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Definition: Religious |
ReligiousAdjective1. Relating to or concerned with religion or spiritual things; especially dedicated to service in a religion; "a monk of a religious order"; "spiritual leaders"; "religious books"; "spiritual songs". 2. Concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church; "religious texts"; "monks of a religious order"; "lords temporal and spiritual"; "spiritual leaders"; "spiritual songs". 3. Having or showing belief in and reverence for a deity; "a religious man"; "religious attitude". 4. Extremely scrupulous and conscientious; "religious in observing the rules of health". Noun1. A member of a religious order who is bound by vows of poverty and chastity and obedience. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "religious" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. In the 19th century, cultural anthropology was dominated by an interest in cultural evolution; most anthropologists assumed that there was a simple distinction between “primitive” and “modern” religion and tried to provide accounts of how the former evolved into the latter. In the 20th century most anthropologists rejected this approach. Today the anthropology of religion reflects the influence of, or an engagement with, such modern theorists as Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. They are especially concerned with how religious beliefs and practices may reflect political or economic forces; or the social functions of religious beliefs and practices.Anthropological approaches to religion reflect a more general tension within anthropology: the discipline defines itself as a science in that all anthropologists base their interpretations and explanations on empirical evidence (and many anthropologists are concerned with developing universal models of human behavior), and the discipline also defines itself in terms of the seriousness with which it takes local beliefs and practices (see cultural relativism), and its commitment to understanding different cultures in their own terms through participant observation. Thus, although many Westerners (including anthropologists) have rejected “religion” out of hand as being unscientific, virtually all anthropologists assume that there must be good reasons for the endurance and importance of religion and, by implication, assume that religious beliefs and practices are in some sense “reasonable.” In order to determine the reasons for the importance of religion, however, anthropologists generally move beyond the literal claims of any religion to look at its metaphorical meaning or latent social functions.
One major problem in the anthropology of religion is the definition of religion itself. At one time anthropologists believed that certain religious practices and beliefs were more or less universal to all cultures at some point in their development, such as a belief in spirits or ghosts, the use of magic as a means of controlling the supernatural, the use of divination as a means of discovering occult knowledge, and the performance of rituals such as prayer and sacrifice as a means of influencing the outcome of various events through a supernatural agency, sometimes taking the form of shamanism or ancestor worship,. Today, anthropologists debate, and many reject, the cross-cultural validity of these categories (often viewing them as examples of European primitivism). Anthropologists have considered various criteria for defining religion – such as a belief in the supernatural or the reliance on ritual – but few claim that these criteria are universally valid.
In Western culture, religion has become more or less synonymous with monotheism and the various moral codes that monotheism prescribes. Moral codes have also evolved in conjunction with Hindu and Buddhist beliefs, independent of monotheism. However, prescriptive moral codes or even normative ethical codes are not a necessary component of religious beliefs or practices any more than they are a necessary component of science and the scientific method.
Specific religious practices and beliefs
- Ancestor worship
- Apotheosis
- Apotropaic magic
- Animism
- Authority
- Charm
- Contagious magic
- Cult
- Demon
- Divination
- Exorcism
- Evil
- Fetish
- Genius
- God
- Ghost
- Heresy
- Icon
- Intercession
- Immortality
- Kachina
- Magic and religion
- Masks
- Miracles
- Medicine
- Monotheism
- Myth
- Mystery
- Necromancy
- Omen
- Pain
- Prayer
- Prophecy
- Rebirth
- Religious ecstasy
- Ritual
- Sacrifice
- Shamanism
- Supernatural
- Sign
- Spell
- Supplication
- Sympathetic magic
- Talisman
- Tarot
- Theism
- Totemism
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Anthropology of religion."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Egyptian mythology (or Egyptian religion) is the name for the succession of beliefs held by the people of Egypt until the coming of Christianity and Islam. The timespan involved is nearly three thousand years, and beliefs varied considerably over time, so an article or, indeed, even one whole book, cannot do more than outline the many entities and subjects in this complex system of beliefs. Egyptian Mythology is different from Greek or Roman Mythology, in that in Egyptian Mythology most deities are of human body and animal head or vice versa.
The Articles
See http://touregypt.net/godsofegypt/ for the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism's extensive information on Egyptian Deities.
- Adim
- Aker
- Akh
- Amathaunta
- Ament
- Ammut
- Andjety
- Anget
- Ankt
- Anti
- Anubis
- Ap-uat
- Aten
- As
- Ba
- Ba-Pef
- Babi
- Bast
- Bes
- Buto
- Chem
- Chensit
- Chenti-cheti
- Chnum
- Dedun
- Djebauti
- Dua
- Duamutef
- Geb
- Hapi
- Harakhti
- Hathor
- Hatmehit
- Hedetet
- Heget
- Heh
- Hemen
- Hemsut
- Hesat
- Heron
- Hetepet
- Hez-ur
- Hike
- Horus
- Ihu
- Imiut
- Immutef
- Imset
- Isis
- Isten
- Juesaes
- Junit
- Ka
- Kemwer
- Khem
- Khentimentiu
- Khepri
- Kis
- Maahes
- Ma'at
- Mafdet
- Mendes
- Menhit
- Menthu
- Meret
- Meretseger
- Mnewer
- Nebtuu
- Nechmetawaj
- Neferhor
- Nenun
- Neper
- Nephthys
- Nunet
- Osiris
- Pachet
- Petbe
- Petesuchos
- Qetesh
- Ra
- Rat-taui
- Renenet
- Renpet
- Reret
- Resheph
- Ruti
- Saa
- Sachmet
- Sai
- Sechat-Hor
- Sed
- Sentait
- Sepa
- Septu
- Sesmu
- Set
- Shai
- Shait
- Sobek
- Somtus
- Sopdet
- Taouris
- Taurt
- Tenenit
- Thoth
- Toeris
- Uneg
- Unut
- Urthekau
- Wosyet
- Zenenet
(Note: This list came from Deities.)
Worship
Temples
temples as representations of the world... Some temples today are still standing, which you can see in Egypt. Others are in crumbles from wear and tear. Pharaoh Ramses II built a lot of temples in his day.known temples include Abu Simbel...
The World
Creation
Heaven and earth
The Nile
The Afterlife
Egyptian embalming
Since preservation of the body was instrumental in keeping the Ka and Ba souls, embalming was developed by the Egyptians around the 4th Dynasty.Burial
The book of the dead
The weighing of the heart
External influences
Libyan period
Ptolemaic period
Started with Ptolemy I of Egypt and ended with Cleopatra VII.
Roman period
The coming of monotheism
See also History of Egypt, Sun mythology
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Egyptian mythology."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A religion is defined as a system of attitudes, beliefs, and practices related to the supernatural, but what actually constitutes a religion is subject to much dispute in the field of theology and among ordinary people.Practices based upon religious beliefs typically include:
Adherents of a particular religion tend to gather together to celebrate holy days, to recite or chant scripture, to pray, to worship, and provide pastoral and spiritual assistance to each other. However, solitary practice of prayer and meditation is often seen to be just as important, as is living out religious convictions in secular activities when in the company of people who are not necessarily adherents to that religion.
- Prayer
- Regular assembly with other believers
- Some religions have a clergy, leaders of and helpers to the adherents to the religion
- Some ceremonies or liturgy unique to the set of beliefs
- A means of preserving adherence to the canonical beliefs and practice of that religion
- Codes for behaviour in other aspects of life to ensure consistency with the set of beliefs, i.e a moral code, like the Ten Commandments of the Old Testament, flowing from the beliefs rather than being defined by the beliefs, with said moral code often being elevated to the status of a legal code that is enforced by followers of that religion
- Maintenance and study of scripture, or texts they hold as sacred uniquely different from other writings, and which records or is the basis of the basic beliefs of that religion
What do religions have in common?
