Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Senescence

Definitions: Senescence

Senescence

Noun

1. The organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age.

2. The property characteristic of old age.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "senescence" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1985. (references)

Note: Senescence \Se*nes"cence\, noun. [See Senescent.]. (Websters 1913)


Specialty Definitions: Senescence

DomainDefinitions

Environment

The aging process. Sometimes used to describe lakes or other bodies of water in advanced stages of eutrophication. Also used to describe plants and animals. (references)

Medicine

The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. Source: European Union. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Senescence

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Senescence is the state or process of aging. The word senescence is derived from the Latin word senex, meaing "old man" or "old age."

Cellular senescence refers to a phenomena where isolated cells demonstrate a limited ability to divide in culture. Organismal senescence refers to the aging of organisms.

Organismal aging is generally characterized by the declining ability to respond to stress, increasing homeostatic imbalance and increased risk of disease. Because of this, death is the ultimate consequence of aging.

Genetic and environmental interventions are known to affect the life span of model organsims. This gives many hope that human aging can be slowed or changed. Dietary calorie restriction, by 30 percent for example, extends the life span of yeast, worms, flies, mice, and monkeys. Several genes are known to be necessary for this extension, and modification of these genes is also sufficient to produce the same effect as diet.

Theories of aging

The process of senescence is complex, and may derive from a variety of different mechanisms and exist for a variety of different reasons. Senescence is a universal biological phenomea, at least amongst eukaryotic organisms. Yet the average lifespan within and between species can very greatly. This suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to aging.

Theories that explain senescence can generally be divided between the programmed and error theories of aging. Programmed theories imply that aging is regulated by biological clocks operating throughout the life span. This regulation would depend on changes in gene expression that affect the systems responsible for maintenance, repair and defense responses. Error theories blame environmental insults to living organisms that induce cummulative damage at various levels as the cause of aging (e.g., DNA damage, oxygen radicals, cross-linking).

One potential cause of senescence is the accumulation of mutations in DNA, eventually leading to the progressive loss of key genes. Another is the shortening of telomeres in the process of DNA replication during cell division.

Evolutionary theories

One view is that it is due to a particular DNA programming that has the sole purpose to "clean" Earth from old genes and assure offspring better living conditions through benign mutations.

One possible mechanism may be "senescence genes". Genes which have a deleterious effect on individual's fitness are selected against by natural selection. Mutations in these genes which postpone the deleterious effect of the gene to a later time in individual's life history reduce the effect of natural selection to the gene, because the selection has less time to act on it. If the gene doesn't have a negatgive effect until after the individual has reproduced, the gene may escape natural selection altogether, because when selection starts to affect the gene, it has already propagated to the next generation.

Gene regulation

Lately research on a worm called Caenorhabditis elegans have demonstrated that aging is in part regulated by genes. The worm's short life span can be increased by more than 200 percent through genetic engineering. For example, mutations that affect insulin-like signaling in worms, flies and mice are associated with extended lifespan.

Cellular senescence

Lately the role of telomeres has aroused general interest, especially with a view to the possible genetically adverse effects of cloning. The successive shortening of the chromosomal telomeres with each cell cycle is also believed to influence the vitality of the cell, thus contributing to aging. There have, on the other hand, also been reports that cloning could alter the shortening of telomeres.

Free radicals

It is also suggested that damage caused by free radicals in the body are in part responsible for aging.

Reliability theory

Suggests that paradoxical conjecture that biological systems start their adult life with a high load of initial damage.

Neuro-endocrine-immuno theories

Senescence may also simply be a result of wear and tear overwhelming repair mechanisms. It is also possible that senescence is a mechanism to control the development and spread of cancer; if cells have built-in limits to how many times they can replicate, they must somehow overcome this before they can spread indefinitely.

Misc

Recently, early senescence has appeared as a possible unintended outcome of early cloning experiments, notably in the case of Dolly the sheep.

