Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Selective |
SelectiveAdjective1. Tending to select; characterized by careful choice; "an exceptionally quick and selective reader"- John Mason Brown. 2. Characterized by very careful or fastidious selection; "the school was very selective in its admissions". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "selective" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1895. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Biology & Biotechnology | Those factors that influence the direction of natural selection. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Natural selection is an essential mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin and generally accepted by the scientific community as the best explanation of speciation as evidenced in the fossil record.The basic concept is that environmental conditions (or "nature") determine (or "select") how well particular traits of organisms can serve the survival and reproduction of the organism; organisms lacking these traits might die before reproducing, or be less fecund. As long as environmental conditions remain the same, or similar enough that these traits continue to be adaptive, such traits will become more common within populations. Loss of the species' ecological niche or crowding-out due to population growth can change drastically the adaptive traits required to survive - in such conditions, or in any circumstance where survival is determined by ecology more than by the secondary sexual characteristics, an ecological selection is taking place (this term is used solely to differentiate processes irrelevant to mating, and is of modern usage, having grown up with the field of ecology itself).
Darwin's theory of the evolution of species through natural selection starts from the premise that an organism's traits vary in a non-deterministic way from parent to offspring, a process called "individuation" by Darwin. This theory does not make any specific claims as to how this process works, although more recent scientific discoveries in genetics explain several mechanisms that occur in the process of reproduction: in the case of both asexual and sexual reproduction, random mutation (including DNA transcription errors); in the case of sexual reproduction (which mixes the DNA of two parents into an offspring), gene flow and genetic drift are also important mechanisms. Competition (typically among males to impregnate females) for mates produces sexual selection - a process which Darwin considered secondary to ecological in most species.
Natural selection does not distinguish between ecological selection and sexual selection, as it is concerned with traits, e.g. dexterity of movement, on which both may operate simultaneously. If a particular variation makes the offspring which manifest it better suited to survival or to successful reproduction, that offspring and its descendants will be more likely to survive than those offspring without the variation. The original traits, as well as any maladaptive variations, will disappear as the offspring who carry them are replaced by their more successful relatives.
Therefore, certain traits are preserved due to the selective advantage they provide to their holders, allowing the individual to leave more offspring than individuals without the trait(s). Eventually, through many iterations of this process, organisms will develop more and more complex adaptive traits.
What makes one trait more likely to succeed is highly dependent on environmental factors, including the species' predators, food sources, abiotic stress, physical environment, and so on. When members of a species become separated, such as geographically, they face different environments, and tend to develop in different directions. After a long period of time, their traits will have developed along different paths to such an extent that they can no longer interbreed, at which point they are considered separate species. This is why a species will sometimes separate into multiple species, rather than simply being replaced by a newer form of the species (from this fact Darwin suggested that all species today have evolved from a common ancestor).
Additionally, some scientists have theorized that an adaptation which serves to make the organism more adaptable in the future will also tend to supplant its competitors even though it provides no specific advantage in the near term. Descendants of that organism will be more varied and therefore more resistant to extinction due to environmental catastrophes and extinction events. This has been proposed as one reason for the rise of mammals. While this form of selection is possible, it is more likely to play an important role in cases where selection for adaptation is continuous. For example, the Red Queen hypothesis suggests that sex might have evolved to help organisms adapt to deal with parasites.
Natural selection can be expressed as the following general law (taken from the conclusion of The Origin of Species):
The result is the evolution of species.
- IF there are organisms that reproduce, and
- IF offspring inherit traits from their progenitor(s), and
- IF there is variability of traits, and
- IF the environment cannot support all members of a growing population,
- THEN those members of the population with less-adaptive traits (determined by the environment) will die out, and
- THEN those members with more-adaptive traits (determined by the environment) will thrive
Note that this is a continuing process -- it accounts for how species change, and can account for both the extinction of one species and the creation of a new one.
Note also that the above law need not apply solely to biological organisms; it applies to all organisms that reproduce in a way that involves both inheritance and variation. Thus, a form of natural selection could occur in the non-biological realm (see, for example, Genetic programming). Note also that this formulation does not rule out selection occurring at all biological levels (e.g. gene, organism, group). Finally, note that the particular process of introducing new traits does not matter. Darwin first outlined his theory in two unpublished manuscripts written in 1842 and 1844 and more fully developed it for publication in The Origin of Species, especially Chapter 4.