The word religion derives from the Latin word religare, meaning "to join, or link" and classically understood to mean the linking of human and divine. Accordingly, one might begin by defining religion as a system of beliefs based on humanity's attempt to explain the universe and natural phenomena, often involving one or more deities or other supernatural forces. Such a system of beliefs can be distinguished from branches of philosophy such as metaphysics which seek to address many of the same questions. However, the philosophy of religion was once regarded as being part of metaphysics.
Two identifying features of all religions are that to some extent they all (a) require faith and (b) seek to organize and guide the thoughts and actions of their adherents. Because of this, some people contend that all religions are to some degree both unempirical (see empiricism) and dogmatic, and are therefore to be distrusted. A system of thought that is purely rational would be a science rather than a religion, and a system that is not in the least dogmatic would be unable to guide its adherents in any way.
Comparing religion to spirituality
Many Westernerners prefer to use the term spirituality rather than religion to describe their form of belief. This may reflect a large-scale disillusionment with organized religion that is occurring in much of the world (see Religion in Modernity). However, proponents of many forms of spirituality seem to represent a movement towards a more "modern" - more tolerant, less counter-factual, and more intuitive - form of religion. This is evidenced by apparently greater religious pluralism and movements such as the ecumenical movement within and transcending Christian denominations. There are corresponding moderating movements within Islam and other religious traditions.
It is possible, and perhaps advised, to keep in mind that there can be a rigid distinction between the mundane, earthly aspects of religion and the spiritual dimension. People can gain security from such things as regular attendance at Church, deepening knowledge of Scripture, and the social comfort of fervently agreeing with other believers. This sometimes is done without a corresponding spiritual dimension, so that some people could be seen as distant from God, but very 'religious', and conversely those who are deeply involved with the Divine may have come to reject much of the recognised paraphernalia of established religion.
Indeed, some would feel that this is central to the beliefs of the founders of some religions: for example, Jesus was very critical of some aspects of established religion, indeed declaring himself as coming for all peoples, 'Jews and Greeks', so transcending even the notion of religion. The Christian church was not founded by Jesus, nor did Jesus instruct his followers to form a religion. The organization, structures and denominations of Christianity came into being after his death.
People disagree about whether religions have a spiritual or supernatural basis; an example of this is the belief that the modern ceremonies and canons of the Church have almost completely grown away from, or even are contrary to, the original Divine revelation or source. This belief has arisen throughout history. One example is found in pre-Reformation Christianity, when 'Indulgences' (excusal of sin) were for sale, and corruption was endemic in Church appointments. Today, some would hold that extreme religious practices such as some punishments under Sharia law, or the burning of heretics in history, was not at all what God intended us to do.
Religion can therefore draw itself into disrepute through the weaknesses of its practitioners, while spirituality can be independently, but invisibly, strong and flourishing.
Religion in Modernity
In the late 19th century and throughout most of the 20th century, religion, especially Christianity, has suffered a great deal of damage, both to its reputation, its power, and its membership. Some historically Christian Western countries, particularly in Europe, show declining recruitment for priesthoods and monasteries, and studies in the UK show a fast-diminishing attendance at churches, synagogues, etc. The demographic group that is "losing faith" the most rapidly is the most well-educated classes. Explanations for this effect include the rising influence that science wields in modern society, the development of what some call "secular religions" such as Marxism and Anarchism, and the hostility that many feel towards evangelical religions in an age that places greater emphasis on toleration. However, in many parts of the world, religion is far from declining. In the United States and in Latin America, for instance, studies show that religion is as strong as ever, and in the Middle East fundamentalist Islam has been growing rapidly, as attested to by the rise of extremist movements in Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and many other Islamic states. For inquiry as to the causes of this dissilusionment, see "Modern causes for hostility to religion."
Modern causes for hostility to religion
As noted above, in the developed world mainstream religions have been on the decline. This decline is apparently in parallel with increased prosperity and social well-being. The reasons for the decline are complex and ill-understood, but probably include some of the following features.
Many religions have (or have had in the past) an extreme approach which produces, or produced, practices which are not acceptable to some people: e.g. extreme restrictions on female dress, and severe restriction on diets and activities on certain days of the week. Some people feel these measures are a distortion of the faith in a God who advocates universal love. Others see the measures as a clear indication that religion is fundamentally misguided.
- Distorted Message
Some individuals place themselves in positions of power and privilege through promoting their own religious views, e.g. the Bhagwan interlude last century, the Moonie movement, and other cults. This self-promotion has reduced public confidence in anything with a 'religion' label. Similarly, cases of abuse by the clergy of several religions reduces public confidence in the essential message.
- Self promotion:
People who are agnostic see early childhood education in religion and spirituality as a form of brainwashing, and some concur with the Marxian view that religion is the opium of the people, with addiction to it fostered when people are too young to choose.
- 'Promoting ignorance' view:
Religions postulate a reality which verges on the metaphysical,and even some believers have difficulty accepting religious assertions about the supernatural realm and about the afterlife. As a result, people reject the concept of religion in its entirety, and turn their backs on the more ordinary and acceptable belief in a God or divine intelligence.
- Common sense objections
People can form a negative view, based upon the visible manifestations of religion, e.g. ceremonies which appear pointless and repetitive, arcane clothing, and exclusiveness in membership requirements.
- Objection to superficial features
Some assume that religion is the antithesis of prosperity, fun, enjoyment and pleasure. This causes them to reject it entirely, or to see it as only to be turned to in times of trouble. However, many people from many faiths would confirm that their faith has brought them self-fulfillment, peace and joy. Believers therefore feel that faith has the potential to enrich and to expand everyone's life. On the other hand, many non-religious people reject the idea that love, compassion, forgiveness, grace and other qualities belong only to religion, and argue that religion is not necessary to embrace and experience these qualities.
- A view of religion as negative and forbidding
Many of these causes for hostility are a reaction to inevitably worldly events and people; religious believers are sad to see that people are turned away from the churches' perspective on spiritual and eternal dimension by concerns which are based on very limited and transitory features.
However, more and more people are engaging in far-ranging explorations and finding profound spiritual satisfaction outside of organized churches. This is a demographic group whose numbers are growing and whose future impact cannot be predicted.
Accounting for religion
All religions explain the reasons for their existence in their own terms, but modern scholarship has brought new tools to the task of accounting for the phenomenon of religious belief, in naturalistic terms. Especially in the fields of neurology, neuropsychology, and evolutionary psychology, new breakthroughs offer a hope of explaining religion in scientific terms.
Why do religious views dominate so many diverse cultures that have had very little or no contact? Why is some form of religion found in almost every human group? Why do humans often accept counterfactual statements in the name of religion? In neurology, work by scientists such as Ramachandran and his colleagues from the University of California, San Diego [1] suggests that they have found evidence of brain circuitry in the temporal lobe that gives rises to intense religious experiences. In sociology, Rodney Stark has looked at the social forces that have caused religions to grow and the features of religions that have been most successful. For example, Stark, who claims to be an agnostic, hypothesizes that, before Christianity became established as the state religion of Constantinople, Christianity grew rapidly because it provided a practical framework within which non-family members would provide help to other people in the community in a barter system of mutual assistance. [1] In evolutionary psychology, scientists have considered the survival advantages that religion might have given to a community of hunter-gatherers, such as unifying them with in a coherent social group.
