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Red

Specialty Definition: Red

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Specialty Definition: Network congestion avoidance

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Network congestion avoidance is a process used in networks to avoid Network congestion. The fundamental problem is that all network resources are limited, including router processing time and link bandwidth. Unless there is some sort of compensating process, users could easily increase their requests to the point where all network resources were consumed, making the network unusable (humorously called a "notwork"). Implementations of connection oriented flowss, such as the widely-used TCP protocol, generally measure/register packet errors, losses or delays, and adjust the transmit speed. There are many different network congestion avoidance processes, since there are a number of different trade-offs available.

TCP/IP congestion avoidance

Problems occur when many concurrent TCP-flows are experiencing port queue buffer tail-drops. Then TCP's automatic congestion avoidance is not enough. All flows that experience port queue buffer tail-drop, will begin a TCP retrain at the same moment - this is called TCP global synchronization.

RED

One solution is to use RED (Random Early Detection) on network equipments port queue buffer. On network equipment ports with more than one queue buffer, WRED (Weighted Random Early Detection) could be used if available. RED indirectly signals to sender and receiver by deleting some packets , eg. when the average queue buffer lengths are more than 50% filled and deletes exponentially more and more packets, when the average queue buffer lengths are approaching 100%. The average queue buffer lengths are computed over 1 second at a time.

IP ECN

Another approach is to use IP ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification). IP ECN are only used when the two hosts signal that they respect ECN. With this method, an ECN bit are set in a few selected packet headers to signal an explicit congestion. This is better in some respects than the indirect packet delete congestion notification performed by RED/WRED algorithm, but note that it requires explicit support by both hosts to be effective. Note also that a certain amount of outdated/broken network equipment erroneously drops all packets with the ECN bit set, rather than ignoring it.

Flowbased-RED/WRED

Some network equipment are equipped with ports that can follow and measure each flow (flowbased-RED/WRED) and are hereby able to signal to a too big bandwidth flow according to some QoS policy. A policy could divide the bandwidth among all flows by some criteria.

Cisco AQM: Dynamic buffer limiting (DBL)

Then firm Cisco has taken a step further in their Catalyst 4000 series with engine IV. The engine IV has the possibility to classify all connectionoriented flows in "aggressive" (bad) and "adaptive" (good). I realtime the engine IV ensures that no flows fills the port queues over a longer time. DBL can utilize IP ECN instead of packet-delete-signalling. See the sections in: Active Queue Management and Enabling Dynamic Buffer Limiting. Do other firms has something equivalent?

Good things about Active Queue Management (RED, WRED, ECN, Cisco DBL)

The IETF's RFC2309: Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the Internet (April 1998) states that:

• Less packets will be dropped with Active Queue Management (AQM).
• The link utilization will increase because fewer TCP global synchronization will occur.
• By keeping the average queue size small, queue management will reduce the delayss and jitter seen by flows.
• The connection bandwidth will be more equally shared among connection oriented flows, even without flowbased-RED, WRED.

See also

• Traffic Shaping
• Quality of Service

External Links

• Sally Floyd: RED (Random Early Detection) Queue Management
• April 1998, RFC2309: Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the Internet, Original RFC2309
• RFC2001: TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms, Original RFC2001
• TCP Congestion Control, Original RFC2581
• TCP Increasing TCP's Initial Window, Original RFC3390
• The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP, Original RFC3168
• Linktionary term: Queuing
• Comparative study of RED, ECN and TCP Rate Control (1999)
• Pierre-Francois Quet, Sriram Chellappan, Arjan Durresi, Mukundan Sridharan, Hitay Ozbay, Raj Jain, " Guidelines for optimizing Multi-Level ECN, using fluid flow based TCP model"
• Sally Floyd, Ratul Mahajan, David Wetherall: RED-PD: RED with Preferential Dropping
• TCP Tunnels: Avoiding Congestion Collapse (2000)
  

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Network congestion avoidance."

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Northern red oak

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The northern red oak, Quercus rubra (Quercus borealis in some references), is one of the red oak group, and is the most important timber tree of the North American oaks. In the forests, the red oak grows straight and tall, and the wood is of high value. Other trees are also cut and marketed as red oak, although their wood is not of as high a quality. These include black oak, scarlet oak, pin oak, Shumard oak, and Spanish oak.

