Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Recording |
RecordingNoun1. Signal encoding something (e.g., picture or sound) that has been recorded. 2. The act of making a record (especially an audio record); "she watched the recording from a sound-proof booth". 3. A storage device on which information (sounds or images) have been recorded. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "recording" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1532. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Electrical Engineering | A)an action by which signals are suitably embodied in a material base; b)techniques whereby information is embodied in a material base with the aim of preserving it with a view to subsequent reproduction; c)a material base for signals after embodiment and, through extension, the signals themselves after reproduction. Source: European Union. (references) |
Meteorology & Standards | The inscriptions made on the recording chart or the change of state of the recording medium. Source: European Union. (references) |
Statistics | The act of setting down in writing or some other permanent form for later reference. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The analogue disc record was the main technology used for storing recorded sound in the 20th century. Its common names included gramophone record (British English), phonograph record (American English), record, album, disc, black disc, vinyl, and (more informally) platter or sides.
Introduction
It is an audio storage medium, most commonly used for preserving music. A gramophone record almost always consists of a disc engraved with a single concentric spiral groove on one side of the disc, in which a stylus or needle runs, from the outside edge towards the centre. (A small number of early phonograph systems and radio transcription discs started the groove from the inside rather than the edge of the disc, and a small number of novelty records were manufactured with multiple separate grooves.) The record spins at a certain speed, while the needle is held on a mobile arm, which gradually moves toward the centre of the record as it follows the spiral. Since the late 1910s, both sides of the record have usually been used for playing surfaces.
By the early 1990s digital media such as the compact disc surpassed the analogue disc in popularity, but analogue discs continue to be made (although in very limited quantities) into the 21st century.
Early history
Recording on disc as opposed to phonograph cylinder had been contemplated and experimented with by such inventors as Charles Cros, Thomas Edison, Chichester Bell, but the first to actually develop usable disc record technology was Emil Berliner, a German working in Washington, D.C, in 1884. He got patents in Berlin and Washington, DC for the record and the gramophone in 1887.
The first disc recordings for phonographs or gramophones were commercially marketed in 1895, and they gradually overtook the earlier phonograph cylinder as the dominant medium of recorded sound by the 1910s.
Early analogue disc records were originally made of various materials including hard rubber. In the early 20th century earlier materials were largely replaced by a rather brittle formula known as "shellac". The mass production of shellac records began in 1898 in Hanover, Germany. Shellac records were the most common until about 1950. Earliest speeds of rotation varied widely, but by 1910 records rotating at or about 78 or 80 times in one minute became standard, with 78 rpm becoming the standard in the late 1920s. This gave a common name for such records as 78s (or "seventy-eights"). This term did not come into use until after World War II when a need developed to distinguish the 78 from other newer disc record formats. Earlier they were just called records, or when there was a need to distinguish them from cylinders, disc records. Standard records was also used, although the same term had also been used earlier for 2 minute cylinders.
In the 1890s early discs were usually 7 inches in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch record was by far the most popular standard, holding about 3 minutes of music or entertainment on a side. 12-inch records were also commercially sold, mostly of classical music or operatic selections, with 5 minutes of music per side.
Such records were usually sold separately, but sometimes in collections held in paper sleeves in a cardboard or leather book, similar to a photograph album, and called record albums. Also, empty record albums were sold that customers could use to store their disc records in.
Post-War formats
After World War II, the "78" was replaced by two competing formats: the 33 1/3 rpm (often just referred to as to 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm. The 33 1/3 rpm LP (for "Long Play") format was developed by Columbia Records and marketed in 1948. RCA Victor had developed the 45 rpm format years earlier but had not marketed it until 1949, in response to Columbia. Both types of new disc used narrower grooves, intended to be played with a smaller stylus, than the old "78s", so the new records were sometimes called Microgroove. All of these companies agreed to a common recording standard for improving quality called RIAA equalization.
The older 78 format continued to be mass produced along side the newer formats into the 1950s (and in a few countries, such as India, into the 1960s).
About the same time the most common substance for making disc records became vinyl. All speeds of records were made in various sizes, mainly 7, 10 and 12 inches diameter; the 7-inch being most common for the 45rpm, the 10-inch for the 78 (and the first few years of 33&1/3 production), and the 12-inch for the 33 from the mid 1950s on.
Disc records were extremely popular in their heyday, despite their well-known weaknesses. Throughout most of their period of popularity audio quality was below the best technically possible, but disc records were cheap to manufacture, and easy for the buyer to store and play back.
- A 45-rpm 7-inch was called a 45 (forty-five) or a single, because it usually held a single song on each side. It took over this role from the older standard of the 10-inch 78. Early on RCA sold albums of 45s of all types of music including long classical compositions, but after a few years even RCA recognized that the LP format developed by their competitor Columbia was a more practical format for most recordings other than singles. American 45s have 3/4" centre holes. Pressings made in other countries often have 1/4" holes, the same as LPs, set into removable 3/4" centres.