Darwin ends his book with an often quoted passage: "There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into on; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and wonderful have been, and are being, evolved."
Perhaps the most radical claim of Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection is that "elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner" have evolved out of the simplest forms of life and according to a few simple principles.
It is this fundamental claim that has inspired some of Darwin's most ardent supporters--and that has provoked the most profound opposition. Some groups prefer to believe in divine intervention or guidance of the process, such as those favoring the Intelligent design school of thought. In addition, many theories of Artificial selection have been proposed to suggest that economic or social fitness factors assessed by other humans or their built environments are somehow biological or inevitable - Social Darwinism. Others held that there was an evolution of societies analogous to that of species. Darwin's ideas, along with those of Freud and Marx, are considered by most historians to have had a profound influence on 19th century thought, and to have challenged the rationalist and religious fundamentalist schools of thought that prevailed in Europe.
Compare: Genetic drift
See also: Artificial selection, Ecological selection, Sexual selection, Selection, Evolution
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Natural selection."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In the context of evolution, certain traits or alleles of a species may be subject to selection. Under selection, individuals with advantageous or "adaptive traits tend to be more successful than their peers reproductively--meaning they contribute more offspring to the succeeding generation than others do. Selection therefore increases the prevalance of these traits, because offspring inherit traits from their parents. When selection is intense and persistent, adaptive traits become universal to the population or species, which may then be said to have evolved.Whether or not selection takes place depends on the conditions in which the individuals of a species find themselves. Adults, juveniles, embryos, and even eggs and sperm may undergo selection. Factors fostering selection include limits on resources (nourishment, habitat space, mates) and the existence of threats (predators, disease, adverse weather). Biologists often refer to such factors as selective pressures.
Natural selection is the most familiar type of selection by name. The breeding of dogs, cows and horses, however, represents "artificial selection." Subcategories of natural selection are also sometimes distinguished. These include sexual selection, ecological selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection and directional selection (more on these below).
Selection occurs only when the individuals of a population are diverse in their characteristics--or more specifically when the traits of individuals differ with respect to how well they equip them to survive or exploit a particular pressure. In the absence of individual variation, or when variations are selectively neutral, selection does not occur.
Meanwhile, selection does not guarantee that advantageous traits or alleles will become prevalent within a population. Through genetic drift, such traits may become less common or disappear. In the face of selection, in fact, even a so-called deleterious allele may become universal to the members of a species. This is a risk primarily in the case of "weak" selection (e.g. an infectious disease with only a low mortality rate) or small populations.
Though deleterious alleles may sometimes become established, in fact selection may act "negatively" as well as "positively." Negative selection decreases the prevalence of traits that diminish individuals' capacity to succeed reproductively (i.e. their fitness), while positive selection increases the prevalence of adaptive traits.
In biological discussions, traits subject to negative selection are sometimes said to be "selected against," while those under positive selection are said to be "selected for;" as in the sentence Desert conditions select for drought tolerance in plants and select against shallow root architectures.
Types and subtypes of Selection
Stabilizing selection favors individuals with intermediate characteristics while its opposite, disruptive selection, favors those with extreme characteristics. Directional selection occurs when characteristic lie along a phenotypic spectrum and the individuals at one end are more successful.