The northern red oak is so-called to distinguish the name from the southern red oak, another name for the Spanish oak. It is easy to recognize from its bark because it features bark ridges that appear to have shiny stripes down the center. A few other oaks have bark with this kind of appearance in the upper tree, but the northern red oak is the only tree with the striping all the way down the trunk.

The northern red oak leaves have more lobes and are less deeply cut than other oaks of the red oak group.

The northern red oak grows from the north end of the Great Lakes east to the maritime provinces of Canada and south as far as Georgia and Alabama, it has been widely introduced outside of it's range. The northern red oak favors mesic or moderately moist valley and hillside sites with good soil that is slightly acidic.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Northern red oak."

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Red

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Red is a color at the lowest frequencies of light discernible by the human eye. Red light has a wavelength of roughly 700 nm. Oxygenated blood is red due to the presence of hemoglobin.

On a browser that supports visual formatting in Cascading Style Sheets, the following box should appear in this color:

Lower frequencies are called infrared, or far red.

Usage, symbolism, colloquial expressions

• Red catches people's attention, and is often seen as a sign of danger: it is thus used for warning signs.
  • The color red is often used to denote anger as in seeing red.
  • The color of blood led red to be associated with the god of war, Mars, and the reddish planet Mars became named for him.
  • Red is used to denote "stop" in traffic signs and traffic signals.

• For a long time (beginning probably with the French Revolution) red was used as a colour of Revolutionaries, Leftist and generally radical groups, while white was used as colour of conservatives.
  • For instance the Civil War in Russia and the Civil War in Finland were fought between "Reds" and "Whites".
  • The identification of Communism as red (with red being the primary color of the flag of the Soviet Union) led to such Cold War phrases as "the Red Menace" and "Red China" (distinguished from Nationalist China, "Free China," or Taiwan).

• In Chinese symbolism, red is the color of good luck and is used for decoration and wedding attire. Money in Chinese societies is traditionally given in red packets.

• Red is also used to denote debt - as well as losses on a balance sheet.

• In North American stock markets, red is used to denote a drop in stock prices. In East Asian stock markets, red is used to denote a rise in stock prices.

• In maps of political parties, red is traditionally used for the following parties:
  • Canada: Liberal Party of Canada
  • United Kingdom: Labour Party
  • United States: Republican Party

    Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Red."

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Red alga

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Red algae
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Protista Division: Rhodophyta
Classes
Florideophyceae Bangiophyceae Cyanidiophyceae

The red algae are a large group of mostly multicellular, marine algae, including many notable seaweeds. Most of the coralline algae, which secrete calcium carbonate and have played a major role in building certain reefs, belong here. Red algae are a traditional part of some oriental cuisine, for instance as nori, and are used to make certain other products like agar and food additives.

The chloroplasts of red algae are bound by a double membrane, so presumably were acquired by direct endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria. Like most cyanobacteria, they are pigmented with chlorophyll a and various proteins called phycobilins, which gives them a distinctive red colour. The only other groups with primary chloroplasts are the green plants and glaucophytes, and it has been proposed that these groups all share a common origin. Most other algae have chloroplasts taken secondarily from one of these forms, and in particular a number of groups appear to have acquired them from red algae: heterokonts, haptophytes, cryptomonads, and dinoflagellates. These chloroplasts typically have chlorophylls a and c lack phycobilins, but show genetic similarities to those of this group.

Red algae have mitochondria with flat cristae, and undergo closed mitosis. Unlike most other algae, no flagella are found in any member of the group. Unicellular forms typically live attached to surfaces rather than floating among the plankton, and both the larger female and smaller male gametes are non-motile, so that most have a low chance of fertilization. Cell walls are made out of cellulose and thick gelatinous polysaccharides, which are the basis for most of the industrial products made from red algae.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Red alga."

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Red Guards

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In the Civil War in Finland, 1918, the Red Guards were the supporters of revolution who were defeated by the White Guards and German forces.

Red Guards is, with regard to the Russia and the Soviet Union, just another English name for the Red Army.

During the Civil War in Russia, 1918-1920, the Red Guards defeated the White guards, or simply the Whites, who together with West-European intervening forces supported the monarchists, democrats and conservatives who opposed the Russian Bolshevist October Revolution supported by the Red Guards.