- A 45-rpm 12-inch format was introduced in Britain in the late 1970s. These so-called 12-inch singles could carry extended versions of songs, or carry the same material as regular singles with wider spacing between grooves, allowing for higher sound quality than regular singles.
- A 33-rpm 7-inch was known as an "EP" (extended play), with 2 or 3 songs per side. However, 45-rpm 7-inch EPs were also produced, using narrower groove spacing (and therefore lower sound quality) to carry 2 songs per side.
- A 33-rpm 12-inch (originally 10-inch) was an "LP" or long-playing record, with from 5 to 10 songs on each side. Because the same amount of music as on an entire album of old style 78s could be fitted on a single disc, some people took to calling these new discs albums even when referring to a single disc. Run time per side tended to increase from about 15 minutes to nearly 30 minutes, but most LPs during the 70s had a combined run time of 40 to 45 minutes, hence the popularity of the C90 compact audio cassette which runs for 45 continuous minutes per side.
- 16-rpm records, usually 12 inches, were also manufactured. These were of lower audio fidelity and mostly used for spoken word recordings. The most common of these were recorded readings of books made for the benefit of the visually impaired.
The discs were fragile. Shellac 78s were brittle and would shatter if dropped. While vinyl records were less subject to breakage they were more prone to being scratched on their unprotected surface, and were more easily warped out of shape by heat. Scratches could cause audio clicks and pops; the needle could skip to the next groove, bypassing that portion of the audio track; or it could skip backward, repeating the same portion of track over and over. If the hole in a record was not cut precisely in the centre the grooves would speed up and slow down once per revolution as the needle moved further from and then closer to the centre, causing changes in speed and pitch known as "wow".
Audiophiles would take great care of their records, often playing them on expensive equipment to get the best sound and impart the least wear to the disc. However, even with the best of care, keen ears could often detect slight surface noise and audio degradation after two to five playings of a vinyl record. Repeated use degraded the audio quality further.
As a practical matter, records provided adequate sound quality when treated with care and replaced after a reasonable number of playings. They were the music source of choice for radio stations for decades, and the switch to digital music libraries by radio stations has not produced a noticeable improvement in sound quality. The limitations of recording and mastering techniques had a greater impact on sound quality than the limitations of the record itself, at least until the 1980s.
Records were easy and inexpensive to manufacture, so they could be mass-produced. Also, with the advent of long-playing records, the album cover became more than just packaging and protection, and album cover art became an important part of the music marketing and consuming experience.
The analogue record mastering and pressing process
Recording the disc
For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the master disc (also called the matrix, sometimes just the master) at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape, which would could then be processed and/or editied, and then dubbed on to the master disc.A Record cutter would engrave the grooves into the master disc. Early on theses master discs were soft wax, later on a harder lacquer was used.
Mass producing records
The soft master would then usually be electroplated with a metal, commonly a nickel alloy. When this metal was removed from the master, it would be a negative master (in some companies' terminology, this was called the master; note difference from master disc above). In the earliest days the negative master was used as a mold to press records sold to the public, but as demand for mass production of records grew, another step was added to the process.
The negative master mold is used to create metal positive discs, each called a mother. These mothers would then in turn be used to make more negatives, each called a stamper. The stampers would be used as the molds for the discs sold to the public. The advantages of this system over the earlier more direct system included ability to make more records more quickly by having multiple stampers pressing records at the same time, more records could be pressed from each record since much used molds would eventually wear out, and spare mothers as back ups.
The analogue record in the era of digital technology
Starting in the 1980s, vinyl records were gradually replaced in mainstream music consumer markets with the compact disc (CD). Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, although it is considered to be a niche market comprised of audiophiles, collectors, and disc jockeys (DJs).
Some audiophiles dispute the superiority of CDs. The lack of hiss or background crackling is dependent on the quality of the original recording. There are also inherent limitations of the 44 kHz sampling rate used for CDs, which tends to distort subtle phase differences that affect the psychoacoustic placement of the sound in the stereo image. The quality and clarity of the sound is very much dependent on the quality of the reproduction equipment, for example the DAC (Digital to analog converter).
The background noise one hears on a vinyl record has been compared to the patina of an oil painting -- a part of the work, not an imperfection to be eliminated; moreover, it has been claimed that some pre-CD recordings were made with this patina in mind. To further cloud the issue, some pop music released on CD has had crackles and hiss added artificially, for effect. See Lo-fi.
