Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Recession |
RecessionNoun1. The state of the economy declines; a widespread decline in the GDP and employment and trade lasting from six months to a year. 2. A small concavity. 3. The act of ceding back. 4. A act of becoming more distant. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "recession" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1791. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Economics | A fall in trade or in the economy of a country. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A rapid fall in the economy ; is marked by large-scale unemployment and low productivity, and hence low incomes and prices. Source: European Union. (references) | |
| A reduction in business activity or a sharp slow-down in economic growth, not as severe or prolonged as a depression or slump. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Finance | A period of reduced economic activity during which the level of unemployment rises, production slows, and general prosperity lags. (references) |
Geography | The falling limb of a hydrograph after a flood event representing the withdrawal of water from storage in the valley, stream channel and the sub-surface runoff. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mining | Going back, as the gradual retreat of a waterfall or an erosional escarpment, the melting back of a glacier, or the withdrawal of a body of water so that the shoreline moves successively farther away from thehigher land. (references) |
Public Administration | Oceanography:cf. :ebb. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A recession is formally defined in macroeconomics as a fall of a country's Gross National Product in two successive quarters. Combined with inflation this process is known as stagflation.A sustained recession is known as an economic depression. A short-lived one is often called an economic correction. However, many theorists including John Kenneth Galbraith believe that there is no reasonable distinction between the three, other than a desire to downplay risk of a panic. In the nineteenth century, such theorists point out, business cycle events of the same magnitude were typically called "crises" or "panics".
To avoid all these politically loaded terms, the more neutral term 'recession' is to be preferred, despite the overly-specific technical economics definition. The politics implied by the current definition, including the assumption of relevance of Gross National Product to human well-being, or the desirability/necessity of reporting by quarter-years, are challenged in some theories of a larger political economy consisting of voting, market, and other activities.
That said, there is little challenge to the idea that GNP (or GDP) are related to job availability in a wage-employment economy, nor to the idea that business confidence and consumer spending tend to decrease during a recession, which is usually a crisis of trust.
Recessions are mostly caused by economic shocks. The greatest, worldwide recession that humanity has ever experienced was the Great Depression (late 1920s and 1930s); other notable recessions include the Oil Crisis in the 1970s. In both cases the reliability of prior pricing decisions and leadership quality was in question, and money tended to seek 'safe havens' (like real estate) and avoid speculative investments exposed to the 'crisis'.
Some common questions and answers about recession issues:
Q: Money has to be explicitly created or destroyed. So what happens to all the money during a recession. Suppose you have 250 million people living in a huge hall and there is a recession in the hall, no money went into or left the hall. Where did all the money go?
Q: Isn't a recession a normal part of the business cycle?
- A: Money actually can be destroyed, but it's hard to see where and when. Prior to the Great Depression a huge wave of investing in the stock market had taken place which created artificially high prices of stock. This process was driven by the fact that shares were being used as a collateral for loans in order to buy more stocks. When the economy showed signs of slowing and share prices plummeted, this caused an extensive domino effect. The investments lost their face value and the loans on them "went bad", which, among other things, triggered a crisis of the banking system. In consequence, there was the famous rush on banks, with people not being able to access their deposits. They had disappeared. After this, people grew extremely wary of investment which resulted in extreme deflation.
- While the amount of "hard" money (also referred to as Central Bank Money) can only be changed within certain restrictions, this is not the total amount of money that an economy relies on. The latter is a multiple of the former, determined by factors like the speed of exchange and the reserve policy of a central bank, or of other banks who borrow from that central bank.
The fact that parties and theories compete to set policies in the vote market, and have the power to set definitions on such terms as 'recession' or 'depression', and explain their meaning to the public as authority figures, leads to larger questions in political economy, specifically those explored in political choice theory.
- A: Some think so. But, the definition is set where it is (reduction in GNP for two successive quarters) because this is supposed to be an unusual event, outside the normally-expected cycles in which no more than one quarter should go by without some kind of growth. An alternative view of this is that of Karl Marx which is that the recessions or crises get worse over time, not better, at least in terms of actual human well-being, and ultimately provide social conflict that overthrows a government. So he would agree that the recession is normal, and more frequent as time goes by. Another alternative view is that the GNP and GDP are relevant only to waged jobs, and that the expansion of money supply to support certain activities, e.g. chronic hospital care, e.g. political lobbying, advertising, can encourage those activities even though they actually represent declines in quality of life. So it all depends on what you mean by 'normal', and whether you think the definition is relevant to it.