See also:
- Natural selection
- artificial selection
- sexual selection
- ecological selection
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Selection."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| SEP | English | Selective Employment Payments | Labor |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Crosswords: Selective |
| English words defined with "selective": absorption band ♦ by selection ♦ column chromatography ♦ eugenics ♦ grade ♦ paper chromatography, posthypnotic amnesia, promiscuous ♦ selective amnesia, selectively, selectivity, Sexual selection ♦ unselective. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "selective": most selective confidence intervals ♦ selective absorption, Selective Dissemination of Information, selective identification feature, selective reflection, selective unaddressed mailings, selective wetting. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Japanese enlistment. A group of 110 men from the village of Aiea, Territory of Hawaii crowd into Selective Service Board No. 9 in Waipahu. They are waiting to sign applications for voluntary induction into the U.S. Army's recently formed combat regiment c. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Brownsville, Texas. Registration for Selective Service. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Glencoe, Minnesota. Farmer registering for Selective Service. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Plato, Minnesota. Farmer registering for Selective Service. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Brownton, Minnesota. Selective Service registration for men twenty to forty-four not previously registered. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Stewart, Minnesota. Selective Service registration for men twenty to forty-four not previously registered. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Hutchinson, Minnesota. Selective Service registration. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Idaho Falls, Idaho. Japanese resident registering in Selective Service registration for men forty-five to sixty-five. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "Electric bay" by Jim Robinson Commentary: "Look from the bay. high contrast adjustment and selective color adjustment. ** if you download, please leave a comment, I would love to know what I'm doing right or wrong. I'm new at this photog thing." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) are a new type of medicine. (references) | |
Most patients have no family history of CVID, but they may have relatives with Selective IgA Deficiency. (references) | ||
The hallmark of HD, they are learning, is selective degeneration of medium-sized spiny neurons in the striatum. (references) | ||
Business | German companies continue to be selective in their buying decisions. (references) | |
Some mass market and selective products are sold through pharmacies. (references) | ||
There is a large difference between promoting mass market and selective products. (references) | ||
Children | Hong Kong | During the first 10 months of the year, the Labor Department's Selective Placement Division found jobs for 2,098 of 3,600 disabled job seekers. (references) |
China | Female infanticide, sex selective abortions, the abandonment of baby girls, and the neglect of baby girls remain problems due to the traditional preference for sons, and the family planning policy, which limits urban couples to one child and rural couples to two. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Czech Republic | The groups alleged that the selective screenings by British officials at Prague's Ruzyne airport restrict the Roma's right to travel. (references) |
Economic History | Eq. Guinea | Application of the laws remains selective. (references) |
Tunisia | THESE COMPANIES SUPPLY LIMITED CREDIT INFORMATION ON A SELECTIVE BASIS. (references) | |
Poland | Polish consumers and importers are selective about the products they buy. (references) | |
Human Rights | France | The CPT recommended more selective recruitment of officers and better integration of human rights principles into police training. (references) |
Yugoslavia | Unlike in the previous year, there were no recorded incidents of citizens being stopped and harassed by the police applying selective traffic laws. (references) | |
Malaysia | In May 1999, the then-Attorney General warned that those accusing the Government of selective prosecution could be charged with sedition or criminal defamation. (references) | |
Minorities | Chad | Human rights groups in Faya Largeau charged that many untreated injured southerners were left to die as a result of the selective access to medical treatment based solely on ethnicity. (references) |
Political Economy | CHINA | At present, foreign service providers are largely restricted to operations under the terms of selective "experimental" licenses. (references) |
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO | Some government entities request pre-qualification applications from firms, then notify pre-qualified companies in a selective tender invitation. (references) | |
Political Rights | Guinea | There were no charges of widespread, systematic obstruction of pollwatchers, but opposition pollwatchers often were absent from heavily pro-Conte areas, suggesting at least selective obstruction. (references) |
Trade | Lebanon | Lebanon adheres to the Arab League boycott of Israel, although boycott enforcement is selective. (references) |