See also
- Vinyl record
- Turntablism
- Voyager Golden Record
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Analogue disc record."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A recording studio is a facility for sound recording. Recording studios generally consist of at least two rooms: the studio itself, where the sound for the recording is created, and the control room, where the sound from the studio is recorded and manipulated.Recording studios are carefully designed so that they have good acoustics and that there is good sound insulation between the two rooms.
Equipment found in a recording studio includes:
Famous recording studios include:
- Mixing console
- Multitrack recorder
- Microphone
- Loudspeaker
- Sampler
- Outboard Effects
- Abbey Road Studios
- Capitol Records
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Recording studio."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Methods and media for sound recording are varied and have undergone significant changes between the first time sound was actually recorded for later playback until now.
Technology
Mechanical Recording
The first devices for recording sound were mechanical in nature.
In 1796 a Swiss watchmaker named Antoine Favre described his idea for what we now call the cylinder musical box. This can be considered an early method of recording a melody, although it does not record an arbitrary sound and does not record automatically. "Playback" however is automatic.
The Player piano was a device that could playback a piano performance which had earlier been mechanically recorded onto a piano roll.
The first recording of sound waves
Leon Scott invented the 'phonoautograph', the first device to record arbitrary sound in 1857. It used a membrane (which vibrated in response to sound) attched to a pen, which traced a line roughly corresponding to the sound wave form on to a moving roll of paper. Although able to record sound, the phonoautograph was unable to play back the recording; it was of little use other than as a laboratory curiousity.
The Phonograph and the Gramophone
The phonograph built expanding on the principles of the phonoautograph. Invented by Thomas Edison in 1877, the phonograph was a device with a cylinder covered with a soft material such as tinfoil, lead, or wax on which a stylus drew grooves. The depth of the grooves made by the stylus corresponded to change in air pressure created by the original sound. The recording could be played back by tracing a needle through the groove and amplifying, through mechanical means, the resulting vibrations. A disadvantage of the early phonographs was the difficulty of reproducing the phonograph cylinders in mass production.This changed with the advent of the gramophone (phonograph in American English), which was patented by Emile Berliner in 1887. The gramophone imprinted grooves on a disk record. Instead of recording the varying the depth of the groove (vertically), as with the phonograph, the vibration of the recording stylus was across the width of the track ( horizontally). The depth of the groove remained constant.
In audio fidelity terms the disc record was inherently neither better than or worse than than the phonograph cylinder, but the disc records were easier and cheaper to mass produce. Reproduction of these disks was relatively simple by pressing a master image on a plate of shellac. The speed at with the disks were spun around was eventually standardized at 78 rotations per minute (rpm). Later innovations allowed lower rotations: 45 and 33 rpm, and the material was changed to vinyl. (see analogue disc record for a more detailed discussion)
Both phonograph cylinders and gramophone discs were played on mechanical devices most commonly hand wound with a clockwork motor. The sound was amplified by a cone that was attached to the diaphragm. The disc record largely surplanted the competing cylinder record by the late 1910s.
The advent of electrical recording in 1924, and electrical playback in 1925 drastically improved the quality of the recording process of disc records.
Magnetic Recording
Around 1900 V. Poulsen introduced a method of recording sound to magnetic wire. Tape replaced wire as the recording medium in 1924 thanks to German engineer C. Stille. An electrical signal, which is analogous to the sound that is to be recorded, is fed to the record head of a tape recorder. The tape is magnetized as it moves with a constant speed past a recording head. A playback head can then pick up the changes in magnetic field from the tape and convert it into an electrical signal.
On Christmas day 1932 the British Broadcasting Corporation first used a tape recorder for their broadcasts.
A tape allows multiple tracks in parallel to each other. This allowed for stereo sound (2 tracks), and quadrophonic sound (4 tracks). In a professional setting today, such as a studio, audio engineers may use 24 tracks or more for their recordings, one (or more) tracks for every instrument played.
Until 1963, when Philips introduced the Compact audio cassette, tape recording had been largely on open reel tape recorders. The Compact audio cassette added much needed convenience to the tape recording format. Although it was much lower in quality than open reel formats.
In 1965 Dolby Laboatories invented a noise reduction system for analogue tape. This improved the perceived level of tape hiss, which is inherant to the medium. Originally this system, known as Dolby A, was only used in professional recording. Dolby, however went on to develop more advanced noise reduction techniques for both professional and consumer formats, including the Compact audio cassette.
Other magnetic recording formats:
- 8-Track cartridge
Recording on Film
To avoid synchronization problems, on sound films the sound track is recorded optically on to the side of the strip of motion picture film.
The first attempts to record sound to an optical medium occurred around 1900. In 1906 Lauste applied for a patent to record sound on film, but was ahead of his time. In 1923 de Forest applied for a patent to record to film. In 1927 the sound film The Jazz Singer was released; while not the first, it made a tremendous hit and made the public and the film industry realize that sound film was more than a mere novelty.
