therefore legitimate reparation. Opponents dispute at least one of these bases, saying that vacant land had either belonged to Arabs who had fled or was communal land, that had belonged collectively to an entire village. That practice had formed under Ottoman rule, although the British and the Jordanians have unsuccessfully tried to stop it since the late 1920s. B'Tselem, an Israeli human rights organization, claims that the Israeli government used the absence of modern legal documents for the communal land as an excuse to seize it. Altogether, around 42% of the area of the West Bank (total of about 2,400 km²) is controlled by Israeli settlers (see Map, MS Word format report.
Cost estimations
The Israeli government provides massive financial incentives to Jewish settlers in these disputed territories. The budget from 2001 shows that 204,000 settlers lived in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, a figure that represents just under 3% of all Israeli residents; the money spent on this fragment of the Jewish populace that year was $533.6 million. The big-ticket financial compensation comprised transfers to local authorities ($195.6 million), income tax reductions ($48.7 million), housing subsidies ($136.5 million), and transportation mainly of bypass roads ($96.5 million) (these figures do not include investments for military defense). A report published by Ha'aretz on September 26, 2003, claimed that the non-military expenditure on the settlements was conservatively $560 million per year in excess of the usual expenditure on a similar number of ordinary Israeli citizens. Since they were not able to determine the cost of some large budget items such as land acquisition, the newspaper concluded that "the real figure is apparently much higher". The newspaper estimated the total unusual civilian expenditure since 1967 to be at least $10 billion. It said that the military cost was impossible to estimate but may be about the same. Settler organizations responded that in fact the budget discriminated against them. [1] As main reason for those disbursements is named strategic depth (the state of Israel experienced hostility and threat of annihilation from its neighbors from the beginning of its existence, see Arab-Israeli conflict). Many Arabs regard every Jewish community in Cisjordan as illegal, even the pure existence of the state of Israel. They also sometimes prefer to use the word "colonies" for Israeli settlements.
International and Legal background
Often, the Fourth Geneva Convention, which forbids an occupying country from moving its citizens into the territory, has been claimed by the Palestinians as a legal defense. Israel, in return, argues that West Bank and Gaza do not legally constitute occupied territories and hence denies the de-jure applicability of the Geneva conventions to them.
The establishment and expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip has been declared illegal by the UN Security Council many times, for example in resolutions 446, 452, 465 and 471.
Since resolutions 446 and 465 were not made under Chapter VI or VII of the United Nations Charter, Israel argues that it is purely an advisory request, and chose not to fulfill it. The issue of the legal status of resolutions of the UN Security Council not made under Chapters VI or VII of the Charter is controversial in international law -- some accept Israel's argument, others reject it, and consider the resolution to be legally binding on Israel.
Armistice agreements in effect at the time of the 1967 Six-Day War were violated by the Arab states when they declared war, rendering the existing cease fire lines meaningless. Thus there is no effective border between Israel and the former Jordanian, Egyptian, and Syrian territories within the former Palestine mandate. The settlements are not within an occupied territory. However, for this region alone this view is not accepted de-jure by the international community, even though in similar cases across the globe this view is accepted as normative. The current international consensus is that there should be new borders, defined by multilateral negotiations (see UN Security Council Resolution 242); this supports the Israeli's viewpoint.
Egypt never attempted to annex the Gaza Strip (although they did establish a strict military government there), and Jordan's annexation of the West Bank was recognised by only two nations. Moreover, Jordan withdrew its claim in 1988, leaving Israel as the only state holding a claim to the area. Therefore Israel holds that it is impossible to define these lands as "occupied", and denies the de-jure applicability of the Geneva Conventions to them. Palestinians reason that Jordan withdrew its claims so that a Palestinian Arab state could be established there -- not for Israeli settlements. To that, Israel replies that the stance of both Jordan and Egypt on this issue was that it was to be resolved bilaterally by Israel and the Palestinians.