In the People's Republic of China, the Red Guards (紅衛兵) were civilians who were the frontline implementers of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1960s-1970s). Most Red Guards were youngsters in their mid-teens summoned by Chairman Mao Zedong to protect the forward progression of the Chinese Socialist Movement against "evil forces" such as imperialism, corruption and class struggles (although it was generally believed that Mao and Jiang Qing used the occasion to eliminate intellectuals, prominent leaders of the Communist Party of China, or just about anyone not on their side).

[Caution: The content below may not be NPOV.]

Many young Chinese were enthusiastic about the prospect of "being politically influential at such young age" and "being able to skip school". With Little Red Books in their hands, squads of Red Guards formed and began to storm from house to house looking for potential "targets". Slowly running out of "targets", they started victimizing their teachers, relatives, and then their own families. The accusation against their victims were becoming more and more ridiculous as well. Someone might be punished for not owning an "extra set" of the Chairman's publications. The punishment could be exceptionally cruel. Some victims were forced to chew on shattered glass, while others would be forced to strip naked and march through town. The situation quickly turned out to be downright ugly. The number of people who perished during the period was estimated to be in the millions.

There were cases where particular members would start by going after their parents in order to display uncompromising fairness and absolute obedience to Mao. Then others would have to measure up or even surpass these efforts, and whole thing would fall into a vicious cycle.

Following Mao's death and the Gang of Four's demise in 1976, the Cultural Revolution officially ended. During the late-1970s and early-1980s, numerous ex-Red Guards who were identified as having committed serious crimes against humanity during the revolution were finally tried and sentenced to prison, some were even executed. However, the physical and psychological scars they inflicted on their victims may never heal. Those ex-Red Guards who escaped punishment are not rejoicing either, as most have missed their chance for education; they are now left helplessly at the bottom of the food-chain despite mainland China's booming economy. In retrospect, the ex-Red Guards who were celebrated so early in their lives, are now collectively referred to as the Lost Generation.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Red Guards."

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Red Line (Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Red Line is one of the four MBTA subway lines in Boston. It has its northwestern terminus at the Alewife station near Fresh Pond in West Cambridge, meets the Green Line at Park Street and the Orange Line at Downtown Crossing, and splits into two branches south of South Boston. One branch terminates at Braintree, and the other at Ashmont in Dorchester with a trolley extension to Mattapan.

The Red Line gets its name from crimson, the school color of Harvard University. Until 1985, when it was extended to Alewife, the Red Line terminated at Harvard Square.

The Red Line was originally known as the Cambridge-Dorchester Tunnel. The Cambridge section was first to open, in 1911, followed quickly by the Beacon Hill tunnel to Park Street and from there to South Station. Later extensions brought service to South Boston and Dorchester. The Braintree branch opened in 1971 over the former right of way of the Old Colony Railroad.

Stations

• Alewife (Alewife Brook Parkway, Cambridge)
• Davis (Davis Square, Somerville)
• Porter (Porter Square, Cambridge)
• Harvard (Harvard Square, Cambridge)
• Central (Central Square, Cambridge)
• Kendall (Kendall Square, Cambridge)
• Charles (Cambridge and Charles Streets, Boston)
• Park Street (Park, Tremont, and Winter Streets, Boston)
• Downtown Crossing (Summer, Washington, and Winter Streets, Boston)
• South Station (Dewey Square, Boston)
• Broadway (Broadway and Dorchester Avenue, South Boston)
• Andrew (Andrew Square, South Boston)
• JFK/UMass (Columbia Road and Morrissey Boulevard, Dorchester)

Dorchester Branch

• Savin Hill (Savin Hill Avenue and Sidney Street)
• Fields Corner (Charles Street and Dorchester Avenue)
• Shawmut (Dayton Street)
• Ashmont (Ashmont Street and Dorchester Avenue)
• Continuing service to Mattapan via the Ashmont-Mattapan High Speed Line

Braintree Branch

• North Quincy (East Squantum and Hancock Streets, Quincy)
• Wollaston (Newport Avenue and Beale Street, Quincy)
• Quincy Center (Hancock and Washington Streets, Quincy)
• Quincy Adams (Burgin Parkway and Centre Street, Quincy)
• Braintree (Ivory and Union Streets, Braintree)

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Red Line (Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority)."

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Red River (Mississippi watershed)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Red River is one of several rivers with that name. It rises in two branches in the Texas Panhandle and flows along the border of Texas and Oklahoma and Texas and Arkansas. At Fulton, Arkansas, the Red turns south into Louisiana where it empties into the Atchafalaya and Mississippi Rivers. The river gains its name from the red-clay farmland it waters. The Red River is dammed by the Denison Dam (est. 1943) to form Lake Texoma, a large reservoir. Other reservoirs serve as flood-control on the river's tributaries.