There are two methods for recording on film. Variable density recording uses changes in the darkness of the soundtrack side of the film to represent the soundwave. Variable width recording uses changes in the width of a dark strip to represent the soundwave.
In both cases light that is sent through the part of the film that corresponds to the soundtrack changes in intensity, proportional to the original sound, and that light is not projected on the screen but converted into an electrical signal by a light sensitive device.
Digital Recording
Early digital audio recorders use a device to make it possible to record digital audio on a U-matic video machine. This was followed by digital open reel multitrack recorders. With the improvement in digital storage technology, a variety of recording media is used to record digital audio today.
Digital Audio Tape (DAT) recorded the raw audio sampled at 48 kHz with a resolution of 16 bits. DAT is still used in studios. A failed digital tape recording system is the Digital Compact Cassette (DCC).
In the consumer market, tapes and gramophones were largely displaced by the compact disc (CD) and a lesser extent the minidisc. These recording media are fully digital and require complex electronics to play back.
Sound files can be stored on any computer storage medium.
Mention hard disk recorder
Technique
The earliest methods of recording sound involved the live recording of the performance directly to the recording medium. This was an entirely mechanical process, often called "Acoustical recording". The sound of the performers was captured by a diaphragm with the cutting needle connect to it. The needle made the grooves in the recording medium.
To make this process as efficient as possible the diaphragm was located at the apex of a cone and the performer(s) would crowd around the other end. If a performer was too loud then they would need to move back from the mouth of the cone to avoid drowning out the other performers. As a result of this, in early Jazz recordings a block of wood was used in place of the bass drum.
The advent of electrical recording made it possible to use microphones to capture the sound of the performance. The leading record labels switched to the electric microphone process in 1925, and most other record companies followed their lead by the end of the decade. Electrical recording increased the flexibity and sound quality. However once the performance was still cut to the recording medium, so if a mistake was made the recording was useless.
Electrical recording made it possible to record one part to disc and then play that back while playing another part, recording both parts to a second disc. This is called over-dubbing. The first commercially issued records using over-dubbing were released by the Victor Talking Machine Company in the late 1920s. However overdubbing was of limited use until the advent of analogue audio tape. Use of tape overdubbing was pioneered by Les Paul and is called 'sound on sound' recording. In this way performances could be built up over time.
The analogue tape recorder made it possible to erase or record over a previous recording so that mistakes could be fixed. Another advantage of recording on tape is the ability to cut the tape and join it back together. This allows the recording to be edited. Pieces of the recording can be removed, or rearranged. See Audio editing, Audio mixing
Mention Multitrack Recording here.
The advent of electronic instruments (especially keyboardss and synthesisers), effects and other instruments has lead to the importance of MIDI in recording. For example, using MIDI timecode, it is possible to have different equipment 'trigger' without direct human intervention at the time of recording.
In more recent times, computers (digital audio workstation) have found an increasing role in the recording studio, as their use eases the tasks of cutting and looping, as well as allowing for instantaneous changes, such as duplication of parts, the addition of affects and the rearranging of parts of the recording.
See also: binaural recording, microphone technique
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Sound recording."
Synonym: RecordingSynonym: transcription (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Copy | Transcript, transcription; recording, scan. |
Record | Recording, tape recording, videotape. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Recording |
| English words defined with "recording": audio recording ♦ phonograph recording ♦ recording label ♦ sound recording ♦ tape recording ♦ video recording. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "recording": holographic recording ♦ innermost recording groove, inside end recording groove ♦ kinescope recording ♦ magnetic recording, magnetic tape recording ♦ non-return-to-reference recording, non-return-to-zero change-on-ones recording, non-return-to-zero mark recording, non-return-to-zero recording ♦ optical recording ♦ recording completing trunk, recording day, recording density, recording fee, recording hygrometer, recording instrument, recording measuring instrument, RECORDING STUDIO SET-UP WORKER, recording thermometer ♦ television recording ♦ Videotape Recording. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | It's a recording contract but you're going to be needing to find a new singer (Where the Boys Aren't 7; writing credit: Ariel Hart) It's the only recording. (Diva; writing credit: Jean-Jacques Beineix; Daniel Odier) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Screenliner: Recording Session (1952) Recording 'The Producers': A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks (2001) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Bank of recording instruments at Honolulu geophysical observatory Recording tidal levels at remote sites throughout Pacific Basin Used for tsunami warning system. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Shallow water bathymetry Sand waves off Padre Island Delineation possible because of widespread use of recording fathometers. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Lieutenant Harley Nygren, C&GS, recording angles. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |  | Makeshift profiling Conductivity/Temperature/Depth profiler using a SeaBird 21 recording CTD on a trainwheel. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