Israel further points out that in the Oslo accords, the Palestinians accepted at least the temporary presence of Israeli settlements; therefore the violent attacks carried out by Palestinians against settlements are not only wrong because of settlers' being civilians, but also are in fact breach of a mutual agreement put down in the form of Oslo Accords. Some moderate Palestinians agree that violence is unacceptable. However, all but a tiny minority support the right of self defense against the heavily armed Jewish settlers a minority of which have attacked Palestinians. These attacks are viewed within Israel as the actions of extremists, and are not supported by the general population.
Tensions, mistrust and accusations
The settlements have on several occasions been a source of tension between Israel and the U.S. In 1991 there was a clash between the Bush administration and Israel, where the U.S. delayed a subsidized loan in order to pressure Israel not to proceed with the establishment of settlements for instance in the Jerusalem-Bethlehem corridor. Jimmy Carter has said that the settlements consitute a major obstacle to peace. The current Bush administration, while generally being supportive of Israel, has said that settlements are "unhelpful" to the peace process. Generally, these U.S. efforts have at most temporarily delayed further expansion of Israeli settlements. It should also be noted that U.S. public opinion is divided. The strongest support for the Israeli position can be found among the evangelical Christians. Public opinion outside the U.S. and Israel strongly opposes the settlements.
Palestinians argue that Israel has violated the Oslo accords by continuing to expand the settlements after the signing of the accords; Israel argues that it has not constructed new settlements, but rather made improvements to or expanded settlements already existing, in order to accommodate natural growth. Further Israel argues that the PLO instead violated the Oslo accords by not dismantling the terrorist organisations and by inciting their population to hate. Palestinians and other Arab states regularly accuse Israel of attacking refugee camps and villages in an attempt to scare off Palestinians and claim the land as theirs. Israel justifies that it only fights against those terrorist organisations, and if there would be no terrorists, there wouldn't be any military operations.
Israel previously also had settlements in the Sinai, but these where withdrawn as a result of the peace agreement with Egypt. Most proposals for achieving a final settlement of the Middle East conflict involve Israel dismantling a large number of settlements in the West Bank and Gaza strip. A poll conducted by Peace Now in July 2002 indicates that up to two-thirds of the settler population would agree to evacuate, provided that it is done as a result of a democratically-made and accepted decision by the Israeli government, while the rest would refuse to leave peacefully.
Most Israeli and US proposals for final settlement have also involved Israel being allowed to retain settlements near Israel proper and in East Jerusalem (the majority of the settler population is near the Green Line), with Israel annexing the land on which the settlements are located. This would result in a transfer of roughly 5% of the West Bank to Israel, with the Palestinians being compensated by the transfer of a similar share of Israeli territory (i.e. territory behind the Green Line) to the Palestinian state.
Palestinians complain that the land offered in exchange is situated in the Judean desert, while the areas that Israel seeks to retain are considered to be among the West Bank's most fertile areas; to this Israel replies that if the current Green line is fully retained, Israel would have at some points no more than 17 kilometers from the border to the sea, which is widely considered an immense security risk. However, this is an issue that is separate from the discussion of settlements. For more details about the issues at stake, see Proposals for a Palestinian state.
Topics that need more discussion
- the origin of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, Gaza and Sinai.
- the historical, social and political context in which these settlements were created.
- The political and religious motivations of the settlers. Note that many people simply move to settlements for tax purposes.
- The willingness of Israel to remove all settlements in the Sinai once a peace treaty with Egypt was signed.
- the radical side of the settler movement, and also the more moderate side
- the population, location, extent of the settlements and time of settlement
- the motivation of suicide assassins
External links
- http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp470.htm an unofficial Israeli position paper
- http://www.nad-plo.org/permanent/settlements.html an official Palestinian position paper
- http://www.cartercenter.org/viewdoc.asp?docID=137&submenu=news analysis by former U.S. president Jimmy Carter.