A set of rare hereditary (genetic) disorders, each called progeria, has been known for some time. Sufferers exhibit symptoms resembling accelerated aging, including wrinkled skin. The cause of Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome was reported in the journal Nature in May 2003. This report suggests that DNA damage, not oxidative stress, is the cause of this form of accelerated aging.

Artificially-induced senescence, as a means of control over artificially-created humans, or androids, is a central plot motivation in the renowned 1982 science fiction film "Blade Runner", loosely based on Philip K. Dick's (1968) novel "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep".

Centenarian is a person who has attained the age of 100 years or more.

Smoking cigarettes accelerates senescence, or leads to premature senescence. Smokers age faster than non-smokers.

See also Advanced adult, Cigarette, and Rejuvenation.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Senescence."

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Synonyms: Senescence

Synonyms: agedness (n), ageing (n), aging (n). (additional references)

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Synonyms within Context: Senescence

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Age

Noun: age; oldness; Adjective: old age, advanced age, golden years; senility, senescence; years, anility, gray hairs, climacteric, grand climacteric, declining years, decrepitude, hoary age, caducity, superannuation; second childhood, second childishness; dotage; vale of years, decline of life, "sear and yellow leaf"; threescore years and ten; green old age, ripe age; longevity; time of life.

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: Senescence

Specialty definitions using "senescence": Aging, PrematureErythrocyte AgingSEASONALLY DISTINCT LAND COVER REGIONS. (references)

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Commercial Usage: Senescence

DomainTitle

Books

  • Development, Maturation, and Senescence of Neuroendocrine Systems: A Comparative Approach (reference)

  • Healthy Aging for Functional Longevity: Molecular and Cellular Interactions in Senescence (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, V. 928) (reference)

  • Human Senescence : Evolutionary and Biocultural Perspectives (reference)

  • Longevity, Senescence, and the Genome (The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Mental Health and Development) (reference)

  • Senescence and Aging in Plants (American Society of Plant Physiologists Monograph Series) (reference)

    (more book examples)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Senescence

"Senescence" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 98.04% of the time. "Senescence" is used about 51 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (singular)98.04%5048,117
Noun (proper)1.96%1339,140
                    Total100.00%51N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Senescence

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

  senescence

15
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Senescence

Language Translations for "senescence"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Czech

  

stárnutí (ageing). (various references)

   

Danish

  

senescentia, senescens, alderdomssvaekkelse, alderdom (old age), ælden. (various references)

   

Dutch

  

senescentie, senescentia, het oud worden. (various references)

   

Finnish

  

ikääntyvät aivot (aging brain, brain senescence). (various references)

   

French

  

sénescence. (various references)

   

German

  

Vergreisung (ageing, senility). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

γηρασκείν, γηρασμόσ, γήρασ (senility). (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

"ז"ק ות (aging, sinility). (various references)

   

Italian

  

senescenza (ageing, aging). (various references)

   

Korean 

  

. (various references)

   

Manx

  

shennid (oldness, staleness). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

enescencesay

   

Portuguese

  

senescência (ageing, aging). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

старение (ageing, consenescence). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

senectud (senility). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

hjärnans åldrande (aging brain, brain senescence), åldrande hjärna (aging brain, brain senescence). (various references)

   

Thai

  

ชรา าพ. (various references)

   

Turkish

  

yaşlılık (age, old age, senile, senility), ihtiyarlık (decrepitude, dotage, old age, senility). (various references)

   

Ukranian 

  

старіння (ageing, aging, obsolescence, obsoletion). (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