Some cognitive psychologists, however, take a completely different approach to explaining religion. Foremost among them is Pascal Boyer, whose book, Religion Explained, lays out the basics of his theory, and attempts to refute several previous and more simple explanations for the phenomenon of religion. Essentially, Mr. Boyer claims that religion is a result of the misfunctioning or overfunctioning of certain subconscious intuitive mental faculties, which normally apply to physics (enabling prediction of the arc a football will take only seconds after its release, for example), and social networks (to keep track of other people's identity, history, loyalty, etc.), and a variety of others.
How do religions differ?
While the "people of the Book," Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all claim to worship the same god, each religion has different beliefs. Jews believe that their deity is the one and only God. He created the earth in 7 days and will one day send the Messiah to earth to deliver them from their oppression. Christians accept this same God, but believe that the Christ has already appeared in the form of Jesus. Unlike the Jewish belief of Christ, the Christians proclaim that He came to earth to set God's children free from sin, rather than from oppression. Muslims believe in the same God as the Jews and the Christians. Like the Jews, they differ with the Christians as to the deity of Jesus, but accept the Virgin Birth as a miracle of God. The role of Jesus in Islam is as the Messiah and amongst the distinguished prophets, one of whom is Muhammad, believed to be the final and last messenger.
There are a great many other religions, and a great many ways in which they differ. These differences focus on key differences between the most influential monotheistic religions.
Questions that religions address
Religions are systems of belief which typically answer questions about the following concerns:
Generally, the different religions and the non-religious all have different answers for the above concerns. Hence, scholars can classify a religion according to the characteristic answer the religion gives for the above concerns.
- the divine, the sacred and the supernatural,
- our purpose as beings, on earth, goals in this life and possible other states of being like heaven or nirvana,
- what happens to us when we die and how to prepare for that,
- the nature of Deity (or Deities) (cf God) and what She, He, They, It wants from us,
- our relationships with Deity(-ies), the sacred, ancestors, other people, and the world around us, that is, how to behave well in relationship.
Comparison of sources of authority
In addition, scholars can classify a religion according to the nature of the authority to which the religion refers.
Generally while individual religions may differ in sources of authority, they share many common traits, such as ritual, concern with the afterlife, regulation of social behavior, and belief in the supernatural.
- Universal religions have no prophetic founder. For example, Hinduism claims to be the science of the spirit. The various gods of Hinduism are the projections of One Reality that transcends subject/object split on the mind.
- Monotheistic religions are focused on a single Deity. They often involve doctrines and also often have a professional priesthood. Examples of monotheisms include: Judaism, Sikhism, Christianity, Islam and the Bahá'í Faith.
- Polytheistic religions involve many deities. Usually, each deity is considered a separate entity (as opposed, for instance, to Christianity which considers the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost as one). Polytheistic religions often flourish in less centralized societies, where each individual can adapt a portion of the religion as their own. This kind of religions gives more freedom to the practitioners who often hold to little dogma. Examples of polytheisms include: the mythologies of ancient Greece and Egypt, and modern Pagan and Neopagan religions such as Wicca or Asatru.
- Shamanistic religions are a broad category of religions based around worship of ancestors or spirits rather than "Gods." Shamanistic religions typically are limited to small geographical areas and rarely achieve national or international organization.
- Pantheistic or natural religions see everything in nature an aspect of a spiritual plane. Such faiths include (to various degrees) Shintoism and several animistic traditions.
- Some faiths, perhaps better termed spiritual philosophies, involve extensive practical teachings for achieving human happiness or equanimity in the natural world with a lesser focus on the supernatural. Examples: Buddhism, Zen, Taoism, and Confucianism.
Dealing with alien religions
Adherents of particular religions deal with the (more or less) divergent doctrines and practices espoused by other religions in several ways. Examples of each exist within most major religious systems. People with exclusivist beliefs typically explain other religions as either in error, or as corruptions or counterfeits of the true faith. People with inclusivist beliefs recognize some truth in all faith systems, highlighting agreements and minimizing differences, but see their own faith as in some way ultimate. People with pluralist beliefs make no distinction between faith systems, viewing each one as valid within a particular culture. Pluralists and inclusivists may borrow from more than one faith system for their own religious practice. However, it should be noted that in many areas different faith systems are integrated into one; this does not fit the definition of pluralism. For example, in many tribal areas of Indonesia natives practice a mixture of Islam, tribal gods, and worship of Adam and Eve.
Role of charismatic figures
Many religions have been deeply influenced by charismatic leaders, such as Jesus Christ, Adi Sankara, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Swami Vivekanada, Sai Baba, Muhammad, Gautama Buddha, etc. These leaders are either the central teacher and founder of the religion (e.g. Muhammad, Jesus, or Gautama) or reformers or prominent persons.
The Founders of some of the major world religions include Abraham and Moses (Judaism), Zoroaster (Zoroastrianism), Siddartha Gautama (Buddhism), Jesus Christ (Christianity), Muhammad for (Islám), Bahá'u'lláh (Bahá'í), and Joseph Smith (Mormonism).
Origin of religion
The origin of religion in general and for particular religions is usually controversial, since religions often claim to have been derived directly from information supplied by god(s) to chosen human messenger(s). Followers of the religion (by definition) accept the claims, either literally or in a metaphorical, or partial fashion. Although followers of a religion, although they may hold strong belief, may also be interested in looking at possible human origins for religious events, together with non-religious enquirers.
Religion developed before writing
Religion was practiced long before the invention of writing, as paintings and pottery shows in images. Religion may well have originated in stories created to account for the great questions of life, for comfort, to keep records of a people's history, and for entertainment. It is possible that atheists (those who do not believe in any deities) or agnostics (those who believe we cannot know if there are any deities) always existed as well, but they would have lacked alternative explanations for natural phenomena.
Genetic propensities toward religion
Recent advances in cognitive psychology and neuropsychology suggest that religion might have its origins in the workings of the brain itself. Pascal Boyer's book, Religion Explained, attempts to explain religion through cognitive psychology.
One does well to remember, however, that the physical sciences have self-described limits -- neuropsychology can tell us "where" religion is perceived in the human brain, and cognitive psychology can tell us "how", but there is no test or experiment to discover "why" or if there really is a supernatural "who".
Physical evidence for origins of religion
Evidence of very early human prehistory is scanty and it is best not to over interpret archaeological remains: for example bones painted with red ochre may signify a color symbolizing life rather than a belief in an afterlife. And covering the dead person's body with valuable possessions may derive from the belief that using the dead person's possessions will bring bad luck. For a more contemporary example, imagine a future archaeologist digging through the remains of a Star Wars fan's bedroom and consider the possible erroneous interpretations of such a find.
Evidence from burial practices
Nevertheless, evidence for early civilizations' religious ideas can be found similarly in elaborate burial practices in which valuable objects were left with the deceased, intended for use in an afterlife or to appease the gods. This custom has clearer motives as it is usually accompanied by tomb paintings showing a belief of afterlife. It reached a spectacular form with the creation of the pyramids of Giza and the other great tombs of ancient Egypt; the Sumerian royal burials, and other prehistoric (pre-written records) monument builders.
Documentation of modern religions' beginnings
Religions created in modern times are often reasonably well documented (for example, Scientology.) Minor religions have been called cults and still are, while many scholars use the term New Religious Movement (NRM). Reasons for the creation of religions are many, including a range from idealism to a desire to obtain wealth and power over others; the two may combine in interesting ways. It's easy to speculate that similar forces were at work in the creation of earlier religions. Once a religious community increases in size and gains widespread recognition, it has to negotiate with the governing social group, the State. At this point material or political ambitions are more likely to be dominant.
Modern benefits from religion
Religions provide great numbers and scale of visionary inspirations for compassion, practical charity and moral restraint.