- http://www.honestreporting.com website claiming to expose anti-Israel media bias
- http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Peace/settletoc.html A compiling of facts on the settlements, as presented by a joint Israeli-American Organization
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Israeli settlement."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
1. A reference to colonization, or the resulting communities.2. A legal term. When people sue each other in civil courts, usually seeking money as reparations for the alleged wrongdoing of the defendants, the plaintiff and defendant(s) identified in the lawsuit can agree to resolve the dispute between themselves without a trial. The resolution of the lawsuit sets forth the obligaions of the parties, and is often ordered by the court. The final resolution is referred to as a "settlement".
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Settlement."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Space colonization, also called space settlement, is the hypothetical permanent autonomous (self sufficient) human habitation of locations outside Earth. It is a major theme in science fiction.
Method
For humans to live permanently outside Earth, the habitat must maintain variables within an appropriate range, ie. homeostasis. The habitat must contain non-human species--for example, microorganisms and crop plants.
The relationship between organisms, their habitat and the non-Earth environment can be:
A combination of the above is also possible.
- Organisms and their habitat fully isolated from the environment
- Changing the environment to become a life-friendly habitat (a process called terraforming)
- Changing organisms to become more compatible with the environment, ie. integrating the habitat into organisms (See also: genetic engineering, transhumanism, cyborg)
Location
The location of colonization can be:
Location is a frequent point of contention between space colonization advocates.
- On a planet, natural satellite or asteroid
- In space, on a stationary space habitat or a mobile spaceship
Planet, natural satellite or asteroid
Mars
Mars is a frequent topic of discussion. Its size and mass is similar to Earth, has large water reserves, and has carbon (locked as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere). It may have gone though similar geogloical and hydrolocial processes as Earth and contian vabluable mineral ores, but this is debated. Equipment is available to extract in-situ resources (water, air, etc.) from the Martian ground and atmosphere.
However, its atmosphere is very thin (7 milibars) and the climate is colder. There is also the problem of native bacteria, which may live on Mars.
The Moon
Due to its proximity and relative familiarity, Earth's Moon is also frequently discussed as a target for colonization. It has the benefits of close proximity to Earth and lower gravity, allowing for easier exchange of goods and services. A major drawback of the Moon is its low abundance of volatiles necessary for life such as hydrogen and carbon. Water ice deposits thought to exist in some polar craters could serve as significant sources for these elements.
Europa
The Artemis Project designed a plan to colonize Europa, one of Jupiter's moons. It would use igloos made of ice refrozen melted by the mircowaves on the surface. For submairne/drill would be use for drilling into the Europan ice crust, as well as any sub-surface ocean. It also discuss use of "air pockets" for human inhabitation.
Space
Space habitat
A space habitat is a space station which is intended as a permanent settlement rather than as a simple waystation or other specialized facility. They would be literal "cities" in space, where people would live and work and raise families. No space habitats have yet been constructed, but many design proposals have been made with varying degrees of realism by both science fiction authors and engineers.
Most of the real work on space habitats was carried out in the 1970s by workshops led by Gerard K. O'Neill in the post-Apollo highs at NASA. Several designs were studied, some in depth, with sizes ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 people. Attempts were made to make the habitats as self-supporting as possible, but all of the designs relied on regular shipments from Earth or the Moon, notably for volatiles.
One problem with the design that was not considered in any real depth is why any of them would be needed. The stated problem was to house workers needed for the construction of solar power satellites, which they predicted would require a peak of about 25,000 workers. However if this was the purpose, the habitat designs were certainly not utilitarian; they all contained housing for complete families, huge open spaces, and considerable parkland. An oil platform would appear to be a better model for such purposes. The workshops appeared to work in reverse, inventing the "solution", and then casting about for a need.
Designs proposed include:
- Bernal sphere - "Island One"
- Stanford torus - "Island Two"
- O'Neill cylinder - "Island Three"
Spaceship
A colony ship would be similar to a space habitat, except with major propulsion capabilities and independent power generation.