Much of the river's length in Louisiana was unnavigable in the early Nineteenth Century due to a collection of fallen trees that formed a "Great Raft" over 160 miles long (257 km). Captain Henry Miller Shreve cleared the jam in 1839, and now the river is navigable for small craft north of Natchitoches, Louisiana.

See also the Red River disambiguation page.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Red River (Mississippi watershed)."

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Red River of the North

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

See also the Red River disambiguation page.

The Red River, one of several rivers by that name, flows northward, forming the entire border between Minnesota and North Dakota and then flowing into Canada, and is called the Red River of the North in order to distinguish it from another Red River (a tributary of the Mississippi River that forms part of the border between Texas and Oklahoma). It passes Fargo and Grand Forks, North Dakota, then enters the province of Manitoba in Canada. That province's capital, Winnipeg, is at its confluence with the Assiniboine River. The river drains into Lake Winnipeg and is part of the Hudson Bay watershed.

The Red River is one of the remnants of the ancient Lake Agassiz.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Red River of the North."

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Red Sea

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

corals in the Red Sea (Sudan)

The Red Sea (Arabic: Bahr el-Ahmar or al-bahru l-'ahmar; Hebrew: Yam Suf) is a gulf or basin of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb sound and the Gulf of Aden. In the north is the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The sea is roughly 1900 km long and at its widest is over 300 km. The sea floor has a maximum depth of 2,500 m in the central median trench and an average depth of 500 m, but it also has extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 or 450,000 km². The sea is the habitat of over 1000 invertebrate species and 200 soft and hard corals, of the many vertebrate species there are over 300 types of shark. The sea occupies a part of the Great Rift Valley.

The name of the sea does not indicate a permanent red colour, but may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured cyanobacteria Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water surface. Some suggest that it refers to the mineral-rich red mountains nearby.

Surface water temperatures remain relatively constant at 21-25°C and temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m, but the sea is known for its strong winds and tricky local currents. The sea was created by the division of Africa from the Arabian penninsula, a movement which began around 30 million years ago. The sea is still widening and there are small volcanic features in the deeper parts, it is considered that the sea will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of Tuzo Wilson).

The sea is a popular tourist destination and is known for a number of spectacular dive sites in Egypt: like Ras Mohammed, Elphinstone, The Brothers, Rocky Island and the even better and more unknown in Sudan like Sanganeb, Abington, Angarosh, Shaab Rumi (see picture above).

Bordering countries are:

• South bank:
  • Djibouti
  • Eritrea
  • Sudan
  • Egypt
• North bank:
  • Israel
  • Jordan
  • Saudi Arabia
  • Yemen

Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast include: Assab, Port Sudan, Port Safaga, Hurghada, El Suweis, Sharm el Sheikh, Eilat, Aqaba, Dahab, Jedda, Al Hudaydah.

The Red Sea was 'discovered' as a diving destination by Hans Hass in the 1950s, and by Jacques-Yves Cousteau later.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Red Sea."

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Social Democratic Party of Germany

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Current SPD logo

The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD – Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) is the oldest political party of Germany still in existence and also one of the oldest in the world, celebrating its 140th anniversary in 2003. Rooted in the worker's movement, it is left-of-center and subscribes to social democracy.

The SPD is a member party of the Socialist International.

Members of the party who are younger than 35 are organized in the Jusos.

History

The party considers itself to be founded on May 23, 1863, by Ferdinand Lassalle under the name Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (ADAV, General German Worker's Association). In 1869, August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht founded the Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei (SDAP, Social Democratic Worker Party), which merged with the ADAV in 1875.

SPD election poster, 1932. Translation: "Against Papen, Hitler, Thälmann; List 2, Social Democrats"
(Larger version)

After World War I, the Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party of Germany became bitter rivals (see Weimar Republic). The leader of the Prussian government in Berlin, socialist Otto Braun was ousted by military coup on July 20, 1932 and the party was banned by the Nazis in 1933. It takes a certain pride in being the only party that voted against the 1933 Enabling Act.

