Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Self |
SelfAdjective1. Combining form; oneself or itself; "self-control". 2. Used as a combining form; relating to--of or by or to or from or for--the self; "self-knowledge"; "self-proclaimed"; "self-induced". Noun1. Your consciousness of your own identity. 2. A person considered as a unique individual; "one's own self". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "self" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1050. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Satire | SELF-:ESTEEM:, n. An erroneous appraisement. SELF-:EVIDENT:, adj. Evident to one's self and to nobody else. Source: Devil's Dictionary. |
Computing | Self |
Biology & Biotechnology | The offspring resulting from self-pollination. Source: European Union. (references) |
Medicine | The internal regulatory system of response and activity tendencies within the organism. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A sum of the attitudes and behavioural predispositions that make up the personality. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Slang | Interjection or Verb. Source: Self: one's person. Definition: Self is used when you do something negative to yourself. Used insead of "I messed up.". Context: Said whenever one screws up and it is their own fault. Social Source: Young adults from South Boston. Source: Compiled by The University of Oregon. (additional references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
An organism is a living being.
The origin of life and the relationships between its major lineages are controversial. Two main grades may be distinguished, the prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The prokaryotes are generally considered to represent two separate domains, called the Bacteria and Archaea, which are not closer to one another than to the eukaryotes. The gap between prokaryote and eukaryotes is widely considered as a major missing link in evolutionary history. Two eukaryotic organelles, namely mitochondria and chloroplasts, are generally considered to be derived from endosymbiotic bacteria.
The phrase complex organism describes any organism with more than one cell.
Characteristics common to many organisms include:
These are not universal, however. Many organisms are incapable of independent movement, and do not respond directly to their environment. Bacteria may not conduct respiration, using alternate chemical pathways instead. And many organisms are incapable of reproduction.
- Movement
- Feeding
- Respiration
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Sensitivity to stimuli
Biological Organization
Environmental Organization
- Atoms
- Molecule
- Macromolecule
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organsism
- Population
- Comunity
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
Classification
The following articles are entry points for information about the classification of organisms:
- Scientific classification
- Binomial nomenclature
- species
- subspecies
Viruses
Viruses are not typically considered to be organisms because they are not capable of independent reproduction or metabolism. This is problematic, though, since some parasites and endosymbionts are incapable of independent life either. Although viruses do have enzymes and molecules characteristic of living organisms, they are incapable of surviving outside a host cell and most of their metabolic processes require a host and its 'genetic machinery'. The origin of such parasites is uncertain, but it appears most likely that they are derived from their hosts.
Life span
One of the basic parameters of organism is its life span. Some animals live as short as one day, while some plants can live thousands of years. Aging is important when determining life span of most organisms, bacterium, a virus or even a prion.
See also
- Biology
- microorganism
External links
- NCBI Taxonomy entry: root (rich)
- NCBI Taxonomy resources (rich)
- Species 2000 Indexing the world's known species. Species 2000 has the objective of enumerating all known species of plants, animals, fungi and microbes on Earth as the baseline dataset for studies of global biodiversity. It will also provide a simple access point enabling users to link from here to other data systems for all groups of organisms, using direct species-links.
- The Tree of Life. Its basic goals are:
- to provide a uniform and linked framework in which to publish electronically information about the evolutionary history and characteristics of all groups of organisms
- to present a modern scientific view of the evolutionary tree that units all organisms on Earth
- to aid education about and appreciation of biological diversity
- to provide (eventually) a life-wide database and searching system about characteristics of organisms
- to provide a means to find taxon-specific information on the Internet, both taxonomic and otherwise
- Green Plant Phylogeny, Research Coordination Group, "DEEP GREEN", Understanding the Diversity of Plants. A five-year effort to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships among all green plants has resulted in the most complete "tree of life" of any group of living things on the planet, including animals.
- BBC News, August 4, 1999: The mother of all plants. Scientists have discovered that every plant species alive on land today shares a single common ancestor, at least 450 million years old.
- 7 August, 2000, Fantastic fungus find Citat: "...Researchers in the US have found what is probably the largest living organism on Earth....Scientists say it covers 890 hectares (2,200 acres) of land - an area equivalent to about 1,220 football pitches. The fungus is called Armillaria ostoyae, but is more popularly known as the honey mushroom. This particular specimen is calculated to be about 2,400 years old, although it could be two to three times this age...."
- BBCNews: 27 September, 2000, When slime is not so thick Citat: "...It means that some of the lowliest creatures in the plant and animal kingdoms, such as slime and amoeba, may not be as primitive as once thought...."
- BBCNews, 4 December, 2002, Life 'began on the ocean floor'
- SpaceRef.com, July 29, 1997: Scientists Discover Methane Ice Worms On Gulf Of Mexico Sea Floor
- The Eberly College of Science: Methane Ice Worms discovered on Gulf of Mexico Sea Floor download Publication quality photos
- Artikel, 2000: Methane Ice Worms: Hesiocaeca methanicola. Colonizing Fossil Fuel Reserves
- SpaceRef.com, May 04, 2001: Redefining "Life as We Know it" Hesiocaeca methanicola In 1997, Charles Fisher, professor of biology at Penn State, discovered this remarkable creature living on mounds of methane ice under half a mile of ocean on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico.