Abram Maslow's research after World War II showed that Holocaust survivors tended to be those who held strong religious beliefs (not necessarily temple attendance etc). Humanistic Psychology went on to investigate how religious or spiritual identity links with longer lifespan and better health. Humans may particularly need religious ideas because they serve various emotional needs such as the need to feel loved, the need to belong to homogenous groups, the need for understandable explanations or the need for justice.
Maslow's results have not proved repeatable in other contexts. The critical factors may involve sense of purpose, extreme beliefs in general, or other factors sometimes correlated with religious belief, and/or may be specific to Holocaust survivors. The very fact that religion was the primary selector for research subjects may have introduced a bias.
Religion vs. Mythology
Ancient polytheistic religions, such as those of ancient Greece, ancient Rome, the Vikings, etc., are often studied under the heading of mythology. Religions of pre-industrial peoples, or cultures in development to industrial conditions, are similarly observed by the anthropology of religion. Mythology can be a term used pejoratively by religious and non-religious people both (the religious person will in this case define another religion's stories as mythology). Here myths are treated as fantasies, or "mere" stories. But the study of religions, and the investigation of myths by psychology, not to mention how some myths turn out to have historical verification, has brought about a mixed, almost contradictory use of the term: some NRMs (New Religious Movements) such as Neopaganism actively research and use myths from older religions, both those that still exist and those that have disappeared. Joseph Campbell, in The Power of Myth, held that myth was a universal human trait, and necessary to well-being. There is no essential difference between the myths of extinct religions and those of extant religions.
A few religious critics view the elevation of philosophy of science and "mathematical fetishism" as creating a mythology, and call that an error, scientism. These are usually inseparable from debates about ethics in science.
Monotheism vs. Polytheism
The dominance of monotheism among influential Western scholars of religion, and theologians, proposed a division into monotheistic and polytheistic faiths. The classification fails with a religion that places minute emphasis on gods but more importance on mankind's growing ability to understand the ineffable (like Theravada Buddhism). Christianity claims to be monotheistic, although some writers find this idea problematic since Christian doctrine has developed a notion of God as one essence in three persons (Father, Son and Holy Spirit), explained in the doctrine of the Trinity. The monotheism of Islam and Judaism is much more clear cut, although very early sources for both Allah and Yahweh show signs of henotheistic or polytheistic origins or forerunners, which do not at all deny their sole Deity status once the religion became established. Neopaganism (including Wicca and Asatru), a group of religions generally considered to be polytheistic, is also difficult to classify neatly. While adherents worship a diverse pantheon of gods and goddesses, a great many of them believe those personalities to be facets of a single Divine entity. The Japanese national religion, Shinto, is often said to be polytheistic, though it would be more accurate to characterise it as a pantheistic religion which tolerates worship of any and all individuated deities.
Some religions have secondary deities, which is straightforward in Hinduism, but less so for those Christians who venerate Mary as Theotokos (Mother of God). Mary has often attracted such a massive devotion by the faithful that the Church has been careful to clearly define her status: Christians in the Catholic and Orthodox traditions are instructed that she is to be venerated but not worshipped, and that Jesus Christ is eternally begotten of the Father, and the Creator of his strictly human mother. (see also: Third Ecumenical Council, Seventh Ecumenical Council.) Many mystics have asserted the female aspect of Deity but apart from Hinduism this has not been regarded as mainstream by major world religions for several centuries. Goddess is routinely recognised in Hindu Mahadevi, Mahayana Buddhism, Western Paganism and Goddess Spirituality.
Christianity, Mahayana Buddhism, and most Hinduisms also recognize the existence of lesser spiritual beings: angels and demons. These may play a more or less elaborate role, but they are not worshipped as gods. In Christian Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, Mary and the saints have especially important roles as intercessors and personal guardians. They are venerated and asked for prayers because their exemplary lives suggest that they are in the presence of God in Heaven. Mahayana Buddhism's lesser deities embody psychological forces, whether as guides, examples or antagonists with whom to learn power and skill. The division between Deity, deity, minor deity, angel, demon, nature spirit, ancestor or hero, is not clear cut, but developed pragmatically.
Emergent religion
Deities both great and lesser are part of practices like transcendental psychology (which looks at the psychology of the spiritual) and therapies like Jungianism. Jung found an underworld of mythological drama in the backstage areas of the mind: in particular, he proposed that our ideas and feelings are shaped by spiritual archetypes, recurring models such as God, the Old Man, or the Mother which have become a part of our collective unconscious through ages of evolution. Gaia philosophy is based on one such image, that of the Earth Mother, called Gaia in Ancient Greece.
The New Age Movement, a late 20th century culture of eclectic beliefs in millennial change, healing traditions, alternative realities, also draws on these mythological images. However, many of these images and rituals are drawn from traditional religions, e.g. Hindu, Sufi, Buddhism or Gnostic.
The Other
But it is important to distinguish a spiritual psychology that explores a map of the self, which goes so deep and far that it recognises divine shapes, from a religion or spirituality that explores a relationship between human self and an Other, the divine.
The distinction asks whether there is dialogue between two or more with genuine voice and influence coming from the other (Martin Buber's I and Thou), or whether there is a journey in which the self encounters profound symbolic experiences. As the opening definition tells us, religion is about linking.
An important view is that one experiences the divine Other only through the specific Other, one's neighbor or enemy (which most religions hold are the same). In some religions, e.g. Islam, this is of primary importance.
The Parliament of World Religions conducts a search for what they call a Global Ethic which would capture the essence of what religions agree on - a consensus. This is one of many ecumenical movements that seek to reconcile religions using consensus decision making and other principles shared by humanism. This is not always easy. Modern Islamic philosophy for instance includes both militant radical Islamist and New-Age-like trends to renew the focus on khalifa, "stewardship", and global social justice.
See also: List of religious topics - Goddess - God - interfaith organizations - names given to the divine - Religions of the world - Philosophy of religion - Sociology of Religion - Theology - Feminist theology - Thealogy - History of religions - Definition of religion - Charismatics - Religious pluralism - Tolerance - freedom of religion - Afterlife, Angel, Demon, Demonolatry - History of religions - Mystery religion - Religious Festivals - Worship - Veneration - Folk religion - Civil religion - State church - Comparative religion - Pascals Wager - theism - atheism - agnosticism - pantheism- panentheism - henotheism - maltheism - secularism - Christian anarchism
See also this listing of various religions: religions of the world
External Links
- Statistics on Religions
- A Table of the World's Major Religions
- Sacred Texts
- Apologetics Research Resources
- Library of Christian Classics
- Review of David Sloan Wilson's book Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society
- An article on this topic is also available in Simple English.