Concepts proposed in hard science fiction include:
- Generation ship, hypothetical starship that would travel much slower than light between stars, with the crew going through multiple generations before the journey is complete
- Sleeper ship, hypothetical spaceship in which most or all of the crew spend the journey in some form of hibernation or suspended animation
Justification
In 2001, the space news website SPACE.com asked Freeman Dyson, J. Richard Gott and Sid Goldstein for reasons why some humans should live in space. Their respective answers [1] were:
- "To Spread Life and Beautify the Universe"
- "To Ensure the Survival of Our Species"
- "To Make Money and Save the Environment"
Advocacy
There are several space advocacy organizations. The major ones are listed below:
- The National Space Society is an organization with the vision of "people living and working in thriving communities beyond the Earth." It was founded in 1960. [1]
- The Mars Society promotes Robert Zubrin's Mars Direct plan and the settlement of Mars. [1]
- The Space Frontier Foundation promotes strong free market, capitalist views about space development. [1]
- The Living Universe Foundation has a detailed plan in which the entire galaxy is colonized. [1]
- The Artemis Project is planning to set up a private lunar surface station. [1]
- The Space Studies Institute was founded by Gerard K. O'Neill to fund the study of space habitats. [1]
- The Planetary Society is the largest space interest group, but has an emphasis on robotic exploration and the search for extraterrestrial life. [1]
Fictional depictions
These are all films and books that display famous depictions of space colonies of Earth.
- 2001: A Space Odyssey (in space)
- Alien, Aliens, and Alien 3 (on a few different planets)
- Cowboy Bebop (throughout the Solar System)
- Martian Chronicles, The (on Mars)
- Solaris (around the star Solaris)
- Total Recall (on Mars)
Related articles
- Ocean colonization
- Underground city
- Underground colonization
External links
- HobbySpace: Life in Space: Section C: Colonies, Habitats, Space Industry, etc Extensive collection of links
- Orbital Space Settlements Al Globus (NASA) advocates space habitats, not planetary habitats.
- Space Development: The Case Against Mars by K. Eric Drexler. A 1985 article with arguments against Matian colonization.
- Space Settlements: A Design Study Authored by the participants of "The 1975 Summer Faculty Fellowship Program in Engineering Systems Design" under the sponsorship of NASA and American Society for Engineering Education. Proposal for a space habitat with 10,000 people.
- Warm-Blooded Plants and Freeze-Dried Fish Freeman Dyson predicts that space colonization will only be affordable after a hundred years; and that biotechnology, not propulsion, will be the enabling factor.
- Space and Human Survival: My Views on the Importance of Colonizing Space Sylvia Engdahl discusses the "critical stage" where a level of technology allows both space colonization and human extinction.
- The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects John Hickman argues that only government can afford the high initial investment for very large space development projects.
- PERMANENT (Projects to Employ Resources of the Moon and Asteroids Near Earth in the Near Term) is guide to websites about astroid settlement.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Space colonization."
Synonyms: SettlementSynonyms: colonisation (n), colonization (n), colony (n), liquidation (n), resolution (n), small town (n), village (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Compact | Stipulation, settlement, convention; compromise, cartel. |
Consent | Settlement, ratification, confirmation, adjustment. |
Giving | Bequest, legacy, devise, will, dotation, dot, appanage; voluntary settlement, voluntary conveyance; amortization. |
Inhabitant | Garrison, crew; population; people; (mankind); colony, settlement; household; mir. |
Location | Plantation, colony, settlement, cantonment; colonization, domestication, situation; habitation; (abode); cohabitation; "a local habitation and a name"; endenization, naturalization. |
Noun: location, localization; lodgment; deposition, reposition; stowage, package; collocation; packing, lading; establishment, settlement, installation; fixation; insertion. | |
Payment | Noun: payment, defrayment; discharge; acquittance, quittance; settlement, clearance, liquidation, satisfaction, reckoning, arrangement. |
Prison | Noun: prison, prison house; jail, gaol, cage, coop, den, cell; stronghold, fortress, keep, donjon, dungeon, Bastille, oubliette, bridewell, house of correction, hulks, tollbooth, panopticon, penitentiary, guardroom, lockup, hold; round house, watch house, station house, sponging house; station; house of detention, black hole, pen, fold, pound; inclosure; isolation (exclusion); penal settlement, penal colony; bilboes, stocks, limbo, quod; calaboose, chauki, choky, thana; workhouse. |