- BBCNews, 18 December, 2002, 'Space bugs' grown in lab Citat: "...Bacillus simplex and Staphylococcus pasteuri...Engyodontium album...The strains cultured by Dr Wainwright seemed to be resistant to the effects of UV - one quality required for survival in space...."
- BBCNews, 19 June, 2003, Ancient organism challenges cell evolution Citat: "..."It appears that this organelle has been conserved in evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, since it is present in both,"..."
- Saint Anselm College: Survey of representatives of the major Kingdoms Citat: "...Number of kingdomss has not been resolved...Bacteria present a problem with their diversity...Protista present a problem with their diversity...", Interactive Syllabus for General Biology - BI 04, Saint Anselm College, Summer 2003
- Jacob Feldman: Stramenopila
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Organism."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The self has become the focus of much psychological investigation (see individuation and self (psychology)) and many personal development enterprises. The cult of the individual has not entirely contrived to avoid attempts at "self"-definition.In grammar, the self bears a special relationship to reflexive utterances.
See also:
- Ego
- Soul
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Personal self."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
- Self programming language
- Self (psychology)
- personal self
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Self."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Self is a key construct in several schools of Psychology. Usages differ between theorists and fields of study, but in general the self refers to the conscious, reflective personality of an individual. The study of the self involves significant methodological problems, especially concerning consciousness. Some of these are taken up in philosophy of mind and metaphysics.Perhaps the best-known account of the self is Freud's theory of the tri-partite function of the self, involving ego, id and superego processes. Many theorists, however, would bring under the heading of the self only what Freud regarded as ego processes.
Major concepts within the theory of the self include:
- self awareness
- self concept
- self control
- self destructive behavior including self mutilation
- self disclosure
- Laing's "divided self" theory of schizophrenia
- self efficacy
- self esteem
- self monitoring
- the self-perception theory of attitude change
- self talk
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Self (psychology)."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Self is an object-oriented programming language based on the concept of prototypes. It was used primarily as an experimental test system for language design in the 1990s, and is no longer being actively worked on.
History
Self was designed primarily by David Ungar and Randall Smith in 1986 while working at Xerox PARC. They moved to Stanford University and continued work on the language, building the first working compiler in 1987. At that point focus changed to attempting to bring up an entire system for Self, as opposed to just the language.
The first public release was in 1990, and the next year the team moved to Sun Microsystems where they continued work on the language. Several new releases followed until falling largely dormant in 1995 with the 4.0 version. The latest 4.1 version was released in 2002 and runs on Mac OS X and Solaris.
Self also inspired a number of languages based on its concepts. Most notable, perhaps, was the NewtonScript language for the Apple Newton. Other examples include Io, Cel and Agora.
The problem
Traditional object languages are based on a deep-rooted duality. Classes define the basic qualities and behaviours of objects, and instances are a particular object based on a class.
For instance you might have a "Vehicle" class that has a "name" and the ability to perform "drive to work" and "deliver construction materials". "Porsche 911" is a particular instance of the class Vehicle with the name set to Porsche 911. In theory you can then send a message to Porsche 911, telling it to "deliver construction materials".
This example shows one of the problems with this approach. A Porsche is not capable of delivering construction materials (in any general sense anyway!) but this is something that a vehicle can do. In order to avoid this problem we have to add additional specialization to Vehicle via the creation of subclasses. In this case one could imagine "sports car" and "flatbed truck".
This is a contrived example but it illustrates a very real problem. Unless you can predict with certainty what qualities the objects will have in the distant future, you cannot design your class hierarchy properly. All too often the program will evolve to require additional behaviours, and suddenly the entire system has to be re-designed (or refactored) to break out the objects in a different way.
Experience with early OO languages like Smalltalk showed that this sort of issue came up time and time again. Systems would tend to grow to a point and then become very rigid, as the basic classes deep below the programmers code were simply "wrong". Without some way of easily changing the original class, you may have a serious problem.
Dynamic languages such as Smalltalk allowed for this sort of change via well-known methods in the classes, by changing the class the objects based on it would change their behaviour. But in other languages like C++ there is no such ability, and making such a change can actually break other code, a problem known as the fragile base class problem. In general such changes had to be done very carefully, as other objects based on the same class might be expecting this "wrong" behavior - "wrong" is often dependent on the context.
The solution
The problem here is that there is a duality, classes and instances. Self simply eliminated this duality.
Instead of having an "instance" of an object that is based on some "class", in Self you make a copy of an existing object, and change it. So "Porsche 911" would be created by making a copy of an existing "Vehicle" object, and then adding the "drive to work" method. Basic objects that were used primarily to make copies of were known as prototypes.
This may not sound earth shattering, but in fact it greatly simplifies dynamism. If you have to fix a problem in some "base class" because your program has a problem, simply change it and make copies of that new object instead. No other program will see this change. If at some point in the future Porsches can "deliver construction materials", big deal, add it.