See Also
simple:Religion
- Irreligion
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Religion."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A lot of music has been composed to complement religion. Many forms of traditional music have been adapted to fit religion. Johann Sebastian Bach, considered one of the most important and influential classical music composers, wrote most of his music for the Christian church.Sometimes religious music changes to fit the times; Contemporary Christian music, for example, uses idioms from various popular music styles, with religious lyrics.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Religious music."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| RE | English | Religious education | Education, Religion & Philosophy |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonym: ReligiousSynonym: spiritual (adj). (additional references) |
| Antonym: irreligious (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Churchdom | Popedom; the Vatican, the apostolic see; religious sects. |
Heterodoxy | Sectarism, sectarianism; noncomformity; secularism; syncretism, religious sects. |
Orthodoxy | Noun: orthodoxy; strictness, soundness, religious truth, true faith; truth; soundness of doctrine. |
Piety | Adjective: pious, religious, devout, devoted, reverent, godly, heavenly-minded, humble, pure, holy, spiritual, pietistic; saintly, saint-like; seraphic, sacred, solemn. |
Probity | Conscientious, tender-conscienced, right-minded; high-principled, high-minded; scrupulous, religious, strict; nice, punctilious, correct, punctual; respectable, reputable; gentlemanlike. |
Teaching | Elementary education, primary education, secondary education, technical education, college education, collegiate education, military education, university education, liberal education, classical education, religious education, denominational education, moral education, secular education; propaedeutics, moral tuition. |
Theology | Noun: theology (natural and revealed); theogony, theosophy; divinity; hagiology, hagiography; Caucasian mystery; monotheism; religion; religious persuasion, religious sect, religious denomination; creed; (belief); article of faith, declaration of faith, profession of faith, confession of faith. |
Adjective: theological, religious; denominational; sectarian. | |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Religious |
| English words defined with "religious": religious ceremony, religious cult, religious doctrine, religious festival, religious holiday, religious leader, Religious liberty, religious movement, religious music, religious order, religious orientation, religious outcast, religious residence, religious ritual, religious school, religious sect, religious song, religious trance. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "religious": Come the Religious Dodge ♦ DIRECTOR OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES, director of religious life, DIRECTOR, RELIGIOUS EDUCATION ♦ Hospitals, Religious ♦ RELIGIOUS HORSE, RELIGIOUS PAINTER, religious slaughter, religious tax, Religious use ♦ slaughter according to religious rite. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "religious": Tripudiary. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | It's the religious influence, and a pain in the ass. Now to me it makes no sense (S.L.C. Punk!; writing credit: James Merendino.) What do you think religious wars are all about (The Four Musketeers; writing credit: Alexandre Dumas père; George MacDonald Fraser) We are a deeply religious people (The Wicker Man; writing credit: Anthony Shaffer) I'm not normally a religious man, but if you're up there, save me, Superman (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge) Is that just religious gobbledygook or is that an actual place (Doctor Who; writing credit: Basil Caplan; Martin Defalco) | |
Clever | I am not religious; I just love the Lord. (references; author: unknown) Life lesson: People who want to share their religious views with you almost never want you to share yours with them. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Religious Racketeers (1939) Moving Pictures of Natural Scenes and Religious Rituals (1899) Bloco Afro and Afoxé: Afro-Brazilian Carnival as a Political & Religious Stage (2003) With God On Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America (1996) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | A religious shrine at a far end of the Earth. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Religious and patriotic ceremony commemorating the 4th of July. F&WS 10,074. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | This 18th century Navajo refuge, Foothold Navajo Pueblito, sits atop a large boulder and was occupied by Navajos during raids by Utes. It's located within the Dinetah region, the area in northwest NM considered to be the religious homeland of the Navajo. Credit: Unknown. |  | "Gas stations abandoned during the fuel crisis in the winter of 1973-74 were sometimes used for other purposes. This station at Potlatch, Washington, west of Olympia was turned into a religious meeting hall. Signs painted on the gas pumps proclaim 'fill up with the Holy Ghost . . . and Salvation.'". Credit: National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the Environmental Protection Agency. |
 | "Religious fervor is mirrored on the face of a Black Muslim woman, one of some 10,000 listening to Elijah Muhammad deliver his annual Savior's Day message in Chicago. The city is headquarters for the Black Muslims. Their $75 million empire includes a mosque, newspaper, university, restaurants, real estate, bank, and variety of retail stores. Muhammad died February 25, 1975." By John H. White, Chicago, Illinois, March 1974. Credit: National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the Environmental Protection Agency. |  | [Nursing by Religious Orders]. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Soldiers and sailors singing hymns during religious services on board USS LST-4, while en route to the Invasion of Southern France, 13 August 1944. Photographed by Smith. Note capstan behind the men at left. Credit: NAVY. |  | Religious liberty is guaranteed : but can we allow foreign reptiles to crawl all over us?. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Egypt--the religious ceremonies preliminary to the inauguration of the Suez Canal, at Port Said ; Egypt--arrival at the station of El-Guishr, Suez Canal, of the steamship L'Aigle, with the Empress Eugenie. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | One of their religious men. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Organ pipes" by Uschi Hering Commentary: "Religious music." | "Franciscan Cells" by Luis Alves Commentary: "Built in the fifteenth century by Franciscan Friars, these cells was the place where the they lived in religious isolation. They are located near the Atlantic Ocean, in Mount Arrábida. --------------------------- Notice: You can use this image, but ple" |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Play | Caption |
 | Hallelujah; choir; church; chapel; religion; religious; praise; joy; lord; god; worship. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Abu'l-ala-al-ma'arri | The world holds two classes of men -- intelligent men without religion, and religious men without intelligence. |
Captain J. G. Stedman | During the crusades all were religious mad, and now all are mad for want of it. |
F. E. Abbot | Agnosticism is the philosophical, ethical, and religious dry-rot of the modern world. |
Friedrich Nietzsche | After coming into contact with a religious man I always feel I must wash my hands. |
Ingmar Bergman | I hope I never get so old I get religious. |
Junius | The liberty of the Press is the Palladium of all the civil, political and religious rights of an Englishman. |
Theodore Parker | Self-denial is indispensable to a strong character, and the highest kind comes from a religious stock. |
William James | Religious awe is the same organic thrill which we feel in a forest at twilight, or in a mountain gorge. |
William Penn | To be furious in religion is to be irreligiously religious. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
US Constitution | 1791 | Clause 3: The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. (reference) |
Communist Manifesto | 1848 | In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Under the control of the Governing Commission the inhabitants will retain their local assemblies, their religious liberties, their schools and their language. (reference) |
United Nations | 1948 | It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Sylvie and Bruno Concluded | Carroll, Lewis | I had long realized that we were not in sympathy in religious belief |