The SPD was recreated after World War II. In West Germany, it was initially in the opposition, but led the federal government under Chancellors Willy Brandt and Helmut Schmidt from 1969 until 1982. In its 1959 Godesberg Program the SPD abandoned the concept of a class party and Marxist principles while continuing to stress social welfare programs. Although the SPD originally opposed West Germany's 1955 entry into NATO, it now strongly supports German ties with the alliance.

In the Russian sector which later became East Germany, the Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party of Germany were forced to merge to form the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), although there remained a separate SPD in East Berlin. After the fall of the GDR in 1989, the SPD regained its status as a separate party in East Germany, then merging with its West-German counterpart.

Current issues

The SPD emerged as the winner in the September 1998 elections with 40.9% of the votes cast. Gerhard Schröder led the party to victory in 1998 on a moderate platform emphasizing the need to reduce unemployment. The SPD has a powerful base in the bigger cities and industrialized Bundesländer. Oskar Lafontaine, elected SPD chairman November 1995, resigned from his party and government positions in March, 1999. Schröder succeeded Lafontaine as party chairman. In the September 2002 elections, the SPD reached 38.5% of the national votes.

For many years the membership of the SPD has been declining. Down from a high of over 1 million in 1976, there were about 775,000 members at the time of the 1998 election victory, and by August 2003 the figure had dropped to 663,000.

Related articles

• Politics of Germany
• List of political parties in Germany
• Bundestag (Federal Assembly of Germany)
• Weimar Republic

External link

• Party official website

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Social Democratic Party of Germany."

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Three Colors: Red

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Red is the English language title of the 1994 French language film, Rouge (available with English subtitles).

Co-written, produced, and directed by Krzysztof Kieslowski, Red is the final film of the Three Colors trilogy, preceded first by Blue and then White.

Three Colors: Red:

• Executive Producer: Yvon Crenn
• Directed by: Krzysztof Kieslowski
• Screenplay: Krzysztof Piesiewicz and Krzysztof Kieslowski
• Cinematography: Piotr Sobocinski
• Musical Score: Zbigniew Preisner

STARRING:

• Irene Jacob: "Valentine Dussaut"
• Jean-Louis Trintignant: "Joseph Kern"
• Jean-Pierre Lorit: "Auguste Bruner"
• Frederique Feder: "Karin"

AWARDS:

• Nominated for three Academy Awards: 1) Directing, 2) Best Cinematography and 3) Best Original Screenplay
• National Board of Review, Best Foreign Language Film
• New York Film Critics Circle Awards, Best Foreign Language Film
• National Society of Film Critics Awards, Best Foreign Language Film
• Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, Best Foreign Film
• Zbigniew Preisner won the Cesar Award for Best Music.
• Cesar Award nominations for Best Film, Best Actor: (Jean-Louis Trintignant), Best Actress: (Irene Jacob), Best Director: (Krzysztof Kieslowski), Best Writing: (Krzysztof Kieslowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz).

Writer/director Krzysztof Kieslowski's trilogy was made back-to-back beginning in 1993. Each of the films takes its name from the colors of the French flag and its themes from the ideals represented by those colors as defined during the French Revolution:

1. Bleu/Blue -- liberty;
2. Blanc/White -- equality;
3. Rouge/Red -- friendship.

Set in Geneva, Switzerland, and like its predecessors, a multi-layered story with many messages, Red has perhaps the simplest storyline of the Kieslowski trilogy. It also received more English media recognition than "Blue" or "White" after the critical successes of the first two parts of the trilogy.

The film begins with clips that track a telephone call between London, England to the other end of the line in Geneva. As the story unfolds, the viewer sees that telephones allow the characters to interact with one another without any emotional commitment. And, the film will focus on the consequences of private telephone conversations being listened to by a lonely retired Swiss judge, Joseph Kern. The viewer understands that the relationships that arise, in this case from the artificiality of a telephone line, cannot be sustained without the physical connection. That physical connection will soon apply to the judge's electronic eavesdropping on his neighbors conversations.

The concept of privacy, justice, and personal duty are brought out through the use of these conversations as Valentine, a naive university student and part time model, begins to face her own emotional inadequacies after meeting the voyeuristic Kern following her accidentally injuring his dog. The developing platonic friendship and personal revelations between the young, idealistic woman and the bitter older judge, provides the vehicle for change in both characters. Valentine is in love with an emotionally distant but possessive man, Michel, and the Judge wallows in self pity, still in love with the wife who left him many years ago.