An example of the importance of this is the Great Depression itself. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt entered office in 1932, he was intending to continue a relatively conservative fiscal policy to placate his business critics (Herbert Hoover in particular had warned him that any controversial early action would affect business confidence very adversely). However, after Black Monday Roosevelt was forced to change his mind, and instituted the "New Deal" economic reforms to stave off any future depressions.
To date none have happened. At least, none we are allowed to call "depressions", regardless of their impact on actual human lives.
It is an open question whether a "depression" can even be noticed at all under the terminology in use among technical economists today. Galbraith among others thought it could not, and that the terminology was merely exercise in concealment - a potent criticism from an economist who was a central part of that Administration during the war years.
See also: business cycle, measuring well-being, money supply, central bank, reserve policy, political economy, job cut, job exportation
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Recession."
Synonyms: RecessionSynonyms: ceding back (n), corner (n), niche (n), receding (n), recess (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Deterioration | Noun: deterioration, debasement; wane, ebb; recession; retrogradation; decrease. |
Recession | Noun: recession, retirement, withdrawal; retreat; retrocession; departure; recoil; flight; (avoidance). |
Regression | Noun: regress, regression; retrocession, retrogression, retrograduation, retroaction; reculade; retreat, withdrawal, retirement, remigration; recession; (motion from); recess; crab-like motion. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Recession |
| English words defined with "recession": account for, alluvion ♦ business cycle ♦ devitalise, devitalize ♦ Hubble constant, Hubble law, Hubble's constant, Hubble's law ♦ quasar, quasi-stellar radio source ♦ Relicted, Reliction ♦ trade cycle ♦ ulatrophia. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "recession": Depletion Curve, Doppler-Fizeau effect ♦ enophthalmie, Enophthalmos, enophthalmus ♦ Flood Wave ♦ rising period. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Lyrics | Of recession and oppression and together they toked (WALKIN' ON THE SUN; performing artist: Smash Mouth) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | A recession. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Ronald Reagan | Recession is when a neighbor loses his job. Depression is when you lose yours. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Thus, the inability to maintain good oral hygiene and xerostomia are risk factors of special significance among the elderly, and gingival recession uniquely increases the risk of root caries in elderly populations by exposing previously protected root surfaces to cariogenesis. (references) | |
Business | Since mid-1998 Argentina has been in a recession. (references) | |
The impact of Mexico's recession In 1995 was reduced by NAFTA. (references) | ||
The Mexican economy is finally recovering from the 1995 recession. (references) | ||
Economic History | Hong Kong | Real GDP in 2000 grew by 4.6 percent, ending a four-year recession. (references) |
Uk | Indeed, the manufacturing industry is close to technical recession. (references) | |
Argentina | Imports suffered from the recession to remain at about USD 24 billion. (references) | |
Political Economy | Singapore | The country is in a recession. (references) |
Paraguay | The formal economy has been in a recession for the past 5 years. (references) | |
CHILE | Auto sales on the whole have been declining since the 1998 recession. (references) | |
Trade | Finland | Then the recession in the early 1990s and a severe banking and financial sector crisis, aggravated by bad lending practices in the late 1980s, touched off a consolidation of excess banking capacity. (references) |
Sweden | Several Swedish banks suffered substantial credit losses in early 1990's due to economic recession, and as the bank crisis accelerated in 1992, the government had to engage itself in a series of ad hoc rescue efforts to guarantee the commitments of banks and mortgage institutions toward their depositors and investors. (references) | |
Venezuela | The Venezuelan banking sector continues to recover from the serious financial crisis in the mid-1990's that affected more than 50 percent of the deposit base and is estimated to have cost the country between 15 percent and 18 percent of GDP. The crisis was the result of an economic recession, along with deregulation, lax bank supervision, directed lending, and poor credit practices. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Mexico | Wage restraints no longer exist, except for those caused by recession or an employer's difficult situation. (references) |
Argentina | Given the lack of full implementation and the severe economic recession, it is difficult to judge the impact of the labor reform law. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Mark Shields | Congressman Watts, as you know, the Republicans have lost seats in the last three elections. The nation is in a recession. The surplus is shrinking by the hour. Deficits are returning. Unemployment is up. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | The mere absence of recession is not growth. |
Gerald Ford | 1974-1977 | Recession and inflation are eroding the money of millions more. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | We are now in the early stages of economic recovery following a short recession. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | Today, much of the world is in recession, with Asia hit especially hard. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Recession" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.73% of the time. "Recession" is used about 3,699 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.73% | 3,689 | 2,631 |