Scarlet Letter | Hawthorne, Nathaniel | His eloquence and religious fervour had already given the earnest of high eminence in his profession |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | In the nineteenth century the religious idea is undergoing a crisis |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | His destiny was to be elusive of social or religious orders |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | I computed the number of our people, by reckoning how many millions there might be of each religious sect, or political party among us. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | You may want to speak with your spouse, family, religious counselor, or social worker as you make this decision. (references) | |
Armed with this knowledge, those who implement programs should confidently solicit the support and involvement of local government, educational, and religious leaders. (references) | ||
Historically, hallucinogenic plants were used largely for social and religious ritual, and their availability was limited by the climate and soil conditions they require. (references) | ||
Business | During 1997 authorities continued the campaign to register all religious groups. (references) | |
Reference to religious holidays, pork, cinemas, bars, and so forth, are prohibited. (references) | ||
Many have support from foreign secular and religious non-governmental organizations. (references) | ||
Children | Angola | Private religious, community, or corporate groups have been unable to fill this vacuum. (references) |
Papua New Guinea | Most programs to protect and develop youth and children are operated by NGO's and religious organizations. (references) | |
Ghana | Trokosi, also known as Fiashidi, is a religious practice involving a period of servitude lasting up to 3 years. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Korea | Genuine religious freedom does not exist. (references) |
Macedonia | Only a citizen may establish a religious group. (references) | |
Paraguay | This law does not apply to religious processions. (references) | |
Discrimination | Armenia | The religion law discriminates against some religious groups. (references) |
Belarus | Women, persons with disabilities, and minority religious groups experienced discrimination. (references) | |
Saudi Arabia | The Shi'a religious minority suffers social, legal, economic, political, and sectarian discrimination. (references) | |
Economic History | Jordan | Judicial--civil, religious, special courts. (references) |
Sierra Leone | Civil rights and religious freedom are respected. (references) | |
Luxembourg | Luxembourg law forbids the collection of data on religious practices. (references) | |
Human Rights | Uzbekistan | Adilov was not known to be religious. (references) |
Russia | NGO's and religious groups offer other support. (references) | |
Philippines | Muslim political and religious leaders strongly condemned the killing. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Colombia | Indigenous communities are free to educate their children in traditional dialects and in the observance of cultural and religious customs. (references) |
Indonesia | Papuans complain of racism, religious bias, paternalism, and condescension as constant impediments to better relations with non-Papuans, including members of the Government, the military, and the non-Papuan business community. (references) | |
Minorities | Albania | Intermarriage among religious groups is extremely common. (references) |
Political Economy | Sudan | Registered religious groups are exempt from most taxes. (references) |
Colombia | The paramilitaries and guerrillas targeted religious leaders. (references) | |
Guinea-Bissau | The President banned an Islamic religious group and expelled its members. (references) | |
Political Rights | Comoros | Village chiefs and Muslim religious leaders tend to dominate local politics. (references) |
Iran | The Council also screens political candidates for ideological, political, and religious suitability. (references) | |
Pakistan | The percentage of religious minorities in government and politics does not correspond to their percentage of the population. (references) | |
Trade | Saudi Arabia | The latest religious edict (Fatwa) by the highest religious authority in Saudi Arabia condemns software piracy. (references) |
Pakistan | The major portion of the "negative" list consists of items whose import is prohibited on religious, health, or national security grounds. (references) | |
Bangladesh | Imported goods (including their containers) must not bear any words or inscriptions of a religious connotation, the use or disposal of which may injure the religious feelings and beliefs of any class of the citizens of Bangladesh. (references) | |
Travel | Chad | N'Djamena has a host of religious (Christian and Muslim) and private schools. (references) |
Saudi Arabia | This includes non-Islamic religious materials, pork products and pornography. (references) | |
Malaysia | Visiting businesspeople should be aware of religious and cultural sensitivities. (references) | |
Women | Lebanon | Only religious authorities may perform marriages. (references) |
Samoa | The village religious leader also may intervene in domestic disputes. (references) | |
Eritrea | FGM is practiced by almost all ethnic and religious groups in the country. (references) | |
Worker Rights | China | Many ancient or religious texts are banned from the curriculum for political reasons. (references) |
China | Freedom of Religion The Government maintains tight controls on religious practices and places of worship. (references) | |
Afghanistan | Many workers apparently were allotted time off regularly for prayers and observance of religious holidays. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | RIGHTEOUSNESS, n. A sturdy virtue that was once found among the Pantidoodles inhabiting the lower part of the peninsula of Oque. Some feeble attempts were made by returned missionaries to introduce it into several European countries, but it appears to have been imperfectly expounded. An example of this faulty exposition is found in the only extant sermon of the pious Bishop Rowley, a characteristic passage from which is here given: "Now righteousness consisteth not merely in a holy state of mind, nor yet in performance of religious rites and obedience to the letter of the law. It is not enough that one be pious and just: one must see to it that others also are in the same state; and to this end compulsion is a proper means. Forasmuch as my injustice may work ill to another, so by his injustice may evil be wrought upon still another, the which it is as manifestly my duty to estop as to forestall mine own tort. Wherefore if I would be righteous I am bound to restrain my neighbor, by force if needful, in all those injurious enterprises from which, through a better disposition and by the help of Heaven, I do myself restrain." |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Bill Maher | I don't want them treated inhumanely, but I don't think we have to kiss their ass either, which seems to be what we're doing. We cater to all their religious needs. |
Dennis Miller | Dangerous though they are, thankfully, most religious zealots are easy to spot. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
George Washington | 1789-1797 | Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle. |
James Madison | 1809-1817 | Torrents of blood have been split in the old world, by vain attempts of the secular arm, to extinguish Religious discord, by proscribing all difference in Religious opinion. |
James Buchanan | 1857-1861 | Hitherto in all our acquisitions the people, under the protection of the American flag, have enjoyed civil and religious liberty, as well as equal and just laws, and have been contented, prosperous, and happy. |
Ulysses S. Grant | 1869-1877 | This requires security of person, property, and free religious and political opinion in every part of our common country, without regard to local prejudice. |
Calvin Coolidge | 1923-1929 | We can not permit any inquisition either within or without the law or apply any religious test to the holding of office. |
Gerald Ford | 1974-1977 | President Eisenhower was raised in a poor but religious home in the heart of America. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | Also at this moment, massive Soviet troops are attempting to subjugate the fiercely independent and deeply religious people of Afghanistan. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Well, today physicists peering into the infinitely small realms of subatomic particles find reaffirmations of religious faith. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | That's what the Pope and other religious leaders have urged us to do. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Religious" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 98.69% of the time. "Religious" is used about 6,555 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 98.69% | 6,469 | 1,496 |
| Noun (proper) | 1.23% | 81 | 36,835 |
| Noun (common) | 0.06% | 4 | 175,879 |
