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Rhenium

Definition: Rhenium

Rhenium

Noun

1. A rare heavy polyvalent metallic element that resembles manganese chemically and is used in some alloys; is obtained as a by-product in refining molybdenum.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 


Specialty Definitions: Rhenium

DomainDefinitions

Industry

Obtained as by-product of metals and not extracted directly from one particular ore. Source: European Union. (references)

Chemistry

Chemical element:atomic number 75. Source: European Union. (references)

Mining

A rare, silvery-white metal. Symbol, Re. Occurs in very small quantities in platinum ores and in columbite, gadolinite, and molybdenite. Used for filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gages; for thermocouples andphotoflash lamps. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Rhenium

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

General
Name, Symbol, NumberRhenium, Re, 75
Chemical series transition metals
Group, Period, Block7 (VIIB), 6 , d
Density, Hardness 21020 kg/m3, 7
Appearance grayish white
Atomic Properties
Atomic weight 186.207 amu
Atomic radius (calc.) 135 (188) pm
Covalent radius 159 pm
van der Waals radius no data
Electron configuration [Xe]44f145d56s2
e- 's per energy level2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2
Oxidation states (Oxide) 6, 4, 2, -2 (mildly acidic)
Crystal structure Hexagonal
Physical Properties
State of matter solid (__)
Melting point 3459 K (5767 °F)
Boiling point 5869 K (10105 °F)
Molar volume 8.86 ×1010-3 m3/mol
Heat of vaporization 715 kJ/mol
Heat of fusion 33.2 kJ/mol
Vapor pressure 3.24 Pa at 3453 K
Speed of sound 4700 m/s at 293.15 K
Miscellaneous
Electronegativity 1.9 (Pauling scale)
Specific heat capacity 137 J/(kg*K)
Electrical conductivity 5.42 106/m ohm
Thermal conductivity 47.9 W/(m*K)
1st ionization potential 760 kJ/mol
2nd ionization potential 1260 kJ/mol
3rd ionization potential 2510 kJ/mol
4th ionization potential 3640 kJ/mol
Most Stable Isotopes
isoNAhalf-life DMDE MeVDP
185Re37.4%Re is stable with 110 neutrons
Meta{syn.}2 E5 yβ-
IT 		0.218
0.149		186Os
 
187Re62.6%4.35 E10 y&alpha
β		1.653
0.003		183Ta
187Os
SI units & STP are used except where noted.
Rhenium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Re and atomic number 75. A silvery-white, rare, heavy, polyvalent transition metal, rhenium resembles manganese chemically and is used in some alloys. Rhenium is obtained as a by-product of molybdenum refinement and rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconducting. This was the last naturally-occurring element to be discovered

Notable Characteristics

Rhenium is a silvery white metal, lustrous, and has one of the highest melting points of all elements, exceeded by only tungsten and carbon. It is also one of the most dense, exceeded only by platinum, iridium, and osmium. The oxidation states of rhenium include -1,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5,+6 and +7 oxidation states. The oxidation states +7,+6,+4,+2 and -1 are the most common.

Its usual commercial form is a powder, but this element can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This procedure yields a compact shape that is in excess of 90 percent of the density of the metal. When annealed this metal is very ductile and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 K.

Applications

This element is used in platinum-rhenium catalysts which in turn are primarily used in making lead-free, high-octane gasoline and in high-temperature superalloys that are used to make jet engine parts. Other uses:

Widely used as filaments in mass spectrographs and in ion gauges.
  • An additive to tungsten and molybdenum-based alloys to give them useful properties.
  • Rhenium catalysts are very resistant to chemical poisoning, and so are used in the certain kinds of hydrogenation reactions.
  • Electrical contact material due to its good wear resistance and ability to withstand arc corrosion.
  • Thermocoupes that are made of Re-W are used temperature measurments up to 2200 °C.
  • Rhenium wire is used in photoflash lamps in photography.

    • History

    Rhenium (Latin Rhenus meaning "Rhine") was the last naturally-occurring element to be discovered. It is generally considered to be discovered by Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg in Germany. In 1925 they reported that they detected the element in platinum ore and in the mineral columbite. They also found rhenium in gadolinite and molybdenite. In 1928 they were able to extract 1 g of element by processing 660 kg of molybdenite.

    The process was so complicated and the cost so high that production was discontinued until early 1950 when tungsten-rhenium and molybdenum-rhenium alloys were prepared. These alloys found important applications in industry that resulted in a great demand for the rhenium produced from the molybdenite fraction of porphyry copper ores.

    Occurrence

    Rhenium is not naturally found free in nature or even as a compound in a distinct mineral species. This element is widely spread through the earth's crust at approximately 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium is extracted from molybdenum roaster-flue dusts from copper-sulfide ores. Some molybdenum ores contain 0.002% to 0.2% rhenium. The metal form is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhentate with hydrogen at high temperatures.