Property | Limitation, term, lease, settlement, strict settlement, particular estate; estate for life, estate for years, estate pur autre vie; remainder, reversion, expectancy, possibility. |
Retention | Incommunicable, inalienable; in mortmain; in strict settlement. |
Security | Muniment, instrument; deed, deed poll; assurance, indenture; charter; (compact); charter poll; paper, parchment, settlement, will, testament, last will and testament, codicil. |
Uncleanness | Sordes, dregs, grounds, lees; argol; sediment, settlement heeltap; dross, drossiness; mother, precipitate, scoriae, ashes, cinders. recrement, slag; scum, froth. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | She wants me to arrange the financial settlement. (Platinum Blonde; writing credit: Harry Chandlee; Douglas W. Churchill) I'm sure you must be late for something - volunteering at the Henry Street Settlement, or rolling bandages for Bosnian Refugees (You've Got Mail; writing credit: Nora Ephron) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Settlement of the Western Plains (1965) Papworth Village Settlement (1946) International Settlement (1938) The Final Settlement (1910) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Seagrass extending offshore from mangrove shoreline Red algae covering seagrass is particularly important as chemical cue for larval settlement of spiny lobster post-larvae. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Natural marsh area adjacent to land created as part of settlement an oil spill. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | An image showing dredge material that was added to the area in front of the production facility. This area had the largest contiguous remaining marsh after hurricane Andrew passed through. The restoration project conducted with the oil blow out settlement funds created approximately 22 acres of marsh to help stabilize East Timbalier Island. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | Installing a 1/4 square meter grid for counting invertebrate species attaching to interior, roof of pipe. This location was a distinct habitat type ideal for larval settlement of oysters, sponges, bryozoa, and tunicates. Credit: The Coral Kingdom. |
 | Two coral polyps on a glass slide soon after settlement. Credit: The Coral Kingdom. |  | A presentation of living history in the Leo Adler Theater showing life as a pioneer in early Oregon settlement. This is a program and for the background, a large historical map of Oregon. Credit: Unknown. |
 | Interior view of classroom showing west wall. Photograph by Jack E. Boucher, October 1974. (Reproduction Number: HABS, WYO,7-SOPAC,19-6) The settlement of the West embodied in the image of a one-room frontier schoolhouse reminds us of how sparsely populated many areas of the country were in the 1800s. This 1910 building was actually the third school in South Pass City, the previous two having burned, and remained in use until 1946. The Wyoming Recreation Commission furnished this building as a typical frontier schoolhouse. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | [Leprosy Colonies: Main Settlement, Molokai]. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Photographed while tied up at a Western Rivers settlement, circa 1863-65. Credit: NAVY. |  | View of a settlement or village with a government(?) building and a church on the left. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Modern settlement and immediat" by Vincent Seychal Commentary: "Ireland. Houses look like cakes, even sick cakes at times. Extreme colors in very remote areas. ." | "La Lomita Oven" by Jonathan Searfoss Commentary: "An adobe outdoor oven at the La Lomita Mission in Mission, Texas USA. The oldest settlement in Mission." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Edmund Burke | Make the Revolution a parent of settlement, and not a nursery of future revolutions. |
Oscar Wilde | Romance should never begin with sentiment. It should begin with science and end with a settlement. |
Zsa Zsa Gabor | Conrad Hilton was very generous to me in the divorce settlement. He gave me 5, 000 Gideon Bibles. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
US Declaration of Independence | 1776 | We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | A settlement shall be effected of unpaid premiums which became due during the war, or of claims for losses which occurred during the war. (reference) |
Winston S. Churchill | 1946 | What is needed is a settlement, and the longer this is delayed, the more difficult it will be and the greater our dangers will become. ("Iron Curtain" Speech) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | He came to a settlement which appeared to him to be the village of Austerlitz |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | Presently, credit cards are the dominant form of settlement. (references) | |