| Noun (plural) | 0.02% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 6,555 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "religious": be religious ♦ ministry of religious affairs ♦ moslem religious law ♦ religious association ♦ religious belief ♦ religious ceremony ♦ religious code ♦ religious convictions ♦ religious cult ♦ religious doctrine ♦ religious education ♦ religious feeling ♦ religious festival ♦ religious freedom ♦ Religious healing ♦ religious holiday ♦ Religious house ♦ religious icon ♦ religious insanity ♦ religious instruction ♦ religious issues ♦ religious law ♦ religious leader ♦ religious liberty ♦ religious movement ♦ religious music ♦ religious mystic ♦ religious mysticism ♦ religious observation ♦ religious offering ♦ religious order ♦ religious organization ♦ religious orientation ♦ religious outcast ♦ religious painting ♦ religious persecution ♦ religious person ♦ Religious Philosophies ♦ religious practice ♦ religious residence ♦ religious rite ♦ religious ritual ♦ religious school ♦ religious sect ♦ religious sects ♦ religious service ♦ religious silence ♦ religious slaughter ♦ Religious Society of Friends ♦ religious song ♦ religious struggle ♦ religious tax ♦ religious text ♦ religious tolerance ♦ religious trance ♦ religious writing ♦ religious zeal ♦ religious zealot ♦ slaughter according to religious rite ♦ teacher of religious education ♦ the religious. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "religious": religious-based, religious-fascist, religious-intellectual, religious-kind, religious-like, religious-minded, religious-nationalism. | |
Ending with "religious": anti-religious, ethno-religious, inter-religious, magico-religious, non-religious, politico-religious, pseudo-religious, quasi-religious, semi-religious. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
religious art | 4,553 | religious site | 168 |
religious jewelry | 3,507 | religious photo | 167 |
religious gift | 3,478 | religious quote | 154 |
religious | 2,359 | religious cult | 121 |
religious book | 1,374 | free religious clip art | 119 |
religious icon | 759 | religious photography | 112 |
religious music | 740 | religious wallpaper | 110 |
religious figurine | 642 | religious framed print | 99 |
religious clipart | 641 | religious song | 90 |
cross from goods import irish religious shamrock | 627 | religious graphic | 86 |
religious statue | 550 | religious humor | 84 |
religious tattoo | 447 | religious education | 84 |
religious medal | 395 | religious organization | 84 |
religious picture | 356 | religious greeting card | 79 |
religious poem | 302 | religious study | 79 |
religious symbol | 275 | coloring page religious | 78 |
day father poem religious | 228 | religious card | 78 |
religious joke | 201 | religious crosse | 77 |
religious cross | 195 | religious store | 75 |
free religious clipart | 184 | religious poetry | 75 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "religious"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | godsdienstig (pious). (various references) | |
Albanian | murgu (monacal, monkish), fetar (pi, pious, spiritual), feje, besimtar (believer, devotee, god fearing, godly, pious, religioner, worshipper). (various references) | |
Arabic | متدين (devout, god fearing, godly, pious, practising, ultra orthodox), ورع (devout, god fearing, godliness, holy, pious, prayerful, religiousness, righteous, righteousness, saintly, sanctity), تقي (devout, godliness, godly, holy, immaculate, mystic, pious, prayerful), راهبة (lay sister, nun, nun's, sister, vestal), راهب (fogey, friar, hermit, monk, old fogey, trappist), ديني (divine, sacred), دقيق حتى الافراط. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | строг (astringent, austere, censorious, close, firm, grim, hard, hard and fast, hard-grained, hardhanded, ironclad, narrow, rigid, rigorous, rugged, severe, sinewy, stern, straitlaced, strict, stringent, taut, unaffable, uncharitable), религиозен (pious, spiritual), вярващ (believer), набожен (devotional, devout, godly, pi, pious, prayerful), монаси, монах (cloisterer, friar, monastic, monk, religionary, shaveling, votary), монашески (cloistral, monastic, monkish, regular), много добросъвестен. (various references) | |
Chinese | 宗教 (religion). (various references) | |
Czech | svìdomitý (conscientious, dutiful, scrupulous, thorough), posvátný (holy, sacred, sacrosanct, saintly), nábožný (devout), náboženský (devotional), mnich (carthusian, coenobite, friar, monk), církevní (ecclesiastical, spiritual), řeholník (friar, monk). (various references) | |
Danish | religiøs boghandel, religiøs. (various references) | |
Dutch | religieus, godsdienstig (pious), gelovig. (various references) | |
Esperanto | religia. (various references) | |
Faeroese | trúar-. (various references) | |
Farsi | مذهبی (Devout), تارک دنیا (Ascetic, Hermit, Monk), روحانی (Clergyman, Ethereal, Heavenly, Priest, Sacred, Unworldly), راهبه (Nun), دیندار (Devout, Pious). (various references) | |
Finnish | uskovainen (believer), uskonnollinen, jumalinen (devout, godly). (various references) | |
French | religieux. (various references) | |
German | religiös (devotional, religiously), gläubig (faithful, trusting), fromm (calm, devout, devoutly, docile, god fearing, godly, meek, pious, piously, quiet, religiously, sanctimonious, sanctimoniously, upright). (various references) | |
Greek | φιλόθρησκοσ (devout), θρησκευόμενος, θρησκευτικόσ (sacred), θρησκευτικός, θρησκευτικό βιβλιοπωλείο, θρήσκοσ (devout), θρήσκος, θεοσεβούμενοσ. (various references) | |
Hebrew | דתי (devout, orthodox, pious). (various references) | |
Hungarian | vallásos (devotional, godly, pious), vallási (sacral), vallás-, szigorú (austere, censorious, dour, exacting, hard and fast, harsh, inclement, meagre, poser, rigid, rigorous, rugged, severe, strait, strict, stringent), szerzetesrend tagja, szerzetesi (austere, monacal, monastic, monkish), szerzetes (friar, monastic, monk, regular, shaveling, votary), lelkiismeretes (conscientious, earnest, painstaking, scrupulous), jámbor (arcadian, biddable, devotional, godly, guileless, holy, pious, saintly), istenfélő (god-fearing, godly, pious), barát (boyfriend, bucko, fancier, friend, lover, marrow, monk, shaveling), aprólékosan gondos, apáca (cloistress, nun), aggályoskodó (meticulous, scrupulous), ájtatos (devout, godly, pi). (various references) | |
Icelandic | trúaður. (various references) | |
Indonesian | saleh (devotional, pious, virtuous), keagamaan (religiouness), imani (pious), dakwah (preach, proselytizing), agamix. (various references) | |
Italian | religioso (godly). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 出世間的 (unworldly), 信仰的 (spiritual). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | しゅっせけんてき (unworldly), しんこうてき (spiritual). (various references) | |
Korean | 종교 (religion). (various references) | |
Manx | fer reaylt, crauee (devout, solemn), ben reaylt. (various references) | |
Norwegian | religiøs, troende. (various references) | |
Papiamen | religioso (pious). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | eligiousray.(various references) | |
Portuguese | religioso (believer, devotional, devout, divine, godly, pious, prayerful, religioner). (various references) | |
Romanian | religios (devotional, pious), scrupulos (careful, conscientious, finical, nice, particular, punctilious, qualmish, queasy, scrupulous, scrupulously, thorough), bisericos (godly, pious), bisericesc (church, churchly, ecclesiastical). (various references) | |
Russian | религиозный (godly, pious). (various references) | |
Scottish | cràbhach (devout). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | religiozan, verski (denominational), pobožan (devout, pi, pious, prayerful, saintlike, sanctimonious), duhovni (spiritual). (various references) | |
Spanish | religioso (devout, monk, sacred, votary). (various references) | |
Swedish | religiös (pious, sacred), troende (beliefs, believer, believers, believing). (various references) | |
Turkish | tarikata ait, sofu (ascetic, devotee, fanatic, fanatical, godly, hot gospeler, religionist), inançlı (assured, believer, believing, confident, conscious, reliant), diyanet (religion), dinsel (sacred), dini (ecclesiastical, spiritual), dindar (devotee, devotional, devout, godfearing, godly, pious, prayerful), din (dyne, faith, persuasion, religion), derin (abstruse, deep, fathomless, profound, recondite, sound). (various references) | |
Turkmen | dini, dindar (faithful). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | сумлінний (conscientious, honest), релігійний (devotional, devout, god fearing, godly), чернець (benedictine, brother, coenobite, conventual, friar, monastic, obedientiary, regular), черечий, монах (monk, votary), побожний (devotional, devout, pious, sanctimonious, spiritual). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | tận tâm cao, ngoan đạo chu đáo, mộ đạo (devotional, devotionally, devout, havenly-minded), cẩn thận (canny, careful, cautious, closely, conscientious, tender, wary). (various references) | |