sự gi yếu. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Senescence

Derivations

Words beginning with "senescence": senescences. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Senescence" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: senescense, senesence, sensescence. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Senescence"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "senescence" (pronounced sune"suns)
7-u n e" s u n sevanescence, luminescence.
5-e" s u n sacquiescence, adolescence, convalescence, essence, obsolescence, phosphorescence, quintessence.
4-s u n sabsence, beneficence, innocence, licence, license, nuisance, reconnaissance, reminiscence, reticence.
3-u n sabeyance, abhorrence, abstinence, abundance, acceptance, accordance, acquaintance, adherence, admirations, admittance, affluence, allegiance, alliance, allowance, ambiance, ambience, ambivalence, ambulance, annoyance, appearance, appliance, arrogance, ascendance, assistance, assurance, attendance, audience, avoidance, balance, belligerence, benevolence, bioscience, brilliance, cadence, capacitance, chrominance, circumference, clairvoyance, Clarence, clearance, coexistence, cognizance, coherence, coincidence, coinsurance, comeuppance, competence, compliance, concurrence, condolence, conference, confidence, confluence, conformance, congruence, connivance, conscience, consequence, consistence, continuance, contrivance, convenience, convergence, conveyance, correspondence, countenance, counterbalance, counterintelligence, credence, dalliance, decadence, Defeasance, deference, defiance, deliverance, dependence, deterrence, deviance, difference, diligence, disallowance, disappearance, discontinuance, disobedience, dissidence, dissonance, distance, disturbance, divergence, dominance, ebullience, elegance, eloquence, emergence, eminence, endurance, entrance, equivalence, evidence, excellence, existence, expedience, experience, extravagance, exuberance, flamboyance, Florence, forbearance, fragrance, furtherance, governance, grievance, guidance, hindrance, ignorance, imbalance, immanence, imminence, impatience, impedance, importance, impotence, imprudence, inadvertence, incidence, incoherence, incompetence, incontinence, inconvenience, independence, indifference, inductance, indulgence, inexperience, inference, influence, inheritance, insignificance, insistence, insolence, instance, insurance, intelligence, interdependence, interference, intolerance, intransigence, invariance, irrelevance, irreverence, issuance, jurisprudence, luminance, maintenance, malfeasance, negligence, neuroscience, noncompliance, noninterference, nonviolence, obedience, observance, occurrence, omnipotence, omnipresence, opulence, ordinance, Ordnance, overabundance, overconfidence, overdependence, overreliance, parlance, patience, penance, performance, permanence, persecutions, perseverance, persistence, pestilence, petulance, pittance, precedence, predominance, preeminence, preference, preponderance, prescience, presence, prevalence, prominence, protuberance, provenance, Providence, province, prudence, pseudoscience, radiance, reappearance, reassurance, recalcitrance, recognizance, recurrence, reemergence, reference, reinspections, reinsurance, relevance, reliance, reluctance, remembrance, remittance, repentance, resemblance, residence, resilience, resistance, resonance, resurgence, reverence, riddance, science, semblance, sentence, sequence, severance, significance, silence, submergence, subservience, subsidence, subsistence, substance, surveillance, sustenance, teleconference, temperance, tolerance, transcendence, transference, transience, turbulence, unbalance, utterance, Valence, variance, vehemence, vengeance, videoconference, vigilance, violence, virulence.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Senescence

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "c-c-e-e-e-e-n-n-s-s"

-3 letters: essence.

-4 letters: censes, scenes.

-5 letters: cense, nenes, scene, sense.

 Words containing the letters "c-c-e-e-e-e-n-n-s-s"
 

+1 letter: senescences.

 

+2 letters: evanescences.

 

+3 letters: juvenescences.

 

+4 letters: concretenesses.

 

+5 letters: conceitednesses, concertednesses, condescendences, connectednesses, rejuvenescences.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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Alternative Orthography: Senescence


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

53 65 6E 65 73 63 65 6E 63 65

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

...    .    -.    .    ...    -.-.    .    -.    -.-.    .

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01010011 01100101 01101110 01100101 01110011 01100011 01100101 01101110 01100011 01100101

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#83 &#101 &#110 &#101 &#115 &#99 &#101 &#110 &#99 &#101

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0053 0065 006E 0065 0073 0063 0065 006E 0063 0065

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

53718071856971806971

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Commercial
5. Usage Frequency
6. Expressions: Internet
7. Translations: Modern
8. Derivations
9. Rhymes
10. Anagrams
11. Orthography
12. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.