Better yet, this actually dramatically simplifies the entire OO concept as well. Everything might be an object in traditional system, but there is a very fundamental difference between classes and instances. In Self, there isn't.
The language
Self objects are a collection of "slots". Slots are accessors methods that return values, and placing a colon after the name of a slot sets the value. For instance if you have a slot called "name", "myPerson name" returns the value in name, and "myPerson name:'gizifa'" sets it.
Self, like Smalltalk, uses blocks for flow control and other duties. Blocks are objects containing code, and can be placed in a Self slot just like any other object - a number for instance. The syntax remains the same in either case, and likewise, one can replace either via assignment.
Note that there is no distinction in Self between fields and methods, everything is a slot. Since accessing slots via messages forms the majority of the syntax in Self, many messages are sent to "self", and the "self" can be left off. Thus the name.
Basic syntax
The syntax for talking to slots is Smalltalk-like, with "object_name slot_name" pairs being listed from left to right with the rightmost expression being returned. Lines end on an optional period. For instance:
'Hello, World!' print.Is the Self version of the hello world program. The ' syntax is a shortcut that makes a copy of the known string object and puts "Hello, World!" into its only slot. Grouping is as in math, using parens. For instance:
'Hello, World!' uppercase print.Is equivalent to:
('Hello, World!' uppercase) print.Whereas:
'Hello, World!' (uppercase print).would attempt to uppercase and print nothing, and thus cause an error.
Making new objects
Consider a slightly more complex example:
labelWidget copy label: 'Hello, World!'.makes a copy of the "labelWidget" object with the copy message (no shortcut this time), then sends it a message to put "Hello, World" into the slot called "label". Now let's do something with it:
(desktop activeWindow) draw: (labelWidget copy label: 'Hello, World!').In this case the (desktop activeWindow) is performed first, returning the active window from the list of windows that the desktop object knows about. Next (read inner to outer, left to right) the code we examined earlier returns the labelWidget. Finally the widget is sent into the draw slot of the active window.
Inheritance
One of the side effects of using the clone method is that the new object is created with a slot inside it labeled as the parent. Any slot can be made a parent pointer by adding an asterix as a suffix. As the name implies, this slot is set with a pointer to the object that it was cloned from. In this way Self handles duties that would use inheritance in more traditional languages.
For instance, you might have an object defined called "bank account" that is used in a simple book keeping application. Typically this object would be created with only the methods inside, perhaps "deposit" and "withdraw". This is a prototype.
Making a clone of this object for "Bob's account" will create a new object with a parent slot pointing to this prototype. In this case we have copied the slots including the methods and any data. However a more common solution is to first make a more simple object called a traits object which contains the items that one would normally associate with a class.
In this example the "bank account" object would not have the deposit and withdraw method, but would itself be cloned from an object that did. In this way many copies of the bank account object can be made, but we can still change the behaviour of them all by changing the slots in that root object.
How is this any different than a traditional class? Well consider the meaning of:
myObject parent*: someOtherObject.This is quite interesting, it changes the "class" of myObject at runtime.
Adding slots
Copying an existing object gets you the same object, but how does Self modify that new object to include new slots? This is very easy, using the <- operator.
In an earlier example we talked about having to refactor a simple class called Vehicle in order to be able to differentiate the behaviour between cars and trucks. In Self one would accomplish this something like this:
Vehicle: (Object copy)
(name <- ' ') Vehicle.
SportsCar: (Vehicle copy).
(driveToWork <- |some code, this is a block|) SportsCar.
Porsche911: (SportsCar copy).
Porsche911 name:'Bobs Porsche'.
The environment
Perhaps one of Self's few problems is that it is based on the same sort of virtual machine system that earlier Smalltalk systems used. That is, programs are not stand-alone entities as they are in languages such as C, but need their entire memory environment in order to run. This requires applications to be shipped in chunks of saved memory known as snapshots which tend to be large and annoying to use.
On the upside the Self environment is very powerful. You can stop programs at any point, change values and code, and continue running where you left off. This sort of "on the fly" development delivers a huge increase in productivity, and its a shame that more systems don't support it.
In addition the environment is tailored to the rapid and continual change of the objects in the system. Refactoring you "class" design is as easy as dragging methods out of the existing ancestors and into new ones. Simple tasks like test methods can be handled by making a copy, dragging the method into the copy, then changing it. Unlike traditional systems, only that object has the new code, and nothing has to be rebuilt in order to test it. If the method works, simply drag it back into the ancestor.