Welsh | crefyddol (pious). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | capitulo, capitulorum, capitulum, monastica, religiosae. (various references) |
| Old English | 450-1100 | godcund. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Acts Chapter 13, Verse 43 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | LuqeishV de thV sunagwghV hkolouqhsan polloi twn ioudaiwn kai twn sebomenwn proshlutwn tw paulw kai tw barnaba oitineV proslalounteV autoiV epeiqon autouV epimenein th cariti tou qeou |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Cumque dimissa esset synagoga secuti sunt multi Iudaeorum et colentium advenarum Paulum et Barnaban qui loquentes suadebant eis ut permanerent in gratia Dei |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | And whanne the synagoge was left, manye of Jewis and of comelingis worschypynge God supeden Poul and Barnabas; that spaken, and counseliden hem, that thei schulden dwelle in the grace of God. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | When the congregacion was broken vp many of the Iewes and verteous covertes folowed Paul and Barnabas which spake to them and exhorted them to cotinue in the grace of God. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Now when the congregation was broken up, many of the Jews and religious proselytes followed Paul and Barnabas: who, speaking to them, persuaded them to continue in the grace of God. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Now when the congregation was broken up, many of the Jews and religious proselytes followed Paul and Barnabas; who speaking to them, persuaded them to continue in the grace of God. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | Now when the meeting was ended, a number of the Jews and of the God-fearing Gentiles who had become Jews, went after Paul and Barnabas: who put before them how important it was to keep on in the grace of God. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Acts Chapter 13, Verse 43 |
| Albanian | Dhe, mbasi u shpërnda mbledhja, shumë nga Judenjtë dhe nga prozelitët e perëndishëm i ndiqnin Palin dhe Barnabën, të cilët, duke u folur atyre, i bindën të ngulmojnë në hir të Perëndisë. |
| Cebuano | Ug pagkatapus na sa tigum sa sinagoga, daghang mga Judio ug mga masimbahong kinabig ngadto sa tinoohan sa mga Judio mikuyog kang Pablo ug Bernabe, nga misulti kanila ug miagda kanila sa pagpadayon diha sa grasya sa Dios. |
| Croatian | A pošto se skup raspustio, mnogi Židovi i bogobojazne pridošlice poðoše za Pavlom i Barnabom koji su ih nagovarali ustrajati u milosti Božjoj. |
| Danish | Men da Forsamlingen var opløst, fulgte mange af Jøderne og af de gudfrygtige Proselyter Paulus og Barnabas, som talte til dem og formanede dem til at blive fast ved Guds Nåde. |
| Dutch | En als de synagoge gescheiden was, volgden velen van de Joden en van de godsdienstige Jodengenoten Paulus en Barnabas; welke tot hen spraken, en hen vermaanden te blijven bij de genade Gods. |
| Finnish | Kun synagoogasta hajaannuttiin, seurasivat monet juutalaiset ja jumalaapelkääväiset käännynnäiset Paavalia ja Barnabasta, jotka puhuivat heille ja kehoittivat heitä pysymään Jumalan armossa. |
| French | et, à l`issue de l`assemblée, beaucoup de Juifs et de prosélytes pieux suivirent Paul et Barnabas, qui s`entretinrent avec eux, et les exhortèrent à rester attachés à la grâce de Dieu. |
| German | Und als die Gemeinde der Schule voneinander ging, folgten Paulus und Barnabas nach viele Juden und gottesfürchtige Judengenossen. Sie aber sagten ihnen und ermahnten sie, daß sie bleiben sollten in der Gnade Gottes. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Sesudah orang-orang keluar dari rumah ibadat itu, Paulus dan Barnabas diikuti oleh banyak orang Yahudi dan orang bangsa lain yang sudah masuk agama Yahudi. Maka rasul-rasul itu menasihati mereka supaya mereka terus bersandar pada rahmat Allah. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Setelah perhimpunan itu berpecah, maka banyaklah orang Yahudi dan orang mualaf yang beribadat mengikut Paulus dan Barnabas, yang berkata kepada mereka itu menyuruh bertekun di dalam anugerah Allah. |
| Italian | Sciolta poi l'assemblea, molti Giudei e proseliti credenti in Dio seguirono Paolo e Barnaba ed essi, intrattenendosi con loro, li esortavano a perseverare nella grazia di Dio. |
| Maori | Heoi ka pakarukaru te huihui, he tokomaha nga Hurai me nga porohiraiti karakia i aru i a Paora raua ko Panapa: a ka korero raua ki a ratou, ka ako kia mau tonu ratou ki te aroha noa o te Atua. |
| Norwegian | Og da synagoge-tjenesten var til ende, fulgte mange av jødene og av de gudsdyrkere som hadde tatt ved jødenes tro, med Paulus og Barnabas; disse talte da med dem og formante dem til å holde fast ved Guds nåde. |
| Portuguese | E, despedida a sinagoga, muitos judeus e prosélitos devotos seguiram a Paulo e Barnabé, os quais, falando-lhes, os exortavam a perseverarem na graça de Deus. |
| Rumanian | Wi dupq ce s`a kmprqwtiat adunarea, mulyi din Iudei wi din prozeliyii evlaviowi au mers dupq Pavel wi Barnaba, cari stqteau de vorbq cu ei, wi -i kndemnau sq stqruiascq kn harul lui Dumnezeu. |
| Shuar | Tura Nuyá iruntsua tsenkeenak Israer-shuarsha, tura Chíkichkia Israer ajasarusha, Yúsan umirkatajtsa wakeriarmia nuka, Páprun Pirnapíncha nemarsarmiayi. Niisha nu aentsun chicharuk "Yusa anenkrattairi Enentáimtusrum kakartarum" tiarmiayi. |
| Swahili | Mkutano huo ulipomalizika, Wayahudi wengi na watu wa mataifa mengine waliokuwa wameongokea dini ya Kiyahudi waliwafuata Paulo na Barnaba. Hao mitume waliongea nao, wakawatia moyo waendelee kuishi wakitegemea neema ya Mungu. |
| Swedish | Och när församlingen åtskildes, följde många judar och gudfruktiga proselyter med Paulus och Barnabas. Dessa talade då till dem och förmanade dem att stadigt hålla sig till Guds nåd. |
| Uma | Oti toe, pagaa' -gaa' -ramo ngkai tomi posampayaa toe. Wori' to Yahudi mpotuku' Paulus pai' Barnabas. Pai' wori' wo'o tauna to bela-ra to Yahudi aga to mesua' -mi hi agama Yahudi, metuku' wo'o-ra-rawo mpotuku' Paulus pai' Barnabas. Suro Pue' Yesus toera mpo'apui nono-ra bona tida-ra mepangala' hi Alata'ala to mpowai' -ta kalompea' ngkai kabula rala-na. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "religious": religiously, religiousness, religiousnesses. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "religious": antireligious, interreligious, irreligious, multireligious, nonreligious, semireligious, socioreligious, unreligious. (additional references) | |
Words containing "religious": irreligiously. (additional references) | |
| |
"Religious" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: areligious, eximious, redivivus, relgious, religeous, religio, religios, religiosa, Religiosi, rel-ig-ious, religiousae, religiuos, religous, Relogio. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "religious" (pronounced ruli"jus or rēli"jus) |
| 7 | r u l i" j u s | nonreligious, semireligious. |
| 4 | -i" j u s | litigious, prestigious, prodigious. |
| 3 | -j u s | advantageous, aegis, Burgess, contagious, courageous, disadvantageous, egregious, gorgeous, largess, outrageous, sacrilegious. |
| 5 | -l i" j u s | nonreligious, semireligious. |
| 4 | -i" j u s | litigious, prestigious, prodigious. |
| 3 | -j u s | advantageous, aegis, Burgess, contagious, courageous, disadvantageous, egregious, gorgeous, largess, outrageous, sacrilegious. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-g-i-i-l-o-r-s-u" | |
-2 letters: girlies, glories, ligures, lousier, soilure. | |
-3 letters: erugos, girlie, gluers, gluier, grilse, grouse, gruels, guiles, guiros, ligers, ligure, logier, lories, louies, lugers, oglers, oilers, oilier, orgies, oriels, regius, reguli, reoils, rogues, rouges, rugose, sigloi, uglier, uglies. | |
-4 letters: erugo, euros, girls, giros, gluer, glues, goers, gores, gorse, gruel, grues, guile, guiro, guise, gules, iglus, ileus. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-g-i-i-l-o-r-s-u" | |
+2 letters: irreligious, religiously, unreligious. | |
+3 letters: griseofulvin, nonreligious, sacrilegious, supercoiling. | |
+4 letters: antireligious, griseofulvins, irreligiously, prestigiously, religiousness, semireligious, serpiginously, vertiginously. | |
+5 letters: ingloriousness, interreligious, liturgiologies, multireligious, neurobiologies, neurobiologist, sacrilegiously, socioreligious. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Sounds 10. Quotations: Familiar 11. Quotations: Historic 12. Quotations: Fiction | 13. Quotations: Non-fiction 14. Quotations: Spoken 15. Quotations: Speeches 16. Usage Frequency | 17. Expressions 18. Expressions: Internet 19. Translations: Modern 20. Translations: Ancient | 21. Bible Trace 22. Abbreviations 23. Acronyms 24. Derivations | 25. Rhymes 26. Anagrams 27. Bibliography |
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