| Noun (common) | 0.19% | 7 | 133,076 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.08% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Total | 100.00% | 3,699 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "recession": economic recession ♦ Gingival Recession ♦ Recession of scalp line ♦ worldwide recession. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "recession": recession-affected, recession-bashed, recession-battered, recession-beating, recession-blasted, recession-blighted, recession-bound, recession-bruised, recession-busting, recession-clobbered, recession-defying, recession-free, recession-friendly, recession-gripped, recession-hit, recession-led, recession-proof, recession-ravaged, recession-reinforcing, recession-related, recession-resilient, recession-resistant, recession-restrained, recession-ridden, recession-savaged, recession-strapped, recession-stricken, recession-watchers, recession-weary. | |
Ending with "recession": pre-recession. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "recession"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | rikthim pronarit të mëparshëm, rënie (abatement, bathos, collapse, come down, decadence, decadency, decay, decline, decrepitude, degeneracy, degradation, degression, depression, descent, dilapidation, downfall, drop, drop off, fall, falling, flop, incidence, lapse, letdown, precipitation, prolapse, regress, spill, taper, tumble, wane), zbythje (climbdown, kick, recoil, repercussion, shy), vrimë (aperture, bore, dump, ear, excavation, eye, eyehole, eyelet, gap, hole, leak, mesh, mortise, mouth, notch, notching, nozzle, open, opening, orifice, Peck, perforation, pinhole, prick, puncture, rent, shell-hole, slit, slot, tear, vent, venthole), tërheqje (affinity, allurement, appeal, appetence, appetency, attraction, attractiveness, crush, draw, drawing, enchantment, enticement, haul, jerk, lure, magnetization, pull, pullback, recall, recoil, retirement, retraction, retreat, revocation, strain, stretch, tow, traction, tug, withdrawal), sprapsje, largim (alienation, avulsion, back track, backtrack, departure, deviousness, dissimilation, drain, elimination, evacuation, expulsion, getaway, leave, moving away, parting, removal), ikje (back track, backtrack, departure, escape, exit, getaway, go off, leg-bail, outgo, parting, passing). (various references) | |
Arabic | فتور إقتصادي, فترة الركود, نكوص (regress, regression), تنازل (abdicate, back down, cede, concede, concession, condescend, deign, demission, disclaimer, give ground, give in, give up, part with, pass up, recede, relinquish, renounce, renunciation, resignation, stand down, step down, surrender, transfer, waive, waiver, yield), تقهقر (back away, fall back, fall behind, give ground, go on before, hold down, lose ground, recede, retire, retreat, retreating, retrograde, retrogression, withdraw), تراجع (back away, back down, back up, backwards, blemish, degradation, draw back, drawback, fall back, fall behind, give back, give ground, give the right of way, kick, lose ground, move back, palinode, recede, recess, recoil, regress, regression, renege, retire, retract, retraction, retreat, retreating, retrogression, sell out, stand, take back, turn back, unsay, withdraw), خرج في موكب, جزء مرتد للوراء, إنحسار (regression), إنحطاط (baseness, declination, degeneration, degradation, devolution, ebb, looseness, low tide, prostration, retrogression), إنسحاب (cave, drop out, retraction, retreat, retreating, secession, withdrawal), أزمة (crisis, seizure, squeeze, turn), ركود (doldrums, down, lull, paralysis, slackness, slump, stagnancy, stagnation), رجوع (recurrence, renaissance, resilient, retreat, returning). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | спад (drop, turn down), вдадено място, оттегляне (abandonment, adjournment, backdown, disengagement, reflux, retirement, withdrawal), отдръпване (backdown, backstroke, dodge, recoil, retirement, withdrawal), ниша (alcove, bay, housing, niche, recess). (various references) | |
Chinese | "濟衰退 , 后退 (Backlash, recede, Receded, receding, retrograde), 不景氣 (depression, slump). (various references) | |
Czech | odstoupení (abdication, cession, surrender), klesání (descent), úpadek (bankruptcy, come down, comedown, decadence, decay, decline, degradation, deterioration, labefaction, lapse, retrogression, retroversion). (various references) | |
Danish | recessionskurve (recession curve, recession hydrograph), recession (slump), tilbagetrækning,ebbe, oekonomisk tilbageslag (economic recession), oekonomisk depression (depression, economic depression, slump), oekonomisk afmatning (economic recession), lavkonjunktur (depression, economic depression, slump), konjunkturnedgang (contraction, cyclical down-turn, depression, economic depression, slump). (various references) | |
Dutch | recessie (depression, economic depression, slump), uitputtingskromme (recession curve, recession hydrograph), uitputtingshydrograaf (recession curve, recession hydrograph), lage conjunctuur (depression, economic depression, slump), laagconjunctuur (depression, economic depression, slump), economische recessie (economic recession), economische depressie (depression, economic depression, slump), depressie (depression), baisse (depression, economic depression, slump), afgaand tij,eb. (various references) | |
Farsi | پس رفت , کسادی (Depression, Slack, Stringency), اعاده (Rebound, Recourse, Repetition, Restitution, Return), بحران اقتصادی , بازگشت (Recess, Recurrence, Reference, Return). (various references) | |
Finnish | laskusuhdanne (downward trend). (various references) | |
French | retrait (revocation), récession économique (economic recession), récession. (various references) | |
German | Rezession (depression, economic depression, recession curve, recession hydrograph, slump), Rücktritt (abdication, rescission, resignation, retirement, withdrawal), Konjunkturrückgang (slowdown in the economy). (various references) | |
Greek | ύφεση (abatement, amelioration, decline, decrease, deflation, depression, detente, dιtente, ebb, flat, remission, slums). (various references) | |
Hebrew | שפל (base, degeneration, ebb, humble, indolent, lousy, low, low down, low tide, lowliness, mean, mean-spirited, meek, minimum, miscreant, ornery, scabby, scamp, shabby, sordid, vile), סי'" (recoil, regression, retreat, setback, withdrawal). (various references) | |