See also:
- Cecil programming language
- Platonic form
External Links
- Self Home Page at Sun Microsystems
- Papers on Self from UCSB (mirror for the Sun papers page)
- Self resources at Cetus Links
- Merlin Project
- Yahoo! Group on Self
- Self ported to Linux (without many optimizations)
- Automated Refactoring application on sourceforge.net, written for and in Self
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Self programming language."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
SELF | English | Provision of self service facilities for library visitors | Computing, Information |
| SEED | English | Self Explaining Extended DBMS | Computing |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonym: SelfSynonym: ego (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Cheerfulness | Optimism; (hopefulness); self complacency; hedonics, hedonism. |
Credulity | Noun: credulity, credulousness; Adjective: cullibility, gullibility; gross credulity, infatuation; self delusion, self deception;Noun: credulity, credulousness; Adjective: cullibility, gullibility; gross credulity, infatuation; self delusion, self deception; superstition; one's blind side; bigotry; (obstinacy); hyperorthodoxy; misjudgment. |
Hope | Undespairing, self reliant. |
Identity | Noun: iden sameness; coincidence, coalescence; convertibility; equality; selfness, self, oneself; identification. |
Facsimile; (copy); homoousia: alter ego; (similar); ipsissima verba; (exactness); same; self, very, one and the same; very thing, actual thing; real McCoy; no other; one and only; in the flesh. | |
Adjective: identical; self, ilk; the same; n. selfsame, one and the same, homoousian. | |
Ignorance | See through a glass darkly; have a film over the eyes, have a glimmering; Noun: wonder whether; not know what to make of; (unintelligibility); not pretend to take upon, not take upon one self to say. |
Misnomer | Adjective: misnamed; Verb: pseudonymous; soi-disant; self called, self styled, self christened; so-called. |
Resolution | Mastery over self; self control, self command, self possession, self reliance, self government, self restraint, self conquest, self denial; moral courage, moral strength; perseverance; a; tenacity; obstinacy; bulldog; British lion. |
Selfishness | Adjective: selfish; self-seeking, self-indulgent, self-interested, self-centered; wrapped up in self, wrapt up in self, centered in self; egotistic, egotistical; egoistical. |
Similarity | Analogue; the like; match, pendant, fellow companion, pair, mate, twin, double, counterpart, brother, sister; one's second self, alter ego, chip of the old block, par nobile fratrum, Arcades ambo, birds of a feather, et hoc genus omne; gens de meme famille. |
Speciality | I, self, I myself; myself, himself, herself, itself. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | It means know thy self. I wanna tell you a little secret, being the one is just like being in love (The Matrix; writing credit: Andy Wachowski; Larry Wachowski) It raises all sorts of philosophical questions about the nature of self, about the existence of the soul (Being John Malkovich; writing credit: Charlie Kaufman) Self improvement is masturbation (Fight Club; writing credit: Jim Uhls) She's delusional, fears God, etc. She wants to kill her self, but then she realizes that teen suicide is out this year, and homicide is a much healthier therapeutic expression (Scream; writing credit: Kevin Williamson) Ladies and gentlemen, the self knowledge of Zsa Zsa Gabor (Peter's Friends; writing credit: Martin Bergmann and Rita Rudner.) | |
Lyrics | And self assured ("Smells Like Teen Spirit"; performing artist: Nirvana) Now I tell meh self dem man go get angry (Who Let The Dogs Out; performing artist: Baha Men) Sure but also rage and hate and pain and fear of self (Hook; performing artist: Blues Traveler) Your very self you gave us (Mary's Boy Child/Oh My Lord; performing artist: Boney M) While you put it in put me down now I found my self esteem and (Get Over Yourself; performing artist: Eden's Crush) | |
Clever | There are three things extremely hard: steel, a diamond, and to know one's self. (references; author: unknown) Leadership is an opportunity to serve; it is not a trumpet call to self importance. (references; author: unknown) Low Self Esteem Support Group will meet Thursday at 7 P.M., please use the back door. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Journey Into Self (1968) Self Defense... for Cowards (1962) The Art of Self Defense (1941) Self Control (1938) Donald's Better Self (1938) | |
Song Titles | Self Control (performing artist: Laura Branigan) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Three drawings of individuals checking themselves during a skin self exam. First is a man standing, examing his back in a mirror; second, a woman sitting on stool examing her feet; third, woman checking face in hand mirror. Credit: Jeanne Kelly (artist). |  | A series of six illustrations showing how to do breast self examination (BSE). See artwork BC-01, BC-05, BC-06, BC-08. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | Bob Pryce - self portrait while in a helicopter Mr. Pryce served for over thirty years on geodetic field parties. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Melissa Watkins looks over plans for her self help home with USDA employee Jan Coplen in OK. Credit: USDA. |
 | Juana San Jaun measures windows at her self help home in PA. Credit: USDA. |  | Self help homes under constructin Pine Ridge Indian Reservation SD. Credit: USDA. |
 | Anthoney Gay & Byron Phelps cut wood for self help homes, Pine Ridge, SD. Credit: USDA. |  | Byron Phelps works on self help homes, Pine Ridge, SD. Credit: USDA. |