 | Digital tape system for recording data. Credit: Flying With NOAA. |  | Figure 70. Temperature sensor for deep water. This instrument was made by Crouzet Society of Valence, France and constructed by SAFARE-CROUZET. This was an early version of a CTD instrument in which temperature information was transmitted up a cable to a recording device. The pressure vessel protecting the sensor was rated to about 3,000 meters water depth. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
 | Figure 46 (cont.) Shaeffer and Budenberg recording manometer, mechanism above, recording graph below. The instrument is within an enclosed case which is acted upon by water pressure. An amplification mechanism transmits the displacement to a pen which records the corresponding depth on a gridded sheet. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Technicians operating electronic equipment for recording and displaying TIROS television, infrared, and telemetry signals. Credit: NOAA in Space. |
 | Senior Airman Chris Hare, guitarist with the Air Force Reserve Band, accompanies recording artist Lisa Angelle during the Operation Seasons Greeting concert at Yokota AB, Japan, Nov. 27. The Yokota Air Base community kicked their heels during a night of f. |  | Photographers recording a dirtbikerBoise FrontFour Rivers Field OfficeLSRDLower Snake River District. Credit: Unknown. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
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| "Consolle" by Maurizio Ongaro Commentary: "Digital consolle for audio recording - exastudios- italy." | "Snare" by Thomas Michael Burgey, Germany Commentary: "Done during a recording session in 1995." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Play | Caption |
 | An old recording of Hawaiian-sounding music circa 1950's or 1960's. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | The fat man pumped the gasoline and the needle turned on the pump dial, recording the amount |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | A special recording technique that detects muscle activity. (references) | |
Disks are placed on the chest and connected by wires to a recording machine. (references) | ||
A technique for recording the pattern of electrical currents inside the brain. (references) | ||
Business | Imports remained stable in 1999, recording a value of USD 2.4 billion. (references) | |
In 1996, China imported about $71 million worth of magnetic recording materials. (references) | ||
Market demand for magnetic recording materials is mostly met by domestic products. (references) | ||
Children | Hong Kong | The police have a child abuse investigation unit to improve the treatment of victims, and laws have been passed to make it easier for child victims to testify in court using an interviewing suite for recording statements. (references) |
Civil Liberties | Colombia | In June state police officers struck media workers from RCN and Caracol radio stations and destroyed a camera, as the journalists were recording the detainment of a student protester. (references) |
Russia | The Government exerted pressure on journalists, particularly those who reported on corruption or criticized officials, by: selectively denying journalists access to information including, for example, statistics theoretically available to the public and filming opportunities; demanding the right to approve and censoring certain stories prior to publication; prohibiting the tape recording of public trials and hearings; withholding financial support from government media operations that exercised independent editorial judgment; attempting to influence the appointment of senior editors at regional and local newspapers and broadcast media organizations; removing reporters from their jobs; bringing libel suits against journalists; and intimidating and harassing journalists. (references) | |
Economic History | Israel | A reliable system of recording such security interests exists. (references) |
Greece | Greece has a reliable system of recording security interests in property. (references) | |
Austria | The land register provides a reliable system for recording interests in property. (references) | |
Human Rights | Costa Rica | An effective mechanism for lodging and recording complaints of police misconduct exists. (references) |
Mexico | In August 2000, Ayala's computer, recording equipment, and television and videocassette recorder were stolen from her home in Oaxaca. (references) | |
Mongolia | The head of the GIA may, with the knowledge and consent of the Prime Minister, direct the monitoring and recording of telephone conversations. (references) | |
Political Economy | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | Some television and cable operators are re-broadcasting signals without compensating either the original broadcaster or the originator of the recording. (references) |
BOLIVIA | Estimated losses were $4.1 million due to piracy of business software, $15 million in sound recording and music, $2 million in motion pictures, $1.5 million in entertainment software, and $5.5 million in book piracy. (references) | |
