Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Rugby

Specialty Definition: Rugby

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Rugby

For info on the sport called Rugby see Rugby football.

See also Rugby School

Rugby is also the name of a number of places around the world. See

1. Rugby, England
2. Rugby, North Dakota
3. Rugby, Tennessee

It may also refer to Rugby Cement.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rugby."

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Rugby at the 1900 Summer Olympics

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

At the 1900 Summer Olympics, a rugby tournament was contested.

Rugby

Pos	Athlete
1	USFSA - France (FRA)
Alexandre Pharamond, Frantz Reichel, Jean Collas, Constantin Henriquez De Zubiera, Auguste Giroux, André Rischmann, Léon Binoche, A. Albert, Charles Gondouin, Hubert Lefèbvre, Emile Serrade, Wladimir Aïtoff, Joseph Olivier, Jean-Guy Gauthier, Victor Larchandet, J. Hervé, Albert Roosevelt
2	Frankfurt Club, Germany (GER)
Hermann Kreuzer, Arnold Landvoigt, Heinrich Reitz, Jacob Hermann, Erich Ludwig, Hugo Betting, August Schmierer, Fritz Müller, Adolf Stockhausen, Hans Latsche, Willy Hofmeister, Georg Wenderoth, Eduard Poppe, Richard Ludwig, Albert Amrhein
2	Moseley Wanderers, Great Britain (GBR)
H. A. Loveitt, Raymond Whittindale, Herbert Nicol, Claude Whittindale, L. Hood, J. Henry Birtles, James Cantion, Clement Deykin, Arthur Darby, J. G. Wallis, V. Smith, M. L. Logan, F. C. Baylis, M. W. Talbott, Francis Wilson

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rugby at the 1900 Summer Olympics."

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Rugby district

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Rugby is the name of a district of central Warwickshire, England, which comprises the town of Rugby (the administrative headquarters) and the surrounding countryside. It has a combined population of around 87,000.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rugby district."

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Rugby football

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is about the sport 'Rugby'. For the Town by the same name, see Rugby, England and for the school see Rugby School. Rugby football is a competitive team sport popular in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Italy, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and Pacific islands such as Tonga, Fiji and Samoa.

The distinctive features of a rugby game are the egg-shaped ball and the fact that it is only allowed to pass the ball backwards, so that ground can be gained only by running with the ball or kicking it. Set pieces of the game include the scrum, where packs of opposing players push against each other for posession, and the line out where lines of players attempt to catch the ball thrown from the sidelines. Scoring is by either grounding the ball at the opponents' end of the field, or kicking it between upright posts.

The legendary origin of Rugby football, whereby a young man named William Webb Ellis 'picked up the ball and ran', while playing football at Rugby School is almost certainly a complete fiction. There were no standard rules for football during Webb Ellis's time at Rugby (1816-1825) and most varieties involved carrying the ball and the story first appeared in 1876 some four years after his death. However, the trophy for the Rugby Union World Cup is named Webb Ellis in his honour and a plaque at the school 'commemorates' the 'achievement'.

In October of 1863, The Football Association was formed with the intention of standardising the various forms of football that were being played at the time. During a series of six meetings, held at the Freemason's Tavern in London, representatives of the public schools and Universities along with a number of prominent independent clubs met to establish a single code of football. The first draft included rules that allowed features that are now part of Rugby football such as running forward with the ball to be charged, held, tripped etc. These rules were gradually dropped and a variety of the "Cambridge Rules" were adopted. In the final meeting the representative from Blackheath withdrew his club from the association over the removal of a rule allowing hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins). Blackheath and a number of other clubs continued to play their own individual varieties of football. On January 26 1871, the Rugby Football Union (RFU) was formed, leading to the standardisation of the rules for all clubs that played a variety of the Rugby School laws. The 1890s saw a clash of cultures within the game between Northern working men's rugby club and the southern clubs of gentleman and the nature of professionalism within the game. On 29 August 1895 twenty-one clubs split from the RFU and met at the George Hotel in Huddersfield to form the Northern Rugby Union with their own codes of rules. The two separate codes still exist today as Rugby League (as the Northern Rugby Union became) and Rugby Union.

The high level of contact and lack of protective padding make Rugby an extremely physical game. Touch Rugby offers a variation on the same theme without injury or some of the complications of traditional rugby.

An alternative, "posh" name for the sport (though not often heard nowadays) is "rugger". Those heavily into the rugby lifestyle (heavy drinking, etc.) are sometimes referred to as "alickadoos", or less kindly, "rugger buggers".