Hungarian | visszavonulás (backdown, backward movement, climb-down, countermarch, recoiling, retirement, retreat, sequestration, withdrawal, withdrawal operation), hátrálás (recess, recoiling, regress, regression, shrink), gazdasági pangás (doldrums), gazdasági hanyatlás. (various references) | |
Italian | recessione (rescission, slump). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 退去 (departure, going away, leaving), リズ 運動 (lithium, lycee, redial, redirect, redirection, reduction, reseller, reset, resolver, resort, resort hotel, resort wear, resource, retire, retouch, return, return match, return pass, rhythmic exercises, rizotto, villa), 時化 (poor turn-out, stormy weather), 不況 (depression, slump). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | たいきょ (departure, going away, in force, in great numbers, leaving, the sky, the universe), リセッション , しけ (poor turn-out, stormy weather), ふきょう (depression, displeasure, ill-humour, propagation, rich and powerful, slump, wealth and power). (various references) | |
Korean | 퇴거. (various references) | |
Manx | goll ergooyl (get back, recede, retire, retreat, retrogress, retrogression, reverse; neap tide, setback, tergiversation, withdrawal). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ecessionray.(various references) | |
Portuguese | recessão (recession curve, recession hydrograph, slump). (various references) | |
Romanian | retragere (backing, climb down, recall, refuge, regress, retire, retirement, retiring, retraction, retreat, seclusion, withdrawal), recul (kick, rebound, rebuff, recoil). (various references) | |
Russian | уход (attendance, departure, exit, leave, maintenance, nursing, outgo, upkeep), углубление (depression, dimple, excavation, fossa, hole, hollow, impression, notch, oriel, recess), удаление (ablation, deletion, excision, extirpation, removal, resection, withdrawal), спад (anticlimax, downswing, downturn, down-ward, falloff, non-event, slippage, wane), рецессия, отступание, понижение (decrease, degradation, demotion, droop, falling, subsidence), падение (come down, come-down, decline, descent, down, downfall, drop, fall, falling, incidence, lapse, letdown, pitch, subsidence, tumble). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | ukidanje (nullification, repeal, rescission, reversal, suppression, suspension, undoing), poništenje (abolishment, annulment, avoid, avoidance, cancellation, cassation, countermand, defeasance, dissolution, invalidation, nullification, repeal, rescission, vitiation). (various references) | |
Spanish | recesión (slump). (various references) | |
Swedish | lågkonjunktur (depression). (various references) | |
Turkish | girinti (alcove, indentation, recess), gerileme (comedown, decadence, declension, decline, downgrade, recessional, regress, regression, retreat, retrocession, retrogadation, retrogression, setback, throwback, withdrawal), geri çekilme (departure, disengagement, flight, pullback, recoil, regress, regression, retirement, retreat, witdrawing), durgunluk (backwater, calm, calmness, deadlock, deadness, inaction, inactivity, inanimation, inertness, languor, placidity, recessional, serenity, slack, slackness, slump, stagnancy, stagnation, stillness), düşüş (collapse, comedown, cutback, decline, decrease, downgrade, drop, ebb, ebb tide, eclipse, fall, falling, purler, recessional, reduction, scale down, sinking, spill, tumble). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | відхід (breakaway, departure, leaving, outgo, outgoing, recoil, sailing, withdrawal), відмова (abandonment, abjuration, brush off, denegation, denial, disallowance, disclaimer, malfunction, nay, nay-say, negative, no, refusal, relinquishment, repulse, surrender, waiver), заглиблення (absorption, dimple, dip, hollow, recess, socket, wallow). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | tình trạng sản xuất giảm sút, sự thụt v o, sự thụt lại, sự lùi v o, sự lùi lại, cuộc khủng hoảng kinh tế ngắn kỳ, chỗ thụt v o. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "recession": recessional, recessionals, recessionary, recessions. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "recession": antirecession, postrecession, precession, prerecession. (additional references) | |
Words containing "recession": antirecessionary, antirecessions, precessional, precessions. (additional references) | |
| |
"Recession" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: recesion, recssion, resession. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "recession" (pronounced ruse"shun or rē'se"shun) |
| 7 | r u s e" sh u n | procession. |
| 6 | -u s e" sh u n | secession. |
| 5 | -s e" sh u n | accession, concession, intercession, obsession, precession, session, succession. |
| 4 | -e" sh u n | aggression, compression, confession, decompression, depression, digression, discretion, expression, freshen, hessian, impression, indiscretion, misimpression, nonaggression, oppression, possession, profession, progression, regression, repossession, repression, suppression, transgression. |
| 3 | -sh u n | facilitation, faction, falsification, fascination, fashion, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, fiction, figuration, filtration, fission, abrogation, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, abbreviation, abdication, abduction, aberration, abolition, abomination, abortion, accreditation, accretion, accumulation, accusation, acidification, acquisition, action, activation, adaptation, addiction, addition, adjudication, administration, admiration, admission, admonition, adoption, adoration, adulation, advection, advocation, affectation, affection, affiliation, affirmation, affliction, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, alliteration, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, alternation, amalgamation, ambition, amelioration, ammunition, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, antiabortion, anticipation, anticorruption, antidiscrimination, apparition, appellation, application, apportion, appreciation, apprehension, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