CANADA | U.S. recording artists are discriminated against in Canada because the country adheres to the principles of reciprocity, as opposed to a NAFTA obligation of national treatment, regarding royalty payments by radio stations, and the distribution of a private copying levy, to recording artists. (references) | |
Trade | Croatia | Although default ratios for household loans, just over 1 percent in 1997, have increased, this is the only loan category recording constant growth. (references) |
Switzerland | The decrease is entirely due to a changed recording method with respect to securities lending and borrowing, which is now treated as off-balance sheet business. (references) | |
Indonesia | According to the Directorate General of Customs and Excise the following goods are still subject to import restrictions, licensing and/or prohibition: narcotics, psychotropics, explosive materials, fire-arms and ammunition, fireworks, certain books and printed materials, audio and /or visual recording media, telecommunications equipment, color photocopying equipment and parts and equipment thereof, endangered wild fauna and flora and parts thereof, certain species of fish, medicines, unregistered food and beverages at the Department of Health, dangerous materials, pesticides, ozone-depleting substances and goods containing ozone depleting substances, wastes, culturally valuable goods, and other items. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | DIARY, n. A daily record of that part of one's life, which he can relate to himself without blushing. Hearst kept a diary wherein were writ All that he had of wisdom and of wit. So the Recording Angel, when Hearst died, Erased all entries of his own and cried: "I'll judge you by your diary." Said Hearst: "Thank you; 'twill show you I am Saint the First" -- Straightway producing, jubilant and proud, That record from a pocket in his shroud. The Angel slowly turned the pages o'er, Each stupid line of which he knew before, Glooming and gleaming as by turns he hit On Shallow sentiment and stolen wit; Then gravely closed the book and gave it back. "My friend, you've wandered from your proper track: You'd never be content this side the tomb -- For big ideas Heaven has little room, And Hell's no latitude for making mirth," He said, and kicked the fellow back to earth. "The Mad Philosopher" |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Barry Manilow | Not at that time. But I was pushing my song writing. I wanted other people to record my songs. And I got an offer to record my own songs as a singer. And I did, I accepted it, because nobody else seemed to be recording my songs. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Recording" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 62.93% of the time. "Recording" is used about 2,665 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 62.93% | 1,677 | 4,992 |
| Lexical Verb (-ing form) | 36.96% | 985 | 7,442 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.11% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Total | 100.00% | 2,665 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "recording": audio recording ♦ audiometric recording ♦ cassette recording ♦ clock card with direct substraction recording ♦ fire recording equipment ♦ group Code Recording ♦ holographic recording ♦ imagery data recording ♦ innermost recording groove ♦ inside end recording groove ♦ kinescope recording ♦ magnetic tape recording ♦ mechanical recording head ♦ multiple recording ♦ music video recording ♦ optical recording ♦ phonograph recording ♦ phonograph recording disk ♦ rain recording gauge ♦ recording altimeter ♦ recording anemometer ♦ recording angle ♦ recording apparatus ♦ recording area ♦ recording barometer ♦ recording completing trunk ♦ recording day ♦ recording density ♦ recording dig ♦ recording equipment ♦ recording fee ♦ recording head ♦ recording hygrometer ♦ recording instrument ♦ recording label ♦ recording machine ♦ recording measuring instrument ♦ recording net ♦ recording session ♦ recording speed indicator ♦ recording studio ♦ recording system ♦ recording tape ♦ recording thermometer ♦ recording van ♦ seismic recording ♦ sound recording ♦ tape recording ♦ television recording ♦ test recording currents ♦ transverse recording ♦ Video Recording ♦ Videodisc Recording ♦ Videotape Recording ♦ Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "recording": recording-tape, recording-the. | |
Ending with "recording": over-recording, pre-recording, sound-recording, tape-recording, under-recording, video-recording. | |
Containing "recording": self-recording hygrometer. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
recording studio | 1,538 | phone recording law | 106 |
recording artist | 1,392 | recording contract | 101 |
audio recording | 852 | audio recording software | 100 |
recording | 749 | music recording software | 96 |
cd recording | 386 | free recording software | 96 |
music recording | 374 | recording engineer | 90 |
recording software | 334 | recording studio equipment | 85 |
time recording | 288 | recording company | 83 |
home recording | 286 | dvd recording software | 80 |
recording industry association of america | 233 | recording school | 72 |
call recording | 231 | video recording | 72 |
digital recording | 228 | digital video recording | 67 |
dvd recording | 205 | audio recording equipment | 63 |
home recording studio | 196 | 1 line recording | 61 |
phone recording | 182 | sound recording software | 60 |
cd recording software | 170 | answering machine recording | 59 |
sound recording | 161 | voice recording software | 58 |
recording equipment | 159 | recording industry | 56 |
phone recording device | 134 | digital audio recording | 55 |