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rugby football."

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Rugby School

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A view of Rugby School from the rear, including the playing field, where according to legend Rugby football was invented
Larger version
For a view of Rugby School from the side Click Here

Rugby School located in Rugby, Warwickshire is one of the oldest public schoolss in the United Kingdom and is perhaps the leading co-educational boarding school in the country.

Rugby School was founded in 1567 as a provision in the will of a certain Lawrence Sheriff who had made his fortune supplying groceries to Queen Elizabeth I of England.

Since Lawrence Sheriff lived in Rugby, the school was intended to be a free grammar school for the boys of that town. Gradually, however, the nature of the school shifted to become fee-paying, and so a new school - Lawrence Sheriff Grammar School - was founded to continue Lawrence Sheriff's original intentions.

The school's most famous headmaster was Dr. Thomas Arnold. Appointed in 1828 he executed many reforms to the school curriculum and administration and was immortalised in Thomas Hughes' book Tom Brown's School Days.

The game of Rugby owes its name to the school. The legend of William Webb Ellis and the origin of the game is commemorated by a plaque which states;

                        THIS STONE
                 COMMEMORATES THE EXPLOIT
                            OF
                    WILLIAM WEBB ELLIS
   WHO WITH A FINE DISREGARD FOR THE RULES OF FOOTBALL,
                  AS PLAYED IN HIS TIME,
     FIRST TOOK THE BALL IN HIS ARMS AND RAN WITH IT,
THUS ORIGINATING THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF THE RUGBY GAME
                         A.D. 1823

To see an image of the plaque Click Here

The story has been known to be a myth since it was first investigated by the Old Rugbeian Society in 1895. There were no standard rules for football during Webb Ellis's time at Rugby (1816-1825) and most varieties involved carrying the ball. The games played at Rugby were organized by the students and not the masters, the rules of the game played at Rugby and elsewhere were a matter of custom and were not written down. They were frequently changed and modified with each new intake of students. The sole source of the story is credited to one Matthew Bloxam (a former student, but not a contemporary of Webb Ellis) in October of 1876 (four years after the death of Webb Ellis) in a letter to the school newspaper (The Meteor) whereby he quotes some unknown friend relating the story to him. He elaborated on the story some 3 years later in another letter to The Meteor, but but shed no further light on it's source.

Rugby School has both day- and boarding-pupils - the latter in the majority. Originally it was for boys only, but girls have been admitted to the sixth form since 1975. It went fully co-educational in 1995.

One of the more famous alumni of Rugby School was Charles Dodgson, later to become famous as Lewis Carroll, who did not enjoy his stay there. Salman Rushdie also attended Rugby School.

External links

• The School's official website

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rugby School."

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Rugby Union

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Supposedly invented during a football game by William Webb Ellis at Rugby School, the game of Rugby Union is a team sport contested with an ovoid ball by two teams of 15 players, the object being to outscore the opposing team. The ball is carried in the hand and may be passed backwards or laterally across the pitch or kicked in any direction. The opposing players attempt to halt the ball-carrier by tackling him or her with their arms and bodies. On being tackled, the ball carrier must release the ball, at which time a contest for posession of the ball commences (either a ruck or a maul).

The sport is governed by the International Rugby Board, founded in 1886, who also publish the game's laws.

History

Rugby originated in England and is played throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland. As a result of the British Empire, it has also become popular in many former colonies such as Australia, South Africa and New Zealand, where it helped to build a sense of community amongst colonial men.

In fact, in these isolated and rugged outposts, the popularity of the sport developed to a much greater extent than on continental Europe; where it was largely viewed as a violent and uncultured game. These European countries have therefore always tended to prefer football. However it is often said that "Football is a gentlemen's game played and enjoyed by louts, rugby is a game for louts played and enjoyed by gentlemen".

Nowadays, rugby is played in most European mainland countries, most notably in France and Italy who now both compete in the Six Nations Rugby Tournament. It is also popular in the Pacific Islands of Tonga, Samoa and Fiji, as well as Japan, and is gaining ground in South America, with Argentina regularly defeating European teams, and Uruguay having won a game at the two most recent World Cups. There are 94 members (October 2003) of the International Rugby Board. The rugby playing world is often divided between the Northern hemisphere and the Southern hemisphere teams, and the latter have often dominated international tournaments.

After decades of domination by New Zealand, South Africa, and most recently Australia, England is as of 2003 regarded as the best team in world rugby with a dominant 2002 and 2003 culminating in a nailbiting extra-time win against Australia in the final of the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup. New Zealand and France were the other semi-finalists and the only other teams close to the strength of the English.