 | Dusty Phelps, Anthoney Gar, Darrell Apple and Will Thunderhorse, self help housing, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, SD. Credit: USDA. |  | Turkeys at self feeder on a farm in Ohio. Credit: USDA. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Self portrait" by Erick Days Commentary: "Self portrait." | "Self portrait 2" by Steve Augulis Commentary: "A self portrait." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Aesop | Self conceit may lead to self destruction. |
Charles Dickens | A day wasted on others is not wasted on one's self. |
Edward G. Bulwer-Lytton | The easiest person to deceive is one's own self. |
Plato | Self conquest is the greatest of victories. |
Ralph Waldo Emerson | The never-ending task of self improvement. |
| Valor consists in the power of self recovery. | |
Samuel Johnson | All censure of a man's self is oblique praise. |
Soren Kierkegaard | Be that self which one truly is. |
Thomas Carlyle | The most fearful unbelief is unbelief in your self. |
William Wordsworth | Self inspection is the best cure for self esteem. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | These two powers, executive and federative, though they be really distinct in themselves, yet one comprehending the execution of the municipal laws of the society within its self, upon all that are parts of it; the other the management of the security and interest of the public without, with all those that it may receive benefit or damage from, yet they are always almost united. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
A Christmas Carol | Dickens, Charles | The Spirit touched him on the arm, and pointed to his younger self, intent upon his reading |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | So much for my figurative self. |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | A wonderful feeling springs up within him, forgetfulness of self, and pity for all. |
King Richard III | Shakespeare, William | Where it seems best unto your royal self. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | The user's sense of time and self changes. (references) | |
These practices help reduce the risk of continuous self reinfection. (references) | ||
At the heart of the immune response is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. (references) | ||
Business | New investment in Mai Liao was meant to allow the Taiwan market to increase ethylene self sufficiency and to better compete internationally. (references) | |
Manufacturers exporting goods to the EU may have to prove that the products comply with the standards, either by self certification or a third party certification by a notified body or laboratory. (references) | ||
Poor oral health has a range of consequences including pain, difficulty eating and the avoidance of certain foods (which can lead to wider health problems), impaired speech, loss of self esteem, restricting social and community participation, and impeding the ability to gain employment. (references) | ||
Children | Philippines | Persons with Disabilities The law provides for equal physical access for persons with disabilities to all public buildings and establishments and for "the rehabilitation, self development, and self-reliance of disabled persons and their integration into the mainstream of society." The law applies to both those with physical disabilities and persons with mental disabilities. (references) |
Civil Liberties | Cote d'Ivoire | Journalists no longer practiced self censorship. (references) |
Burma | There is evidence that many students have chosen to continue with self study because the universities deteriorated to such an extent during the time that they were closed, that they largely have become inaccessible. (references) | |
Economic History | Pakistan | The existing first phase of self monitoring and reporting will be extended from 50 industries to 200 industries. (references) |
France | They are self service stores run by one or two independent operations, i.e., individuals not paid by the distribution group. (references) | |
Switzerland | The country, which was used to being self sufficient in electric energy, as a consequence, may be facing a power shortage within some 15- 20 years. (references) | |
Human Rights | Brazil | All five policemen who faced criminal charges in the incident were acquitted, primarily on the grounds that they had acted in legitimate self defense. (references) |
Tajikistan | In September Oleg Panfilov, the head of the Center for Journalism in Extreme Situations, who has been in self imposed exile since 1997, returned to the country for a visit at the invitation of President Rahmonov. (references) | |
Ethiopia | In October authorities arrested Moga Frissa, vice president of the Macha-Tulema Self Help Association, an Oromo civic organization, and Aberra Aguma, another member of the organization, for suspected involvement with the OLF. (references) | |
Political Economy | Japan | The self defense forces are responsible for external security and have limited domestic security responsibilities. (references) |
Congo | The People's Self Defense Forces (FAP) and the People's Power Committees (CPP) also served as security forces, but were less active than in previous years. (references) | |
Political Rights | Armenia | Opposition parties such as the National Democratic Union, the Self Determination Union, the Communist Party, Hayrenik, and Azatutuyun criticized the exclusion of numerous residents from the lists. (references) |
Trade | Zambia | Many businesses either self finance or seek finance outside the country, in hard currency. (references) |
Poland | OPIC is a self sustaining U.S. government agency that provides investment information, financing, and political risk insurance for U.S. companies investing in emerging markets like Poland. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