Argentina | The "purple channel" constitutes the fourth possibility in the Argentine selective import control system. (references) | |
Travel | Japan | Japanese religious practice tends to be socially oriented and selective rather than a matter of deep personal commitment; ethics tend to be situational. (references) |
Women | India | Higher female mortality at all age levels, including female infanticide and sex selective termination of pregnancies, accounts for an increase in the ratio of males to females to 107.9 males per 100 females in 1991, from 104.7 males per 100 females in 1981, and from 102.9 males per 100 females at the turn of the century. (references) |
Worker Rights | India | Due to the selective implementation the "rescue" of sex workers from brothels often leads to their revictimization. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
House Ways & Means Chairman Bill Thomas | There could be selective ones, as we did with the stimulus package, to help business. Consumer demand seems to be holding pretty strong. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Herbert C. Hoover | 1929-1933 | The full opportunity for every boy and girl to rise through the selective processes of education can alone secure to us this leadership. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | We should modernize our Selective Service System. |
Gerald Ford | 1974-1977 | I am also submitting proposals for selective reform of State utility commission regulations. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | For this reason, I have determined that the Selective Service System must now be revitalized. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Selective" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 99.23% of the time. "Selective" is used about 1,303 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 99.23% | 1,293 | 6,105 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.61% | 8 | 124,375 |
| Noun (singular) | 0.08% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Noun (common) | 0.08% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,303 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| United Kingdom | SIAM Selective Growth Trust Plc | USA | Selective Insurance Group |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "selective": automatic selective reply ♦ bus selective detection ♦ dial selective signaling ♦ dial selective signalling ♦ extraction by means of selective solvents ♦ most selective confidence intervals ♦ Neyman most selective unbiased confidence intervals ♦ Neyman most selective unbiassed confidence intervals ♦ selective amnesia ♦ selective backtracking ♦ selective breeding ♦ selective calling system ♦ selective controls ♦ selective copy ♦ selective Dissemination of Information ♦ selective dump ♦ selective erosion ♦ selective estrogen receptor modulator ♦ Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators ♦ selective etch ♦ selective identification feature ♦ selective information ♦ selective jamming ♦ selective loading ♦ selective mode ♦ selective recalculation ♦ Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) ♦ selective service ♦ selective Service System ♦ selective shading ♦ selective tendering ♦ selective unaddressed mailings ♦ selective unloading. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "selective": selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor. | |
Ending with "selective": isozyme-selective. | |
Containing "selective": Ion-Selective Electrodes. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "selective"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | selektiv, zgjedhës (constituent, elector, preferential), përzgjedhës (selector). (various references) | |
Arabic | حسن الانتقائية, إنتقائي (eclectic). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | селективен, подбиращ, избиращ. (various references) | |
Chinese | 有选择性. (various references) | |
Czech | selektivní, výbìrový (hand picked, handpicked, superior). (various references) | |
Danish | selektiv (elective). (various references) | |
Dutch | selectief. (various references) | |
Farsi | مبنی برانتخاب , گزینشی (Elective), انتخابی (Elective), انتخاب کننده (Choosy, Constituent), دارای حسن انتخاب گلچین کننده , برگزیده (Choice, Chosen, Favorite, Picked, Select). (various references) | |
Finnish | selektiivinen, valintapaine (selection pressure), valinta-, valikoiva (elective), erottava. (various references) | |
French | sélectif. (various references) | |
German | selektiv (selectively), trennscharf. (various references) | |
Greek | επιλεκτικός. (various references) | |
Hebrew | בררני (choosy, eclectic, fastidious), סלקטיבי. (various references) | |
Hungarian | szelektív. (various references) | |
Indonesian | selektif. (various references) | |
Italian | selettivo. (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 選択子 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | せんたくし (choices). (various references) | |
Korean | 선택 (Choice, Choosing, Optional, selection). (various references) | |
Manx | teihyssagh (faddish, faddist, selectivity). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | electivesay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | selectivo. (various references) | |
Romanian | selectiv. (various references) | |
Russian | селективный, выборочный (pull-down), отбирающий, избирательный (constituent, election, elective, electoral, selectable). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | koji odabire, koji bira. (various references) | |