Six Nations Rugby Tournament

The first steps towards the modern day Six Nations tournament took place in 1871 when England played Scotland. In the 1880s, both Wales and Ireland joined and the Home International Championships was born. France joined the tournament in the 1900s and in 1910 the term Five Nations was first coined. However, France had such a dismal run of games that in 1931 they were excluded by the Home Nations (England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland). France then rejoined in 1939-1940, though the Second World War halted proceedings for a further eight years. Very recently (2000), Italy also joined the tournament, leading to the modern day Six Nations competition that is run annually. If a team wins all five of their games this is termed a Grand Slam.

Rugby Union at the Olympic Games

Rugby Union has been a sport four times at the modern Olympic Games.

1900 Paris, France - Three teams entered - France, Germany and Britain. France won the gold, winning 27-17 against Germany, who were awarded the silver medal. Britain lost 27-8 to France in the only other match, and were awarded the bronze.

1908 London, United Kingdom - Two teams entered - Britain, the hosts, and Australia. Just one match was played, a straight final, won by Australia, 32-3.

1920 Antwerp, Belgium - Two teams entered - USA and France. The USA caused a shock by winning the only match 8-0 to take the gold medal.

1924 Paris, France - Three teams entered - France, USA and Romania. Each country played two games. Both France and USA beat Romania, who were awarded the bronze medal. France won 59-3, scoring 13 tries including four by the fine Stade Francais winger Adolphe Jaureguy. The USA then defeated Romania 39-0. The final was played at Colombes stadium, Paris on 18 May 1924 and the USA took the gold with a 17-3 victory before 30,000. The Americans, from Stanford University, scored five tries, (Farrish(2), Patrick, Rogers and Manelli), with a conversion by Doe. Gallau scored the lone French try. The match finished in uproar, when Gideon Nelson, one of the French reserves, was flattened by a walking stick. The American anthem was jeered, and rugby ceased at the Olympics.

There has been talk of reinstating rugby at the Summer Olympics, either as the full 15 a side game or as the 7 a side game. Currently no firm plans have been made.

The schism

A group of Northern English clubs separated from Rugby Union in the 1890s to form (the game of) Rugby League, which though similar has a very different flow of play to Rugby Union. The split was largely between the industrial north of England and the more white-collar south and was initiated by charges that the northern teams were becoming professional (i.e. playing as a career, rather than as a game). One of the major changes from rugby union was the reduction of the number of players from 15 to 13.

How points are scored

There are several methods of scoring points in the game:

• touching the ball down over the opponents goal line (a try, worth 5 points).
• kicking the ball above the crossbar and between the uprights of a large 'H' shaped set of posts. This may either be done from a place kick following a law infringement (a penalty goal) or kicked from the hand, providing the ball strikes the ground before being kicked (a drop goal). Both types of goal are worth 3 points.
• a conversion, which is attempted after a try has been scored, and is similar to a penalty goal except worth only 2 points.

Team positions

The following is a diagram explaining the various positions in the 15-man team. The first eight players are known as forwards and play in the scrum. The remaining seven players are known as the backs and are responsible for a considerable amount of the attacking play.

Loosehead Prop		Hooker		Tighthead Prop
	Second Row		Second Row
Blindside Flanker		Number 8		Openside Flanker
		Scrum Half
		Fly Half
			Inside Centre
Left Wing				Outside Centre
					Right Wing
		Full Back

Some positions have alternative names, in New Zealand in particular:

• Scrum Half is known as Halfback
• Fly Half is known as First five-eighths
• Inside Centre is known as Second five-eighths
• Outside Centre is known as Centre

• Second Row players are more often called locks throughout the English-speaking world

Teams

Notable teams include:

• All Blacks (New Zealand national team)
• British and Irish Lions
• Springboks (South African national team)
• Wallabies (Australian national team)

See also English Rugby Union teams.

Tournaments

• Male and female versions of the Rugby World Cup are held every 4 years.
• Six Nations Championship - England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, France, Italy
• Tri Nations Series - Australia, South Africa, New Zealand
• Bledisloe Cup - Australia and New Zealand
• World Sevens Series
• Super 12 - teams from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
• Heineken Cup - European club, provincial and regional teams
• Zurich Premiership - English clubs
• Currie Cup - South African provincial tournament
• National Provincial Championship (NPC) - New Zealand provincial tournament

See also

• Offside laws for rugby union.
• Namibian Rugby

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rugby Union."