James Van Praagh | Whatever you may call him. The higher self of yourself, the God self, your Christ self, whatever you wan to call the higher part of yourself. |
Naomi Campbell | Liquor. That just makes me feel everything but my real self. It makes me not give my true emotions, so. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
John Adams | 1797-1801 | We can not, without committing a dangerous imprudence, abandon those measures of self protection which are adapted to our situation and to which, notwithstanding our pacific policy, the violence and injustice of others may again compel us to resort. |
Dwight Eisenhower | 1953-1961 | May we grow in strength--without pride in self. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Self" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.20% of the time. "Self" is used about 3,508 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.2% | 3,480 | 2,791 |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 0.46% | 16 | 87,710 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.28% | 10 | 111,207 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 0.03% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Unclassified Items | 0.03% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 3,508 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "self" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Self | Last name | 10,000 | 1,251 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| France | Self Trade | USA | Sovran Self Storage, Inc. |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "self": awareness of self ♦ By one's self ♦ coefficient of self induction ♦ come to one's self ♦ computerised self administered questionnaire ♦ computerized self administered questionnaire ♦ Denial of one's self ♦ Dynamic Self Inquiry[TM] ♦ ghost of one's former self ♦ give of self ♦ if you want a thing done do it your self ♦ Inner self healing process ♦ Its self ♦ lose one's self confidence ♦ my own self ♦ my second self ♦ not take upon one self to say ♦ of one's self ♦ one's second self ♦ one's self ♦ overshoot one self ♦ refer everything to self ♦ second self ♦ self abasement ♦ self abnegation ♦ self abuse ♦ self acceptance ♦ self acting ♦ Self Administration ♦ Self Assessment (Psychology) ♦ self care ♦ self care unit ♦ self centered ♦ self centred ♦ self christened ♦ Self Concept ♦ self confidence ♦ self confident ♦ self conscious ♦ self consciousness ♦ self contained ♦ self control ♦ self controlled ♦ self deception ♦ self defence ♦ self denial ♦ self denying ♦ Self Disclosure ♦ self drive car ♦ Self Efficacy ♦ self employed ♦ self esteem ♦ self evident ♦ Self expansion therapy ♦ self Extracting Archive ♦ self heating ♦ self identification ♦ self induction ♦ self indulge ♦ self indulgent ♦ self insurance reserves ♦ self interest ♦ self justification ♦ Self Medication ♦ self moving ♦ Self Mutilation ♦ self possessed ♦ self possession ♦ self praise ♦ self price ♦ self propelled truckloader ♦ self propelling ♦ self protection ♦ Self Psychology ♦ self reliant ♦ self reproach ♦ self respect ♦ self restraint ♦ self rising ♦ self sacrifice ♦ self satisfaction ♦ self service ♦ self starter ♦ Self Stimulation ♦ self sufficiency ♦ self sufficient ♦ self tapping screw ♦ self timer cocking lever ♦ self timer lever ♦ Self Tolerance ♦ self will ♦ self willed ♦ the self ♦ To address one's self to ♦ To advantage one's self of ♦ To advise one's self ♦ To appoint one's self ♦ To assert one's self ♦ To authorize one's self ♦ To avail one's self of ♦ To avise one's self. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "self": self-a, self-abandoned, self-abandonment, Self-abased, self-abasement, Self-abasing, Self-abhorrence, self-abnegating, self-abnegation, self-absolved, self-absorbed, self-absorbing, self-absorption, self-abuse, self-abusive, self-accelerating, self-acceptance, self-access, self-accounting, self-accusation, self-accusatory, Self-accused, self-accusing, self-achievements, self-acknowledged, Self-acquaintance, self-acquired, self-acting, self-acting, self-acting regulator, self-acting self-activating self-moving self-regulating, Self-action, self-activating, Self-active, Self-activity, self-actualisation, self-actualising, self-actualization, self-adapted, self-adapting program, self-adaption, self-adaptive, self-addressed, self-addressed and stamped envelope, self-addressing, self-adequacy, self-adhesive, self-adhesive tape, self-adhesives, self-adjusted, Self-adjusting, Self-adjusting bearing, self-adjustment, self-administered, self-administering, self-administration, self-administrations, Self-admiration, self-admirers, self-admitted, self-adoring, self-adornment, self-advancement, self-advertised, self-advertisement, self-advertising, self-advocacy, Self-affairs, self-affirmation, Self-affrighted, Self-Agglomerating, self-aggrandisement, self-aggrandising, self-aggrandizement, self-aggrandizing, self-aggregate, Self-aid, self-alerting, self-alienation, self-aligning, self-amputation, self-amused, self-anaesthetised, self-analysed, self-analysis, self-analytic, self-analytical, Self-annihilated, self-annihilation, self-anointed, self-antigen, self-antigens, self-apparent, self-appellation, Self-applause, Self-Applied, Self-applying, self-appointed, self-appointment, self-appraisal, self-appraisals, self-appraised, self-appreciation, self-approbation, self-approval, Self-approving, self-approvingly, self-arbitration, self-arming, self-arrogated, self-ascription, self-aspirations, self-assemble, self-assembled, self-assembley, self-assembling, self-assembly, self-asserted, self-asserting, self-assertion, self-assertive, self-assertiveness, self-assessed, self-assessment, self-assessments, self-assessors, self-assignation, self-assigned, self-association, Self-assumed, self-assumption, self-assurance, self-assured, self-assuredness, self-attention, self-attitudes, self-attraction, self-audit, self-authenticating, self-avoiding, self-avowed, self-avowedly, self-aware, self-awareness, self-bailing, self-balancing, self-ballasted, Self-banished, self-basted, Self-begetten, self-begot, Self-begotten, self-belief, self-belt, self-benefiting, Self-bern, self-betrayal, self-billing, Self-binder, self-blame, self-blaming, self-blanching, self-blind, self-blotting-out, self-booting, Self-born, self-bounty, self-build, self-builder, self-builders, self-built, self-calibrating, self-cancelling, self-cancellingly, Self-Care, Self-Care