Spanish | selectivo. (various references) | |
Swedish | selektiv. (various references) | |
Thai | ซึ่งเลือกเฟ้น. (various references) | |
Turkish | selektif, seçmeli (elective, facultative, optional, permissive), seçici (choosing, discriminating, picky, selecting, selector), ayıran (discriminating, dividing, parting). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | селективний (discriminatory, preferential), вибірковий. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | có tuyển lựa, có lựa chọn, có chọn lọc. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | eklektikos. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "selective": selectively, selectiveness, selectivenesses. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "selective": nonselective, unselective. (additional references) | |
Words containing "selective": unselectively. (additional references) | |
| |
"Selective" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: celestite, seective, Selectae, selectivism, Selotape, Senectute. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "selective" (pronounced sule"ktiv) |
| 7 | -u l e" k t i v | collective, elective. |
| 6 | -l e" k t i v | reflective. |
| 5 | -e" k t i v | affective, connective, corrective, defective, detective, directive, effective, ineffective, infective, introspective, invective, irrespective, objective, perspective, projective, prospective, protective, respective, retrospective, subjective. |
| 4 | -k t i v | active, addictive, adjective, attractive, conductive, constructive, counterproductive, destructive, distinctive, hyperactive, inactive, injunctive, instinctive, instructive, interactive, nonproductive, obstructive, octave, overactive, photoconductive, predictive, proactive, productive, radioactive, reactive, reconstructive, refractive, reproductive, restrictive, retroactive, seductive, superconductive, unattractive, unproductive, vindictive. |
| 3 | -t i v | accommodative, abortive, accumulative, accusative, acquisitive, adaptive, additive, administrative, adoptive, affirmative, alliterative, alternative, anticompetitive, appointive, appreciative, argumentative, assaultive, assertive, attentive, authoritative, automotive, captive, causative, cognitive, collaborative, combative, commemorative, communicative, comparative, competitive, congestive, consecutive, conservative, consultative, contemplative, contraceptive, cooperative, corruptive, creative, cumulative, curative, deceptive, decorative, definitive, degenerative, deliberative, demonstrative, derivative, descriptive, digestive, dilutive, diminutive, disincentive, disparages, dispositive, disruptive, dissipative, distributive, duplicative, elucidative, eruptive, evocative, executive, exhaustive, expletive, exploitative, exploitive, facultative, Federative, festive, figurative, fixative, formative, fugitive, furtive, generative, hypersensitive, illustrative, imaginative, imitative, imperative, inattentive, incentive, indicative, infinitive, informative, initiative, innovative, inoperative, inquisitive, insensitive, interpretive, intuitive, inventive, investigative, iterative, laxative, legislative, locomotive, lucrative, manipulative, meditative, motive, narrative, native, negative, neoconservative, nonautomotive, noncompetitive, noncumulative, nonexecutive, nonnative, normative, nutritive, operative, palliative, participative, pejorative, perceptive, plaintive, positive, preemptive, prerogative, preservative, presumptive, preventative, preventive, primitive, probative, prognosticative, prohibitive, provocative, punitive, putative, qualitative, quantitative, receptive, recuperative, redemptive, redistributive, regulative, rehabilitative, relative, remunerative, rep, repetitive, representative, restive, restorative, secretive, sedative, sensitive, speculative, stimulative, substantive, suggestive, superlative, supportive, talkative, tentative, ultraconservative, uncompetitive, uncooperative, unimaginative, uninformative, unreceptive, unrepresentative, vegetative, vituperative. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: cleveites, electives. | |
| Words within the letters "c-e-e-e-i-l-s-t-v" | |
-1 letter: cleveite, elective, evictees, televise. | |
-2 letters: celeste, eeliest, evictee, evilest, lievest, sectile, steelie, velites, vesicle. | |
-3 letters: civets, clevis, elects, elites, evicts, evites, levees, levies, listee, livest, select, sleeve, steeve, stelic, svelte, vestee, vilest. | |
-4 letters: ceils, celts, cesti, cetes, cites, civet, clits, elect, elite, elves, evict, evils, evite, islet, istle, leets, levee, lieve, lives, sieve, sleet. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-e-e-e-i-l-s-t-v" | |
+2 letters: secretively, selectively, unselective. | |
+3 letters: electiveness, nonelectives, nonselective, respectively, velocimeters. | |
+4 letters: coextensively, perspectively, selectiveness, selectivities, unselectively. | |
+5 letters: electivenesses, reflectiveness, reflectivities, verticalnesses. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Images: Digital Art 8. Quotations: Non-fiction | 9. Quotations: Spoken 10. Quotations: Speeches 11. Usage Frequency 12. Names: Company Usage | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Translations: Ancient | 17. Abbreviations 18. Acronyms 19. Derivations 20. Rhymes | 21. Anagrams 22. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