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Rugby, England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Rugby is a market town in the county of Warwickshire in central England. It is the administrative headquarters of the Rugby district of Warwickshire, and has a population of 62,100 (2001 census). Rugby is located roughly 15 miles (24 km) east of Coventry. The River Avon flows through the north of the town.

The town is famous for a number of reasons, most notably the invention of Rugby football which is played throughout the world. Legend has it that the game was invented by William Webb Ellis (1807-1872) in 1823 at Rugby School which is located in the centre of the town.

The school was also the setting of the Thomas Hughes semi-autobiographical masterpiece Tom Brown's Schooldays.

Both the scientist and astronomer Norman Lockyer (1836-1920), who discovered helium, and the wartime poet Rupert Brooke (1887-1915) were born and lived in Rugby.

It is rumoured that Rugby town centre has the highest density of pubs in England. Rugby is also the site of a large antenna farm, which houses an atomic clock and is most notable for broadcasting the MSF time signal.

Rugby has also played a part in the history of aviation - Frank Whittle the inventor of the jet engine, built his first prototype jet engine in Rugby in 1937, and later worked in the nearby town of Lutterworth.

The town's main industries include engineering, tourism, warehousing, and cement production - Rugby has one of the largest cement works in Europe, and the headquarters of the Rugby Cement company are located in the town.

Places of interest

Places of interest in and around Rugby include:

• Coombe Abbey
• Dunchurch- Historic village.
• Draycote Water - Reservoir and nature reserve
• Gilbert Rugby Football Museum.
• Rugby Museum and Art Gallery
• Rugby School

History

Early History

A settlement existed on the site of Rugby in Celtic times known as Drochebrig on the south banks of the River Avon. The river provided a natural barrier between two opposing Celtic tribes.

In Roman times, two major Roman roads were built very close to the site of modern day Rugby: the Fosse Way and Watling Street.

Just outside modern day Rugby, remains have been found of a Roman settlement called Tripontium, situated on the original Watling Street which is now known as the A5. Historians believe that the settlement was a kind of ancient service station, providing stabling and accommodation to passing Roman armies and travellers.

Rugby was mentioned as a place in the Domesday Book in the 11th century, as a small Saxon farming settlement by then called Rocheberie. Over the centuries, the name was gradually corrupted and shortened to Rokeby, and eventually to Rugby. Rugby remained a small village of little significance for centuries.

Located at a meeting point of several trackways to Leicester, Northampton and Coventry, Rugby was in a convenient position for trade, and obtained a market charter in the 13th century.

Of the most significant events in the town's history. In 1567 Rugby School was founded by Lawrence Sheriff, a localy born grocer to Queen Elizabeth I, who left money in his will for the founding of a school in Rugby for local boys.

In the heyday of the stagecoach in the 18th century the nearby village of Dunchurch (which is now part of Rugby) was a major road junction and had many stables and Inns for travellers, situated on the main coaching road from London to Holyhead. Dunchurch was for a long time more important than Rugby.

In the 1770s, The Oxford Canal was built around the edges of Rugby, although it didn't pass near the town centre.

19th century development

Rugby really came into its own in the 19th century. Rugby School rose to national prominence in the 1820s under the headmastership of Dr Thomas Arnold, due to his teaching methods, Public School education in England underwent radical change. Most of the present school buildings date from this period.

Rugby developed rapidly with the coming of the railways. In the 1830s The London and Birmingham Railway, which was an early part of what later became the West Coast Mainline, was built through Rugby, which at the time was a small town with a population of around 2,500.

In the 1840s Rugby was chosen, as the point at which the Midland Counties Railway, which linked the East Midlands, and North East England, would form a junction to the London and Birmingham railway.

Immediately Rugby became the busiest and most important railway junction in Britain. It became even more important, when a railway line which linked to the north west of England, also formed a junction at Rugby. A number of other less important railways were also built into the town.

For 25 years Rugby was the most important railway junction in the country, with nearly all rail traffic between London, the Midlands, the north of England, Scotland, and north Wales passing through Rugby junction.

By the 1860s the railway through Rugby had become extremely congested, so much so, that it was not uncommon for trains to queue for hours to pass through Rugby, a situation which caused much anger and frustration amongst travelers, for whom Rugby became a byword for delays and frustration. Charles Dickens lampooned it in his short story Mugby Junction (1866).