Units, self-caricature, self-caring, self-carriage, self-castration, self-cataloguing, self-catalysed, self-categorisation, self-categorization, self-catering, self-catering apartment, Self-cconsistent, self-celebration, Self-celored, self-censored, self-censorship, self-censure, self-centered, self-centered person, self-centeredness, Self-centering, Self-centration, self-centre, self-centred, self-centredly, self-centredness, Self-centring, self-certainty, self-certificate, self-certification, self-certified, self-certify, self-certifying, self-characterization, self-charging, Self-charity, self-chastisement, self-checking, self-chosen, self-chronicling, self-citation, self-citations, self-citing, self-classification, self-clean, self-cleaning, self-cleansing, self-closing, self-closure, self-coached, self-coaching, self-cocker, self-cocking, self-coded, self-coincide, self-collected, Self-color, self-colored, self-colour, self-coloured, self-comforting, self-command, self-commendation, self-comment, self-commiserative, Self-commune, self-communication, Self-communicative, self-communing, Self-communion, self-compacence, self-compacently, self-compatible, self-compilation, self-complacence, self-complacency, Self-complacent, self-complementary, self-completed, self-completion, self-composed, self-concealing, self-concealment, Self-conceit, self-conceited, self-conceitedly, Self-conceitedness, self-concept, self-conceptions, self-concepts, self-conceptualization, self-concern, self-conciously, self-condemnation, self-condemned, self-condemning, self-confessed, self-confessedly, self-confessional, self-confessions, self-confidence, self-confident, Self-confidently, self-confirmed, self-confirming, Self-confrontation, self-congratulating, self-congratulation, self-congratulations, self-congratulatory, Self-conjugate, Self-conjugate triangle, self-conscience, self-conscious, self-consciously, self-consciousness, self-consciousnesses, self-conservation, Self-considering, Self-consistency, self-consistent, self-consolidating, self-constituted, self-constituting, self-constraint, self-constructed, self-construction, self-consumed, Self-consuming, self-consummation, self-consumption, self-contained, self-contained, self-contained country, self-contained flat, self-contained house, self-contained landing forecast, self-contained navigational aid, Self-contained steam engine, Self-contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, self-containment, self-conteined, self-contemplation, self-contemplations, self-contempt, self-contemptuous, self-content, self-contentment, self-contract, self-contradicting, Self-contradiction, self-contradictory, self-control, self-controlled, self-controlling, self-controls, self-conversion, Self-convicted, Self-conviction, self-cooker, self-cooled, self-copiers, self-copying, self-coronation, self-correcting, self-correction, self-corrections, self-corrective, self-corruptingly, self-coup, self-covered, Self-created, self-creating, self-creation, self-crisis, self-critical, self-critically, self-criticism, self-criticisms, self-critique, self-crowned, self-cultivation, Self-culture, self-cure, self-cures, self-cutter, self-cutters, self-cutting, self-damaging, self-dealing, self-deceit, Self-deceived, self-deceiver, self-deceiving, self-deception, self-deceptions, self-declaiming, self-declared, self-deconstructing, self-deconstruction, self-decorated, self-dedication, self-defacement, self-defeated, self-defeating, self-defeatingly, self-defence, self-defence', self-defense, Self-Defense, Self-defensive, self-defined, self-defining, self-definition, self-deflating, Self-degradation, self-deification, Self-delation, self-delegation, self-delighted, self-delighting, self-delineating, self-deliverance, self-delivery, self-deluded, self-deluder, self-deluding, Self-delusion, self-delusions, self-delusory, self-demand, self-demeaning, self-denial, self-denials, self-denied, self-denigrating, self-denigration, self-denying, self-denying person, Self-denyingly, self-dependence, Self-dependent, Self-depending, self-deportment, Self-depraved, self-deprecating, self-deprecatingly, self-deprecation, self-deprecatory, self-depreciating, self-depreciation, self-derisively, self-derivation, self-described, self-description, self-descriptions, self-descriptive, self-designation, self-designed, self-despair, self-despite, self-destroy, Self-destroyer, self-destroying, self-destruct, self-destructed, self-destructing, self-destruction, self-destructive, self-destructively, self-destructiveness, self-detachment, self-detecting, self-determinant, self-determination, self-determine, self-determined, Self-determining, self-developers, self-developing, self-development, Self-devised, Self-devoted, Self-devotement, Self-devotion, Self-devouring, self-diagnose, self-diagnosis, self-diagnostic, self-dial, self-diffusion, Self-diffusive, self-dignity, self-diminishing, self-dipping, self-directed, self-directing, self-direction, self-disabled, self-disc, self-discharge, self-disciplinary, self-discipline, self-disciplined, self-disclosure, self-discover, self-discovered, self-discovery, self-discretion, self-discussion, self-disdain, self-disgust, self-disillusionment, self-dislike, self-dismemberment, self-dismissive, self-disparagement, self-disparaging, self-display, self-displaying, self-dissociated, self-dissolution, self-dissolving, self-dissuasions, self-distortion, self-distributed, self-distrust, self-distrustful, self-divided, self-doctoring, self-documented, self-documenting, self-donated, self-doubt, self-doubting, self-doubts, self-draining, self-dramatisation, self-dramatising, self-dramatizer, self-dramatizing, self-dressing, self-drive, self-drive