voice recording | 116 | music recording studio | 54 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "recording"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | regjistrues (recorder, register, registrant), regjistrimi (registry), regjistrim (check in, enrollment, enrolment, memory, record, register, registration, registry), raportim, llogaritje (account, accountancy, accounting, assessment, calculation, cast, computation, estimate, numeration, reckoning), incizim, i regjistrimit. (various references) | |
Arabic | تسجيل (enrollment, listing, posting, record, register, registration). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | записване (enrollment, mark down, registration, signing up), запис (note, order, transcript). (various references) | |
Chinese | 錄音 , 录音. (various references) | |
Czech | záznam (entry, note, record, registration, tally), nahrávka (record), magnetofon (tape recorder). (various references) | |
Danish | notering (fixing, listing, notation, quotation, quotation on the Stock Exchange, quote, Stock Exchange quotation), indspilning. (various references) | |
Dutch | registratie (registration), televisieopname, opname (acceptance, acceptation, admission, photograph), notatie (notation), aantekening (annotation, note). (various references) | |
Esperanto | surbendaĵo (tape recording). (various references) | |
Finnish | tallennus (saving, storing), tallenne, levytys, äänitys, äänite. (various references) | |
French | enregistrement (cassette recording, record, registering, registration, registry, regristation). (various references) | |
German | Aufzeichnung (annotation, chronicle, note, notes, record, recorded programme, sketch, videotaping), aufnahme (absorption, acceptance, acceptation, admission, affiliation, assimilation, commencement, embodiment, enrollment, establishment, filming, inclusion, incorporation, initiation, intake, photo, photograph, photographing, picture, raising, reception, record, shooting, shot, start, taking, taking down, taking up). (various references) | |
Greek | εγγραφή (booking, enrollment, enrolment, entry, registration, registry, subscription), αναγραφή (inscription, record, registry, writing). (various references) | |
Hebrew | הקלטה, הרשמה (enrollment, inscription, listing, registration), רשום (booking, entered, entry, impression, inscribed, inscription, on record, record, recorded, registered, registration, trace, written). (various references) | |
Hungarian | felvétel (admission, affiliation, college entrance, enrollment, enrolment, entrance, footing, getting into, intake, pick up, pull up, reception, snapshot, transcription, uplift to, uptake), feljegyzés (entry, memo, memorandum, memorial, minute, note, record), beiktatás (admittance, inauguration, incorporation, induction, installation, intercalation, registration, registry). (various references) | |
Indonesian | rekaman. (various references) | |
Italian | registrazione (adjustment, enrollment, enrolment, enter, entry, record, registration). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 録音 , 載録 (transcription), 収録 , ダウ平均株価 (10^1, bolster used for warmth when sleeping, cageused in bed in the tropics, da, daka-, Dakota, dash, Dow-Jones average, dubbing, duct, dumpster, dust box, dust-coat, duster, life-sized doll used for masturbation), レーニン主義 (beggar, homeless, label, labor union, lane, layer, layered cut, layered look, layman, layoff, layout, layout-system, lecture, leg guards, leggings, Leghorn, lei, Leninism, leopon, leotard, lexicon, philosophy of life, racialism, racism, rail, rain, rainbow fish, raincoat, rainy, raise, range, ranger, rape, rapier, rare, rare metal, ray, Ray-Ban, rayonne, ray-tracing, record, recorder, recreation, regatta, reggae, regular, regular chain store, regular member, regulation, Regulus, requiem), 採録 (transcription), 書留 (making a note of, putting on record, registration, writing down), 書き留め (making a note of, putting on record, registration, writing down). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ダビング (dubbing), レコーディング , しゅうろく (compilation, editing), さいろく (re-recording, transcription), かきとめ (making a note of, putting on record, registration, writing down), ろくおん. (various references) | |
Korean | 기록 (Archival, evidence, record). (various references) | |
Manx | recortyssagh, recortys (chronicle, record, register, registration slip, registry, testimony), jannoo recortys. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ecordingray.(various references) | |
Portuguese | gravação (engraving, tape recording). (various references) | |
Romanian | povestire (account, anecdotage, fable, narration, narrative, recital, Rede, relation, short story, story, tale, telling), imprimare (impress, impression, print), înregistrator (recorder, register, registering, registrar), înregistrare (registering, registration, registry). (various references) | |
Russian | регистрация (check-in, enrollment, journaling, registration), регистрирующий, грамзапись, звукозапись (record), запись (entry, memory, notation, note, record, register, registration, write-in), записывающий, записывать запись (record), пишущий. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | snimanje (camerawork), snimak (camerawork, photography, picture, shot, snapshot), beleženje (notation). (various references) | |
Spanish | registro (account book, book, bookmark, county, exam, inspection, marker, record, register, registration, registry, search, searching, stop), grabación. (various references) | |
Swedish | inspelning. (various references) | |