Under NAFTA, the first step in dispute settlement is consultations. (references) | ||
A feature to be introduced shortly is settlement in any GCC currency. (references) | ||
Children | Bulgaria | During the year, Romani children from the settlement continued to attend nonsegregated schools as a result of local and international nongovernmental initiatives, and this program was expanded to include the cities of Montana, Pleven, Stara Zagora, Sliven, and Khaskovo. (references) |
Civil Liberties | Papua New Guinea | These Irian Jayans are accorded limited residency status and are permitted to leave the refugee settlement. (references) |
Cote d'Ivoire | The students were demanding the reopening of their school and the settlement of a conflict between school officials and teachers. (references) | |
Economic History | Jordan | Jordan abides by WTO dispute settlement mechanisms. (references) |
Ukraine | Overall dispute settlement remains weak in Ukraine. (references) | |
Lithuania | This law also establishes the order of dispute settlement. (references) | |
Human Rights | Guatemala | At year's end, an amicable settlement had yet to be negotiated. (references) |
Guatemala | On May 3, COPREDEH signed an amicable settlement with 301 victims of the massacre. (references) | |
Oman | If a settlement cannot be reached, the parties may seek recourse in the appropriate courts. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Venezuela | That settlement is being implemented. (references) |
Venezuela | In late 1999, in an out-of-court settlement the Government pledged, among other commitments, to provide better security and to carry out health care projects in the area. (references) | |
Minorities | Yugoslavia | On October 10, a group of men threw stones at Romani houses, breaking some windows, in the Cukaricka Padina settlement in Belgrade. (references) |
Political Economy | Lebanon | In 1989 the Arab League brokered a peace settlement at Taif, Saudi Arabia, to end the country's civil war. (references) |
Western Sahara | The U.N. settlement plan calls for the release of all POW's after the voter identification process is complete. (references) | |
BRAZIL | The principal point of contention seems to be objection by the legislative branch over dispute settlement language. (references) | |
Political Rights | Georgia | In March the Georgian Parliament stated that any further polls held before a settlement to the conflict was reached and displaced persons were returned to their homes would be considered illegal. (references) |
Togo | Chief among them was a settlement of the dispute over the seriously flawed June 1998 presidential election in which the vote count was stopped and President Eyadema declared the winner by the Interior Minister. (references) | |
Trade | Spain | The competitive securities market has a three-day settlement system. (references) |
Travel | Thailand | SETTLEMENT AFTER RETIREMENT (requiring proof of retirement and financial support). (references) |
Women | Congo | The law permits a widow to inherit her husband's property, to control her own property, and to receive a property settlement in the event of divorce. (references) |
Poland | For example, in divorce cases, courts frequently grant a divorce but do not issue a property settlement, forcing women to return to their abusive husbands. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Dominican Republic | The employees received a settlement but were not reinstated. (references) |
Papua New Guinea | The Department of Industrial Relations and the courts are involved in dispute settlement. (references) | |
Tuvalu | The law provides for conciliation, arbitration, and settlement procedures in cases of labor disputes. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | GUNPOWDER, n. An agency employed by civilized nations for the settlement of disputes which might become troublesome if left unadjusted. By most writers the invention of gunpowder is ascribed to the Chinese, but not upon very convincing evidence. Milton says it was invented by the devil to dispel angels with, and this opinion seems to derive some support from the scarcity of angels. Moreover, it has the hearty concurrence of the Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. Secretary Wilson became interested in gunpowder through an event that occurred on the Government experimental farm in the District of Columbia. One day, several years ago, a rogue imperfectly reverent of the Secretary's profound attainments and personal character presented him with a sack of gunpowder, representing it as the sed of the Flashawful flabbergastor, a Patagonian cereal of great commercial value, admirably adapted to this climate. The good Secretary was instructed to