In order to relieve this congestion a new line, now called the Midland Main Line, with a more direct route to London was built, avoiding Rugby. Much traffic was diverted onto the new line and Rugby's importance as a railway junction, although still important, was much diminished.

Rugby grew rapidly as a railway town with its population reaching 10,000 by the 1870s, with the railways employing most of the population. Due to its transport links, many engineering and manufacturing industries located in Rugby, the cement industry also began.

20th century

In the 20th century the population continued to grow reaching 40,000 by the 1930s. Rugby became a borough in 1932.

In the late 1930s the inventor of the jet engine Frank Whittle (1907-1996) worked at the British Thomson-Houston works in Rugby, and prototypes were built in Rugby of some of the world's first Turbojet engines. Some of his work was later carried out in the nearby town of Lutterworth.

In the postwar years Rugby became a centre of the national motorway network. Two of Britain's most important motorways, the M1 and M6 and also the M45, run close to the town.

At the same time several of the railway lines which radiated from Rugby were closed as part of the Beeching axe including the once hugely important Midland Counties Railway in 1961. As of 2003, only the West Coast Mainline still serves the town.

In the postwar years, Rugby gained a substantial Afro-Caribbean community, and a sizeable community from the Indian sub-continent making Rugby a multi-cultural town.

External Links

• Rugby Links Page
• Rugby Borough Council
• http://www.rugbytown.co.uk/

There are several places in the USA called Rugby. see, Rugby, North Dakota, Rugby, Tennessee.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rugby, England."

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Rugby, North Dakota

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Rugby is a city located in Pierce County, North Dakota of which it is the County seat. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 2,939.

It was founded in the late 1800's at a point where two railroads intersected, and was innitially called Rugby Junction for the famous railroad junction in Rugby, England in the hope of attracting English settlers. When it became a city the 'Junction' was dropped from the name.

Since 1931 Rugby has officially been recognised as being at the geographic center of North America, which is marked by a 15 foot (4.5 metre) tall rock obelisk.

Geography

Rugby is located at 48°22'2" North, 99°59'46" West (48.367129, -99.995979)¹.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.0 km² (1.9 mi²). 5.0 km² (1.9 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 2,939 people, 1,291 households, and 765 families residing in the city. The population density is 588.0/km² (1,520.1/mi²). There are 1,434 housing units at an average density of 286.9/km² (741.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 98.09% White, 0.00% African American, 1.02% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.03% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. 0.44% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 1,291 households out of which 26.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.0% are married couples living together, 8.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 40.7% are non-families. 37.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 21.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.17 and the average family size is 2.89.

In the city the population is spread out with 23.1% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 28.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 44 years. For every 100 females there are 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 81.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $25,482, and the median income for a family is $35,745. Males have a median income of $25,885 versus $18,510 for females. The per capita income for the city is $14,380. 13.7% of the population and 9.6% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 11.6% are under the age of 18 and 19.1% are 65 or older.

External link

• http://rugbynorthdakota.com/

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rugby, North Dakota."

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Rugby, Tennessee

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Rugby is a settlement in Morgan County, Tennessee which has a population of around 85.

The settlement is situated 36° 21' north 84° 42' west

Rugby is about 15km ESE of Jamestown and 30km SW of Onieda. It is about 90km NW of Knoxville. The settlement is at the junction of three counties and part of it is in Scott County, Tennessee.

The settlement was founded in 1880 by British author Thomas Hughes, who was most famous for writing the novel Tom Brown's School Days. And was named after Rugby, England where Thomas Hughes had spent his school days at Rugby School.

Rugby was set up as a community for the sons of English nobility who, because they were not the oldest, would not inherit. Rugby was an experiment in utopian living and only flourished for a short while. About half the original buildings, many in Ruskinian gothic revival style, survive and have been restored.

External Link

• http://www.historicrugby.org/

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rugby, Tennessee."

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Modern Usage: Rugby

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Commercial Usage: Rugby

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Image Slideshow: Rugby

Photos: Rugby More pictures...

Illustrations: Rugby More pictures...

Computer Images: Rugby More pictures...

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Photo Album: Rugby

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	[Pierce County Fair Parade, Rugby, N.D., 1936]. Credit: National Library of Medicine.		In the Parade '36. : [Pierce County Fair Parade, Rugby, N.D., 1936]. Credit: National Library of Medicine.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Rugby
 

"Rugby" by Ibon San Martin Commentary: "Rugby shirt."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Rugby

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Spoken Usage: Rugby

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Usage Frequency: Rugby

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Usage in Company Names: Rugby

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Cities: Rugby

INDEX

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.