Turkish | zapta geçme, ses kaydı (speech record, tape recording), kayda geçme, kayıt (checkin, condition, enrollment, enrolment, entry, inscription, minutes, record, registration, registry, restriction, stipulation, transcription), bant (band, binding, braid, court plaster, cushion, fascia, fillet, ribbon, scotch tape, strap, strapping, strip, tape, welt). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | реєструючий, реєстрація (enrollment, enrolment, record, registering, registration), звукозапис (record), записуючий. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sự ghi. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Job Chapter 23, Verse 20 |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | His mercy be foryeten; his swetnesse a werm; be he not in recording, but be totrede as a tree vnfructuous. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Job Chapter 23, Verse 20 |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "recording": recordings. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "recording": misrecording, prerecording, rerecording. (additional references) | |
| |
"Recording" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: rcording, reboarding, reboring, recarving, recorden, recorking, rescoring, ritodrine, rocardian. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "recording" (pronounced rukô"rding) |
| 7 | -u k ô" r d i ng | according. |
| 6 | -k ô" r d i ng | cording. |
| 5 | -ô" r d i ng | affording, awarding, boarding, hoarding, rewarding, warding. |
| 4 | -r d i ng | bombarding, discarding, disregarding, guarding, regarding, retarding, safeguarding, skateboarding. |
| 3 | -d i ng | applauding, apprehending, abounding, acceding, abiding, adding, aiding, alluding, amending, ascending, astounding, attending, avoiding, backsliding, balding, banding, bedding, beheading, beholding, bending, bidding, biding, binding, bleeding, blending, blinding, blockading, bonding, bounding, braiding, branding, breading, breeding, brooding, budding, building, cascading, ceding, cheerleading, chiding, clouding, codding, coding, coinciding, colliding, colluding, commanding, commending, compounding, comprehending, conceding, concluding, condescending, confiding, confounding, contending, corresponding, crowding, crusading, deciding, decoding, defending, defrauding, defunding, degrading, deluding, demanding, denuding, depending, deriding, descending, disbanding, dividing, downgrading, downloading, dreading, eluding, encoding, ending, eroding, evading, exceeding, excluding, expanding, expending, exploding, expounding, extending, extruding, fading, featherbedding, feeding, fending, feuding, Fielding, finding, flooding, folding, forbidding, foreboding, forwarding, founding, freestanding, funding, gadding, gilding, girding, Gladding, gliding, goading, Godding, grading, grandstanding, grinding, grounding, guiding, handholding, handing, heading, heeding, heralding, herding, hiding, holding, hounding, impeding, impending, imploding, inbreeding, including, intending, interceding, intruding, invading, joyriding, kidding, kneading, lading, landholding, landing, lauding, leading, lending, loading, longstanding, madding, marauding, masquerading, masterminding, Melding, mending, minding, misleading, misreading, misspending, misunderstanding, molding, moulding, needing, nodding, nonbinding, nonbuilding, notwithstanding, offending, outbidding, outspending, outstanding, overbuilding, overcrowding, overextending, overfunding, overloading, overriding, overspending, padding, parading, pending, persuading, pervading, pleading, plodding, portending, pounding, preceding, precluding, presiding, pretending, proceeding, prodding, proofreading, protruding, providing, pudding, punctuating, raiding, railroading, reading, rebounding, rebuilding, receding, recommending, Redding, Reding, refunding, relending, reminding, rending, rereading, rescinding, residing, resounding, responding, retreading, ridding, riding, rodding, rounding, sanding, scaffolding, scalding, scolding, seceding, seeding, sending, serenading, shading, shedding, shepherding, shielding, shipbuilding, shredding, shrouding, siding, skidding, sledding, sliding, sounding, spearheading, speeding, spellbinding, spending, spreading, stampeding, standing, stranding, striding, subsiding, succeeding, superseding, surrounding, suspending, tending, threading, tiding, trading, transcending, treading, trending, unbending, underfunding, understanding, unending, unfolding, unloading, unwinding, unyielding, upgrading, upholding, upstanding, vending, voiding, wading, wedding, weeding, welding, wending, wielding, Wilding, winding, withholding, withstanding, Wooding, wording, wounding, yielding. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-d-e-g-i-n-o-r-r" | |
-1 letter: ordering, recoding. | |
-2 letters: coigned, cording, coreign, cornier, cringed, cringer, ergodic, eroding, grinder, grodier, groined, ignored, ignorer, negroid, redoing, regrind. | |
-3 letters: ceding, cering, cinder, codein, codger, coding, coigne, coined, coiner, conger, corder, coring, corned, corner, corrie, cringe, dinero, dinger, droner, engird, eringo, erring, geodic, girder, girned, gorier, grocer, ignore, ironed, ironer, nordic, orcein, orrice. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-d-e-g-i-n-o-r-r" | |
+1 letter: corrigenda, recordings. | |
+2 letters: corrigendum, reproducing, rerecording, retroceding. | |
+3 letters: misrecording, overcrowding, prerecording, reconfigured, redecorating, retrodicting, underscoring. | |
+4 letters: corresponding, crossbreeding, noradrenergic, overdirecting, overproducing, reconsidering, rediscovering, reintroducing. | |
+5 letters: counterraiding, outreproducing, overdecorating, rebroadcasting. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Sounds 10. Quotations: Fiction 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Spoken | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Expressions 15. Expressions: Internet 16. Translations: Modern | 17. Bible Trace 18. Derivations 19. Rhymes 20. Anagrams | 21. Bibliography |
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