Woven into their developing friendship is the story of Valentine's neighbor, a legal student named Auguste, who is in and out of her daily routine without either realizing it. Auguste, perhaps a reincarnation of the elderly Joseph, undergoes a personal betrayal by his girlfriend, Karin, whose conversations have been monitored by her neighbor, the judge. Through their encounters, the lives of these four characters unfold and fraternity emerges. Yet, despite its warmth and theme, director Kieslowski often keeps the characters emotionally distanced from the events around them by using numerous scenes where a window comes between the camera and the principal action.

The windows that keep Joseph from closeness begin to open when he will take his first step to reach out by sending a letter to the police and to neighbours, informing them he has been listening in on their telephone conversations. Following a court appearance for his wrongdoing, his neighbours respond by throwing rocks at his house, breaking the windows.

Valentine's understanding and appreciation of Joseph grows and when the recluse former judge ventures out of his house to see her fashion show he reveals to her the story of his betrayal thirty-five years prior.

A sophisticated production, "Red" is a visually beautiful film that utilizes moods and intellectual themes to provide some answers to the questions raised by the entire trilogy. The unpredictable plot takes many twists and turns and, as in the previous two films, throughout "Red," director Kieslowski uses its title color to continually remind the audience of the fraternity theme. The color red is seen on the canopy of the neighborhood restaurant, a character's automobile, and principally with the huge advertising banner featuring Valentine's facial profile.

At the conclusion of this film a final twist of fate reveals the destiny of the characters from the entire trilogy. In the final shot of the film, after Joseph learns that Valentine has survived the disaster and found Auguste, he looks through a broken window in his house, seeing a different world outside.

Wrapped around a brillant music score by Zbigniew Preisner, "Red" is the warmest of the three colors, giving the viewer the message that without "fraternity, " all the "liberty" and "equality" in the world is meaningless. However, when all three films are examined as a whole, the common unifying element is love.

Roger Ebert and most critics deem "Red" (and the entire triology) as a masterpiece and one of the finest of cinematic achievements.

"This is the kind of film that makes you feel intensely alive while you're watching it, and sends you out into the streets afterwards eager to talk deeply and urgently, to the person you are with. Whoever that happens to be." ... Roger Ebert

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Three Colors: Red."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Red

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Modern Usage: Red

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Commercial Usage: Red

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Image Slideshow: Red

Photos: Red More pictures...

Illustrations: Red More pictures...

Computer Images: Red More pictures...

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Photo Album: Red

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	An overflowing grocery bag spills out. Broccoli, pears, red kidney beans, peppers and tomatoes are on a wooden table in a tight shot. See artwork: PV-44. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer).		(1) color slide shows a whole red, raw, pepper. Credit: Renee Comet (photographer).
	Histopathology of autopsy liver from child who died of Reye's syndrome. Hepatocytes contain fine fat droplets. Frozen section stained with Oil Red O and hematoxylin. Credit: CDC.		Hemosiderin, revealed here using PAS stain and H&E counterstain, is a normal by-product produced during the breakdown of red blood cells, and the decomposition of the hemoglobin molecule contained in these blood components. Credit: CDC.
	Glowing gaseous streamers of red, white, and blue — as well as green and pink — illuminate the ... Credit: NASA.		Exposures taken through separate red, green, and blue filters and used to create a color image ... Credit: NASA.
	Three-color filter image of Jupiter's best known feature, the Great Red Spot. (Voyager 1). Credit: NASA.		False-color image of Jupiter's Great Red Spot. (Voyager 1). Credit: NASA.
	An overhead view like the one above, but different wavelengthsare assigned to the red, green and blue channels to make the hurricaneappear red. Credit: NASA.		This image is true stereo from GOES-East and GOES-West satellites. Use red/green stereo glasses with the red lens on the right eye. The date/time for this image was 15 Sepember 1988 16:18:55 UTC. Credit: NASA.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Red
 

"Red flower" by Matt Hudson Commentary: "Using a very short depth of field this photo was taken without a tripod."	"Red wall" by Ryan White Commentary: "Aluminium ladder, shadows and red wall."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Sounds Captioned with "Red".

Play	Caption
	Roulette; gambling; gaming; chance; black; red; even; odd; .
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Familiar Quotations: Red

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Historic Usage: Red

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Use in Literature: Red

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Non-Fiction Usage: Red

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Spoken Usage: Red