car, self-drive cars for hire, self-driven, self-dual, self-dug, self-educated, self-education, self-educator, self-effacement, self-effacing, self-effacingly, self-efficacies, self-efficacy, self-effort, self-ego, self-elected, self-electing, Self-elective, self-elevating, self-emancipation, self-emasculation, self-employed, self-employed person, self-employedness, self-employment, self-empowered, self-empowering, self-emptying, self-enclosed, self-enclosedness, self-enforced, self-enforcement, self-enforcing, self-engrossment, self-enhancement, self-enhancing, Self-enjoyment, self-enlightenment, self-enriching, self-enrichment, self-equilibrated, self-erected, self-esteem, self-esteem', self-esteeming, Self-estimation, self-estrangement, self-evacuation, self-evaluating, self-evaluation, Self-Evaluation Programs, self-evaluations, self-evaluative, Self-evidence, self-evident, self-evident truth, self-evidently, Self-evolution, Self-exaltation, Self-examinant, self-examination, Self-Examination, self-examinations, self-examining, self-excitation, Self-excite, self-excited, self-excluding, self-exclusion, self-exculpation, self-excuse, self-excuses, self-excusing, self-executing, self-exile, self-exiled, Self-existence, Self-existent, self-expectations, self-experience, self-experimentation, self-explaining, self-explanations, self-explanatory, self-explication, self-exploitation, self-exploiters, self-exploration, self-explorers, self-exposing, Self-exposure, self-expression, self-expressive, Self-Extensible Language, self-extinction, self-extinguishing, self-extract, self-extracting, self-extraction, self-fashioning, self-feed, self-feeder, self-feeding, self-felicitation, self-fellating, self-fertile, self-fertilisation, self-fertilised, self-fertilization, self-fertilized, self-fill, self-filling, self-finance, self-financed, self-financing, self-flagellants, self-flagellating, self-flagellation, self-flattery, self-flow, self-flowing, self-fluxing, self-fly, self-focus, self-focused, self-forgetful, self-forgetfulness, self-forgetting, self-forgiveness, self-formative, self-forming, self-friefing, self-fruition, self-fulfilling, self-fulfillment, self-fulfilment, self-funded, self-funding, self-generated, self-generating, self-generation, self-gift, self-giving, self-glorification, self-glorifying, Self-glorious, self-governed, self-governing, self-governing body, self-government, self-government', self-grading, self-gratification, Self-gratulation, self-gravitation, self-gravity, self-grip, self-grown, self-growth, self-guarded, self-guided, self-guiding, self-guilt, Self-hardened, Self-hardening, self-harm, self-hate, self-hating, self-hatred, self-heal, self-healing, Self-healing, Self-Health, self-heating, self-help, self-help, Self-Help Devices, Self-Help Groups, self-helping, Self-homicide, self-hood, self-hooking, self-humiliation, self-hurt, self-hypnosis, self-hypnotised, self-hypnotized, self-ideas, self-identical, self-identification, self-identified, self-identifying, self-identity, self-ignitable, self-igniting, self-ignition, Self-ignorance, Self-ignorant, self-illuminating, self-illumination, self-image, self-images, self-imaging, self-immolating, self-immolation, self-immolations, self-impact, Self-imparting, self-impersonation, self-importance, self-important, self-importantly, self-imposed, Self-imposture, self-imprisonment, self-improved, self-improvement, self-improvements, self-improvers, self-improving, self-imputed, self-incompatibility, self-incompatible, self-incriminate, self-incriminating, self-incrimination, self-incriminatory, self-indexed, self-indexing, Self-indictment, Self-indignation, self-induced, self-induced voltage, self-inductance, self-inductances, self-induction, self-induction coil, self-indulgence, self-indulgences, self-indulgent, self-indulgently, self-indulgers, self-infatuation, self-infecting, self-infection, self-inflated, self-inflating, self-inflicted, self-inflicted injury, self-inflicted wounds, self-ingratiating, self-inhibition, self-initiated, self-injection, self-injuries, Self-Injurious, Self-Injurious Behavior, self-injury, self-inquisition, self-inscription, self-inseminate, self-insemination, self-insight, self-inspection, self-install, self-installs, self-instituted, self-instruction, self-instructional, self-instructor, self-insufficiency, self-insulating, self-insurance, self-insurance fund, self-insured, self-insuring, self-integration, self-interaction, self-interactions, self-interest, Self-interested, self-interestedly, self-interestedness, self-interests, self-interpretation, self-interrogation, self-interruption, self-interruptions, self-intersecting, self-intervention, self-intoxicated, self-intoxication, self-introduction, self-invented, self-inventory, self-inverts, self-invested, self-investigation, self-investment, self-investments, self-invited, Self- | |