spill it along in a furrow and afterward inhume it with soil. This he at once proceeded to do, and had made a continuous line of it all the way across a ten-acre field, when he was made to look backward by a shout from the generous donor, who at once dropped a lighted match into the furrow at the starting-point. Contact with the earth had somewhat dampened the powder, but the startled functionary saw himself pursued by a tall moving pillar of fire and smoke and fierce evolution. He stood for a moment paralyzed and speechless, then he recollected an engagement and, dropping all, absented himself thence with such surprising celerity that to the eyes of spectators along the route selected he appeared like a long, dim streak prolonging itself with inconceivable rapidity through seven villages, and audibly refusing to be comforted. "Great Scott! what is that?" cried a surveyor's chainman, shading his eyes and gazing at the fading line of agriculturist which bisected his visible horizon. "That," said the surveyor, carelessly glancing at the phenomenon and again centering his attention upon his instrument, "is the Meridian of Washington." H |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Rush Limbaugh | The Associated Press reported on Tuesday that, "The American Lung Association is criticizing states for using tobacco settlement money to cover budget deficits instead of anti-smoking programs." |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
George Washington | 1789-1797 | From a desire also to remove the discontents of the Six nations, a settlement mediated at Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, has been suspended, and an agent is now endeavoring to rectify any misconception into which they may have fallen. |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | With Spain our negotiations for a settlement of differences have not had a satisfactory issue. |
John Quincy Adams | 1825-1829 | In the progress of discovery and settlement by both parties since that time several questions of boundary between their respective territories have arisen, which have been found of exceedingly difficult adjustment. |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | To save him from this alternative, or perhaps utter annihilation, the General Government kindly offers him a new home, and proposes to pay the whole expense of his removal and settlement. |
Calvin Coolidge | 1923-1929 | Realizing that we can not live unto ourselves alone, we have contributed of our resources and our counsel to the relief of the suffering and the settlement of the disputes among the European nations. |
Herbert C. Hoover | 1929-1933 | Peace can be promoted by the limitation of arms and by the creation of the instrumentalities for peaceful settlement of controversies. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | We have consistently advocated and relied upon peaceful settlement of disputes among nations. |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | Its value in serving the cause of peace has been shown anew in its role in the West New Guinea settlement, in its use as a forum for the Cuban crisis, and in its task of unification in the Congo. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | There must be a settlement of the armed hostility that exists in that region of the world today. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | This is a precious opportunity for a historic settlement of a longstanding conflict, an opportunity which may never come again in our lifetime. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Settlement" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.62% of the time. "Settlement" is used about 4,443 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.62% | 4,426 | 2,214 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.34% | 15 | 90,616 |
| Noun (common) | 0.04% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 4,443 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "settlement": Act of settlement ♦ Combee Settlement ♦ day of settlement ♦ demilitarize a settlement ♦ finnish settlement ♦ French Settlement ♦ frontier settlement ♦ human settlement ♦ in strict settlement ♦ marriage settlement ♦ out of court settlement ♦ penal settlement ♦ pioneering settlement ♦ property settlement ♦ sale for settlement ♦ settlement date ♦ settlement day ♦ settlement deal ♦ settlement marked ♦ settlement of account ♦ settlement of debt ♦ settlement of dispute ♦ settlement of subgrade ♦ settlement on land ♦ settlement period ♦ settlement stresses ♦ structured settlement ♦ to sell for settlement ♦ viatical settlement ♦ viaticus settlement ♦ wage settlement ♦ White Settlement ♦ written settlement. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "settlement": settlement-building, settlement-seeking, settlement-the. | |