    Isotopes

    Naturally occurring rhenium is a mix of one stable isotope and one radioactive isotope with a very long half-life. There are twenty six other unstable isotopes recognized.

    Precautions

    Little is known about rhenium toxicity so it should be handled with care.

    External Links

    Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Rhenium."

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    Synonym: Rhenium

    Synonym: atomic number 75 (n). (additional references)

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    Crosswords: Rhenium

    Specialty definitions using "rhenium": alloy 200/226, alloy 203/225 ♦ dzhezkazganite. (references)
    Non-English Usage: "Rhenium" is also a word in the following language with the English translation in parentheses.

    German (rhenium).

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    Commercial Usage: Rhenium

    DomainTitle

    Books

    • Rhenium and Rhenium Alloys: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rhenium and Rhenium Alloys ... Held at the 1997 Tms Annual Meeting in orlan (reference)

    • Technetium and Rhenium in Chemistry and Nuclear Medicine 3 (reference)

    • Technetium Rhenium (Topics in Current Chemistry, Vol 176) (reference)

      (more book examples)

    Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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    Expression: Rhenium

    Hyphenated Usage

    Beginning with "rhenium": rhenium-osmium.

    Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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    Frequency of Internet Keywords: Rhenium

    The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
     
    ExpressionFrequency
    per Day

      rhenium

    		26

      alloy rhenium

    		3
    Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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    Modern Translations: Rhenium

    Language Translations for "rhenium"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

    Arabic 

    		  

    ‏الرينيوم عنصر فلزي. (various references)

       

    Bulgarian 

    		  

    рений. (various references)

       

    Chinese 

    		  

    錸 (feudal chief, hegemon, lord, master, rule by force, tyrant, usurp). (various references)

       

    Danish

    		  

    rhenium. (various references)

       

    Dutch

    		  

    renium. (various references)

       

    Esperanto

    		  

    renio. (various references)

       

    French

    		  

    rhénium. (various references)

       

    German

    		  

    Rhenium. (various references)

       

    Greek 

    		  

    ρήνιο. (various references)

       

    Hungarian

    		  

    rénium. (various references)

       

    Italian

    		  

    renio. (various references)

       

    Japanese Kanji 

    		  

    レトルト食品 (Lebanon, Lennon, lever, leverage, liver, packed and sterilised food, rehabilitation, renumber, retort pack, retrospective, retrovirus). (various references)

       

    Japanese Katakana 

    		  

    レニウム . (various references)

       

    Korean 

    		  

    레늄. (various references)

       

    Pig Latin

    		  

    eniumrhay

       

    Portuguese

    		  

    rénio. (various references)

       

    Russian 

    		  

    рений. (various references)

       

    Serbo-Croatian

    		  

    renijum. (various references)

       

    Spanish

    		  

    renio. (various references)

       

    Swedish

    		  

    renium. (various references)

       

    Thai

    		  

    ธาตุเรเนียม (สัญลักษณ์ย่อคือ Re). (various references)

       

    Turkish

    		  

    renyum. (various references)

    Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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    Derivations & Misspellings: Rhenium

    Derivations

    Words beginning with "rhenium": rheniums. (additional references)


    Misspellings

    "Rhenium" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Chunyun, khanoum, renum, Rhegium, Rheni, Rheticus, rhigian, Rhiniog. (additional references)

    Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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    Anagrams: Rhenium

    Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

    Direct Anagrams: inhumer.

    Words within the letters "e-h-i-m-n-r-u"

    -1 letter: humeri, inhume, menhir, murein, murine.

    -2 letters: hemin, inure, miner, rheum, rumen, urine.

    -3 letters: emir, heir, herm, hern, hire, menu, mien, mine, mire, muni, mure, neum, rein, rime, ruin, rune.

    -4 letters: emu, ern, hem, hen, her, hie, him, hin, hue, hum, hun, ire, men, mir, mun, nim, rei, rem, rim, rin, rue, rum, run, urn.

     Words containing the letters "e-h-i-m-n-r-u"
     

    +1 letter: inhumers, murrhine, rheniums.

     

    +2 letters: humanizer, humdinger, ruthenium.

     

    +3 letters: humanizers, humdingers, murthering, nephridium, rehumanize, rutheniums.

     

    +4 letters: antheridium, archegonium, euchromatin, hermeneutic, hyperimmune, nourishment, outhomering, rehumanized, rehumanizes.

     

    +5 letters: alphanumeric, consumership, euchromatins, hermeneutics, hibernaculum, housewarming, malnourished, mirthfulness, neurochemist, nourishments, perionychium, rehumanizing, xiphisternum.

    Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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    Alternative Orthography: Rhenium


    Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

    52 68 65 6E 69 75 6D

    Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

    American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

    =

    Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

    Braille (1829, in France) (references)

    Morse Code (1836) (references)

    .-.    ....    .    -.    ..    ..-    --

    Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

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    Bibliographic Items: "rhenium"


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    Amazon.com BOOKS: Search for: "rhenium"

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    Public Service or Web Sites Triggered by: Rhenium