, ascension, ashen, aspiration, assassination, assertion, assimilation, association, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, beautician, benediction, bifurcation, brutalization, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, caption, carburetion, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, caution, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, circulation, circumspection, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, clinician, coagulation, coalition, codification, coercion, cogeneration, cogitation, cognition, cohabitation, collaboration, collection, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, commission, commotion, communication, communization, compassion, compensation, competition, compilation, completion, complexion, complication, composition, comprehension, compulsion, compunction, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conception, conceptualization, conciliation, concoction, concussion, condemnation, condensation, condescension, condition, conduction, confabulation, confection, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, conjunction, connection, conniption, connotation, conscription, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, constitution, constriction, construction, consultation, consummation, consumption, contamination, contemplation, contention, continuation, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conversation, conviction, convocation, convolution, convulsion, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correction, correlation, corroboration, corruption, counterrevolution, creation, cremation, criminalization, crucifixion, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, cushion, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, deception, decertification, decimation, declaration, decommission, decomposition, deconstruction, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, deduction, defamation, defection, definition, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deletion, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demolition, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, demotion, denationalization, denomination, dentition, denuclearization, denunciation, depiction, depletion, depopulation, deportation, deposition, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, dereliction, derivation, desalination, desalinization, description, desecration, desegregation, desertion, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, deviation, devolution, devotion, dictation, diction, dietitian, differentiation, diffraction, dilatation, dilation, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, discoloration, disconnection, discontinuation, discrimination, discussion, disembarkation, disinclination, disinfection, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disposition, disputation, disqualification, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissemination, dissension, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, dissolution, distillation, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, dysfunction, echolocation, edification, edition, education, egyptian, ejaculation, ejection, elaboration, elation, election, electrician, electrification, electrocution, elevation, elimination, elocution, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emission, emotion, emulation, emulsion, encryption, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, erection, erudition, eruption, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, eviction, evocation, evolution, exacerbation, exaction, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, exception, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exfoliation, exhalation, exhibition, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expansion, expatriation, expectation, expedition, experimentation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploitation, exploration, exposition, expropriation, expulsion, extension, extermination, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, extrapolation, fabrication, fixation, flexion, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formalization, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fraction, fragmentation, friction, fruition, frustration, fumigation, function, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentian, gentrification, geriatrician, germination, gestation, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gumption, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hibernation, homogenization, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, hypertension, hypotension, identification, ignition, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impassion, imperfection, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, imposition, impregnation, improvisation, imputation, inaction, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inception, incineration, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, induction, industrialization, infarction, infatuation, infection, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, inflection, infliction, information, infraction, inhabitation, inhalation, inhibition, initiation, injection, injunction, innovation, inoculation, inquisition, inscription, insemination, insertion, insinuation, inspection, inspiration, installation, instigation, institution, institutionalization, instruction, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, insurrection, integration, intensification, interaction, interception, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, interruption, intersection, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, introduction, introspection, intuition, inundation, invalidation, invention, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, junction, jurisdiction, justification, juxtaposition, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, lilliputian, limitation, liposuction, liquefaction, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, locomotion, logician, lotion, lubrication, machination, magician, magnetization, magnification, malformation, malfunction, malnutrition, manifestation, manipulation, mansion, marginalization, martian, masturbation, mathematician, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, meditation, menstruation, mention, midsection, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misapprehension, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, misconception, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misperception, misrepresentation, mission, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, mortician, motion, motivation, multiplication, mummification, munition, musician, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonfiction, nonprescription, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, notion, nucleation, nullification, nutrition, obfuscation, objection, obligation, observation, obstetrician, obstruction, occupation, ocean, omission, operation, opposition, optician, optimization, option, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overconsumption, overexpansion, overpopulation, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, overregulation, oversimplification, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, participation, partition, passion, pasteurization, patrician, pediatrician, penetration, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, perforation, permission, permutation, perpetuation, persecution, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, petition, physician, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politician, politicization, pollination, pollution, pontification, popularization, population, portion, position, potion, precaution, precipitation, preconception, precondition, predestination, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, prefabrication, preignition, premeditation, premonition, preoccupation, preparation, prescription, presentation, preservation, pressurization, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, production, profanation, prognostication, prohibition, projection, proliferation, promotion, pronunciation, propagation, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proration, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, prostration, protection, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, ration, rationalization, reaction, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reassertion, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, reception, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recognition, recollection, recommendation, reconciliation, recondition, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, reconstruction, recreation, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reflection, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reimposition, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinspection, reintegration, reinterpretation, reintroduction, reinvention, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejection, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remission, remuneration, renationalization, rendition, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, repercussion, repetition, replication, reposition, representation, reproduction, repudiation, reputation, requisition, reregulation, reservation, resignation, resolution, respiration, restitution, restoration, restriction, resumption, resurrection, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanction, sanitation, saponification, satisfaction, saturation, secretion, section, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, sedition, seduction, segmentation, segregation, selection, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, solution, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, statistician, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, submission, subordination, subscription, subsection, subsidization, substantiation, substation, substitution, subtraction, suburbanization, suction, suffocation, summation, superstation, superstition, supposition, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, syndication, tabulation, tactician, taxation, technician, telecommunication, temptation, tension, termination, theoretician, titian, titillation, toleration, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transformation, transillumination, transition, translation, transmission, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, tuition, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, venetian, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, volition, vulgarization, westernization, workstation. |
| 5 | -s e" sh u n | accession, concession, intercession, obsession, precession, procession, secession, session, succession. |
| 4 | -e" sh u n | aggression, compression, confession, decompression, depression, digression, discretion, expression, freshen, hessian, impression, indiscretion, misimpression, nonaggression, oppression, possession, profession, progression, regression, repossession, repression, suppression, transgression. |
| 3 | -sh u n | facilitation, faction, falsification, fascination, fashion, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, fiction, figuration, filtration, fission, abrogation, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, abbreviation, abdication, abduction, aberration, abolition, abomination, abortion, accreditation, accretion, accumulation, accusation, acidification, acquisition, action, activation, adaptation, addiction, addition, adjudication, administration, admiration, admission, admonition, adoption, adoration, adulation, advection, advocation, affectation, affection, affiliation, affirmation, affliction, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, alliteration, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, alternation, amalgamation, ambition, amelioration, ammunition, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, antiabortion, anticipation, anticorruption, antidiscrimination, apparition, appellation, application, apportion, appreciation, apprehension, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, ascension, ashen, aspiration, assassination, assertion, assimilation, association, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, beautician, benediction, bifurcation, brutalization, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, caption, carburetion, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, caution, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, circulation, circumspection, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, clinician, coagulation, coalition, codification, coercion, cogeneration, cogitation, cognition, cohabitation, collaboration, collection, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, commission, commotion, communication, communization, compassion, compensation, competition, compilation, completion, complexion, complication, composition, comprehension, compulsion, compunction, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conception, conceptualization, conciliation, concoction, concussion, condemnation, condensation, condescension, condition, conduction, confabulation, confection, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, conjunction, connection, conniption, connotation, conscription, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, constitution, constriction, construction, consultation, consummation, consumption, contamination, contemplation, contention, continuation, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conversation, conviction, convocation, convolution, convulsion, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correction, correlation, corroboration, corruption, counterrevolution, creation, cremation, criminalization, crucifixion, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, cushion, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, deception, decertification, decimation, declaration, decommission, decomposition, deconstruction, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, deduction, defamation, defection, definition, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deletion, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demolition, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, demotion, denationalization, denomination, dentition, denuclearization, denunciation, depiction, depletion, depopulation, deportation, deposition, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, dereliction, derivation, desalination, desalinization, description, desecration, desegregation, desertion, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, deviation, devolution, devotion, dictation, diction, dietitian, differentiation, diffraction, dilatation, dilation, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, discoloration, disconnection, discontinuation, discrimination, discussion, disembarkation, disinclination, disinfection, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disposition, disputation, disqualification, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissemination, dissension, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, dissolution, distillation, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, dysfunction, echolocation, edification, edition, education, egyptian, ejaculation, ejection, elaboration, elation, election, electrician, electrification, electrocution, elevation, elimination, elocution, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emission, emotion, emulation, emulsion, encryption, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, erection, erudition, eruption, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, eviction, evocation, evolution, exacerbation, exaction, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, exception, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exfoliation, exhalation, exhibition, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expansion, expatriation, expectation, expedition, experimentation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploitation, exploration, exposition, expropriation, expulsion, extension, extermination, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, extrapolation, fabrication, fixation, flexion, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formalization, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fraction, fragmentation, friction, fruition, frustration, fumigation, function, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentian, gentrification, geriatrician, germination, gestation, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gumption, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hibernation, homogenization, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, hypertension, hypotension, identification, ignition, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impassion, imperfection, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, imposition, impregnation, improvisation, imputation, inaction, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inception, incineration, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, induction, industrialization, infarction, infatuation, infection, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, inflection, infliction, information, infraction, inhabitation, inhalation, inhibition, initiation, injection, injunction, innovation, inoculation, inquisition, inscription, insemination, insertion, insinuation, inspection, inspiration, installation, instigation, institution, institutionalization, instruction, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, insurrection, integration, intensification, interaction, interception, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, interruption, intersection, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, introduction, introspection, intuition, inundation, invalidation, invention, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, junction, jurisdiction, justification, juxtaposition, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, lilliputian, limitation, liposuction, liquefaction, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, locomotion, logician, lotion, lubrication, machination, magician, magnetization, magnification, malformation, malfunction, malnutrition, manifestation, manipulation, mansion, marginalization, martian, masturbation, mathematician, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, meditation, menstruation, mention, midsection, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misapprehension, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, misconception, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misperception, misrepresentation, mission, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, mortician, motion, motivation, multiplication, mummification, munition, musician, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonfiction, nonprescription, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, notion, nucleation, nullification, nutrition, obfuscation, objection, obligation, observation, obstetrician, obstruction, occupation, ocean, omission, operation, opposition, optician, optimization, option, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overconsumption, overexpansion, overpopulation, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, overregulation, oversimplification, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, participation, partition, passion, pasteurization, patrician, pediatrician, penetration, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, perforation, permission, permutation, perpetuation, persecution, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, petition, physician, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politician, politicization, pollination, pollution, pontification, popularization, population, portion, position, potion, precaution, precipitation, preconception, precondition, predestination, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, prefabrication, preignition, premeditation, premonition, preoccupation, preparation, prescription, presentation, preservation, pressurization, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, production, profanation, prognostication, prohibition, projection, proliferation, promotion, pronunciation, propagation, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proration, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, prostration, protection, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, ration, rationalization, reaction, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reassertion, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, reception, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recognition, recollection, recommendation, reconciliation, recondition, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, reconstruction, recreation, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reflection, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reimposition, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinspection, reintegration, reinterpretation, reintroduction, reinvention, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejection, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remission, remuneration, renationalization, rendition, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, repercussion, repetition, replication, reposition, representation, reproduction, repudiation, reputation, requisition, reregulation, reservation, resignation, resolution, respiration, restitution, restoration, restriction, resumption, resurrection, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanction, sanitation, saponification, satisfaction, saturation, secretion, section, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, sedition, seduction, segmentation, segregation, selection, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, solution, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, statistician, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, submission, subordination, subscription, subsection, subsidization, substantiation, substation, substitution, subtraction, suburbanization, suction, suffocation, summation, superstation, superstition, supposition, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, syndication, tabulation, tactician, taxation, technician, telecommunication, temptation, tension, termination, theoretician, titian, titillation, toleration, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transformation, transillumination, transition, translation, transmission, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, tuition, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, venetian, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, volition, vulgarization, westernization, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-e-e-i-n-o-r-s-s" | |
-1 letter: necroses, necrosis, senecios. | |
-2 letters: censers, censors, cerises, cession, coiners, cosines, cronies, encores, eosines, incross, necrose, orceins, oscines, recoins, screens, secerns, seiners, senecio, seniors, senores, sereins, serines, sincere, soirees, sonsier. | |
-3 letters: censer, censes, censor, cerise, coiner, conies, corses, cosier, cosies, cosine, crises, crones, crosse, ecesis, encore, enosis, eosine, eosins, eroses, essoin, icones, irones, nereis. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-e-e-i-n-o-r-s-s" | |
+1 letter: necropsies, precession, recensions, recessions, recognises, resections, secretions. | |
+2 letters: coresidents, corkinesses, corninesses, intercessor, precessions, reaccession, recessional, reconsiders, rockinesses, secondaries, sniperscope. | |
+3 letters: absorbencies, chinoiseries, coerciveness, concessioner, contriteness, conveyorises, copresidents, counterspies, cycloserines, desecrations, egocentrisms, fluoresceins, forcibleness, insectivores, intercession, intercessors, intercessory, intercourses, intercrossed, intercrosses, narcolepsies, necropolises, overissuance, persecutions, precessional, preciousness, prerecession, processioned, reaccessions, recessionals, recessionary, repercussion, reprocessing, retrocession, rhinoceroses, sniperscopes. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Quotations: Familiar 8. Quotations: Non-fiction | 9. Quotations: Spoken 10. Quotations: Speeches 11. Usage Frequency 12. Expressions | 13. Expressions: Internet 14. Translations: Modern 15. Derivations 16. Rhymes | 17. Anagrams 18. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