Ending with "settlement": dispute-settlement, non-settlement, out-settlement, part-settlement, post-settlement, pre-settlement, re-settlement, securities-settlement, semi-settlement, share-settlement, succession-settlement. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "settlement"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | kolonie (colony). (various references) | |
Albanian | shlyerje (discharge, expiation, remission, satisfaction), zgjidhje (annulling, answer, canceling, denouement, disentanglement, disposal, disposition, key, resolution, solution, undoing, unfastening, untying), vendbanim (abode, domicile, dwelling, dwelling place, habitat, habitation, locality, place, plantation, residence), ujdi (accommodation, arrangement, bargain, composition, concert, concurrence, congruence, mutual agreement, transaction, tune, understanding), rregullim (adjustment, arrangement, conciliation, control, disposal, disposition, modulation, mopping, rearrangement, regulation, repair, tuning), ndreqje (adjustment, amendment, correction, disposition, dressing, mending, rectification, refit, refitment, reform, repair, restoration), marrëveshje (accordance, agreement, arrangement, articles, bargain, bond, compact, composition, concert, concord, concordance, concordat, concurrence, consonance, contract, convention, covenant, deal, dealings, entente, pact, stipulation, treaty, tune, undertaking), kolonizim (colonization), koloni (colony, culture), dhënie (administration, allocation, assignation, award, cession, conferment, dispensation, disposal, distribution, donation, grant, issue, presentation). (various references) | |
Arabic | مستوطنة (dominion), مستعمرة (colonization, colony, habitation), هبة شرعية, حل (acquit, become, clear up, crack, detach, disband, disengage, disentangle, disintegrate, dismissal, dispensation, dissolve, exonerate, fix, free, hash, loose, ravel out, releasing, resolution, resolve, settle, settling, solution, solve, solvent, unbend, unclasp, uncoil, undo, undoing, unfasten, unfastening, unhook, untangle, untie, untwine, untying, unwind), حسم (clench, clinch, decide, decision, deduct, deduction, determination, determine, discount, discounting, dispose, rebate, recoup, refund, sew up, shave), تكدس (accumulate, jam, overcrowding, overstock, overstocked, pile up, squash, stack), توطين, تسوية (adjustment, arrangement, composition, compromise, conciliation, coordination, equalization, equation, intercession, normalization, reconcilement), تسديد (discharge, sight), ترتيب (arrangement, arranging, array, configuration, disposal, disposition, laying, marshalling, order, orderliness, system, tidiness), إتفاق (accord, community, compact, composition, concert, concord, concordance, deal, oneness, pact, promise, term, treaty, understanding, unity), إستيطان, إستقرار (constancy, fastness, firmness, fixity, stability, stabilization, steadiness, subsidence), رسوخ (deepness, establishment, fastness, firmness, immovability, rootage, stability, steadiness). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | установяване (ascertainment, establishment, institution, location, prescription), уреждане на сметки (acquittal, audit), село (country, dorp, place, village), селище (habitation, place), споразумение (accord, agreement, compact, compromise, contract, convention, covenant, stipulation, understanding), решение (adjudication, answer, award, conclusion, decision, determination, judgement, judgment, pronouncement, resolution, resolve, say so, sentence, solution, verdict, working out), решаване, колония (colony, community, dependency, plantation, stock), колонизиране (plantation), обезпечаване (hedging, provision), настаняване (accommodation, collocation, installation, lodgement, lodgment), заселване (colonization, location, plantation, population), прехвърляне на имот, приписване на имот. (various references) | |
Chinese | 解决 (resolved, resolving, solve, solved, solving), 著 (apply, book, catch, ignited, -ing, outstanding, part. indicates accompanying action, plan, receive, suffer, to contact, to make known, to prove, to show, to touch, to use, to wear, to write). (various references) | |
Czech | sedlina (dregs, Lees, sediment), vyrovnání (compensation, equalization, equilibration, repayment), usazení, osídlení, osada (colony, hamlet, plantation), kolonie (colony), kal (dregs, ooze, sewage, silt, sludge), dohoda (accommodation, accord, agreement, arrangement, bargain, compact, concord, contract, deal, stipulation, treaty), dar (bounty, donation, gift, Hansel, offering, present), dìdictví (bequest, heirloom, heritage, inheritance, legacy, patrimony), úprava (adjustment, alteration, finish, form, layout, treatment, trim), úmluva (agreement, appointment, convention, covenant, engagement, stipulation). (various references) | |
Danish | afregning (account). (various references) | |
Dutch | nederzetting (colony). (various references) | |
